GRAVITY-WHEEL UNVEILED
ALDEN E. PARK
©2019
If you are a humble seeker of scientific truth, then this book is dedicated to you.
Disclaimer. The views in this book are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of any particular religious, political, governmental, educational, or commercial organization.
Possibly Skip Beginning Sections. I tried to quickly acquaint people with major things of this book in my “PREFACE”, “ABSTRACT”, “ACKNOWLEDGMENTS” and “FOREWORD”. That rapid approach may leave many questions unanswered and details missing in the many new areas of study. If my hasty words are creating confusion, then it may be necessary to initially skip this “PREFACE”, most of the “ABSTRACT”, all of the “ACKNOWLEDGMENTS”, and much of the “FOREWORD”. It may be necessary to reconsider these things, after there is greater understanding. The reader may skip over the beginning sections and resume reading at Chapter 1 “EVIDENCE THAT GRAVITY IS DISCRETE”, where from there onward I tried to take things at a slower pace.
Optional Portions of Book. I tried to write this book in such a way that it could be understandable by nearly everyone, with notable exceptions of: Appendix A “Some Mathematical Details”, the portion in 15.6 entitled “Solutions to Prior Unsolved Problems”, and the paragraph in the Abstract about “CP Symmetry Non-Violations”. People may just skip over those optional portions, if they are not interested in them. If people are not interested in discussions about particular devices or particular phenomena, then they may just skip over those discussions. Many of the ideas and references that I cover may be considered new, so the reader may not be able to absorb all of the new information the first time that the words are considered.
This Book Is for You. If you would like to learn of a way to build very low friction roller bearings, then this book is for you. I am not saying that it would be an easy task to build the bearings, since it would be a very difficult task. Hopefully you will carefully notice the idea of such new-paradigm wonder-bearings, even if you can’t believe the accumulated evidence that wheels rotating about horizontal axes can acquire greater energy from gravity. If you ever wondered how the sun actually obtains its energy, then this book is for you. If you desire to learn practical ways to produce power on this earth somewhat similarly to how it is produced on the sun, then this book is for you. If you want to learn about unregulated partial solutions to global warming, then this book is for you. If you want to know a fundamental friction-suppressed physical principle that explains how many small and simple things work, then this book is for you. If you would like to learn of many observations, tests, and projects that refute prior energy conservative physical theory at its core, then this book is for you. If you ever wondered how miraculous gravity-powered, perpetual-motion devices can be built in principle, then this book is for you. If you would like to know about the difficult steps of producing some perpetual-motion-engines so as to produce much energy without paying for single use fuel to run the engines, then this book is for you. If you think you might eventually want sustained transportation/power in the event of emergencies or disasters, then this book is for you. If you ever considered getting off the power grid, then this book is for you. If you want evidence that very low costs for energy are coming, then this book is for you. If you believe in God and if you want to know some standard-miraculous ways that God has for keeping this universe “wound up”, then this book is for you.
Universe. Does the universe mean everything we “see” or does it mean much beyond what we see? If the meaning of the term “universe” changes, then so too changes the implications regarding its discussion.
Revelation of Scientific Truth. By observations, experimental tests, and translations (of two coded books written long ago), this book, Gravity-Wheel Unveiled, reveals scientific truth, some of which information has been greatly suppressed for at least 300 years.
Low Cost Energy from Gravity. My book speaks of a variety of ways to produce very-low-cost energy from energetic gravity. Some of my most advocated procedures may be quite difficult to establish but they should have productive results. Very-low-cost energy would usher in a new rotational energy age with a multitude of attendant effects that are of interest to all. These things would lead to much prosperity throughout the world associated with very low-cost energy. With very low-cost energy the costs should drop for many food types, materials, products, capabilities, forms of environmental conditioning, and forms of transportation. As the producers have fewer production costs, they should pass savings on to consumers so as not to be undersold by other producers.
Perpetual Motion Solutions. Gravity-Wheel Unveiled might initially be considered to address the important yet greatly suppressed subject of perpetual motion powered by gravity. The many proposed testable solutions to the subject of perpetual motion powered by gravity are associated with a fundamental friction-masked physical principle, the Bessler principle. With those solutions and the masked principle, many new areas of knowledge and opportunity are made available.
New Information. Here are examples of new information made available:
· the repetitive production of much energy from gravity, using a variety of low friction devices, containing types of wheels rotating about horizontal axes
· the origin of “new”, finest-discrete fundamental matter
· the nature of our infinite everywhere-expanding universe
· explanations of how many hitherto-mysterious phenomena can occur by small and simple means
· many proposed experiments, which should verify the two-part nature of the discrete graviton, and should verify the two charge nature of the finest-fundamental-or-spirit matter
· an attempted discrete theory of everything
· new physical evidences of God.
Decoded Little Books. There were two prior little coded books, actually about gravity and the wheel (published in 1717 and 1936). Each decoded book discussed its own energy producing device, which could mechanically extract energy from gravity. John Collin’s 1997 book (Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved?) showed the 1717 little book by Orffyreus (i.e. J. E. E. Bessler). Collins realized that it was coded, but he didn’t solve the code. There has been great interest in breaking the code. Also, I think that thousands of people realized that the 1936 book by Leedskalnin was coded, though they apparently didn’t realize what it meant. My book decodes/translates both coded little books, using the same decoding key of that fundamental friction-masked physical principle, the Bessler principle. I think that both coded little books were written to have their meanings revealed, when the friction-masked fundamental principle became known or restored. I explain the essentials with respect to constructing both distinct and separate types of energy producing devices, which “perpetually” extracted energy from gravity, using wheels rotating about horizontal axes. I am not saying that it would be simple to produce such devices. The devices would need to be properly used, maintained, repaired, and kept rotationally “sweet” to keep producing energy/power. I explain many related physical ideas in ways that should be understandable to nearly everyone.
I have been working on this book for about seven years (since 6 March 2012) or maybe (with respect to collecting supporting Bessler principle information) for about 19 years (since 12 January 2000) or for about 51 years (since the spring of 1968) may be a better estimate.
Alden Park – 1 March 2019 – Ridgecrest, California
Gravity Wheel Motivation. The production of greater rotational kinetic energy from energetic gravity, using a variety of low friction devices, containing wheels rotating about horizontal axes should spur onward a rotational energy revolution. The ensuing rotational energy revolution would make very-low-cost energy widely available, providing practical benefits that are environmental, ecological, agricultural, economical, educational, and scientific. A rotational energy revolution offers greater prosperity to the whole world, assuming that many who obtain such energy producing technology are forward thinking enough to share the opportunities with others. No country or land form has a monopoly on energetic gravity. The oil and gas industries should accrue benefits from a greater future demand for noble gases and from an increase in need for petro-based chemicals/synthetics that a rotational energy revolution would generate. When various production costs fall, due to use of new rotational energy, then profits per produced unit should initially increase.
Friction-masked Energy Principle. Many observations can be explained by the smallest portions of absorbed gravity having two attractive downward impulses that are usually non-simultaneous. For a neutral “particle” (composed of a pair of finest equal masses) rotating about a horizontal axis, torque (or leveraged force) about the particle's center of mass would be provided, if the lower-elevation pull-down to one mass is applied before the higher-elevation pull-down to the other mass. This provides a friction-masked Bessler principle, which would allow all wheels rotating about horizontal axes to receive additional rotational kinetic energy from gravity. The effect is enhanced as angular speed increases and as energy-robbing friction is reduced. Many experimental tests are described to further test out this Bessler principle. Examples of tests/observations thus explained include:
· the energy source for Bessler's wheels
· the source of energetic photons from the solar corona
· the primary energy source for the sun
· the initiation mechanism for “cold” fusion
· the energy source for GEET reactors
· large energy efficiencies for railroad transportation (using massive wheels)
· the energy source for the Papp engines
· an energy source in cars/trucks partially offsetting frictional forces, which energy source increases with angular speed
· earth not being a frozen ice ball though nearly surrounded by 3 degrees Kelvin background temperature of space
· the relative coolness of sunspots associated with strong vertical magnetic fields, which prevent nuclei from internally rotating about horizontal axes, which prevent them from acquiring energy.
Energy Production in Devices. The knowledge and use of the Bessler principle would allow large amounts of additional rotational kinetic energy to be especially produced in very-low rotational-friction devices. Using appropriate combinations of sufficiently low rotational friction, sufficient angular speed, about horizontal axes, sufficient gravity, and sufficient well-connected mass, a variety of devices can use gravity to produce much additional rotational kinetic energy about horizontal axes. Two different types of devices were previously constructed and discussed in language awaiting the Bessler principle becoming known. With the principle coming forth, the devices may now be openly spoken of. Examples of one type of device were the wheels built by J. E. E. Bessler in the early 1700’s, which used very low friction for rotations. Another type of device built by E. Leedskalnin in the early 1900’s consisted of rotating massive cylinders, with very low friction interfaces between them.
Two Books Decoded. Two coded books are decoded using the same decoding key of the Bessler principle. The two books were originally written in 1716-1717 by Bessler (Orffyreus) and in 1936 by Leedskalnin (ED.L.). Upon decoding, the books each described its own low friction device that allowed the Bessler principle to be manifest for rotations about horizontal axes. Here are a few selected details about the two types of devices, whose explanations will be developed in my book. (1) Bessler's little book indirectly spoke of a large-load-bearing, very-low-friction roller-bearing. I depict the basic geometry of Bessler’s bearing on the back cover of this my book. According to the figure (found on the inside back cover of Bessler’s coded book, which figure provided many bearing specifications), after the unlubricated bearing was specially grown, then some steel surface-lobes stayed in pure rolling-without-slipping contact with their respective steel surface-lobe-holes for a relative rotation of about 25 degrees. The bearings would be considered difficult and potentially dangerous to build. The use of robots would now make them safer to build. (2) Leedskalnin's decoded little book spoke of a Sweet Sixteen family of massive cylinders, using ordinary roller bearings. On the front cover of Leedskalnin’s little book, he provided a small front view of his device, which I show in the final figure of this my book. Within Leedskalnin’s little book, he showed a picture of one of his three magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels. The father cylinder was larger than the mother cylinder. The mother cylinder was larger than the daughter cylinder. The father, mother, and daughter cylinders each had their own attached sprocket wheels that were serially connected with very-low-friction, having respectively 24, 24, and 16 magnetically-repulsive sprocket teeth. I show drawings of them on the front cover of this my book. The energy-productive daughter cylinder rotated 24/16=1.5 times faster than the mother (or father) cylinder so that the more rapidly rotating daughter wheel could produce more rotational kinetic energy. The low-air-friction daughter cylinder must not rotate too rapidly. That would allow transfer of rotational kinetic energy and that would also prevent damage to future energy collection. The mother cylinder was also connected by a chain to a slowly rotating son cylinder, which provided work externally. The Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders may be considered to be difficult to build but is relatively straight forward.
Failure of Gauss's Law. For an excess charge source of one type surrounded by much neutral material, Gauss's law for electric fields claims that there are absolutely no net absorption sinks for the electric fields in the neutral material. However, if there are actually discrete absorptions of the electric fields within neutral material, then tests would demonstrate a slight failure of Gauss's law for electric fields. A Bessler principle caused by two separate electric field absorptions for each graviton would imply that both electric fields may be absorbed in neutral matter and that Gauss’s law for gravity slightly fails.
Non-conservative Discrete Absorptions. Absorptions of discrete electric fields would mean that electric forces caused by such absorptions are not energy conservative during the absorptions. Absorptions of discrete gravitational fields would mean that gravitational forces caused by such absorptions are not energy conservative during the absorptions. I have attempted to provide a discrete theory of everything based upon finest-fundamental opposite charges (spirit matter), which emit and absorb discrete electric fields. Because of absorption of a discrete electric field by a finest-fundamental charge, the energy, momentum, and angular momentum associated with the charge should not be considered to be the same before and after the absorption.
Fire/Explosion Suppression. As the Bessler principle allows increased rotational kinetic energy to be acquired by rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes, there are examples of suppression of energy acquisition, when nuclei are prohibited from rotating about horizontal axes. Sunspots are prime examples of the suppression of energy acquisition by the presence of strong vertical magnetic fields. Fire and explosions will likely be suppressed by imposition of either sufficiently strong vertical magnetic fields or sufficiently strong horizontal electric fields. That would include the suppression of explosions of Papp gas, which gas contains hydrogen and noble gases but which gas does not contain oxygen. Of all nuclei, the proton or nucleus of the hydrogen atom has the greatest ratio of nuclear magnetic moment to moment of inertia. Thus the nucleus of ordinary hydrogen is the nucleus that is most easily internally rotated by a high frequency spark. The twice demonstrated explosions of Papp gas during 1968 were examples of powerful explosions that are neither based upon chemical reactions nor based upon nuclear reactions. The explosions relied upon the acquisition of greater internal rotations of nuclear ground states from the Bessler principle.
CP Symmetry Non-Violations. Suggestions are made for “correctly” experimentally testing for weak symmetry violations, both for parity symmetry violations and for CP (charge conjugation parity) symmetry violations. I suspect that when correctly tested, only parity symmetry violations will still be observed. If a particle can be transformed to its antiparticle by a parity transformation and an exchange of all the finest fundamental charges to their opposite charges, then I suspect that the CP symmetry violations will no longer be observed upon proper testing. In a net charge neutral arrangement, the magnetic fields caused by a flow of charges in one direction were incorrectly assumed to be identical to the magnetic fields caused by the flow of opposite charges in the opposite direction. Though they may make a compass needle deflect in approximately the same way, they should not have been assumed to be equivalent magnetic fields. They are weakly non-equivalent with respect to charge and parity. I suspect that it was that implicitly incorrect assumption that led to the apparently previously observed, but not actual, weak CP symmetry violations. When the CP-symmetry transformation is applied to a more nearly complete situation, it must effectively include being applied even to those things that create the magnetic fields that are used in the tests.
Cosmic Insights. The non-conservations of rotational kinetic energy and rotational momentum suggest that there are cases of non-conservation of translational kinetic energy and translational momentum. Translational momentum would not be conserved during absorption of discrete gravitons. Such non-conservation of momentum would be dramatically cumulative on a cosmic scale for the asymmetric-acceleration of cosmic rays (meaning very rapidly moving particles traveling out in space). The attractive impulses of gravity can account for the largest energies of cosmic rays, since there are more attractive impulse absorptions received in front of a rapidly moving particle than behind. That is consistent with interpreting the Michelson-Morley types of experimental results, as light traveling at a constant speed with respect to the preponderance of the surrounding, most-interacting matter. A single moving particle does not define the frame in which light travels at a constant speed in all directions. Also a single moving particle does not define the frame in which gravity travels at a constant speed in all directions. The unbounded energies of the cosmic rays from all directions would then provide suggestive evidence that the complete universe is infinite in all directions. An infinite universe would also be consistent both with information coming from sensors of increasing distance and with information found in the scriptures. Energetic absorptions within light, of discrete gravitational and electric fields, can account for increasing matter and increasing space in all regions of the universe. Such increases are consistent with information found in the scriptures.
Truth Merger. If according to the scriptures, all things denote that there is a God, it should not be surprising that each discrete bit of absorbed gravity, in total death or total self-sacrifice of both its parts, denotes that there is a God. Religious and scientific truth cannot be kept separate. They both must be considered as part of the complete truth.
I, Alden Eugene Park, acknowledge those individuals who put on the McKinley ultra-low-friction demonstration in the spring of 1968. I acknowledge my oldest brother, the first born child of my parents. He in 1968 (while sleepwalking) twice said to my hearing, "Turn the turner." I was quite puzzled by his saying that, which was long before I began to realize that there existed an important actual turner that needed to be turned. I appreciate Bishop (or Dr.) Lowell H. Wilkins pointing out Dr. Miles’ first cold fusion success. I acknowledge Dr. Mel Miles, whose research successes caused me to seriously consider the “cold” fusion puzzle. I acknowledge John Collins who provided the Bessler wheel puzzle and symbolically coded solution in his Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? (PM97). I acknowledge J. E. E. Orffyreus or J. E. E. Bessler who about 300 years ago built his puzzling wheels and left behind his symbolically coded little book in his Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE (1716/1717). I acknowledge help from Edward Leedskalnin from his 1936 coded little book, A Book in Every Home. I acknowledge help from God, as Bessler also openly acknowledged and as Leedskalnin implicitly acknowledged, with his decoded writings and the universal scope of his park. I acknowledge Leedskalnin's providing another independent mechanical method for obtaining energy for “perpetual” motion powered by gravity. I acknowledge the interest-support of others in such subjects as the Coral Castle (or Rock Gate Park) puzzle, Bessler's wheel, and cold fusion. I acknowledge the turner that has been turning more so and will continue to turn even much more so, on its own accord, in the future. I acknowledge two of my McKinley classmates, Lane Vance and Gary Wojnowski, for information related to the curious McKinley-low-friction demonstration. If there are others who are willing to share information related to that 1968 demonstration, they would be welcome to send text to AldenEugenePark@gmail.com (so that I can acknowledge them by adding their recollections to my Internet file, http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/McKinley1968.txt). I appreciate various clues and pictures from Jeremy Stride at the www.code144.com site, which site unfortunately disappeared prior to 26 Aug 2015 but in part reappeared prior to 11 Oct 2016. If in time any of my referenced Internet sites disappear, the reader may need to find similar sites, but the referenced sites are acknowledged as being there during a portion of the time of writing this book. I specifically thank some of those who have made comments regarding this book: Bill Wood, Jeanne Meadows, Christopher Park, Roger Ross, Dr. John Jensen, and Dr. Timothy Wendler. The last three are physicists. I will especially be thankful to those who actually do the tests or build the devices suggested in this book and then publish their observations.
CONTENTS
Some Evidences of Bessler Principle
Some Evidences of Two-part Gravitons
Some Evidences of Gravity Absorption
Some Tests of Bessler Principle
Some Tests of Gravity Absorption
Some Tests of Rotating Nuclear-Ground-States
Some Tests of Discrete Electric Fields
0.0 Perpetual Motion from “Zero” Energy States
0.2 Suppression of Bessler Principle Message
0.3 More Attempts to Proclaim Bessler Principle
Messages
0.4 Decoding of Old Coded Little Books
0.5 Newer Evidences of Bessler Principle
0.9 Current Attempts to Proclaim Bessler Principle
Messages
1 EVIDENCE THAT GRAVITY IS DISCRETE
1.3 Consequences of Gravity Absorption
1.4 Summary of “EVIDENCE THAT GRAVITY IS DISCRETE”
2 GRAVITY BASED ON DISCRETE ELECTRIC FIELDS
2.1 Similarities between Electric and Gravity Fields
2.3 Accounting for Gravitational Weakness
2.4 Summary of “GRAVITY BASED ON DISCRETE ELECTRIC
FIELDS”
3.1 Statements of Bessler's Principle
3.2 Example Bessler Principle Calculation
3.3 Graviton Basis for Explanation of Bessler
Principle
3.4 Summary of “BESSLER’S PRINCIPLE”
4 SOME SIMPLE EVIDENCES OF BESSLER’S PRINCIPLE
4.5 Summary of “SOME SIMPLE EVIDENCES OF BESSLER’S
PRINCIPLE”
5 MORE EVIDENCES OF BESSLER’S PRINCIPLE
5.1 Atmospheric or Orbital Phenomena
Planet Completely Surrounded by Cold Space and Sun
Saturn's Warm South Pole Vortex
5.2 Other Evidences of Bessler Principle
Turbulence Dependent on Attitude
Ranque Tube Temperatures Dependent on Attitude
BEC Avoidance of Bessler Principle
No Low BEC Temperatures with Horizontal Magnetic
Fields
High Temperatures with Horizontal Magnetic Fields
Rotating Kilns about Horizontal Axes
Many Other Phenomena Potentially Supporting Bessler Principle
5.3 Summary of “MORE EVIDENCES OF BESSLER’S
PRINCIPLE”
6.2 Bessler's Lost Wheels to Be Found
6.3 Translations and Rotations
6.8 Expected Future for Bessler Clocks
6.9 Summary of “THE WHEEL DISCOVERED”
7 SOME TESTS OF THE BESSLER PRINCIPLE
7.1 Rotate Wheels with Friction
Test Doubling Number of Railroad Wheels
Test Doubling of Mass of Railroad Wheels
Test Doubling of Axle Mass in Cars
Flywheels Connected to Engines
Same Output Power from Flywheels
7.2 Rotate Wheels with Low Friction in Space
Test Rotation of Cylinder in Space
7.3 Rotate Wheels with Low Friction on Earth
My Memories of McKinley Low Friction Demonstration
Replicating McKinley Ultra-low-friction Bearing
Test Replication of McKinley Ultra-low-friction
Bearing
Ideas for Rolling Cylinder Pendulum
Test Reinvented Bessler Wheels
Test Solid Cylinder Using Orffyrean Roller Bearing
Test Bessler's Many Perpetual Motion Mobiles
Repetitively Raise Weights Using Orffyrean Roller
Bearing
Continuously Turn Archimedean Screw Using Orffyrean
Roller Bearing
7.4 Summary of “SOME TESTS OF THE BESSLER PRINCIPLE”
8 IMPLICATIONS OF BESSLER PRINCIPLE
8.1 Devices Dependent upon Bessler Principle
Papp Engines Combined with Stirling Engines
GEET Reactors with Tesla Turbines
Cold Fusion Experiments or Devices
Devices to Reduce Radioactivity
8.2 Phenomena Dependent upon Bessler Principle
Bessler Principle from Background Gravitons
8.3 Bessler Principle Connections with Some
Historical Riddles
Egyptian Pyramids Construction
Modified Macro Statement of Bessler or ED.L.
Principle
8.4 Summary of “IMPLICATIONS OF BESSLER PRINCIPLE”
9 DEVICES FROM LITTLE CODED BOOKS
9.1 Low Friction Orffyrean Roller Bearing
Roller Bearing Cylinder Geometry
Test Orffyrean Roller Bearings
9.2 Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders
Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders Geometry
9.3 Summary of “DEVICES FROM LITTLE CODED BOOKS”
10.7 Summary of “COSMIC RAYS EXPLAINED”
11.1 Cosmos Unconstrained by Energy Conservation
11.3 God Central to Cosmic Future
11.4 Symbols of God in Creation
11.5 Summary of “COSMIC FUTURE”
12.2 Bessler Principle Intelligence
12.3 Reference Matter Intelligence
12.4 Summary of “MATTER INTELLIGENCE”
13.1 Einstein's Flawed Theories of Relativity
13.2 Theory of Everything Must Include Bessler
Principle
13.3 Discrete Basis for Physics
13.4 Physics Based on Opposite Fundamental Charges
13.5 Comparison with String Theory
13.7 Summary of “FORCE UNIFICATION”
14.1 Build Orffyrean Roller Bearing
14.2 Build Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders
14.3 Solve Energy Related Problems
14.7 Summary of “FUTURE PROSPECTS”
15.4 God Connections with Science
15.6 Solutions to Prior Unsolved Problems
Origin of Magnetar Magnetic Field
Nuclei and Nuclear Astrophysics
Are There Actually CP Violations?
Parity Conservation Violation?
Quantum Mechanics in the Correspondence Limit
Chapter 15 Summary of “AFTER WORD”
Book Summary of Gravity-Wheel Unveiled
APPENDIX A SOME MATHEMATICAL DETAILS
A.2 Approximations using Field Equations
A.5 Decrease in Car Kinetic Energy
A.6 Unification Attempt for
Electromagnetics-Strong-Weak-Gravity
A.9 Roller Bearing Mathematics
A.10 Summary of “APPENDIX A SOME MATHEMATICAL
DETAILS”
APPENDIX B ORFFYREUS’S LITTLE BOOK
B.2 A Chiastic Translation of Orffyreus's Little Book
B.4 A Translation/Decoding of Bessler's Little Book
B.5 Bessler's Scriptural References
B.6 Summary of “APPENDIX B ORFFYREUS’s LITTLE BOOK”
APPENDIX C SCRIPTURAL REFERENCES, NOTES, AND
LOCATIONS
C.2 Kolob's Location Discussion
C.3 Book of Mormon Geography Discussion
C.4 Location of Outer Darkness Discussion
C.5 Ordinary and Lower Friction Wheels
C.9 Summary of “APPENDIX C SCRIPTURAL REFERENCES,
NOTES, AND LOCATIONS”
APPENDIX D ED.L.’S LITTLE BOOK
D.1 Some Decoding Ideas for ED.L.'s Little Book
D.2 Transcribed Small Examples from ED.L.'s Little
Book
D.3 A Partial Translation Key for ED.L.'s Little Book
D.4 A Translation of ED.L.'s Little Book
D.5 An Analysis Post Translation or Decoding
D.7 Summary of “APPENDIX D ED.L.’S LITTLE BOOK”
Gravity during Total Solar Eclipse
Fig. 2. Some
suggested formulas for spheres and circles.
Fig. 3. A
possible perpetual motion sketch by Newton.
Fig. 4. Solar
Eclipse Rudimentary Geometry.
Fig. 5. Same
positive charges repel each other.
Fig. 6. Same
negative charges repel each other.
Fig. 7.
Opposite charges are attracted to each other.
Fig. 8. Order
changed opposite charges are attracted to each other.
Fig. 9. Force,
F, on opposite charge located on a circle about positive charge.
Fig. 10. Move
center positive charge, showing old circles of force.
Fig. 11. Force,
F, on same charge located on circle about negative charge.
Fig. 12. Move
center negative charge, showing old circles of force.
Fig. 13. Forces
and electric fields from separate charges.
Fig. 14.
Constraint of Same Azimuth Angle.
Fig. 15.
Constraint of Same Elevation Angle.
Fig. 16.
Azimuth Offset Constraint.
Fig. 17.
Elevation Offset Constraint.
Fig. 18. Timing
Offset Constraint.
Fig. 19. Offset
constraint for absorption of first absorbed electric field by charge q.
Fig. 20.
Orthogonal offset constraint for absorption of first absorbed electric
field by charge q.
Fig. 21. Offset
constraint for absorption of second absorbed electric field by charge -q.
Fig. 22.
Orthogonal offset constraint for absorption of second absorbed electric
field by charge -q.
Fig. 23. Timing
offset constraint for absorption of second absorbed electric field.
Fig. 24. Macro
illustration of the Bessler principle.
Fig. 25. Micro
illustration (left-right) of Bessler principle.
Fig. 26. Micro
illustration (left-left) of Bessler principle.
Fig. 27. Micro
illustration (right-left) of Bessler principle.
Fig. 28.
Illustration for calculation of Bessler principle.
Fig. 30.
Example Ranque-Hilsch tube.
Fig. 31. Likely
simple-distracting mechanism within Kassel wheel.
Fig. 32.
Bessler pendulum with Bessler's exaggerated sizes.
Fig. 33.
Bessler pendulum with some bearing details.
Fig. 34.
Properly-sized Bessler pendulum.
Fig. 35. An
example Bessler clock.
Fig. 36. End
view of modified box cavity for Bessler clock.
Fig. 37. Side
view of ultra-low-friction bearing and low friction wheel.
Fig. 38. Front
view of ultra-low-friction bearing, without showing wheel.
Fig. 39.
Massive cylinders rolling upon single inner track.
Fig. 40.
Massive cylinder rolling upon dual ends.
Fig. 41.
Pendulum-like track edge that the cylinder could roll upon.
Fig. 42.
Cylinder-track straight rolling interface.
Fig. 43.
Cylinder rolling on elevated rail tracks.
Fig. 44.
Magnetic pole conventions.
Fig. 45.
Initial burn-in alignment of GEET reactor.
Fig. 46.
Particle motions and B fields within GEET reactor.
Fig. 47.
Rotating positive nucleus aligning in external magnetic field.
Fig. 48.
Counter magnetic fields formed by Bessler principle.
Fig. 49.
Molecular and nuclear oxygen rotations.
Fig. 50. The
hydrogen nuclei close together to each other during water formation.
Fig. 51. The
hydrogen nuclei further apart from each other during water formation.
Fig. 52. The
oxygen nuclei further apart from each other during carbon dioxide formation.
Fig. 53. The
oxygen nuclei close together to each other during carbon dioxide formation.
Fig. 54. An end
view of a yin-yang cylinder.
Fig. 55. A
yin-yang cylinder decorated with fire breathing dragons.
Fig. 56.
Massive stone cylinder rotating rapidly using truck axle.
Fig. 57.
Massive cylinders rotationally connected.
Fig. 58. Roller
bearing cylinder geometry.
Fig. 59.
Intermediate roller bearing angles.
Fig. 60. Roller
bearing geometry after rotation.
Fig. 61.
Low-friction Orffyrean steel-roller-bearing.
Fig. 62.
Labelled version of Bessler's symbolic specification of lobe contact
within his bearing.
Fig. 63. Association
of nine intermediate rollers.
Fig. 64.
Symbolic lobe contact support for the nine intermediate rolling
cylinders.
Fig. 65.
Instantaneous mechanical support for the containing cylinder.
Fig. 66.
Directional supports from intermediate rollers.
Fig. 67. Orffyrean
roller bearing with example containing-cylinder thickness.
Fig. 68. Flail
for forming/rotating Orffyrean roller bearing.
Fig. 69.
Non-centered design for the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 70.
Sprocket wheels for ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 71.
Stationary particle nearly isotropically receiving gravitons.
Fig. 72. Moving
particle asymmetrically receiving gravitons.
Fig. 73. More
attractive absorptions of gravitons in front.
Fig. 74.
Example galaxy centers, prior to expansion.
Fig. 75.
Example galaxy centers, after expansion.
Fig. 76. An
initial portion of unconstrained space.
Fig. 77. The
portion of unconstrained space after some expansion.
Fig. 78.
Strings and sheets of magnetic dipoles of rotating positive nuclei.
Fig. 79.
Central and far-away "returning" magnetic fields.
Fig. 80.
Testing of Gauss’s law using much intermediate matter.
Fig. 81.
Gravitational force points inward toward gravitating mass.
Fig. 82.
Rendition of Bessler's final figure showing half degree line width.
Fig. 83. Seer
lobe rolls without slipping over its lobe-hole.
Fig. 84. Shows
the initial geometry of the roller bearing.
Fig. 85. My Orffyreum
final figure in Apologia.
Fig. 86.
Relationship between Kolob, Oliblish, and the throne of God.
Fig. 87.
Yin-yang rotation about horizontal axis, sans dots.
Fig. 88.
Yin-yang rotation about horizontal axis, showing dots.
Fig. 89.
Sprocket wheels for ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 90. A
front view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 91. An
implied top view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 92.
Another top view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 93. A
rotated side view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 95. Side
view of Ed's Sweet Sixteen family of wheels for ED.L, showing three numbers of
16.
Fig. 96. Labels
on clock in Norman Hall.
Fig. 97. Labels
on clock in Norman Hall surrounded by modulo 12 and 16 mappings.
Fig. 98. The
modulo 12 and 16 labels for clock in Norman Hall suggestive of Bessler
principle.
Fig. 99. Labels
on clock in Norman Hall surrounded by modulo 8 and 12 mappings.
Fig. 100. Modulo
8 and 12 labels for clock in Norman Hall suggestive of Bessler principle.
Fig. 101. Words
on ED's sign of ACCOMPLISHMENT.
Fig. 102. Words
on ED's cement NOTICE.
Fig. 103. Ed’s
front view of his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Table 5.1. Average surrounding temperature for each “planet”. . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Table 8.1. Short list of atoms or isotopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Table B.1. Rotational power delivery to wheel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Table B.2. Orffyreum low friction roller bearing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Table B.3. Bearing growth or formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Table B.4. Bearing specifications from Bessler’s final figure. . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
Table D.1. Modulo mappings of letter order for the clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .662
76 Bessler's Many Wheels
77 Cars Somewhat Constant Miles per Gallon
81 Railroad Freight Phenomenal Transportation Efficiencies
82 Sun Temperatures Incompatible with Hot Fusion Source
85 Huge Solar Corona Temperatures
88 Earth not Frozen Ice Ball
90 Jupiter Excess Energy Production
93 Cloud Thermals
94 Ball Lightning
95 Origin of Snowflakes
96 Jet Engine Roar
101 Tornado Formation Conditions
101 Tornado Freight Train Sound
103 Rotating Kilns about Horizontal Axes
138 Satellites Tumbling
200 Many Cold Fusion Anomalies
210 Leakage Currents in Magnetic Bottles
224 Sunspots Cooler than Photosphere
all prior listings for "Some Evidences of Bessler Principle"
66 Weakness of Gravity Suggests Two Parts
293 Much Dark Matter in Space Suggests Two-part Gravitons
all prior listings for "Some Evidences of Bessler Principle"
40 Allais' paraconical Foucault pendulum
324 Atomic Clock Abnormalities during Total Solar Eclipse
325 Gravitational Variations on Earth
99 Test for Ranque Tube Temperatures Dependent on Attitude
102 No Low BEC Temperatures with Horizontal Magnetic Fields
124 Test Bessler Pendulums
128 Test Bessler Clocks
134 Test Doubling Number of Railroad Wheels
134 Test Doubling of Mass of Railroad Wheels
134 Test Doubling of Axle Mass in Cars
137 Test Increasing Turbine Mass
135 Flywheels Connected to Engines
136 Same Output Power from Flywheels
136 Connect Flywheels Together
139 Test Rotation of Cylinder in Space
146 Test Replication of McKinley Ultra-low-friction Bearing
151 Test Rolling Pendulum
152 Test Reinvented Bessler Wheels
153 Test Solid Cylinder Using Orffyrean Roller Bearing
153 Test Bessler's Many Perpetual Motion Mobiles
154 Repetitively Raise Weights Using Orffyrean Roller Bearing
155 Continuously Turn Archimedean Screw Using Orffyrean Roller Bearing
158 Test Modified Stirling Engines
174 Test Papp Engine
198 Test GEET Reactor
199 Test Combination of GEET Reactor and Tesla Turbine
204 Cold Fusion Tests
214 Test Bessler Principle with Magnetically-Confined Non-Fusion Plasmas
226 Test Fire Suppression by Strong Vertical Magnetic Fields
228 Test Fire Suppression by Strong Horizontal Electric Fields
229 Test Enhancement of Fire from Strong Horizontal Magnetic Fields
229 Test Fire Initiation Requiring Gravity
232 Test Suppression of Explosions of Powders
232 Test Suppression of Explosions in Explosive Gas
233 Test Suppression of Explosions of Papp Gas
233 Test Papp Engine Explosive Gas
238 Test for Dots on Yin-yang Cylinder
251 Test Total Energy Production within New Wheel
251 Test Sweet Sixteen Mechanical Energy Production
251 Test for Over-unity Sweet Flywheel Efficiency
252 Test Sweet Energy Production for Railroad Wheels
275 Test Orffyrean Roller Bearings
322 Test for Vertical Axis in Free-fall
all prior listings for "Some Tests of Bessler Principle"
41 Test Foucault Pendulum during Total Solar Eclipse
41 Test Static Foucault Pendulum during Total Solar Eclipse
42 Test Pendulum Frequency during Total Solar Eclipse
all prior listings for "Some Tests of Bessler Principle"
122 Test Behavior of Bessler Pendulum
206 Test Remediation of Radioactivity Using GEET Reactor Rotation
208 Test Remediation of Radioactivity Using Rapid Mechanical Rotation
444 Test Gauss's Law Failure for Electric Fields
455 Possibly Test for Repulsion Weaker than Attraction
This book contains much repeatable evidence for perpetual motion powered by gravity. Power may be considered to be the rate of transfer of energy with respect to time. People should not ignore tiny changes of internal angular speed in the “zero” or “lowest” energy state of each nucleus, if they want to properly consider gravity-powered perpetual motion.
For those who want to quickly obtain some of the most important points of this book, see the above “ABSTRACT” and see "Book Summary of Gravity-Wheel Unveiled" located at the end of the “AFTER WORD” of this book. One can also read the summaries at the end of the four appendices and chapters one to 15. This book provides many important messages for both scientists and non-scientists. I think that this book reveals suppressed yet-important messages for everyone. The messages are basic physical and mechanical knowledge that all should be aware of. The messages affect all parts of our lives, while solving many scientific riddles/mysteries. This book will in particular hopefully unveil an important-yet-withheld fundamental-physical-principle relating gravity and every wheel, of every size. The principle should give the reader a different way to view this wheel-world, composed of sub-microscopic wheels. The principle may give the reader a different way to view the entire universe. If gravity is a universal phenomenon, then this subject has universal importance.
Suggested Order for Reading This Book. If these initial sections are creating some confusion for you, then I suggest that you defer further reading of them until you acquire somewhat greater understanding from other portions of this book. If these initial sections are not creating confusion, then I suggest that you read the “PREFACE”, the “ABSTRACT”, the “ACKNOWLEDGMENTS”, and this introductory “FOREWORD”. In either case, I suggest that you then proceed through this book after reading Chapter 1 “EVIDENCE THAT GRAVITY IS DISCRETE”. If you are interested in obtaining further information, you could read portions of the appendices, as they are referred to. Two of the appendices each contain a decoding of a different old little-encoded-book about gravity and the wheel. One book concerns a suppressed invention from three centuries ago. The other book concerns another suppressed invention from almost a century ago, though the roots of that invention may be much older. I think both decoded little books have great historical, engineering, economic, environmental, and scientific importance. I suggest that you should at some point read both those decoded old-little-books. How often do you get to read two decoded old-little-books (explaining hidden facets of gravity and the wheel) contained within a larger book (explaining hidden facets of gravity and the wheel)?
There has been a theoretical mindset that the primary energy produced in the sun could only come from hot fusion reactions. What else could it be? This book attempts to give the “what else”. There has been a theoretical mindset that the electrical and gravitational related forces are perfectly energy conservative. While these things may appear to be the case according to many experiments (assuming that there exist actual physical entities of potential energies), if the electrical and gravitational related forces actually have discrete bases, then potential energies are not actual physical entities and total energy is never conserved when such forces are actually applied. This book makes arguments that those forces and the smallest portions of matter are actually discrete.
A Story of Gravity. Have you ever imagined that each “smallest” matter-particles say a light negative electron or a heavy positive proton (or a light positive anti-electron or a heavy negative anti-proton or a free neutral-charged neutron, which would decay into an electron and an oppositely-charged proton) could actually be composed of many finest-fundamental exactly-oppositely-charged equally-massive-particles that radiate out electric fields according to their own charge type? Relatively speaking, every once in a great while, two electric fields (coming from opposite finest-fundamental charges) can have the same two directions, can have two just-allowed near-zero spatial-offsets and can have a just-allowed near-zero time-offset. Then they can travel together as a special pair through great amounts of any material, until eventually each (of the electric fields) encounters a finest fundamental charge opposite the type that gave it origin, so that there would be two attractive non-simultaneous pulls-down, as they are absorbed. That would be the smallest portion of weak-yet-persistent gravity or the graviton. The absorptions would also be relatively rare, as both electric fields would need to have just the right two offsets for the respective encountered fundamental charges and they would need to have just the right timings for both to be present precisely when their respective charges are encountered. Can you imagine such concepts for finest matter and gravity?
A Bessler Principle. Such imagined concepts for gravity and matter would provide a principle, Bessler's principle, of increased internal rotation to pairs of fundamental opposite charges that previously were rotating about their center. The first encountered charge attractively absorbs its electric field. The second charge continues to rotate, until it attractively absorbs the other electric field. Because of the time delay, the pair of finest-fundamental opposite charges often increases its rotational kinetic energy or rotational energy of motion. This small-weak principle could explain a great variety of mysteries and anomalies. It could, for example, explain Papp engines, GEET reactors, cold fusion, Bessler's wheels, Coral Castle, yin-yang cylinders, this earth not being a frozen ice ball, and the sun's production of energy.
If you know how the Bessler principle produces energy (seemingly out of nothing), then this can appear like a modern-day magic trick. Some magic tricks by magicians are done by “sleight of hand” but this book attempts to show where/how the extra energy actually comes from.
The Bessler principle may be automatically physically suppressed for six reasons.
(1) The principle is suppressed, whenever there is very little rotation (angular speed), of the absorbing fundamental opposite charges, about an axis.
(2) The principle is suppressed when there are very few available gravitons. To be observed, the principle would require many gravitons to be absorbed.
(3) The principle is suppressed when there are few pairs of fundamental opposite charges. To be more readily observed, the principle would require many pairs of fundamental opposite charges doing the absorbing.
(4) The principle is especially suppressed whenever the rotational-energy production principle is applied in the presence of seemingly-ubiquitous energy-robbing friction. Having a principle that is typically hidden by friction, would mean that there can be a great uphill “battle” required to bring the principle to light. Friction is the enemy in the battle but armed with friction the opponent generals are quick to wage war and seemingly win almost every time, saying, “See, there is no Bessler principle visible in this common wheel.”
(5) The principle is suppressed when the axis of rotation is about a vertical axis, with respect to the graviton. It would be relatively suppressed, if rotational motion is not about a horizontal axis.
(6) The principle would be suppressed for rotation of a wheel, if the wheel had previously been very rapid rotated about a horizontal axis so that there is damage of the connection between the nucleus and its surrounding lattice. Damage to the lattice connection would suppress a rotating wheel from rotating the nuclei within. Damage to the lattice connection would also suppress a rotating nucleus from rotating its containing wheel.
I had seen much suppression of cold fusion, which I later figured was closely tied to the Bessler principle message, when I began to seriously consider the Bessler principle message (prior to 9 Oct 2006). If the principle had been almost universally suppressed because of ancient tradition and inadequate experiments, how would such a principle be brought to light? Might direct attempts to discuss the subject help?
On two days, 22 and 25 Sep 2008, I visited a former university that I previously attended to encourage discussion of the Bessler principle. I thought the subject had many important physical implications. On the first day, I could only get one of my former physics professors to seriously discuss the subject with me. He was initially understandably concerned that I didn't have a basic understanding of how gravity worked. I explained my reasoning of two time-separate pull-downs associated with gravity. He recommended that I should replicate the 1968 McKinley low-friction demonstration (that I had personally observed when I was age 14). I considered replicating the McKinley low-friction demonstration to be costly, tricky, and potentially dangerous. I have noted that with the enemy often being nearly-ubiquitous friction, definitive experiments on this earth are typically some combination of costly, tricky, or potentially dangerous.
On the second day, despite flyers, I found no one came to discuss the subject with me. I was rather surprised by the lack of interest. Maybe I should not have been so surprised. The idea of gravity-powered perpetual-motion devices had been dismissed centuries ago because of lack of persistent proof that they exist. The subject in many cases almost appeared to be taboo or so far off-limits for even discussion about it. Perpetual motion devices using gravity was apparently so much of a forbidden subject to even allow contemplation.
Someone might be led to think, “Such a device surely does not exist, as evidenced by no one becoming rich from such a device.” I am thinking that there are opportunities for enterprising individuals to obtain great wealth, using messages from this book, but there are implicitly great difficulties that need to be overcome first. When people have previously exploited portions of the principle in times past there may have been great opportunities of becoming rich. After reading this book one might want to reconsider the effect of the hidden/suppressed principle on say railroad barons, car/truck manufactures, oil millionaires, and Pharaohs of Egypt.
So how does one wage an uphill war with hope of eventually winning? One way might be to make the underlying rationale available so that others may know that the Bessler principle is actually quite reasonable. I wrote a number of text messages related to the Bessler principle. I wrote GravitySummaryNews.txt (19 March 2011 with its associated figures), PhysicsSummaryNews.txt (30 Sep 2011), CosmicRays.txt (30 Sep 2011), and MatterIntelligence.txt (21 Nov 2011) (and made them available for free on the Internet at http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/). On 24 October 2010 I had written a brief paragraph entitled, "Gravity and the Living Universe" (within my profile found at https://www.mormon.org/me/2QZ5/Alden which site was made available by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). After 6 March 2012, I began to write this book to unify many messages regarding the Bessler principle.
Prejudice of Evidences. Eventually I think it will be widely recognized that there were many experiments producing power by the Bessler principle. I could concentrate my efforts in just another experiment producing power by the Bessler principle, which would likely be ignored just like the rest (by a variety of means) since it is considered by virtually everyone to be impossible scientifically. There was no theoretical framework for the Bessler principle to hang “its hat” upon. Alternatively, I could lay the theoretical groundwork for understanding how the many power productive results obtained so far make sense scientifically. If the great prejudice or bias can somehow be removed, then there might be fair evaluations and discussions of the underlying facts.
Refute Evidence Sans Proper Procedures. The evidence for the Bessler wheel can be “refuted”, if no one comes along and takes the dangerous steps of building his very low friction bearings. Cold fusion can be “refuted”, if the same steps and materials are not used by other experimenters (but others have taken the same steps and used the same materials and found confirmations). The evidence for the Papp engines can be “refuted”, if Papp (somewhat like Bessler or Leedskalnin) neglected to openly state or divulge certain critical steps, possibly to maintain personal control over his invention.
Ignorance of Theory. Complete explanations of the sun, including the solar corona, based on only the Bessler principle can be ignored in favor of definite understandings of our just not knowing what the power source is for the solar corona. The ignoring of the solar corona explanation flies in the face of a seemingly magical or unexplained temperature increase by a factor of at least 200 (~ 1,000,000/6000) from the photosphere. In apparent conflict with the very notion of an equilibrium temperature, would an isolated oven cause extremely high temperatures to be produced in its coldest, most rarified, and remotest extremities, which temperatures are 200 or even 2000 times greater? Why should we always boldly-automatically suppose, without the slightest hesitation, that the source of the mysterious extremely-energetic photons coming from the solar corona is fundamentally different from the source of energy in the photosphere? Sunspots being cooler than the photosphere because of the very strong vertical magnetic fields can be ignored in favor of an idea that there always just happens to be cooler regions where the sunspots are. Should we assume that a great heat source located in the very center of the sun always just manages to avoid heating the cool regions of the sunspots, as the immense heat source works its way outward? Should we automatically assume that the cool sunspots always happen to escape any effects of a supposedly enormous raging inferno (from deep within the sun) as the great heating progresses outward? Should we completely turn the temperature data upside down to fit a hot fusion explanation for the sun’s power? The primary and comprehensive power source for the sun can be ignored by clinging to a misguided notion that the sun receives its primary power through hot fusion (despite the temperature data). That might seem rational, if there were no other explanation in view but I think that there actually exists a simple comprehensive suppressed explanation.
We can attribute the large energy efficiency of railroad transportation to artificial causes, which don’t address the actual power source. One can ignore causal relationships in favor of happenstance. That might seem plausible on this earth because of the ever-present enemy, friction, is often lurking nearby.
Evidence and Theory. It may take both careful evidence and careful theory to eventually silence the critics of perpetual motion from gravity. With a better understanding of the theory of the Bessler principle, we should be in a better position to construct more careful experiments and thus obtain better or more convincing evidence. An informed theory of the Bessler principle allows us to break the malignant cycle of prejudice or extreme bias against gravity-powered perpetual motion. Prejudice leads to partial analysis and poor experiments. Poor experiments ignore salient experimental features required for success.
Capture Findings. This book is in part an attempt to capture old and new findings related to the Bessler principle, without a spirit of animosity/unbelief against perpetual motion. Despite the current lack of widely-recognized gravity-powered perpetual-motion machines, it seems to me from things that I will state in this book that the vast preponderance of evidence is greatly in favor of the Bessler principle. The many evidences, for the Bessler principle, need to be collected together so as to contribute to rational discussion/analysis and that is a reason for this book. There are also many “new” findings that need to be discussed.
Evidences and Tests of the Bessler Principle. I was considering writing a long scientific paper "Evidences and Tests of the Bessler Principle", so as to encourage some scientists to do various experiments, tests, and studies regarding the Bessler principle. I thought that a few experimentalists should be doing what they are supposed to be doing and do significant experiments. I am not saying that the experiments are easy to do. If many new experiments are not done, then the prior experiments and observations must be considered more carefully. My putting many Bessler principle related things into print might encourage people to do tests and then provide objective analyses of their results and/or observations. I suppose that this book may now make such a paper unnecessary. As I consider the Bessler principle to be a fundamental overlooked physical principle, I think that its effects affect all research involving rotation of matter. The implied nature of the graviton should also spill over to some other research not involving rotation of matter. I think that, in this book, I have provided many evidences of the Bessler principle. If these evidences are correct, then these evidences should be further confirmed by doing specific new experiments to test the validity of the two-part graviton and in particular to further test the validity of the Bessler principle. Evidence for the Bessler principle should imply strong evidence for the two-part graviton. I am writing a full book, so that the contextually dependent messages within are neither easily ignored (as they could be in isolation) nor misunderstood (when separated from contextually relevant messages).
Multiple Internal Books. This book might be considered as multiple books, cohesively put together into one whole book for mutual support so that the important interrelated messages are not lost/dismissed/ignored, as could more easily occur by themselves. These sorts of things have had a long history of being greatly suppressed by a variety of means. The multiple books might be: (1) a book of Evidences of the Bessler Principle, (2) a book of Tests of the Bessler principle, (3) a book of Flaws of Prior Physical Theory, (4) a book of New Discrete Physical Theory, (5) a book of Bessler’s Decoded Little Book (Bessler’s Little Book Decoded), (6) a book of Leedskalnin’s Decoded Little Book (A Book in Every Home Decoded), (7) a book of Evidence of God including Fundamental Physical Symbols, and (8) a book of New Understandings Now Available. I did break out two of the books, since they in their own right need to be considered as important separate books, specifically addressing their original coded books. Nonetheless those decoded little books need to point back to this more comprehensive book.
Intellectual Inertia. There is often a great wall of intellectual inertia that must be broken through, before many will dare to consider truly new physical principles or foundations. For example, Einstein suggested that a discrete basis for modern physics might be more correct than a continuous basis. Einstein apparently made little progress penetrating that great intellectual wall of physics based on continuous structures, which he helped to build. As time passes, this wall of intellectual inertia may be unjustly fortified, despite accumulated evidences to the contrary. I think that if justice could somehow be allowed to reign or at least diversity of physical opinion could be allowed to exist, then the many accumulated evidences should someday allow the wall to be breached and then eventually to be torn down. In this book, I am advocating some unpopular words of Albert Einstein. Truth is not a popularity contest. One person advocating the truth, using sound reasons, is not made wrong by millions opposing/ignoring that truth, using political inertia and biased reporting of information. I think that if people listen and respond to the truth (say by considering evidences from observations or by doing critical experiments based upon the truth), they will tend to progress. Otherwise, I think that they will tend to not progress.
Reasons for This Book. I wrote this book primarily (1) to give the Bessler principle related ideas better general consideration, (2) to explain a wide variety of seemingly-unexplainable phenomena, (3) to help penetrate the formidable intellectual or veiled wall that Einstein couldn't seem to penetrate, (4) to help provide a new foundation for physics, (5) to present a different cosmological theory than the usually accepted one, (6) to provide much help-hope for the world through new technology-energy insights, and (7) to encourage faith in God, through better understanding of the things around us, including powerful symbols of God found in nature. This book is an attempted glimpse of a new fine-discrete foundation for modern physics. I suppose that others will find theoretical bridges between the new fine-discrete foundation and prior “working” foundations for modern physics. I hope that this book will help people to be better aware of simple explanations for many otherwise unexplained or poorly explained physical phenomena.
When a new physical foundation comes along that easily allows explanation of many otherwise unexplained or poorly explained physical phenomena, then the objective scientist should pay careful attention to the new foundation. The objective physical scientist should be quite interested concerning insight into repeatable anomalies that can't be explained according to previously known theory. I think that the things of nature, if properly understood, should touch upon the things of God. I think that truth obtained from science and truth received from God should, with sufficient knowledge from both, merge into a single common understood truth, which approaches the absolute truth known to God. Mankind may have relative or partial views, but God knows the complete situation.
Questions Answered. This book should answer various questions of interest to many. For example, if God is a God of miracles, what does this mean with respect to conservation of energy or the second law of thermodynamics? If the saints eventually may receive new worlds without number, where does the energy come from, for all these new worlds? Where do these many new worlds go? Do these worlds go into some other dimension? The answers to some of these questions may surprise both believer and unbeliever. Whether believer or unbeliever or agnostic or skeptic or skeptical scientist or faithful scientist or any scientist or any non-scientist, they all should find information of interest herein. These and many more questions should be answered or at least reasonable attempts are made in this book to answer many such questions.
Physics Took Wrong Turn. I think physics took a wrong turn about 300 years ago with the rejection of the Bessler wheel (1712-1745) in particular and perpetual motion in general. Physics made assumptions taking it along a limited engineering route, which excluded certain somewhat exceptional phenomena. As time went by, physics has had more exceptions that it has had to deal with. Some people have dealt with such exceptions using means such as ridiculing, criticizing, censuring, belittling, labeling, suppressing, and ignoring. Labels have included such adjectives as anomalous, non-repeatable, unscientific, anecdotal, and pathological. Early studies were often labeled non-repeatable. Later repeatable studies were simply ignored. Such avenues of so-called "scientific" study have tended to discourage rather than encourage real study and investigation of important repeatable exceptions. I hope that physics will return from the wrong turn, as we become better aware of the Bessler principle.
Bessler Principle Awareness from First Coded Book. Bessler's coded little book written in 1716-1717 should be plainly decoded or unveiled below. Such an unveiling should explain how Bessler's physically veiled wheel interior could “perpetually” rotate about a horizontal axis. Bessler's wheel perpetually rotated by veiled means of both gravity and his very-low-friction bearings. An unveiling of Bessler's little book should not only explain how Bessler likely specially manufactured his low friction bearings but also how his wheels could then acquire power according to his principle. This book of mine and Bessler's unveiled little book, both claim that the Bessler wheels and every other wheel rotating about horizontal axes actually make use of such a Bessler principle. If more people were aware of the Bessler principle, then this would help prevent the extra suppression or ignoring of the information about the Bessler wheel and many other Bessler-principle-related phenomena. These books do not stand alone in bearing testimony to the world of the Bessler principle.
Second Coded Book Witness of Bessler Principle. There was a second coded book witness of the Bessler principle written by 1936 by Edward Leedskalnin. He interestingly also referred to his coded book as a little book. Each author apparently thought that his book needed to be greatly expanded. Leedskalnin brought forth an idea of lattice sweetness in his decoded book, which I had not previously considered until I read his words. I am providing expanded-decoded versions of both little books within my appendices. The primary key for decoding and expanding both little books was curiously the Bessler principle itself, though the two authors found physically separate means for the principle being made manifest to the world. Leedskalnin's method of energy production from gravity may be employed now using current mechanical roller bearings for rotating massive wheels. That means that, if we follow Leedskalnin’s instructions, we may now build his energy-productive devices to extract “perpetual” power from gravity, for the benefit of the world. Leedskalnin's implementation required three very-low-friction magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels. Bessler's method required a highly-unusual somewhat-dangerous process for growing very-low friction mechanical bearings capable of supporting massive loads. I think that both methods will help the truth about the Bessler principle to go forward, with little suppression.
Hidden Messages Going Forth. There are apparently various hidden messages related to Bessler's wheel that need to go forth for the benefit of mankind. This book apparently contains the hidden message of the very-low-friction bearings that Bessler refused to divulge, without payment of 100,000 thalers {$2,500,000 in 1997, pp. 21, 54, 102, 137, and 159 of PM97}. This book apparently contains the hidden message of Leedskalnin's energy productive device, which message could not be beaten out of him, before he moved his Rock Gate Park to a friendlier location. This book apparently contains the hidden message of the missing ingredient that Papp didn't provide in any of his patents related to his engine. This book apparently contains the correct message about how the sun actually works. This book contains a variety of other messages that have somehow been withheld from the people, in large part because a fundamental physical principle has somehow been persistently withheld from the knowledge of the people.
Suppression of Bessler Principle. Apparently every time a manifestation of the Bessler principle has begun to appear it has met with great extra suppression, in one form or another. Many have been the forms of such suppression. The forms of suppression have been almost as varied as the manifestations of the principle. One can consider as a few example manifestations: Bessler's wheels, energy from the sun, Papp engines, cold fusion, and GEET reactors. Each manifestation has its own story of suppression, which full stories the interested reader will need to obtain elsewhere. We need to explore ideas related to the Bessler principle so as not to be prejudiced to such ideas and to not limit our capabilities prior to proper consideration of such ideas. We must not be slaves to incorrect traditions born of ignorance.
Foundation of Physics. If more people were aware of the energy non-conservative Bessler principle, then it would help remove the false foundation stone of the conservation of energy principle that has been artificially propped up for at least 300 years. On top of that false foundation stone rests another false stone of the second law of thermodynamics. I say those foundation stones are false, as they are not fully supported by the experimental method. These false stones almost form a religion to some physicists. How can the proper firm foundation stone of God be understood to be in its proper place, if we are incorrectly holding up in place a foundationless stone, of energy conservation, as a primary foundation for a house of physics? An intention, of this book, is to provide many evidences and tests, which show that total energy is not always conserved. While the idea of total energy being conserved can on many occasions be extremely useful for many engineering purposes, it is not a proper foundation principle upon which to build the correct house of physics. I think that some people need to awaken from their energy-understanding slumbers and grasp hold of the truth.
I am trying to put the truth (according to the preponderance of the best available evidence) into the hands of the people, who are willing to consider such ideas. I suspect that there are many people who would have open minds on the subject, if they were only made aware of the truth. It is common for important correct ideas to be initially rejected, but the truth rolls on without heed to popular acceptance. Maybe, after proper consideration, we just need to make the change to the new theoretical foundations, for our own practical benefit. As scientific practically dictates, we can keep the old schools of thought within understood regions of applicability, but we need to understand where such old schools of thought miserably fail. I suspect that, if there were many people advocating that Bessler-principle-related experiments/tests be done, then I think that those who are able to do difficult decisive tests would be more willing to actually do the tests. Again because we need to fight the enemy of friction (for rotations about horizontal axes), many tests are quite difficult or are quite dangerous or are quite expensive. With results from more tests, we would be able to better see where the old schools of thought fail. We would be able to better account for the results of our tests. I suppose that the truth about gravity will begin to slowly roll forward, somewhat as a low friction wheel given a continued total torque keeps acquiring angular speed, until say there is a balance between power supplied by the torque and power removed due to friction. A torque could be considered a force applied through a lever arm distance.
See Fig. 1 as an example of a torque. Torque is the common name for the leveraging product found by multiplying the lever arm distance and the portion of the force that is perpendicular to the lever arm. I think that the torque, obtained by the Bessler principle from gravity, typically increases as the angular speed of the wheel increases. Leedskalnin's writings and my mathematical analysis strongly support this idea. At larger angular speeds, the second particle (of higher elevation) travels further around its circle, before it absorbs its electric field. The forces due to friction typically rapidly increase with the angular speed of the wheel, until there is equilibrium between increased torque and the greatly increased friction. Friction would decrease angular speed, if not countered by something attempting to increase angular speed. Angular speed increases in the very low friction situations, until there is an equilibrium angular speed. That is how all Bessler's wheels of the early 1700's behaved. That is how the very low friction wheel in the McKinley low friction demonstration in 1968 behaved. They all increased in angular speed until they reached an equilibrium angular speed.
Fig. 1. Torque.
Torque. The torque, rF, about a point, P in Fig. 1, is the lever arm distance, r, times the part, F, of the force, that is perpendicular to r. That part, F, of the force is applied at a lever arm distance, r, from the point, P. The longer the lever arm distance, r, means the greater is the torque, rF, about the point, P. Also, the greater force, F, that is perpendicular to the lever arm distance, r, means the greater is the torque, rF, about the point, P. The torque is zero, if either the lever arm distance, r, is zero or the perpendicular portion force, F, is zero, since their product, rF, would then be zero.
I have tried to minimize the numbers of equations and mathematical expressions in this book so that those without much mathematical skill can still understand the main ideas of this book. This book has been written to hopefully be understandable to both the practicing scientist and the layman, even if the layman has little scientific or technical or mathematical background. In many cases the layman, without knowledge of incorrect ideas, need not unlearn those ideas that were not correct. I have relegated some of the more involved mathematical details to Appendix A. One main purpose of some of those mathematical details in that appendix was to address failures associated with the conventional physics based upon continuous mathematical structures or continuous mathematical expressions. If the reader is not getting much understanding from any mathematical expressions in this book, the reader might just pay more attention to the words and figures. With the words and figures, some of the most important ideas may be understood, using example figures rather than the approximate equations. This might not be a coincidence, if the most fundamental physical entities are discrete rather than numerically continuous. Numerically continuous equations and expressions would then often be just approximations of what is actually going on. The continuous equations and expressions may sometimes, with caution, be useful for modeling or approximating the discrete physics.
Again, the views in this book are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of any particular religious, political, governmental, educational, or commercial organization.
Active Attractive Gravity. This book takes the stance that there is an active attractive something, called gravity, coming from matter that causes attraction of other matter and which gravity has a curious interaction with all wheels rotating about horizontal axes. This stance is supported by the vast preponderance of experimental facts, tests, and observations. Many tests are proposed within this book to confirm this stance. Based on those test results, many further tests can and should be done to provide extra confirmation of this stance.
Proposed Experimental Tests. Even if the discrete theory expressed in this book were somehow wrong, I expect that scientists should nonetheless pay careful attention to the many proposed experimental tests herein. Theory can be whatever it is but a primary value of theory is that the invoked understanding should suggest further experiments. Still, theory needs to be guided by the results of experiments. The results of the experiments should not be ignored, as has often hitherto been the situation in many important cases. Physics is supposed to be an experimental science. Any experts advocating a physics based on energy-conservation might dismiss my theory with a few words, such as "You just made it up.", but those experts cannot dismiss the results of experiments with a few words. Those experts cannot simply dismiss persistent evidence for a Bessler principle, since the evidence remains. Physics is an experimental science. Gravity is an undeniable phenomenon subject to experimental tests and observations. The persistent results of those many experiments and observations about gravity must in good conscience neither be denied nor be ignored. Worse yet, the many tests should not simply be skipped just because everyone knows that energy increasing results can't happen according to the standard energy conservative theory or because everyone knows that perpetual motion is impossible.
Demonstrate Perpetual Motion. I was attempting to build a perpetual-motion Bessler clock, which I thought would silence any claim against perpetual motion devices. I figured that my Bessler clock was not-too-costly, not-too-tricky, and not-too-dangerous. I think it is trickier than I at first thought. It does appear to require very low friction and things operating just right. Unfortunately, so far I have not gotten my Bessler clock to work properly, so I have not succeeded in those efforts. I suppose that a better constructed Bessler clock should work and silence claims against perpetual motion devices. Any people doubting the existence of such perpetual motion devices are free to build their own Bessler clock (hopefully using my suggestions to improve procedures) and see for themselves the results of their attempts. See "6.7 My Bessler Clock Attempt". I have seen avoidance of discussion of the Bessler principle. A successful Bessler clock should encourage real discussion on the subject. I consider it just a matter of time before someone constructs a successful twenty-first-century Bessler clock. Maybe, after reading this book, people will begin to consider the sun as a daily-observed power-producing perpetual-motion-device.
Hopefully, after people see more gravity-powered perpetual-motion-devices that are beginning to come forth, such new devices will help them understand that such devices/machines are indeed possible, despite what the old theory erroneously says. Hopefully people will begin to understand that gravity is discretely simple, yet has many important practical-cyclic implications for producing perpetual power. Let us back up and carefully consider some basic or rudimentary things about gravity.
Force of Gravity. Drop a ball from rest and it falls with a speed that increases with time, until it bumps into something like the ground. We note (ignoring air friction) that, if its initial height is h0 at time t=0, its height with time is about h0 - .5gt2, and its velocity is about -gt, where g is the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the earth. The value of g is approximately 9.8 meters/(second2). Normally when we throw a ball up into the air, it momentarily comes to a rest at some height. Then the ball comes back down. It increases its speed as it returns to earth. It is almost as if something were holding the ball to the earth. Is the ball really being held to the earth? If we imagine that there were no air to get in the way of the ball and if we could somehow send it upward with sufficient speed, the ball might be able to completely "break free" of this planet so that it "not return" as expected. There seems to be some sort of force that pulls things downward. One usually calls this the force of gravity. There seems to be a gravitational force between all bodies of matter so that there is some mutual attraction. What is the nature of this force of gravity? What are the conditions surrounding matter which cause or seem to cause the attractive force called gravity? Are these conditions some sort of smooth properties of space surrounding matter or are there many continual attractive emanations coming from matter so that it may be later absorbed? This book will attempt to answer such questions.
Gravity Continuous? Many people have long supposed that gravity is continuous. Would that be a valid assumption? Where is the evidence for gravity being some sort of continuous structure? I don't think that there is any solid evidence that gravity is continuous. Admittedly assuming gravity is continuous can assist us in doing many useful calculations and predictions involving gravity. We can use continuous formulas for gravity to calculate motion of projectiles, spacecraft, and planets. We should understand that these formulas are explicitly approximate calculations. These formulas serve to model the behavior of gravity to some smoothed-out amount. These gravity models might even be so approximate that they ignore a finest discrete nature of gravity. That is the formulas might cover up or hide the most fundamental nature of gravity.
Gravity Lumpy? Gravity appears to originate from discrete or lumpy matter. We say that matter is discrete or lumpy. Matter's smallest observable portions also seem to come in fixed or quantized amounts. Within the smallest portions of observable matter there appears to be further structure. Since from all appearances matter at its finest structural levels is lumpy or discrete, might it not be possible that the gravity that depends upon such lumpy matter is actually lumpy or rather discrete itself?
Initial Evidence for Gravity Being Discrete. As initial evidence that gravity might be lumpy or discrete, gravity at the same elevation changes as we move around on the surface of the earth, as if gravity were somehow being either blocked or enhanced due to the presence of more matter. Let us not currently follow up on the more matter option so as to consider the usually ignored blocking option. The earth is not uniform in density so denser portions might be especially blocking the flow of lumpy gravity. The blocking might cause the lumpy gravity to be slightly used up as gravity pulls “down” on the blocking portions of the earth. Wouldn’t the force of gravity itself make sense with respect to the using up of lumpy gravity? Slight absorption of gravity when the force of gravity is applied may seem obvious but it is usually not considered in the usual theory possibly because it is assumed to be too slight to be considered. Absorption could in part explain how gravity could differ as we move around on the earth. Someone might counter with the other option that the variations of densities in the earth could account for the variations of gravity, because there would be more or fewer sources of gravity in some locations within the earth. Very careful study of models and data will be needed to help address these situations.
Such lumpy or discrete gravity might be traveling very rapidly, possibly even at the speed of light in vacuum. Since gravity appears to spread out in all directions from its originating matter, each portion of any lumpy gravity traveling very rapidly would reasonably be heading in a particular direction. If some lumpy gravity were heading in a particular direction, this would explain how gravity seems to spread out, as space opens up in front of it. It would not actually be the gravity itself that spreads out but that there would be fewer lumps of attractive gravity going through the spread-out-space in particular directions. Gravity, as an attractive force, would be nearly conserved (that is not lost); if the lumps of gravity are nearly conserved by nearly being preserved, as they go through empty space.
Gravity Conserved Since Quantized? Again since mass comes in quantized amounts, and gravity depends upon source mass, should we not expect that gravity comes in tiny or fine quantized packets? As supported by evidence below, we should reasonably suppose that gravity does come in discrete packets. The force due to gravity tends to decrease according to the reciprocal of the square of the distance, r, from a mass providing gravity. A reciprocal of a number is one divided by that number. The square of a number is the number multiplied by itself. The force due to gravity would thus be approximately proportional to 1/(r2) = 1/(r*r) = r-2, where the symbol “*” denotes multiplication or times or taking a product. The force of gravity decreases almost exactly, as if gravity were made up of tiny packets or entities that are essentially conserved as they spread themselves out from the mass providing that gravity. If these packets of gravity were nearly conserved, as they spread out away from a mass, then they would be diluted, as they are spread out over larger areas. To consider the dilution, we should consider the surface area of a sphere. The surface area of a sphere is proportional to the square of the radius of the sphere. See Fig. 2 and its associated text or rather the text in the next paragraph. Gravity having an entity basis would provide an easy explanation for why the force of gravity tends to be inversely proportional to the square of radius from the mass providing the gravity. Lumpy gravity would be spread out over greater area, as it goes out further in distance or radius, r, from its source. Gravity would be nearly conserved, as it spreads out, just as packets are nearly conserved, when the packets only very weakly interact with matter that they encounter. That the packets only weakly interact would account for their ability to travel through extremely large amounts of matter with little interaction and thus little loss of the discrete gravity or gravitons. That there can be a slight or weak interaction with matter will be described below. The slight or weak interaction with matter means that the gravitons are nearly conserved, as they go forth.
Fig. 2. Some suggested formulas for spheres and circles.
Fig. 2 Suggests Some Formulas. For a sphere of radius r, the area on the surface of the sphere is S = 4pr2. The surface area increases as the square of the radius. That shows how things coming from the center spread out in space as they proceed outward. The volume of the sphere is V = (4/3)pr3. The value, (dV/dr) = S or surface area, is the slight increase in the sphere's volume per slight increase in the sphere's radius. That means that the slight increase in the sphere’s volume, dV, is S(dr) or the surface area times the slight increase in the sphere’s radius. For a circle of radius r, the circumference or length around the edge of the circle is C = 2pr. The constant, p, is defined to be the ratio of the circumference (C) of a circle to its diameter (2r). The constant is approximately 3.14159265358979323846264 as may be found on many calculators. The area of the circle is A = pr2. The value, (dA/dr) = C or circumference, is the slight increase in the circle's area per slight increase in the circle's radius. That means that the slight increase in the circle’s area, dA, is C(dr) or the circumference times the slight increase in the circle’s radius.
Gravity Absorbed? Can some gravity actually be absorbed, as it weakly interacts with matter? If gravity were weakly emitted from lumpy matter, might it also be weakly absorbed by lumpy matter so as to create an attractive force on the lumpy matter? Maybe we should be asking the question, what evidence is there that gravity is being absorbed?
Newton Considered Absorption of Gravity Rays for Perpetual Motion. Isaac Newton was considering in his notes and drawings about how one might make a gravity-powered perpetual-motion device in the form of a wheel supported by two posts so that it could rotate about a horizontal axis. He drew a box-like object placed above half of the wheel, which wheel was capable of rotating about a horizontal axis. See Fig. 3 which is a simple redrawn representation of one of Newton's drawings. A copy of the original may be seen on p. 14 of PM97. His writings included the associated curiously-spelled words "... or placing a ligt. or heavy body over it or under it or ... Whither a plate flat ways or edg ways is heaviest. Whither ye rays of gravity may bee stopped by refecting or refracting ym, if so a per petuall motion may bee made one of these two ways." See my more complete transcription of those words of Newton's in section 10.4 of Chapter 10 below. These were some potential ways that occurred to Newton of how a perpetual motion device might be created. He was apparently considering that absorption of gravity rays, as one of many of his listed possible ways for creating a perpetual motion device. It is interesting that he drew the box-like-object above half the wheel (rather than below half the wheel). He did note that the box-like object might need to be placed below half the wheel.
Fig. 3. A possible perpetual motion sketch by Newton.
Fig. 3 is a redrawn representation of a sketch by Newton, as a possible means for producing a perpetual motion device possibly using gravity absorption, as the source of power.
He might not have been sure whether absorption or emanation of gravity would be more effective for producing a perpetual motion device. He might not have been completely sure which way the rays of gravity were actually going. That was somewhat understandable, as some rays somehow containing momentum coming from above might strike a weight and make the weight go down. Newton also appeared to consider that "ye rays of gravity" might be attractive. With Newton's question, about whether a plate were placed flat or on its edge would be heavier, it especially suggested that he was considering some sort of absorption process for gravity, so as to reduce its later strength with respect to later absorptions. Among other ideas, Newton should in particular be credited with his two suggestions that gravity might be in the form of discrete rays and that these rays of gravity might be absorbed by objects. The wheel in Fig. 3 looks somewhat like one of Bessler's wheels. Newton wouldn't have been considering many alternative hypotheses for such a gravity-powered perpetual-motion device, if he had not been aware of much information and tests that had been conducted on Bessler's apparently gravity-powered perpetual-motion wheels. Newton was getting close but he nonetheless did not completely figure out Bessler's wheels. Newton was just a little off the mark. The complete explanation for how the Bessler wheels worked should be understood later in this book, when the Bessler principle and Bessler’s Orffyrean roller bearing have both been explained.
Gravity Absorption Is Weak. Gravity absorption in the laboratory would seem to be a very difficult thing to measure. The reason for that is because of the weakness of the gravitational force. Because of this gravitational weakness, just putting a projected "solid wall" of nuclei between two objects might still not provide enough gravity absorption, to measure shielding effects on the objects. A nucleus is a dense center ball within an atom. To make matters worse, introducing a large amount of matter for gravity shielding between two objects might also introduce a large source of gravity coming from the shield wall itself. Given these and other problems, I suggest that we currently look to see if there is some evidence of partial gravity absorption during total solar eclipses.
Are Rays of Gravity Absorbed? If we observe a partial reduction of the sun's gravity during a total solar eclipse, we would reasonably overcome Newton's uncertainties with respect to which way the rays of gravity were going and with respect to whether those rays of gravity are attractive or not. Given such partial absorption evidence, those rays of sun's gravity would be going from the sun to the earth and they would be attractive upon being absorbed. I will assume, according to supporting experimental data, that we have resolved such uncertainties in the following discussions to keep those discussions simple.
Total Solar Eclipse. During a total solar eclipse, with the moon passing between the earth and the sun, as represented in Fig. 4, the full light shadow on the earth might also correspond to a partial gravity shadow on the earth, as many gravitons from the sun are absorbed within the moon. Many of the gravitons from the sun would not reach a spot on/in the earth, as other similar gravitons had done prior to the total solar eclipse. After the total solar eclipse, more gravitons from the sun would again reach the now-again unshaded spot on/in the earth. So what evidence is there for such partial gravity shadows during such total solar eclipses?
Fig. 4. Solar Eclipse Rudimentary Geometry.
In Fig. 4, a full light shadow and a partial gravity shadow on the earth by the moon are both simultaneously depicted during a total solar eclipse. The sphere sizes and locations are distorted to allow a single simple illustration of their relationships. As viewed from the earth, the angular extent of the moon or of the sun's photosphere is actually only about .5° = half of one degree. The edges of a half degree angle are close to parallel. It is amazing that both the sun and the moon angles are just the right relative size, as viewed from the earth, thus making eclipses of just the sun's photosphere by the moon possible.
Foucault Pendulum Studies. Foucault pendulum studies provide one type of evidence that gravity can be absorbed during total solar eclipses. For example, the URL of http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast06aug99_1/ indicated, "In 1954, Maurice Allais reported that a Foucault pendulum exhibited peculiar movements at the time of a solar eclipse." The plane containing the maximum motion points of the paraconical Foucault pendulum normally move somewhat with time. During the 30 June 1954 solar eclipse there was an anomalous 13.5° of movement of the plane measured by Maurice Allais that returned after the eclipse was over. I suppose that, one might qualitatively account for some of the anomalous motion of Allais' paraconical Foucault pendulum plane, if gravity coming from the sun is partly absorbed by the passing moon and thus does not get to the earth. I have puzzled over why the anomalous movement of the plane could be so large. My only two thoughts that potentially might address such a large plane deviation are: (1) the paraconical Foucault pendulum is not solidly attached at the top (like a normal Foucault pendulum, which by solid attachment constrains the effects of gravity on that top end) and (2) rotations of nuclei within a solid rotating pendulum might somehow be greatly affected by a component reduction in gravity. The matter might need much careful study. If the sun (or moon) happens to be within the plane of a Foucault pendulum, then there might be no change in the plane of motion during a total solar eclipse. That might explain why plane changes of Foucault pendulums are not always observed during total solar eclipses. With the sun in the plane of a pendulum swing (and not directly overhead), this could cause the center point of the swing to vary very slightly, but that would be something that might not be easily observed. If Allais had been making only one measurement (on say the near end) of the location of a plane during each swing cycle, then there might have been some confusion between a normal slow Foucault rotation of a plane about a vertical axis and an anomalous rotation of a plane about a horizontal axis.
Variation of Results. Some experiments show anomalies associated with gravity during total solar eclipses. Other experiments do not show such anomalies. One might attempt in such experiments to measure the portion (or component) of gravity from the sun in such experiments. I suspect that absorption of gravity in the moon that was coming from the sun is a major cause of the variation of results. I think that results could vary if sometimes there are attempts to measure that absorbed component of gravity and at other times there is no attempt to measure that absorbed component of gravity, because other portions of gravity are being measured.
Test Foucault Pendulum during Total Solar Eclipse. We can test for gravity coming from the sun being absorbed in the moon, by checking to see if a very long ordinary Foucault pendulum changes its plane of motion about its pivot point during a total solar eclipse. This test should only be done when the sun and moon are somewhat or almost in a horizontal direction at the time of the eclipse, and when the initial conditions were such that near the time of the eclipse the sun and moon were very much away from being within the plane of the pendulum swing. If the Foucault pendulum changes its plane of motion about its pivot point by the pendulum mass (in the plane) moving away from the sun's location, then this would be a positive test result that gravity coming from the sun was being absorbed within the moon. The plane would need to change in the “correct” direction to correspond to confirming absorption of attractive gravity coming from the sun. If the Foucault pendulum doesn't change its plane of motion about its pivot point, then either a more sensitive test would be needed or this would be a negative test result that gravity coming from the sun was being absorbed within the moon. Given the small deviations in gravity measured by some experimenters, it is likely that a very sensitive test would be needed for this test.
Test Static Foucault Pendulum during Total Solar Eclipse. We can test for gravity coming from the sun being absorbed in the moon, by checking to see if a very long static Foucault pendulum changes its static angle during a total solar eclipse. The sun and moon should best be somewhat or almost in a horizontal direction at the time of the eclipse. If very fine reductions of gravity from the sun need to be measured (while using a very long Foucault pendulum with wire suspension of the weight) then this static type of test might have less error for measuring the angle change of the center of the pendulum than the angle change of the plane measured in the above swinging Foucault pendulum test. This "static" test assumes that the sun and moon are very far from being overhead/underfoot at the time of the total solar eclipse. This test would not be reliable if the sun or moon were directly overhead at the time of the eclipse. If the static angle of the long pendulum changes its angle, by the pendulum mass going away from the sun's location near the beginning of the total solar eclipse and returning near the end of the eclipse, then this would be a positive test result that attractive gravity coming from the sun was being absorbed within the moon. If the static angle of the long pendulum didn't change its angle, then this would be a negative test result that gravity coming from the sun was being absorbed within the moon.
If the sun were directly above a Foucault pendulum during a total solar eclipse, one would expect fewer gravitons to attractively pull up on the pendulum so the total effect of gravity downward would be stronger, so as to increase the pendulum's frequency, f. A formula for a simple pendulum with a particular length, L, is shown in Eq. 1.1, where g represents the acceleration due to gravity. See for example pp. 153, 156 of Essentials of Physics (1971) by Borowitz and Beiser.
(1.1)
Test Pendulum Frequency during Total Solar Eclipse. We can thus test for gravity coming from the sun being absorbed in the moon, by checking to see if a Foucault pendulum increases its frequency during a total solar eclipse, when the sun and moon are directly overhead (or decreases in frequency, when the sun and moon are directly underfoot). If the frequency increases during the daytime eclipse (compared with the frequency before or after the eclipse), then this would be a positive test result that attractive gravity coming from the sun was being absorbed within the moon. If the frequency remains the same during the eclipse (compared with the frequency before or after the eclipse), then this would be a negative test result that gravity coming from the sun was being absorbed within the moon, assuming that there is sufficient accuracy in the measurements. I suspect that there would typically not be sufficient accuracy given the typically small amount of gravity shielding shown in references.
Some References for Gravity Absorption. See the URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allais_effect for various references and links regarding the Allais effect. One of the examples gives an abstract on URL http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v62/i4/e041101 suggesting that there may be a shielding property of gravity during a total solar eclipse.
More Study. If people are not convinced that absorption of some gravitons from the sun by the moon occurs during total solar eclipses, then I suggest that they give the matter further study. There is much information, on the subject, to be studied.
Graviton Direction of Motion Resolved. There would be additional information that could be gleaned from a positive test result that gravity coming from the sun was being absorbed within the moon during the total solar eclipse. It should tend to confirm the above assumed and obvious ideas that the gravitons are attractive, that they are coming from the sun (on their way toward earth), and that they are being partially shadowed by the moon. It would not be a case of repulsive gravitons being later shadowed by the moon (on their way to the sun) after they had earlier somehow had a shadowing effect on the static pendulum on the earth. Surely the shadowing precedes the shadow being observed. It resolves the question that Newton was apparently considering, of which way "ye rays of gravity" are actually going.
Gravity Is Attractive. Knowing which way the rays of gravity are going (in conjunction with the measured data) resolves any question, as to whether the gravitons are attractive or repulsive. The rays of gravity are attractive, as should be verified by further experiments. Those rays of gravity are not repulsive. In case there was any doubt remaining, the question has been resolved, which question Newton was apparently once considering, of whether "ye rays of gravity" are attractive or repulsive.
Gravity Rays Are Absorbed. Implied in this idea of shadowed attractiveness is the idea that the gravity rays or gravitons are absorbed. Gravity to be shadowed must surely be absorbed. Gravity is attractive upon absorption.
Einstein's Comment to Besso. Einstein in 1954 wrote to his good friend Michele Besso, "I consider it quite possible that physics cannot be based on the field concept, i.e. continuous structures. In that case nothing remains of my entire castle in the air, gravitation theory included, [and of] the rest of modern physics." See the Richard Moody Jr. reference from Subtle is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein by A. Pais, 1982, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 467. Einstein was prepared to completely give up on continuity, as the basis of physics.
Something caused Einstein to write such strong words to Besso. Something caused Einstein to suddenly make almost a complete reversal of much of his efforts. I suspect that Einstein wrote Besso in 1954, after he was aware of Allais' paraconical Foucault pendulum observations made during the total solar eclipse of 30 June 1954. Einstein's prior theory wouldn't allow for discontinuous shadows of spacetime geometry. I suspect that is why he was suddenly prepared to give up his own theory of gravity. The evidence in 1954 was thus beginning to come out in favor of distinct entities for the basis of gravity or rather “rays of gravity” as Newton considered. It was beginning to be apparent that gravity was not based upon continuous structures in space and time, which structures could not be discontinuously shadowed.
Gravity Anomalies. I suspect that there are other anomalous gravity measurements that might be partially explained by gravity being absorbed. The idea of gravity being absorbed indicates that gravity is a distinct entity. The idea of gravity being absorbed runs counter to a variety of long-standing traditional ideas. Still, when the truth begins to come into sight, then traditional errors or engineering approximations should begin to make room for the actual situation.
Absorption of Discrete Gravity Implications. The idea that gravity is absorbed is strongly linked with the idea that gravity is discrete. Its absence means that something is no longer present. Conversely the idea that gravity is a discrete entity is strongly linked to the idea that it can be absorbed. There are sources for gravity as well as sinks for gravity, despite the usual theory not showing any sink terms. The sinks for gravity have been hitherto missed or not mentioned in the usual theory because gravity is extremely weak. There were well mentioned forces due to gravity, but such forces were curiously neither associated with gravity sinks nor associated with gravity absorptions. The sinks could often to good approximation be ignored in many situations. Because gravity can be absorbed, one may see "APPENDIX A SOME MATHEMATICAL DETAILS" regarding the failure of Gauss's law with respect to gravity. Gauss's law does not allow for any sink or absorption of the gravitational fields. According to that incorrect theory, the fields (having sources) just continue to go on to infinity in ever more diluted states, so that their total is conserved. One can also see, at the beginning of Appendix A, some similar mathematical details and a test, regarding the failure of Gauss's law with respect to electric fields. The failures of each of these Gauss's laws would be due to the absorption of the actual discrete fields.
Discrete Field Absorption Implies Energy Not Conserved. The discrete absorptions of the fields cause the failure of both the electric and gravity versions of Gauss's laws. These failures for both the electric and gravity versions of Gauss's laws have important implications with respect to the validity of the long held traditional idea of conservation of energy. Prior electric and gravity theory included source terms for the electric and gravity fields but ignored the sink terms. The absence of the sink terms was obscured in the usual-yet-incorrect theory by the use of other strong source terms and the pragmatic assumption that electric fields from different charges should be added together. The actual sink terms (associated with absorption of the discrete fields) mean that, on a very-local-and-short-time basis, the velocities of the discrete absorbing material are slightly changed. These changes of velocities of absorbing material denote that kinetic energy (or energy associated with motion of the material) is not conserved, with each discrete local absorption. Kinetic energy is usually expressed as half the mass times the square of the speed. Conservation of energy was propped up by the notion of there being potential energies so the sum of the kinetic and the potential energies is a constant. Such potential energies have been often quite useful. Though often useful, there are no actual physical entities of potential energy, which should be invoked for approximately propping up a conservation of energy idea. The artificial idea, of potential energies, is only approximately correct because there are slight actual later absorptions, which absorptions cause the actual forces (or changes in the velocities which change the kinetic energies). See Appendix A for further discussion, with respect to energy conservation. If conservation of energy fails as a fundamental principle, so too fails with it other principles that are dependent upon it, such as the second law of thermodynamics.
It was almost humorous to me that the gravitational and electrical forces were previously considered to come out of nothing, except the unchanged presence of fields. The forces could not have come from a loss in the fields, if according to versions of Gauss’s law the fields from a single source type just kept on going forever with no true absorptions possible. Gauss’s law, in any form, speaks of sources, without true sinks. I think it is a more obvious idea that the gravitational and electrical forces come from absorptions (or slight true sinks) of a portion of the discrete fields. The prior theory added together the electric fields coming from opposite charges and not following straight lines so as to allow new sources to disguise themselves as partial field sinks. That trick of new sources from opposite charges pretending to be “fake” sinks could not be applied to gravitational fields so the prior theory wouldn’t allow them to have pretend sinks. See Appendix A for more discussion of the electric and gravitational fields.
Gravity anomalies observed during total solar eclipses provide evidence of attractive absorption (within the moon) of gravity coming from the sun. This strongly suggests that gravity is discrete, which idea was considered by both Newton and Einstein. As far as I know, neither Newton nor Einstein rejected their own words associated with this idea. The discrete entities of gravity may be called gravitons. The failure of the electric and gravity versions of Gauss's laws (because of absorptions) each indicate that conservation of energy is not a valid foundation principle for physics. Conservation of energy (in conjunction with non-physical potential energies) is very often a valuable approximate idea, when used with proper judgment.
This chapter proposes an explanation of gravity based upon discrete electric fields.
Commonalties between Electric and Gravity Fields. The electric and gravity fields seem to share very much in common. Both have discrete sources. Both have slight discrete sinks. See the "APPENDIX A SOME MATHEMATICAL DETAILS". While each of their sources would reasonably be violations of conservation of energy, those energetic sources were often hidden through the use of potential energy theory. Since both actually have slight sinks associated with discrete absorptions, it is difficult to cover up local violations of conservation of energy associated with their discrete absorptions. Again see Appendix A for evidence of this, assuming one has seen sufficient evidence that gravity can be slightly absorbed. Other commonalties between electric and gravitational fields will be seen below.
Composition of Gravity? Now with the notion that gravity is some sort of discrete packet that can be slightly absorbed, when eventually it pulls down on matter, we should consider what it is composed of. Richard Feynman on p. 7-10 of his Volume I The Feynman Lectures on Physics noted the similarity between the force of gravity and the force of electricity. That would seem to be a reasonable place to start a search. Let us see if we can find an electric field basis for the gravity field, as both fields seem to be sharing much in common.
Speed of Gravity. Gravity may travel approximately at the speed of light in vacuum, especially if it has an electric field basis. Does the force of gravity have other connections with the force of electricity?
Force of Gravity. Though approximate for some reasons given in Appendix A, the force of gravity, Fg, on a test mass, m, is typically shown as in Eq. 2.1. The negative sign serves as a reminder that the direction of the force is attractively pointing “inward” from the center of the test mass, m, to the center of the gravitating mass, M. The radius, r, is the distance from the center of M to the center of m. The proportionality constant, G, is the measured gravitational constant or about 6.67*1011 in SI units (or the International System of Units).
(2.1) Fg = -GmM/(r2)
Force of Electricity. Though also approximate for reasons given in Appendix A, the force of electricity, Fe, on a test charge, q, is typically shown as in Eq. 2.2, where the charge Q creates the electric force on q. When the charges are opposite in sign, their product is negative. That negative sign means that the direction of the force is attractively pointing “inward” from the center of the test charge, q, toward the center of the charge, Q. When the charges have the same sign, their product is positive. That positive sign means that the direction of the force is repulsively pointing “outward” from the center of the test charge, q, away from the center of the charge, Q. The radius, r, is the distance from the center of Q to the center of q. The constant, e0, is called the permittivity constant and is about 8.85*10-12 in SI units.
(2.2) Fe = qQ/(4pe0r2)
Gravity Electricity Distance Connection. The electric force, Fe, in Eq. 2.2 is inversely proportional to the square of radius from the charge providing the electric force. The gravitational force, Fg, in Eq. 2.1 is inversely proportional to the square of radius from the mass providing the force of gravity. Feynman noted this similarity. Is it a coincidence that the gravitational force and electric force both fall off inversely to the square of radius from the provider of the force? I would think that it is not a coincidence, if gravity has an explanation based on the electric forces and if both are based upon discrete entities.
Gravity Electricity Charge to Mass Connection. The force of gravity, Fg, is approximately proportional to both the mass, M, of the object providing the force of gravity, and the mass, m, of the object receiving the force of gravity. The force of electricity, Fe, is approximately proportional to both the charge, Q, of the object providing the electric force and the charge, q, of the object receiving the electric force.
Charge to Mass Connection. There appears to also be some sort of direct equivalence connection between mass and charge, as if mass were directly proportional to the number of some sort of underlying fine fundamental charges, which charges are each much less than the usually understood fundamental quantized charges of 1.602*10-19 Coulombs. The underlying fine fundamental charges could each have a fine mass. As a hint of that, whenever there is charge, it always has a mass. There is never a charge without it residing in a mass. Also on p. 31 of R. P. Feynman's The Theory of Fundamental Processes, it says "... all fundamental particles carry the same amount of charge (but it may be plus or minus)." Sometimes there appears to be mass without a charge. Consider the charge neutral neutron. That doesn't mean that there are no charges within the neutron. Wait around and a free neutron will decay into oppositely charged particles (a negatively charged electron and a positively charged proton, ignoring the neutral antineutrino emitted at the speed of light to conserve momentum, angular momentum, and energy). The mass of the proton is much larger than the mass of the electron but they have exactly opposite charges. It is not a case of the positive charges always having extra mass. The mass of the extremely rare antiproton (a negatively charged particle) is much larger than the mass of the extremely rare antielectron (a positively charged particle) but they have exactly opposite charges. It is the negatively charged antiproton particle that contains extra mass and it is the positively charged antielectron particle that contains very little mass. There seems to be an underlying fundamental structure within, which allows the complete interchanging of the roles. These things all sound suspiciously like there being very fine fundamental opposite charges that like to clump, with each fine charge having its own fine mass. The self-interference of the electron with itself may also suggest that there are many very fine oppositely charged fundamental particles within the electron itself.
Let us put this suggested point on hold, while we consider more basics. With these potential charge-to-mass connections in mind, let us first review some of the basics of the electrical force. Consider some electrical force examples, keeping in mind that there may be some hidden charges within, whose electrical effects somewhat cancel out due to the presence of opposite charge sources.
Same Charges Repel. Hold two charged balls by nonconductive threads and watch what happens to them. Suppose that the balls are of the same sign and same amount of charge. They repel each other as in Fig. 5. Suppose that q is positive. Then when both those same charges are changed to the exact opposite charges, they, as other same charges, will still repel each other as in Fig. 6. Positive charges repel each other. Negative charges also repel each other.
Fig. 5. Same positive charges repel each other.
Fig. 6. Same negative charges repel each other.
Opposite Charges Attract. Now suppose that one of the two charged balls is of opposite sign from the other. They are now attracted to each other as shown in Fig. 7. Then when both those opposite charges are changed to the exact opposite charges, they as other opposite charges will still attract each other as in Fig. 8. Their position doesn’t matter. Their order (or whichever is considered the test charge) doesn’t change the resulting attraction.
Fig. 7. Opposite charges are attracted to each other.
Fig. 8. Order changed opposite charges are attracted to each other.
For Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, positive and negative charges are mutually attracted to each other. Apparently from the perspective of the other, negative and positive charges are still attracted to each other. We need extra attention given to these attractive electric forces, when we are considering connections with the possibly related attractive gravitational forces. The charged balls in all configurations are often in static locations, after equilibrium sets in.
Electrostatics. Some people refer to such electric charge interactions as electrostatics. Though one can often simply and efficiently analyze such situations by considering them as static situations, there is nothing actually static about them. How do we come to that conclusion? Could there actually be spheres of electric field forces rushing away at the speed of light from statically positioned charges? Let us investigate these ideas.
Nature of Electric Field Force. Hold a charge, q, at the center of some circles so that it doesn't move. Place and hold a test charge, -q, of the opposite sign somewhere on one of the circles. See Fig. 9. The test charge would be attracted in the direction of the center charge. It would move to the center charge if you let go of it. One could suspend the charge by a non-conducting thread so that the charge doesn't actually move but one can see where it would like to go if it were released. Could the circles (observed from above) denote that there are expanding spheres of electric field forces rapidly rushing away from the center charge? Yes, I think so. Could it be that, as the spheres expand there are fewer discrete electric field forces (per edge-most test volume) so that the measured electric field forces are less? Yes, I think so.
Fig. 9. Force, F, on opposite charge located on a circle about positive charge.
For q being positive, the force on the negative outside charge in Fig. 9 is in the direction of the positive charge at the center of the circles. One might think of electric fields of force radiating away from the center charge at the speed of light. This is not actually a static process, but how do we know that?
Move Center Charge. Now move the center positive charge (while still holding it firmly) to a new location away from the center and the test charge (still held by a thread) will nearly instantaneously be attracted in the new direction corresponding to the new location of the charge. See Fig. 10. Could it be that since the move of the center charge there are new circles (centered about the new charge location) of electric force radiating away at the speed of light? Yes, I think so. I am not showing the new circles, but rather showing the old circles that are long gone or rather had expanded outward at the speed of light. Could it be that extremely far away the old spheres centered about the old charge location are still radiating outward at the speed of light? Yes, I think so, assuming that the space is sufficiently empty to not absorb the electric fields of force.
Fig. 10. Move center positive charge, showing old circles of force.
Quickly after the positive charge at the center of the old circle in Fig. 10 is moved to its new location, the force on the opposite test charge located on an old circle is in the new direction of the positive charge. It takes some short time for the new electric fields of force to be radiated out from the new location to the test charge. This is not the sort of experiment for actually measuring the speed of the electric force fields.
Speed of Electric Field. One might measure the speed of the electric fields by say using a radar to transmit an electric field pulse to a reflector and measure how long it takes the reflected pulse to return after having traveled twice the long independently measured distance. With enough related experiments, it can be determined that the newly delivered direction electric information is not delivered instantaneously but rather at the speed of light. There is an electric field that is sent out at the speed of light from the center positive charge in Fig. 9.
As suggested by Eq. 2.3, the magnitude of the electric field, E, is the force, F, divided by the amount of the test charge, q. The direction associated with the electric field is by convention according to the direction of the force applied to a positive test charge. That direction is also opposite the direction of the force applied to a negative test charge. There is actually both a propagation direction and a sign (corresponding to the source charge of that electric field) that is sent out from that center charge in Fig. 9 at the speed of light. Now the measured speed of the electric field might be slightly smaller because of its interaction with the matter that the electric field goes through. The electric field could linger or interact with the matter that it is traveling through, but we are not currently elaborating on such subtleties here. We just currently assume that the electric fields are propagating through vacuum.
(2.3) E = F/q
If (instead of in Fig. 9) an opposite central charge had been used (with the same test charge), then as seen in Fig. 11 the attractive direction would be changed to a repulsive direction for the test charge initially placed on one of the circles. That would change the “direction” of electric field, still being propagated outward, from the centrally held charge. The sign or pointing direction of the electric field depends upon the sign of the originating central charge. Again the usual direction convention for the electric field is in the direction of the force applied to a small positive test charge. The test charge in Fig. 11 is repelled away from the same charge held in the center of the circles.
Fig. 11. Force, F, on same charge located on circle about negative charge.
If the center charge in Fig. 11 is moved away from the center of the circle, then nearly instantaneously the test charge (held by a thread) will be repelled away from its new location. See Fig. 12. I am again not showing the new circles, but rather the old circles that are long gone or rather expanded far outward. The force on the test charge would be away from the new direction of the charge moved from the center. The test charge in Fig. 12 is repelled away from the same charge that was moved away from the center of the old circles.
Fig. 12. Move center negative charge, showing old circles of force.
Let Fig. 13 show four separate and isolated cases of the forces and the electric fields coming off of two types of center charges and two types of test charges. Within Fig. 13 the charge q is now taken to be a positive charge and the charge -q is taken to be a negative charge, for purposes of showing the directions of the electric fields on the test charges located on the circles.
Fig. 13. Forces and electric fields from separate charges.
Discrete Electric Field Deliverables. All these things are suggestive that the fundamental electric field is a packet or entity traveling outward at the speed of light in a straight line that delivers a propagation direction (from the prior location of the originating charge) and sign for that direction, corresponding to the type of electric field which is being propagated. The electric field is likely a discrete sort of entity, since it contains a quantized sign, according to the sign of the originating charge, as well as directional or radial information, according to it moving outward from its particular original origin. There might be a fine quantization of the directional information according to the finest directional resolution of space itself. That there may be such a fine directional resolution is a possibility associated with the analysis that will soon be presented according to a possible explanation of the graviton.
Macroscopic Gravitational Field. The macroscopic gravity field, g, associated with the graviton would be described by Eq. 2.4, where F is the attractive or inward pointing gravitational force on a test mass, m. That equation could be used to approximately describe many of its properties. We would like to come to understand more detailed properties of the individual or discrete graviton associated with the gravitational field, g. The formula possibly hides the idea that discrete gravitons retain distinct identities.
(2.4) g = F/m
Fundamental Discrete Fields Travel in Straight Lines. Though the forces are additive, the formula in Eq. 2.4 would make it appear as if the gravitons are added together. This is a similar situation with the electric field entities. It may really only be their combined forces that are additive, not the actual entities themselves. I think that there are problems with the formulas in Eq. 2.4 and Eq. 2.3 when more than one source is considered. I think that the fundamental electric field entities and the gravitons both actually travel in straight lines from their sources, which accounts for their 1/(r2) force factor. The fields don't actually travel along curved lines, even though added forces from separate sources would seem to be additive according to Eq. 2.3 and Eq. 2.4. The macroscopic total static forces due to separate source charges and masses often appear to be going in static curved paths, but there is nothing at all static in the underlying actual electric and gravitational fields traveling at say the speed of light in a variety of straight lines. It is those equations that are hiding the actual behavior of the underlying discrete field entities themselves. See Appendix A for more discussion. The original purpose of those equations was to pragmatically model macroscopic combined behaviors and not to understand the behavior of the fields themselves at their finest levels.
Gravity Packet Explanation Potentially Based on Electric Fields. If a graviton is a tiny packet likely moving in a straight line at the speed of light and the electric fields (of the two types) are also tiny discrete packets or entities moving in straight lines at the speed of light, it might be reasonable that the graviton can be formed from electric fields, given that both fields have so much in common.
Packets Conserved as Space "Spreads" Out. Again, could gravity be based upon the electric fields? Yes, I think so. The force of gravity and the electric force both decrease according to the reciprocal of the square of the distance from their respective sources. They have that much in common. Using reverse logic, if gravity has a fine packet basis, and if gravity depends upon the electric force, it would seem to be reasonable that the electric force also has a fine packet or rather discrete basis, which is in agreement with the above suggested analysis. Gravity and the electric fields each having a fine packet or entity basis would account for their both seeming to weaken according to one divided by the square of the distance from their source. Actually the gravitational and electric fields are not weakened at all. It would only be that there are fewer of these distinct entities as they are spread out in space, as space expands on the surface of an expanding sphere centered about an origin for the entities. The fields can then be permanently weakened by being absorbed.
Weakness Clue. Let us consider an important clue, which is the relative weakness of the gravitational fields to the electric field strength.
Weakness of Gravity. An explanation of gravity based upon the electric fields would need to account for the weakness of the gravitational force relative to the electric force. As an example of this weakness, consider those forces between two electrons according to the standard theory. Consider the supposed/estimated weakness of the gravitational force on one electron compared to the magnitude of the electric force on that electron. For that electron, the relative strength of gravitation attraction to electrical repulsion is estimated to be 1/4170000000000000000000000000000000000000000 = 1/(4.17*1042). See p. 7-10 of Vol. I of The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1963) by R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands.
Weakness of Gravity Calculation. Using Eq. 2.5, the reader, with help from a scientific calculator, can verify Feynman's calculation of the relative strength of gravitation attraction to electrical repulsion, with Eq. 2.1 for Fg, with Eq. 2.2 for Fe, with q = Q = 1.602*10-19 Coulombs = electron charge, with m = M = 9.11*10-31 kilograms = electron rest mass, with e0 = 8.85*10-12 in SI units, and with G = 6.67*10-11 in SI units. The common r2 factors go away.
(2.5) |Fg/Fe| = |(-GmM/(r2))/(qQ/(4pe0r2))| = 1/(4.17*1042)
How would one account for the great weakness of the gravitational force compared to the electric force? Feynman was puzzled as to where such a large fundamental constant of nature as 4.17*1042 could come from. The following is a reasonable analysis of where such a large (or small number in its reciprocal) might come from. It might have come from separate formation and absorption effects. For the purpose of the analysis below, I am assuming that neither the fundamental formation nor the fundamental absorption of a discrete portion of gravity is a truly most fundamental process. They are important combined processes. We might need to reconsider our assumption based upon later implications.
Matter Assumed Composed of Fine Fundamental Charges. Suppose that matter is composed of many fine oppositely charged fundamental particles, as we began to suspect in the earlier discussion in section 2.1. A quantized excess of one type of finest charge would cause matter to have a net quantized charge. Electric fields would be radiated from all the many opposite fine fundamental charged particles within. These electric fields might under certain very rare circumstances combine to form attractive gravitons. For the sake of brevity, I will often drop the term "fine" from the term "fine fundamental charge". Hopefully this will not be too confusing, when I speak of the most fundamental or underlying charges that are much smaller and finer than the ordinarily spoken of fundamental charges, which are larger quantized collections with a total charge of plus or minus 1.602*10-19 Coulombs. I may include a term “finest” to help make it clear that I am speaking of the smallest subdivision of a charge, which finest charge is ordinarily not observed with “usual” processes.
Extra Constraints for Formation and Absorption of Gravitons. There could be many more constraints, for the formation and absorption of the combined graviton, than the constraints for the formation and absorption of ordinary unpaired/uncombined electric fields. Assume the initial unpaired electric fields are equally available from fundamental charges for formation of both the ordinary electric force and the gravitational force. Let us consider the constraint conditions during the formation and absorption of the gravitons.
Five Graviton Formation Constraint Conditions. If a packet of gravity, called a graviton, is formed from two discrete electric fields originating from opposite fundamental charges, then this could explain the weakness of gravity during formation. A graviton would need to be composed of both types of discrete electric fields to allow properties of their mixture. Having two would be the simplest and least constraining. The formation of such a graviton might be a relatively rare event subject to at least five constraint conditions. There could be two constraints that the electric field packets must be headed in precisely the same direction. There could be two offset constraints. There could be an additional timing constraint. That would make five constraints for the formation of the graviton.
Two Directional Constraints. Only two discrete electric fields that are moving in precisely the same direction could form a graviton. If one of the electric fields deviated slightly from the other by a small angle, the two electric fields would part ways and could not possibly form a graviton. Two angles could be used to describe the direction that an electric field is moving in. For example, an azimuth angle and an elevation angle might be used to describe the direction that an electric field is moving in. See Fig. 14 for an example of the constraint that the two electric fields must be headed in the same azimuth angle direction, if there is to be any possibility that they will form a graviton. See Fig. 15 for an example of the constraint that the two electric fields must be headed in the same elevation angle direction, if there is to be any possibility that they will form a graviton. The directional constraints are very limiting constraints. That such directional constraints are not completely exclusive of gravitons forming would tend to suggest that there may be some very fine fundamental quantization of directions in space (or at least there is some fine relative directional quantization between electric fields).
Fig. 14. Constraint of Same Azimuth Angle.
Fig. 15. Constraint of Same Elevation Angle.
Electric Fields of Graviton Head in Same Direction. The two electric fields must be constrained to be headed in the same azimuth angle direction, to allow a graviton to be formed and stay together. The two electric fields must be constrained to be headed in the same elevation angle direction, to allow a graviton to be formed and stay together. The direction of each electric field is effectively identical to the direction of the other electric field, according to some minimum allowed variation in direction. I don’t know what minimum variation in direction is allowed.
Drawing Exaggerations in Book. Many of the figures in this book (including figures regarding constraints and graviton interactions) have been exaggerated on purpose so that one can hopefully see the effects being spoken of. If two electric fields were drawn almost fully on top of each other, it would not be clear what point is being addressed with respect to them. There is a similar situation for the drawing of the fundamental opposite charges. There is a similar situation for the drawing of the fundamental opposite charges with respect to the discrete electric fields. Drawing circles nearly on top of each other would not be very informative. The reader is expected to first understand the concepts so that the concepts may be applied to situations that are difficult to illustrate.
Two Offset Constraints. Given that the two electric fields are moving in the same azimuth angle direction, they must be constrained in small offset so that they can possibly exist as a new type of entity. See Fig. 16 as an example of this. Given that the two electric fields are moving in the same elevation angle direction, they must be constrained in small offset so that they can possibly exist as a new type of entity. See Fig. 17 as an example of this. Other coordinates could be used to describe the offset constraints.
Fig. 16. Azimuth Offset Constraint.
Fig. 17. Elevation Offset Constraint.
Timing Offset Constraint. If the two electric fields are separated by too large an amount of time, they would not be able to form a new graviton entity. That would be the situation even if the two electric fields are traveling in exactly the same direction with very little offsets of their lines. The two electric fields must be constrained in their timing offset so that there is sufficient mutual overlap for the new entity to be formed. See Fig. 18 for an example of this timing offset constraint. The two electric fields, moving in the same elevation angle direction, must be constrained to be close enough in timing offset to form a graviton.
Fig. 18. Timing Offset Constraint.
Extra Formation Constraints? It is assumed that the two electric fields will be both constrained to be traveling with the same speed so this does not count as an extra constraint. There might be an extra uncounted constraint of the two electric fields coming from opposite fundamental charges so that the eventual absorption by opposite fundamental charges will be attractive. Gravitons composed of opposite electric fields should provide great penetration properties, as they would locally have nearly net electric fields of zero. Electric fields of the same type would have very poor penetration capabilities, as there would locally have large net electric fields.
By waiting a long time, a fundamental charge in close proximity to an oppositely charged fundamental charge could provide many opportunities for gravitons to be formed from the opposite electric field types given off by the opposite charges. The finest opposite fundamental charges would not need to be near each other to form a graviton.
Graviton Formations Are Relatively Rare. These five simultaneous constraint conditions make the formation of the graviton exceedingly rare relative to the plentiful formation of unpaired discrete electric fields. If all the formation constraints are not met, then the graviton is not formed and the electric fields would be unassociated or rather not acting as a new type of entity. The formation of the graviton might be considered as a quantum event, since a new packet or new type of entity is formed in the process of precisely merging the two electric field entities.
Just forming a graviton is independent of consideration of its eventual and highly unlikely absorption.
All Absorption Constraints Must Be Met. The new quantum entity called the graviton could continue to move forward at the speed of light until as a quantum entity or event all absorption constraint conditions are met. If not all the absorption conditions needed to be met (for absorption), the graviton would be less penetrating. The evidence is that gravity is very penetrating through matter. It has been so penetrating through matter that there has not previously been much concern about it being absorbed. This provides some suggested evidence that all the absorption constraints must be met for the graviton to be absorbed.
Five Graviton Absorption Constraint Conditions. The graviton will be absorbed when at least five constraint conditions are met. Though I won't emphasize some other constraints, there might be two extra constraint conditions that each discrete electric field must be absorbed by a fundamental charge opposite of the fundamental charge that originated it. Those extra constraints would mean that the graviton absorption is attractive, since both the electric field absorptions would then be attractive. Here are the five primary or emphasized absorption constraint conditions. Each of the two electric fields of the graviton must be within two offset or nearness constraints so that they may be absorbed by their fundamental charge that is opposite the one that originated it. That would be four constraints, since two electric fields multiplied by two offset constraints for each field means four constraints. The fifth absorption constraint is a timing constraint. Each of the electric fields needs to be close enough in time to the corresponding fundamental charge that it is to be absorbed by.
One might consider the timing constraint as two separate timing constraints. It would be fine to think of two separate timing constraints with respect to their corresponding prior time offset constraints, but if we assume that one absorption event occurs at a time favorable to its electric field being absorbed by a fundamental charge, then there would only be one timing constraint on the absorption of the other discrete electric field by the other charge. There would then be just a single timing constraint for absorption. Now we will discuss those five primary absorption constraints in more detail.
Offset Constraints on First Electric Field Absorption. There would be two offset constraints for the say first absorbed electric field of the graviton being attractively absorbed by a fundamental charge q. The finest fundamental charge q might be positive or negative. The first absorbed electric field and the fundamental charge need to spatially match up sufficiently to be attractively absorbed. See Fig. 19 for a depiction of one of the offset constraints for the absorption of the first absorbed electric field. See Fig. 20 for another orthogonal offset constraint for the absorption of the first absorbed electric field. The electric field (or graviton) is heading directly into the paper in Fig. 19 and Fig. 20.
Fig. 19. Offset constraint for absorption of first absorbed electric field by charge q.
Fig. 20. Orthogonal offset constraint for absorption of first absorbed electric field by charge q.
Both those offset constraints (illustrated by Fig. 19 and Fig. 20) could be simplified to a single offset radius constraint of the first absorbed electric field from the charge q, but I won’t do that currently as I count the number of one dimensional constraints, so as not to speak about radius and angle coordinates for absorption.
Offset Constraints on Second Electric Field Absorption. There would similarly be two offset constraints for the second absorbed electric field of the graviton being attractively absorbed by another fundamental charge -q. The second electric field and the fundamental charge need to spatially match up sufficiently to be attractively absorbed. See Fig. 21 for a depiction of one of the offset constraints for the absorption of the second absorbed electric field. See Fig. 22 for another orthogonal offset constraint for the absorption of the second absorbed electric field. The electric field (or graviton) is heading directly into the paper in Fig. 21 and Fig. 22.
Fig. 21. Offset constraint for absorption of second absorbed electric field by charge -q.
Fig. 22. Orthogonal offset constraint for absorption of second absorbed electric field by charge -q.
Both those offset constraints (illustrated by Fig. 21 and Fig. 22) could be simplified to a single offset radius constraint of the second electric field from the charge -q. I will again currently just leave the constraints uncombined.
The first four constraints make sure that there is a spatial match-up in the absorptions. There is a question as to when these constraints are applied. Two of the spatial constraints may be applied at the initial time. The initial time may be taken to be the time of the first possible absorption of an electric field. A further timing constraint needs to be applied to the other electric field so that other electric field will be at the correct location for application of its spatial offset constraints required for the electric field to be absorbed.
Timing between Absorptions. Please note that the time between the electric fields within a graviton need not be the same time as the time between the first and second absorptions. As an example of this idea, see Fig. 23 which indicates a large difference in the absorption times. The direction of travel of the electric fields (or of the graviton) is up, within Fig. 23. The distances in the figure are related to the times, according to the speed with which the entities are moving. Vertical and horizontal distances have been exaggerated for illustrative purposes.
Fig. 23. Timing offset constraint for absorption of second absorbed electric field.
If I had drawn in Fig. 23 the first electric field higher in elevation than the second electric field (at the time of the absorption of the first electric field by the charge q), then there may have been a larger time delay needed for the second electric field to get to the location of its absorption by the other charge –q. That would mean that the charge –q could travel a greater distance during the time interval between the absorptions of the two electric fields.
Quantum Processes or Fundamental Charges Not Stupid. It will be later emphasized that the fundamental charges (or the absorbed fields) are not unintelligent balls, because the absorptions of gravitons need to be all or nothing situations. A full absorption of a graviton needs to be a quantum process. If processes can be quantum processes on a much larger scale, there should be little argument why there cannot be quantum processes such as these on very fine scales. I think that both the formation of the graviton and the absorption of the graviton are explicitly quantum processes.
Two Extra Absorption Constraints? We previously made reference to the possibility of there being two extra constraints on the absorption of gravitons. Each of the two electric fields in the graviton must be attractively absorbed by a fundamental charge opposite to that which originally produced it. These constraints may not quantitatively provide much of a constraint, if under the weakest intensities; the force of electrical repulsion is much weaker than the force of electrical attraction. With it having two required absorption parts, the absorption of the graviton might be considered as the ultimate weakest intensity electric force. For ultra-low intensities, the electrical repulsion might be very much weaker than the force of electrical attraction, if there is unstable "dodging" of the repulsive fields by the fundamental charges, associated with a foresight capability. Ordinary intensity electrical attraction would be comparable in strength to electrical repulsion, since any attempt at dodging a repulsive absorption of an electric field would cause the dodging charge to collide with one of the many neighboring discrete repulsive electric fields. It might actually be the fields rather than the charges that dodge the charges. As the discrete electric fields move along through space, they may choose a slightly different path to repulsively avoid the charges. With large ordinary electric-field intensities, they might not be able to choose paths for them all to avoid a repulsive absorption. I will continue to not count those two extra constraints during the absorption of the graviton.
Qualitative Explanation of Gravity Weakness. There would be a total of at least 10 counted constraints on the formation and absorption of a graviton. There are no extra constraints for the formation of normal electric fields from fundamental charges. There would only be two offset constraints for the absorption of ordinary electric fields by matter. Those two offset constraints (for the absorption of ordinary unpaired electric fields by matter) could be comparable to those two absorption constraints illustrated in say Fig. 19 and Fig. 20. The electric field must spatially match up well enough with the finest fundamental charge for it to be absorbed. There would be a total of two constraints on the formation and absorption of a normal electric field. That would mean that there would be 10 - 2 = 8 extra constraints for the formation and absorption of gravitons beyond the formation and absorption constraints for ordinary solitary or rather unpaired electric fields. These eight extra constraints for the graviton could qualitatively account for the extreme weakness of the force of gravity relative to the electric force. Of those eight extra constraints, the two precise directional constraints during the formation of the graviton may be especially restrictive. Those two constraints seem to speak about a finest angular resolution or quantization of space itself. For both the gravity force and the electrical force, we may approximately ignore any initial timing constraint of the (first) electric field absorbed by the fundamental charge. If we included such an extra constraint for both, the difference of the total constraints would have canceled out their effect. That is 11 - 3 = 10 - 2 = 8 is still the same eight extra constraints. Those eight extra constraints qualitatively provide reasons why the “theoretical” gravitational attractive force divided by their electrical repulsion force for two electrons is such a small ratio of 1/(4.17*1042) seen above. It is such a small number even though both types of forces are based upon electrical fields. The force of gravity is extremely weak compared to the electric force, since relative to the two constraining conditions for the unpaired electric fields, if all the 10 constraining conditions are not met for formation and absorption of a graviton, then the graviton will not be formed and absorbed.
Ignore Finer Qualitative Analysis. In the electrical repulsion in Eq. 2.5, using unpaired electric fields, I ignored any neutral matter portions of the electrons, as their neutral portions should have no net repulsive effect. I think that was a reasonable assumption for two reasons. (1) The extra unpaired electric fields produced by neutral matter should on the average be ineffective in creating net or total forces on charges. (2) Similarly, the extra unpaired electric fields produced by charged matter should on the average be ineffective in creating net or total forces on neutral matter.
Mass Effectiveness. Note that there was a slightly misleading approximation/assumption in the above qualitative analysis of the relative strength for forces in Eq. 2.5. In the attractive gravitational portions of the electrons, I assumed that all the mass was effective gravitationally. That means I implicitly assumed that the number of positive fundamental charges in an electron was the same as the numbers of negative fundamental masses in the electron. That would likely not be the case. There would surely be more negative fundamental masses in an electron than positive fundamental masses, since the electron has a net negative charge. There would thus be excess-negative-charge portions of the mass of the electron that would be less effective in forming and receiving gravitons, since they would be missing positive finest fundamental charges to well assist the negative finest fundamental charges in the formation and absorption of gravitons.
I do not know what that relative numbers of positive and negative fundamental charges are for the electron. If there were no positive fundamental charges in an electron, then an electron, by itself, would have no gravitational force at all, meaning that it could neither produce gravitons nor absorb them. I suspect that this is not the case, as I suspect that an electron as a "fundamental" macroscopic quantum particle needs to contain some sort of "binding" glue provided by attractive opposite forces between opposite fundamental charges.
Weakness of Gravity Suggests Two Parts. The qualitative accounting for the weakness of gravity, according to constraints on the opposite discrete electric field entities, provides a justification for the graviton based upon two discrete electric fields. It explains how gravity may be based upon discrete opposite electric fields. The specific details of the constraints have not been given. Modeling of the details and interactions may provide some insight to the specific constraints.
Discrete Modeling. Discrete calculations may be performed by modeling after needed parameters have been determined or guessed. This suggests one approach to learn about the required parameters and their discrete interaction models: make reasonable guesses and see how well the simulations agree with experimental results. We are dealing with only two types of fundamental mass charged particles. Each only produces one type of electric field. From this basis, all known particles and their interactions should be determined. We can use successes of prior continuous structures analysis to guide the discrete models.
An explanation of gravity based on discrete electric fields is provided so as to exploit similarities between electric and gravity fields, while accounting for the idea that the force of gravity is weak relative to the electric force. A graviton is simply explained, as being composed of two discrete electric fields, from opposite fundamental charges, traveling precisely together at the speed of light. Upon absorption of a graviton by matter, each of its two electric fields is attractively absorbed by a finest fundamental charge of opposite sign from the finest fundamental charge, which originated it. The two electric fields, forming a graviton, typically come into being non-simultaneously and consist of five constraints. The two electric fields forming a graviton typically are absorbed non-simultaneously and consist of five more constraints. There are a total of ten constraints for the formation and absorption of discrete gravitons. The absorption of the graviton should be considered as a quantum event, in that both electric fields must be absorbed for absorption to occur. The formation of the graviton might also be considered as a quantum event, so that the graviton may become a new discrete entity. Such situations and the ten constraints would help qualitatively explain the weakness of gravity relative to the two constraints for the electric force and would explain how gravity can often travel through vast amounts of matter with little interaction.
The prior explanation of gravity with two separate pulls down at the time of absorption suggests a Bessler principle. Macro, micro, and simple statements will be given of Bessler's principle.
Macro Statement of Bessler's Principle. Here is a macro statement of the Bessler principle. "In the absence of friction, a wheel rotating about a horizontal axis acquires rotational kinetic energy with respect to the horizontal axis through its center of mass from the absorption of two-part gravitons from below." The angular speed increases. Angular speed about a horizontal axis is the rate of change of angle with respect to time that the wheel rotates about the horizontal axis. A larger angular speed means that the wheel rotates faster. It rotates through a larger angle during a unit of time. This Bessler principle may be directly realized in the extremely unlikely case in which there is a total absence of all friction. A satellite rotating out of control can approximate that situation. The principle might also be directly noticed, if friction is extremely low or angular speed is large enough. Upon this earth, it is a common situation for there to be much friction. Even if there is friction removing rotational kinetic energy from the wheel so that the wheel comes to a rotational stop, there may be underlying evidence that the principle is being effective, especially for large masses and large enough angular speeds. Often such things as friction remove the acquired rotational kinetic energy faster than the energy is produced by the Bessler principle, which would mean that the wheel will come to a stop. We can think of the processes that remove the rotational kinetic energy as separate fundamental processes from the Bessler principle, which principle allows rotational kinetic energy to be produced. See Fig. 24 for a macro illustration of the Bessler principle, showing a wheel rotating with no friction about a horizontal axis, before and after absorbing gravity.
Fig. 24. Macro illustration of the Bessler principle.
In Fig. 24, the situations before and after absorbing gravity are shown for a wheel constrained to be rotating about a horizontal axis with no friction or very little friction. The wheel increases in its angular speed. When there is friction, angular speed is removed from the wheel so that very often the angular speed is smaller than its initial value, prior to the Bessler principle having effect.
The macro statement to the Bessler principle, though somewhat practical and observable (assuming friction can somehow be made be low enough), may not be adequate when considering specific micro rotational details, so a micro version will now be given to better specify some missing details.
Micro Statement of Bessler's Principle. Here is an unveiled micro statement of the Bessler principle. "In the absence of friction, two opposite fundamental charges initially rotating about an axis through their center of mass will often upon their absorbing a non-axial direction graviton have an increased rotational speed or rotational kinetic energy about the parallel axis through their new center of mass." The direction of the incoming graviton may be considered to be relative to the axis of rotation through the center of mass. By the graviton heading in a non-axial direction, it is understood that to produce greater rotation, the line defined by the incoming graviton cannot be parallel to the initial axis of rotation. If a graviton happened to be axial or parallel to the axis of rotation, then the Bessler principle does not apply and absorption of the graviton would not supply any extra rotational kinetic energy about the axis of rotation. It is similarly implied that there tends to be the largest increase in rotational kinetic energy or angular speed about the axis of rotation, when the direction of the incoming graviton is perpendicular to the direction of the initial axis of rotation. The Bessler principle occurs because of the time delay (after the typically-first pull-down of the lower "elevation" fundamental charge) in pulling downward the higher "elevation" fundamental charge. The direction in which the graviton is heading defines the direction of increasing elevation. In the rare event in which the two opposite fundamental charges simultaneously absorb their electric field parts of the graviton, then there would be no increase in rotational kinetic energy. The two-part electric gravitons are assumed to travel in straight lines in inertial frames of reference. Discrete electric fields are assumed to travel in straight lines in inertial frames of reference. Light locally travels in straight lines, but light is subject to having its direction changed by gravity.
Micro Illustrations. See Fig. 25, Fig. 26, and Fig. 27 for micro illustrations of the Bessler principle for counterclockwise rotations. The illustrations show examples for when the direction of travel of the graviton is perpendicular to the axis of rotation. If the graviton is not perpendicular to the axis of rotation, then the only effective components (with respect to the Bessler principle) of the two downward separate pulls by the electric fields will be those portions that are perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The axial components or portions of the forces from the graviton along the axis only provide changes in speed along the axis and no increase in angular speed about the axis. If any acquired downward axial speed is somehow constrained away, then any such portion of acquired energy would be lost (or may be ignored with respect to the Bessler principle).
Fig. 25. Micro illustration (left-right) of Bessler principle.
Fig. 26. Micro illustration (left-left) of Bessler principle.
Fig. 27. Micro illustration (right-left) of Bessler principle.
Each illustration shows an approximate micro depiction of the Bessler principle for a counterclockwise rotating pair of opposite fundamental charges pulled down by a two-part graviton. For each illustration, the before and after situations have been approximately superimposed on top of each other. The solid line shows earlier locations of the two charges. The dashed line shows the later locations of the charges. The two opposite charges approximately rotate with no friction in a circle about a central point. The two downward arrows represent the two equal downward pulls by a graviton. Each delay of the higher elevation pull causes the pair to increase in angular speed (relative to the initial angular speed). The downward pulls (drawn large for purposes of the illustrations) are here considered small so that the motions of the particles before and after are approximately on the same circular paths. Some micro descriptive details are: (Fig. 25) left downward pull, delay, right downward pull; (Fig. 26) left downward pull, delay, left downward pull; (Fig. 27) right downward pull, delay, left downward pull.
Acquired Energy May Be Lost. The prior statements of the Bessler principle avoided the idea that the acquired rotational kinetic energy may be in actual application be lost to other forms of energy, such as noise or heating or radiation due to friction. A total absence of friction could be a highly dangerous situation, but it would be quite beneficial for collection of rotational kinetic energy by the Bessler principle. Despite the interference of the common rotational friction obscuring the Bessler principle, such friction may be viewed as often beneficial from a safety aspect.
Simple Statement of Bessler's Principle. Here is a simple power statement of the Bessler principle. "Any wheel rotating about a horizontal axis receives internal power." It is a friction independent statement of the Bessler principle, which does not address where the received power goes. Power acquired is energy acquired per unit time. The power may go to such things as friction, heat, sound, radiation, and rotational kinetic energy. Having greater rotational kinetic energy means having greater angular speed. The statement does not address the usefulness of the power acquired or received. Some of the received internal power may be broadcast away. As the wheel receives internal mechanical power, it is obviously an energy non-conservative situation. Any wheel rotating about a horizontal axis is always an energy non-conservative situation, since it receives power by the Bessler principle. The received power goes somewhere. More power is received (and goes somewhere) as angular speed increases. When friction is large, the angular speed will decrease.
Angular Speed Required. The statements of the Bessler principle suggest that more rotational kinetic energy is obtained for larger initial angular speeds. There is no change in rotational kinetic energy when there is no initial angular speed. The macro and simple power statements require the wheel to be rotating for the principle to apply. The micro statement requires the fundamental charges to be rotating for the principle to apply. It doesn’t require internal rotation of the fundamental charges themselves. All statements require rotation for the principle to apply.
Nonrotating Coordinate Systems. It is assumed that nonrotating coordinate systems exist. Rather than dealing with a long-winded argument about the existence of such systems, we can pragmatically use the Bessler principle to obtain information about such systems. If we rotate (however little) a frictionless wheel and it acquires more angular speed, then that initial rotation does not correspond to a nonrotating coordinate system. Because of experimental error, we might need to go into more lengthy discussions. The existence of such nonrotating coordinate systems may be connected to the veiled idea that discrete electric fields and discrete gravitational fields travel in straight lines, as such systems would be defined with respect to those straight lines. A nonrotating coordinate system would be a coordinate system in which those discrete fields travel in a straight line. Some would reject that definition as being circular. Without greater or unveiled knowledge, I suppose that these definitions would be somewhat dependent upon each other and each beyond the veil of measurability. To retain a physical measurable basis, one could fall back to the cumbersome Bessler principle so as to measure nonrotating coordinate systems within some experimental measurement error. The measurement errors could be reduced if there are large masses that may rotate with very low friction.
Space Not Isotropic. Some would argue that, as space is isotropic, there can be no increase in angular momentum and thus there can be no Bessler principle. That argument is flawed, as space is not isotropic. I would maintain that space is discrete or lumpy at its finest levels and thus not isotropic. Also, space contains non-isotropic distributions of discrete particles, discrete finest fundamental charges, discrete electric fields, and discrete gravitons. We can just fall back to the experimental method to avoid the argument. I think we will see that there is a measureable Bessler principle. Indeed a measurable Bessler principle is evidence that space is not isotropic.
Bessler Principle Upper Blow Delay. A condensed understanding of the Bessler principle may be approximately given with respect to a delay of a small upper blow. With the graviton (and its two parts) traveling at the rapid but finite speed of light, there would tend to be a time delay between the initial downward attractive small-pull-blow on the lower charge and the final downward attractive small-pull-blow on the upper charge as applied by the two-part graviton. This means that the upper charge may have moved in between the time of the absorptions of the two parts of the graviton. If the two charges were rotating in an approximate circle (approximately at opposite ends of an approximate rotating diameter) about a horizontal axis through their center, the higher elevation charge on the opposite end would often move further around the circle before being pulled down. Because of the time delay between the pulling down of the rotating charges, there would often be a net impulse torque on the charges, so as to increase the rotational speed and rotational kinetic energy of the charges about their center. As seen in Fig. 1, torque may be considered as a lever-arm-perpendicular force or a blow on a point located at some "lever arm" distance from a center of possible rotation. See Fig. 25, Fig. 26, and Fig. 27 for illustrations of the upper blow delay.
One can do various
micro-calculations to approximately verify that with the delayed
higher elevation pull down, there would be increased angular speed about
horizontal axes, as was illustrated in Fig. 25, Fig. 26, and Fig. 27. Hopefully those illustrations were adequate
to explain the idea of the Bessler principle.
Still, we will now do an example calculation associated with an illustration, Fig. 28 (and the
associated text in the next paragraph), for those who want a little more
mathematical insight into the process of simulation and modeling the Bessler
principle. One could skip this
calculation (and either go to the next paragraph or go to the paragraph beyond
it, "Energy Non-Conservative"), if the Bessler principle is sufficiently clear from Fig. 28. We could think of each finest fundamental
opposite charge as having the same small fundamental mass, m. With an initial constraint of the motion
being circular about a horizontal z axis coming out of the figure from the origin
of the x-y axes, then the radius of the circle would be initially taken to be a fixed value,
r. A more detailed calculation or
simulation could allow the radius, r, to later increase as the angular speed
increases. Before absorbing a two-part
graviton with two separate pulls down, one of the masses, 1, could have a
vertical elevation, y1(t) = r*sin(2
Fig. 28. Illustration for calculation of Bessler principle.
The illustration of the Bessler principle in Fig. 28 shows a pair of finest fundamental masses (of opposite charges) “constrained” to rotate counterclockwise without friction in a circle of radius r about the origin. The before and after situations have been approximately superimposed on top of each other. The solid line shows the earlier locations of fundamental masses at time ti. The dashed line shows the later locations of fundamental masses at the later time tf. The two downward arrows represent the two equal downward-impulse “forces” by a graviton. The first downward force, F, at time ti is on the lower elevation mass 1, which neither increases nor decreases its angular speed. Then there is a time delay. Finally there is a downward force, F, at time tf on the higher elevation mass 2, which increases its angular speed.
Energy Non-Conservative. More detailed calculations could allow motion of the masses away from a less constraining circle. The gross motions for particles (assumed not to internally rotate), traveling on nearly closed paths, may be seen from the traditional analysis to produce essentially no extra energy for approximately conservative force "fields". One can see the section A.3 "Energy Non-Conservation" within Appendix A for more discussion. The internally delayed impulse portions of the graviton “force” are strictly speaking not subject to conservative analysis, but their time-averaged and smoothed out contributions may often be approximately subject to such analyses, as long as one doesn't consider internal rotations of matter. The Bessler principle is energy non-conservative with respect to internal rotations of matter. It is often not a valid approximation with respect to energy conservation to time average the impulses coming from the two-part gravitons.
Though a simultaneity assumption would prop up rotational energy conservation, it is not valid to assume that the impulses coming from a two-part graviton are applied simultaneously to both the finest fundamental masses that they act upon. The lower mass is generally pulled down first. The graviton “force” is rotational-energy non-conservative, since the two equal downward portions of it are separately applied in both space and time to internally rotating matter. The exact point of application of the latter applied portion depends upon what the exact motion of the higher elevation fundamental particle happens to have been since application of its lower elevation portion.
Again the times of the applications of the two equal downward “force” portions are not simultaneous. If the two equal downward portions of the force were simultaneous, then the force would be energy conservative with respect to torques about their center of mass, since the torques would always cancel out. Such is not the case. The higher elevation “force” is almost always applied after the lower elevation “force”.
The electric basis for gravity provides an explanation of the Bessler principle of continual (though strictly speaking not continuous) power production from gravity. This principle is due to the time-separated attractive impulse absorptions of the two discrete electric field parts of gravitons by opposite fundamental charged particles rotating about each other. The lower elevation fundamental charge almost always attractively absorbs downward a discrete electric field of a graviton first. After that, the higher elevation fundamental charge continues to rotate for a little while until it also attractively absorbs downward the other discrete electric field of the graviton. These two time-separated downward-pulls provide a net nearly instantaneous torque, on the two fundamental charges. The net torque typically increases their angular speed about their center of mass. The Bessler principle is a fundamental mechanical property of all wheels rotating about horizontal axes. The principle may not be noticed due to friction removing the obtained energy.
Without a continuous structures explanation for the Bessler principle, any later evidence for the Bessler principle would tend to serve as further evidence for the discrete nature of gravity.
Macro, micro, and simple power statements of Bessler's principle are given. The Bessler principle is due to time separated downward pulls on rotating matter. A simplified calculation of the Bessler principle was shown for an example of two finest fundamental opposite charges constrained to initially rotate without friction in a circle. The simple power statement of the Bessler principle is, "Any wheel rotating about a horizontal axis receives internal power."
The Bessler principle often may not be noticed due to friction absorbing the obtained energy. Let us take a brief look at some simple evidences that can back up such a Bessler principle. Let us first briefly look at a historical example (that provides the name for the phenomena) and then a few common examples. There are many more examples than these as the principle applies to all matter rotating about horizontal axes or rather applies to all matter that are allowed to rotate more about horizontal axes. A horizontal axis has approximately equal elevations along its axis of rotation.
Bessler's Many Wheels. Bessler's many wheels provided direct evidences for the Bessler principle. The evidences provided by the Bessler wheels were unfortunately ignored and dismissed with time. Because of John Collins’ efforts, much suppressed evidence, for the Bessler wheels, has again been brought to light. See John Collins' 1997 book Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? (PM97) for more details. Particular wheels that Bessler built (to allow rotation about horizontal axes) quickly approached final angular speeds typically within rather characteristic numbers of revolutions per minute for each wheel. Each of Bessler's wheels had its own fixed overall rotating mass. The fourth or Kassel wheel was likely the most massive (pp. 16 and 39 of PM97). It has been more than 300 year from the 6 June 1712 first turning of Bessler's Gera wheel (pp. 15 and 31 of PM97). The Gera wheel was the first, the smallest, and the least massive. Bessler's second wheel ran at Draschwitz (pp. 17, 32, and 55 of PM97). Bessler's third wheel ran at Merseburg (pp. 34 and 61 of PM97). There was apparently also a fifth wheel at Karlshafen (pp. 168-169 of PM97). Bessler provided distractions in his publically exhibited wheels, so as to prevent people from understanding the very low friction nature of his invention. I think that these distractions were included to both protect his invention and to assist him in a one-time sale of his invention, which he was never able to sell. There is a large body of evidence regarding the Bessler wheels. The body of evidence included many certificates of tests (pp. 45, 96, 97, and 132 of PM97). The recorded simple facts about his wheels bore strong evidence of the Bessler principle. See Fig. 24 for a macro illustration of the Bessler principle, which was consistent with the Bessler wheel observations, in that each Bessler wheel increased in angular speed, as it quickly approached its final equilibrium angular speed. The final equilibrium angular speed of the Kassel wheel was less, when it was continuously or “perpetually” doing work (p. 108 of PM97). All of Bessler's wheels were perpetual motion mobiles.
Cars Somewhat Constant Miles per Gallon. Though the number of miles per gallon of fuel used by a car usually decreases as car speed increases, cars have roughly a particular number of miles per gallon (mpg) of fuel used. This is evidenced by cars often being advertised according to their mpg without quoting a range of speeds over which the advertisement is valid. It may be somewhat common knowledge that driving a car on the highway has nearly constant mpg. Upon second thought, this should be taken to be an amazing idea, in that for normal driving on the highway (with little braking) the number of miles per gallon is almost independent of car speed. Within normal operating speeds (from low to high speeds), cars do not dramatically decrease their mpg despite increased friction as their speed increases.
Increased Friction. Friction is the enemy to mpg of fuel consumed, but there is something compensating in part for that increased friction. Though the full situation is complicated, only a small decrease in the mpg should be quite remarkable, given that wind frictional forces tend to greatly increase as speed increases. One should not downplay the importance of air friction. You can ask almost any bicycle rider about the importance of air friction with respect to going faster. Here is a simple example discussion of why air frictional forces are approximately proportional to the square of the car speed. The air friction force opposing a car's motion is the total momentum that is transferred from air to the car per unit time. That total momentum that is transferred to the car per unit of time is the opposite of the total momentum that is acquired by say initially stationary air particles per unit of time. The total momentum that is acquired by the air particles per unit of time is approximately the momentum that a single representative air particle acquires multiplied by another factor of the number of such air particles that collide per unit of time. In the second factor, the number of air particles that collide per unit of time is proportional to the speed of the car. We can argue that the first factor (of the momentum that a representative air particle acquires) also is typically proportional to the speed of the car. The momentum that an air particle acquires is its mass times its speed that is acquired, as a result of a collision with a car, which speed is roughly somewhere between zero (corresponding to no collision or interaction) and twice the speed of the car (corresponding to a full bounce back from the car). A representative value for the acquired speed is the middle value corresponding to the speed of the car. Thus, there are two factors of the car's speed in this frictional force. We thus expect that this frictional force typically increases according to the square of the car speed.
Expected Plummeting MPG with Speed. According to this frictional force expectation, car mpg for highway driving should decrease according to the reciprocal of the square of the operating speed (or the reciprocal of the kinetic energy). See the discussion in Appendix A under topic "A.5 Decrease in Car Kinetic Energy". The mpg for a car traveling on a highway at 60 miles per hour (mph) is not four = 2*2 times smaller than the car traveling at 30 mph. The mpg for a car traveling on a freeway at 80 mph (where legal) is not 16 = 4*4 times smaller than the car traveling on a highway at 20 mph. If the car traveling at 20 mph gets 32 mpg, the same car does not get two mpg (I repeat does not get merely a couple of miles per gallon) when it travels a freeway at 80 mph. If such were actually the case, there would never be any speeders on the freeways, according to the economics of the situation. Speeders would be automatically given a de facto speeding ticket every time they decided to speed. Those vehicles with 18 gallon gasoline tanks and getting two mpg at high speeds would find that they could only travel rapidly at most 36 miles between gas stations. Such speeders would spend much precious time either looking for gas stations or filling up their gas tanks at the gas pumps. But such things are not the case. There is somewhat of an unexpected actual maintaining of the mpg with increases in vehicle speed.
Bessler Principle Compensation. There is something extra maintaining that roughly constant miles-per-gallon, despite greatly increasing frictional forces. I think that extra something is primarily the Bessler principle associated with masses rapidly rotating about horizontal axes. Think of tires, axles, cams, and drive trains. A friend of mine has driven an 18 wheeler, which had five massive axles each rapidly rotating about its own horizontal axis. His vehicle could have been designed so that only the wheels and not the axles rotate but to save fuel such is not the standard design. Designs of vehicles are in part reflected by people willing to buy such designs. Designs having greater miles-per-gallon for nearly the same price would be typically purchased more frequently. I would think that an important specification in buying a vehicle with axles is the total mass of the axles. Various wheels and axles, each rotating about horizontal axes, acquire extra rotational kinetic energy by the Bessler principle to partially offset the larger frictional forces that typically remove kinetic energy from cars and vehicles at larger speeds. The larger the angular speed is especially effective in generating power according to the Bessler principle. Ordinary friction somewhat hides the Bessler principle but it can't completely hide the effect. That there are people trying to drive especially rapidly on freeways is evidence that there is something like a Bessler principle at work to partially combat the vicious viscous-enemy named friction. Who could afford to drive especially rapidly and pay for the required fuel, if their vehicles could only travel a few miles on a gallon of fuel? Let us now consider the transportation situation for extremely massive axles with their fully-laterally-connected massive wheels.
Rail Freight Miles per Gallon. As another miles-per-gallon example, consider that railroads can sometimes carry large amounts of delivered freight quite economically with respect to fuel consumed. On http://csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/projects-and-partnerships/fuel-efficiency/ I found a quote, "The 2013 CSX system-wide train efficiency metric equals (226,641,034,000 ton-miles) divided by (481,864,807gallons) equals 470 ton-miles per gallon." In other words, on the average they can transport a ton of freight almost 500 miles using a gallon of fuel. Something is boosting up their mpg and I think that something is in large part the Bessler principle.
Massive Railcar Wheels. The wheels and axles for railroad cars tend to be extremely massive. They allow very large masses to rotate rapidly about horizontal axes. The wheels with axles are completely solid yet they may go around curves of railroad tracks because of a slight rotated beveling or conical tapering, as is illustrated by exaggeration in Fig. 29. With the beveled or tapered rim, the radii of the wheels, on the outer side of a curve in the railroad track, are larger. As the wheels drift (or are somewhat thrown) to the outside of the curve, the wheel radii change so that they are able to go through a curve. While going through a curve, the outer wheels of a vehicle must cover more ground than the inner wheel, and especially so, if the curve has a smaller radius of curvature. Unlike an automobile, which allows the "disconnected" outer wheels to turn more frequently than the inner wheels, an outer wheel on a railroad car is fully connected to its inner wheel, yet as the outer railcar wheel increases in radius, its connected inner wheel decreases in radius. This means, as the outer railcar wheel increases in circumference, its connected inner wheel decreases in circumference. Thus, as the outer railcar wheel covers more rail, its connected inner wheel covers less rail. One may see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_train_and_tram_rails for more discussion.
Fig. 29. Railroad Wheels.
There is a greatly exaggerated beveling or conical tapering of railroad wheels shown in Fig. 29 so that one can easily see the directions of the conical tapering of the railroad wheels. Because of the constant distance between the rails on a railroad track the completely solid wheels and axles can go around bends or curves of railroad tracks.
Power of Trains. Trains can be extremely fuel efficient. On the other hand these massive slithering giants seem terribly wasteful of their power, by roaring noisily, by shaking the very ground that we stand on, and by seeming to create a wind of their own. There is sometimes almost an innate respect or mysticism for trains. Could it be that people have felt a little of the great power coming from somewhere, yet somehow coming from trains? Yes, I think there is a perceived train power coming from somewhere that many people can literally feel, yet they cannot quite place the source of the power. Consider for example such train songs as "Wabash Cannonball" and "City of New Orleans". I have heard that in Japan there is at times almost awe for some older trains. The name "Orient Express" can evoke images of power, grandeur, and the unknown. There is an explanation, for such vividly contrasting train dichotomies, available from the Bessler principle. Much power is produced in the rapidly rotating massive train wheels, yet much of its great power is wastefully lost to its surroundings. As each wheel rotates rapidly there are many nuclear-ground-states (that is stable nuclei) that internally rotate at least as rapidly as each wheel and so acquire extra rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle. One can think of each rotating nucleus (that is each rotating nuclear-ground-state) as a tiny mass-concentrated ball within each atom internally rotating about a horizontal axis (through the center of the nucleus) with at least the same internal angular speed as the wheel itself rotates about a horizontal axis. Some of the acquired extra angular speed in each nucleus may be passed back to the wheel itself. Thus, trains do acquire extra power from the Bessler principle.
Rotating Nuclear-Ground-States. When I speak about a rotating nuclear-ground-state, I am usually not talking about a long-life excited state of the nucleus that will eventually decay to a nuclear ground state giving off some sort of a nuclear signature (say gamma ray or x-ray or particle). I am talking about a stable nuclear ground state itself that may have slight internal rotation, as a whole, with respect to other such nuclei. Given a particular nucleus that has fully decayed to its most stable configuration or state, are all similar nuclei perfectly frozen internally-rotationally with respect to each other? No. They may differ slightly from their neighbors with respect to internal rotations. If coordinate systems are firmly attached to each such nucleus, does a coordinate axis attached to a nucleus remain at a fixed angle with respect to a coordinate axis of another nucleus? Generally not. If the coordinate axis happened to correspond to the internal rotational axis of the nucleus, then it might, for a while, remain for a while at a fixed angle with respect to the rotational axis of another nucleus. The coordinate axes usually vary slightly rotationally but it is a greatly ignored subtlety. The internal rotational kinetic energy differences, between similar nuclei, are often so small that the subject has often been quite ignored. How would one go about rotating such nuclei anyway? It has almost been a “Who cares?” type of situation. If one can’t easily alter the internal rotation much and if one can’t easily measure how much the nucleus is slightly rotating, then a “Who cares?” attitude might seem to be somewhat justified. Still, I think that rotating a wheel as a whole can easily cause internal rotations of the nuclei within because of overlap between the nuclei and their surrounding electrons. Also, with the coming of the pervasive idea of the Bessler principle, comes the idea that gravity can cause nuclei that are internally rotating about a horizontal axis to acquire greater rotation about the horizontal axis. Long-life radioactive isomer states of the nucleus have the same number of neutrons and the same number of protons as another completely stable nucleus. Radioactive isomers and long-life radioactive states of other nuclei can have slight internal rotations with respect to other such states. I am usually not talking about them. For simplicity, I am just using the term rotating nuclear-ground-states to express the idea that very stable nuclei may be internally rotating with respect to other such nuclei. I am not referring to internal rotations within nuclei, which eventually may result in some sort of “normal” nuclear signature.
Railroad Freight Phenomenal Transportation Efficiencies. One can do a thought experiment so as to not actually be in danger. Pretend to go down by a rapidly moving freight train. Feel the powerful pulsing vibrations coming from it. Hear the rumbling roar with periodic clanging. Feel the wind created especially close to it. Then think to yourself, "A gallon of fuel moves a ton of freight nearly 500 miles." Now please don't actually do this experiment in person, so as neither to put your safety at risk nor to bombard your ears with extra non-beneficial powerful noise. You could do an actual experiment, if you did so from a very safe distance from a rapidly passing train. You can just watch the created wind blow leaves (or measure the wind speed), measure the power in the frequencies of the sound given off, and measure the power of the vibrations, possibly using a seismic recorder. Then with those measurements, try to explain to yourself how all that great power can be given off and it still is an extremely fuel efficient means to transport freight. You should notice a great disconnect. If you are reasonable with your own analyses, I imagine that you will need something like a Bessler principle to account for the large difference.
Does Sun Get Power from Hot Fusion? We get light from the sun on a daily basis, but where does the sun's power actually come from? Because of apparent lack of alternatives, many have simply assumed that the sun obtains its energy from deep inside the sun by the nuclear fusion. It has often been stated or taken as a given that the energy for the sun and the stars comes from fusion of hydrogen. During nuclear fusion lighter nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei. Such a thermonuclear reaction or hot fusion reaction of light nuclei into a heavier nucleus, with a large binding energy, releases that large binding energy in the process. While such a process is possible, do the bare facts support the idea of the sun obtaining its primary energy from hot fusion? The typically unstable hot fusion process needs some combination of high densities and high temperatures for long enough times for the repulsive positively-charged nuclei to combine and cause hot fusion to occur. If the sun obtained its energy from hot fusion deep down inside the sun, where conditions were best, then the energy released from hot fusion would be greatest there, and the temperatures would be greatest there. The outside portion of the sun is exposed in all directions to the background temperature of space, which is about 3°K = three degrees Kelvin (or about a degree less than the ultra-cold temperature at which helium gas becomes a liquid). Such cold temperatures should cause the portions of the sun that are the most exposed to the ultra-cold background temperature of space to be the coldest, with respect to temperature.
Sun Temperatures Incompatible with Hot Fusion Source. What is actually observed, according to radiations from the sun, is the exact opposite. Sunspots form somewhat a window through the photosphere into the interior of the sun. According to observed light coming from those sunspots, all the sunspots are deeper, cooler, and darker than the photosphere. As elevations on the sun increase, there is an increase in the temperatures associated with radiations coming from the sun’s atmosphere. As elevations on the sun increase, atoms/ions/nuclei are less likely to collide/interfere with other atoms/ions/nuclei. The edges of the solar atmosphere emit radiations (in all directions) that correspond to ultra-high temperatures near 1,000,000°K = one million degrees Kelvin. The furthest edges of the sun's atmosphere (with the least interactions) emit radiations that correspond to temperatures near 10,000,000°K = ten million degrees Kelvin. The temperatures correspond to the best-matching shape of blackbody photon-radiation spectra. Such photons are so few in numbers that their observations need to be made during total solar eclipses (when the solar corona is visible to instruments) so as not to be overwhelmed by the many photons of much lower energy coming from the intense photosphere. Still, those few mysterious, individual photons from the solar corona are quite energetic.
Someone might counter that the atoms/ions at the far edges of the sun's atmosphere are very small in speed with respect to translational motions associated with such temperatures. That “counter argument” (1) almost requires a separate sort of temperature not consistent with the zeroth law of thermodynamics, (2) leaves unexplained the mysterious individually-energetic photons of the solar corona, (3) leaves unexplained why the sunspots are always cooler than the photosphere, and (4) ignores the entire idea that the actual temperatures measured coming from the sun increase as elevation increases (going from sunspots to photosphere to solar coronal edge, which is completely in opposition to a hot fusion explanation). The fundamental evidence (that the temperatures on the sun increase with elevation) is in direct conflict with a basis of the sun’s power coming from hot fusion, since a hot fusion basis would mean that the higher elevation with more exposure to the ultra-cold background temperature of space would be colder. A measured temperatures decrease with elevation is not observed.
So as not to create more anomalies or mysteries, the sun should be simply considered as not getting its energy or power primarily from inherently unstable hot fusion. The sun is getting its radiant power from another more-stable source. It almost seems as if the sun is getting its radiant power out of nothing, but there is an actual source for the sun's radiant power. Though seemingly a magical sort of process, it is not hocus-pocus magic, if one understands the actual power source. It might be considered a miraculous process, but is a miracle less miraculous, if one understands how it is done? It does require a different sort of thinking. Let us consider the actual single-explanation power source of the sun. The single explanation, which explains all the measured temperature data for all elevations on the sun, is the Bessler principle.
Sun's Actual Power Source. The actual primary power source for all portions of the sun's radiation is the Bessler principle. The most isolated nuclei or nuclear-ground-states, which may rotate with extremely low friction or with very little interference, are allowed to attain extremely large angular speeds about internal horizontal axes. Eventually negatively charged electrons will attractively collide with the positively charged nuclear-ground-states that were rapidly rotating about somewhat horizontal axes. With collisions with electrons, the suddenly accelerated electrons create extremely energetic photons, meaning packets of electromagnetic radiation or light. Such are the sources of the mysterious high-temperature radiation coming from the far edges of the solar atmosphere. There are similar situations within the sun's photosphere. The single stable process of the Bessler principle works for both low densities at the atmospheric edge and for larger densities in the photosphere. Allowing a single explanation based upon the Bessler principle removes all the mysteries. Here is more discussion of the photosphere explanation.
Solar Photosphere Explained. Within the photosphere of the sun, there would be more opportunities for the Bessler principle to accumulate energy, as there are many more nuclei there than at the far edges of the solar atmosphere. Still the temperatures in the photosphere would not be as large as at the far edges because of interactions between the nuclear magnetic moments of the nuclei in the photosphere. With friction or interactions between nuclear magnetic moments of nuclei, the nuclear-ground-states in the photosphere would not be able to acquire extremely large angular speeds about stable horizontal axes by the Bessler principle.
Why Interactions in Photosphere? As a positively-charged nuclear-ground-state is caused to rapidly rotate about a horizontal axis, this creates a tiny somewhat-horizontally oriented magnet (with both magnetic poles at somewhat the same elevation). Such magnetic poles often have somewhat a horizontal attitude, but interactions with other rapidly-moving little magnets prevent many from remaining somewhat horizontal. Also as many electrons interact with the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states, the previously acquired energy from the Bessler principle is in part transferred to electrons and photons. These energetic electrons and photons may do many things including: slowing down (or less often speeding up) the internal rotational speed of the nuclei colliding with the electrons, knocking away other electrons from atoms so as to create ions in a plasma state, causing energy to be transferred to greater translational speeds of the atoms/ions/nuclei, colliding with protons to form neutrons on rare occasion, and striking atoms/ions/nuclei so as to cause further disruptions of the nuclear magnetic moments of the rotating nuclear-ground-states. As rapidly moving atoms/ions/nuclei with their tiny nuclear magnets pass close by each other, this causes the magnets to interact with each other. This interaction or interference prevents the little magnets from retaining a somewhat horizontal attitude. As the nuclei are prohibited from having ultra-large rotations about horizontal axes, they are prohibited from acquiring the greatest rotational kinetic energies by the Bessler principle. This prevents the ultra-high temperatures associated with the far edges of the solar atmosphere from being attained in the photosphere. Instead the temperatures in the photosphere are restricted to being only about 6000°K. Because of the much interaction within the photosphere, there is almost a common temperature associated with both translational and internal-rotational motion of the nuclei. Any portion of the photosphere having very strong vertical magnetic fields would not allow nuclei to internally rotate about horizontal axes. They could only internally rotate about vertical axes. That would prevent local accumulation of energy by the Bessler principle, which would cause such sunspot regions to be cooler than the photosphere with respect to temperature.
Properly Resolves Riddle of Missing Solar Neutrinos. If the sun does not primarily receive its power from hot fusion reactions, then this also automatically solves any problem of missing solar neutrinos, which neutrinos should come from hot fusion reactions in the sun. Solar neutrinos can’t be produced from hot fusion reactions, if the hot fusion reactions are not typically occurring in the first place.
The Bessler principle provides a basis: for simply explaining how Bessler's wheels actually obtained their power, for explaining car mpg not dropping as much as expected as speed increases, for explaining large railcar mpg for moving a ton of freight, and for explaining (using a single mechanism) how the sun actually produces its power in conformity with observed temperatures from different elevations.
Mysterious Solar Corona. It was mentioned in the last section (4.4) that energetic radiations are created in the outermost portions of the solar atmosphere. These solar corona radiations may be compared to blackbody radiation according to the Planck distribution, for temperatures on the order of one million degrees Kelvin or even ten million degrees Kelvin = 10,000,000°K. These radiations originate in the highest elevation portions of the sun's atmosphere or rather in the edge-most regions of the sun's atmosphere, where matter has the least opportunity to come in contact with each other. As energetic as these individual photons are, they are quite weak-in-numbers relative to the large numbers of photons in the energetic tail of the lower temperature Planck distribution of photons coming from the direction of the sun's photosphere. These solar corona radiations need to be observed during total solar eclipses so that their measurements are not hidden or obscured by the great radiation coming from the direction of the sun's photosphere. Still, how can a 6000°K sun photosphere possibly produce ultra-high temperature 10,000,000°K radiations in the solar corona? The short answer is that it doesn't. It relies on a separate ignored physical principle that can easily solve the mystery.
Huge Solar Corona Temperatures. Given the Bessler principle, the mysterious solar corona radiations can be easily explained by assuming that there are nuclei (say typically within hydrogen atoms) at the outer edges of the solar atmosphere that can rotate about horizontal axes with very low friction and thus be allowed to attain ultra-high angular speeds about horizontal axes. The nucleus within a hydrogen atom is a single proton. Since they are at the outer edges of the sun's atmosphere, they can often rotate with little interference from other nuclei. They seldom bump into other nuclei. The nuclei are allowed to acquire large amounts of energy associated with their acquired rotations about horizontal axes according to the Bessler principle. The longer they have to acquire greater angular speed the greater will be the angular speeds of their rotating nuclear-ground-states. Eventually, an electron will interact/collide with a very rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state. A rapid transfer of energy to the electron causes an energetic photon to be created. Such energetic photons are the primary source of the ultra-high temperature radiations coming from the solar corona. There might be some other less-energetic radiations produced as nuclei with nuclear magnetic moments are caused to rapidly rotate about horizontal axes because of the Bessler principle. One could say that rotating magnets give off radiation.
Those amazingly high temperatures, associated with the solar corona, occur despite the idea that the furthest edges of the solar atmosphere are the most exposed to the 3°K = three degrees Kelvin background temperature of space. Those extremities of all places associated with the sun should be the very coldest places but they are associated with the very highest photon temperatures associated with the sun. The nuclei may not have large translational speeds (or are translationally cold temperature-wise) with respect to their neighbors, but because of the Bessler principle they have phenomenally large internal rotational speeds associated with their nuclear-ground-states. Being almost completely surrounded with 3°K space and supposedly without an internal source of power, one would expect that thermal equilibrium to set in for the sun's furthest edges and especially for its atmosphere there to be extremely cold. But neither the sun's edges nor the sun's atmosphere are radiantly cold because of the Bessler principle.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. Two bodies placed inside an insulated container on earth will with time come to a thermal equilibrium, which state we may associate with the idea of a temperature. If the bodies had no means of producing heat or transferring of heat between them, they could have initially been at the same temperature and remained at that temperature. The often useful idea of a single equilibrium temperature for particular bodies is the essence of the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
Body Completely Surrounded by Cold Space. How does this apply to a body nearly completely surrounded by the very cold background of space at a temperature of 3°K? If no power source is available in the body, with time, the body would with time go toward the ultra-cold background temperature of space. The body would not attain ultra-cold background temperature of space, if there is radiation from another body. Considering the sun as its own body, our sun would approach the background temperature of space, if it didn't have its own source or if it didn’t have sources of power.
Sun Contains Power Source. Let us take it for granted that within the sun's atmosphere there is a power source. I say that the power source for our sun is primarily from the Bessler principle, but if some people insist that the power source is primarily from hot fusion deep down within the sun, they are welcome to believe as they choose. Still, such people must reconcile their own belief with the actual observations that the temperatures with respect to elevation on the sun are directly contrary to any assumption of power for the sun being primarily produced deep within it. Temperatures on the sun generally are observed to increase with elevation from the deep-dark-cooler sunspots to the numerically-weak-but-radiant-energy-productive extremely-high-temperature furthest edges of the sun's atmosphere. The very strong vertical magnetic fields in sunspots only allow rotations of nuclei about vertical axes as the tiny little magnets are aligned vertically. The external vertical magnetic fields prohibit internal rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes. The nuclei in sunspots are unable to acquire power/energy from the Bessler principle. If people cast out the Bessler principle explanation, they must come up with their own explanation(s) for all the discrepancies. They must carry the full burden of explanation, if they choose to reject a full explanation.
What happens with respect to
temperature, as much time goes by, to a body such as a planet (supposedly without
an internal power source) that is a distance D from the sun but otherwise the
planet is surrounded by space which has an associated background temperature of 3°K?
I think that the planet should slowly approach the average temperature (in
all directions from the planet). That
assumes that the zeroth law of thermodynamics is actually correct and that the
planet eventually attains the average temperature of its directional boundary
(that is according to the average thermal boundary conditions of its thermal
boundary). That also assumes that there
is only one actual equilibrium temperature.
We can find the average temperature across all directions by associating
each direction with an area on a sphere (in that direction) about the body
that is the distance D corresponding to the distance from the planet to the
sun. Recall from the formulas associated
with Fig. 2 that the area on the surface of a sphere of radius r is S = 4pr2 = 4pr*r
and the area of a circle of radius r is A = pr2 = pr*r. Assume the radius of the sun's photosphere is "s" and the temperature of the
sun is 6000°K,
we could calculate the average temperature, "a", in all directions
from the planet. We can do that
calculation by imagining the sphere of large radius D about the planet, where again
D is the distance from the planet to the sun.
We can assign a temperature of 3°K to all places on the surface (4
(5.1) a = {6000°K*
We can show the results in Table 5.1 for the calculations of "a" corresponding to approximate distances of the planets to the sun. The distances (s and D) and the temperatures (3 and 6000) are not exact but are treated in the calculations as being exact, so that one can see the effect of increasing distance, D, from the sun. The values for D were taken from the semimajor axis of revolution on p. F-147 CRC. The average temperature for spheres about all the planets, "a", is essentially the background temperature of space or rather 3°K. Pluto was included in the table even though it is now not classified as a planet. The average temperature, "a", would be approximately the eventual average equilibrium temperature of the planet, assuming that the planet has no internal power source. In Table 5.1, the average surrounding temperature to the nearest degree Kelvin is the same 3°K for every planet.
Table 5.1. Average surrounding temperature for each “planet”.
|
"planet" name |
D = distance to Sun (in kilometers) |
a = average temperature on directional sphere (in degrees Kelvin) |
|
Mercury |
5.795*107 |
3 or 3.216233638 |
|
Venus |
1.0811*108 |
3 or 3.062129578 |
|
Earth |
1.4957*108 |
3 or 3.032459449 |
|
Mars |
2.2784*108 |
3 or 3.013988469 |
|
Jupiter |
7.7814*108 |
3 or 3.001199264 |
|
Saturn |
1.4270*109 |
3 or 3.000356601 |
|
Uranus |
2.8703*109 |
3 or 3.000088141 |
|
Neptune |
4.4999*109 |
3 or 3.000035861 |
|
Pluto |
5.909*109 |
3 or 3.000020797 |
As an aside, we could have done that calculation for “a” at a hypothetical point on the sun’s corona/atmosphere that is say a distance, D, from the center of the sun of 7s (location estimated from some imagery of solar corona). Such a calculation would have produced an average temperature, a = 33.60°K. Hydrogen has a melting point of 14.01°K = -259.14°C and it has a boiling point of 20.28°K = -252.87°C. See p. B-16 CRC. For that 7s point, the formula in Eq. 5.1, likely greatly underestimates the average temperature because of the presence of the solar corona that the point may be immersed in.
One might object to Eq. 5.1 because it didn’t consider correcting for greater temperature rings about the sun due to the solar corona. I have done a type of such a calculation for the Earth. I still obtained a very cold average surrounding temperature. The reader is welcome to make all sorts of improved calculations instead of Eq. 5.1. The reader could include the solar corona, other surrounding planets, any applicable moons, and the stars. I think that the reader will obtain very cold surrounding average temperatures, as long as the points are far away from the sun.
Some would say that earth has much original heat and an internal heat source provided by the decay of radioactive materials within the earth. While those things may are correct, do we see much heat arising from the interior? In a few cases we do see volcanos, hot springs, and heat vents within the oceans, but these things are relatively rare. As we go down into the oceans, we see the waters become colder as we go further down. One might say that is because all the warm water is rising to the surface in the oceans. While that may seem reasonable, is there evidence for large amounts of heat rising up through the ocean floor to prevent the oceans from freezing? There is little evidence for this except for the rare hot thermal vents. Do we see large amounts of heat rising up through the ground, on the land? There is not much evidence for that except for an occasional volcano erupting or an occasional hot spring. Should we suppose that the great heat working its way out of the earth’s interior always just manages to skip the large regions of permafrost? One might then say that it is the greenhouse effect caused by the atmosphere that keeps our earth from freezing. The greenhouse effect would be completely ineffective, if the atmosphere were subjected to temperatures near 3°K. The atmosphere would relatively quickly become frozen or become a liquid. So much for the greenhouse effect. Still, there is another effective source of gentle persistent heating that is keeping this earth from freezing. One can take a tip from the solar corona. The atmosphere and the earth are both obtaining/producing gentle heat from the Bessler principle.
Earth Surface Heating by Atmosphere Explained. The heating of the earth's surface by its atmosphere is a much gentler manifestation of the Bessler principle than the solar corona or the solar photosphere. The primary reason for the gentleness is that the gravity within the earth's atmosphere is so much weaker than in the sun's atmosphere. The gentleness is also due to the extremely wide range of frequencies of radiation used to do the heating. Gentle heating radiation does come from the atmosphere above us, but the internal angular speeds of nuclear-ground-states in our atmosphere are much smaller than those associated with the atmosphere of the sun. Electrons interacting with the somewhat rotating nuclear-ground-states in our atmosphere allow photons to carry away some of the energy acquired by those rotating nuclear-ground-states. This and other sorts of friction prevent the rotating nuclear-ground-states in our atmosphere from rotating too rapidly. There is gentle heat radiated from above us in our atmosphere and it keeps our earth and atmosphere from freezing. With our atmosphere being maintained by it not freezing, this also allows the greenhouse effect to be effective.
Earth Interior Heated by Bessler Principle. The earth itself is spinning. The nuclear-ground-states within the earth's interior also spin and acquire additional rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle. The Bessler principle provides much heating and angular momentum to the earth. Angular momentum of a tiny mass is the mass' radial distance (from the axis of rotation) times the perpendicular portion of linear momentum (perpendicular to both the radial and the axis of rotation). Linear momentum is mass times velocity of the mass. The earth does not spin with larger angular speed mainly since there are tidal forces that sap away energy and angular momentum. The earth is not spinning as rapidly with time, but without the Bessler principle it would be spinning much more slowly. Decaying radioactive nuclei do provide some slight heating to the earth but a more complete picture of the heating source must include the Bessler principle.
According to the Bessler principle, gravitons from both the earth and the sun (in smaller part) can cause many spinning nuclear-ground-states within the earth and in the earth's atmosphere to spin more rapidly. The extra spin may be lost to friction. I think that the Bessler principle provides the dominant heating source not only for our sun but it also provides the dominant heating source for our planet. The Bessler principle is the dominant heating source for our solar system.
Global Cooling and Warming. With the earth spinning less rapidly in time, the Bessler principle heating source within the earth will contribute less heating to the earth. That could contribute to a global cooling of the earth, which could be a problem in opposition to the problem of global warming. Many people are currently concerned with global warming due to the greenhouse effect. We wisely should not be dumping large quantities of pollutants into our atmosphere. We should be good stewards of our resources and our environment. The Bessler principle should provide us with many non-polluting sources of energy, often at economically advantageous costs. This should greatly reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced, as in the future there would be much less dependence on medieval burning of fuels to produce energy. Encouraging the growth of more plant life on the earth and in the oceans should also absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Having less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should mean that it should contribute less to global warming. I think that global warming is currently a greater problem than global cooling, but we should carefully consider the potentially harmful situations related to long term global cooling, associated with long term reduction of great heating sources for our earth. Even with the earth slowing down in angular speed, the rotating nuclei within atoms in the atmosphere and in our engines will contribute to the warming of the earth.
Rotational Warming. Future global cooling due to the slowing down of the earth may be in part compensated for by extra "rotational warming" due to extra future use of the Bessler principle by future devices. Future production of energy by new Bessler principle methods can contribute to the production of extra heating sources on the earth. With intelligent production of future energy by the Bessler principle, we might, as a goal, eventually be passively concerned more about energy pollution than pollution of greenhouse gases.
Jupiter Excess Energy Production. The dominant source of radiation produced by Jupiter is neither from nuclear fusion within Jupiter nor from Jupiter contracting. Rather the primary source for the radiation comes from the Bessler principle. It is an intermediate situation between the sun and the earth. The flux of gravity through Jupiter's atmosphere is less than that of the gravitational flux through the sun's atmosphere but more than the gravitational flux through the earth's atmosphere. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter for references relating to thermal radiation that is produced by heat in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Some people think that Jupiter is radiating more heat than it receives from the sun because it is contracting. I think this will eventually be shown not to be the case by: insufficient contracting to support such an idea and better understanding of the Bessler principle. Jupiter is neither an ultra-cold liquid nor solid, as should have occurred ages ago due its being nearly completely surrounded by the background of space, at 3°K, if we did not have a Bessler principle. Jupiter would not be doing any appreciable contracting at all, if it were an ultra-cold solid or a liquid on its surface.
Assume Same Temperature Transitions in Vacuum. Some of those comments at 3°K implicitly assume that the freezing and boiling temperatures in vacuum (for an ultra-cold planet surrounded by the near zero pressure of space) are approximately the usually available values found at the standard pressure on the earth of one atmosphere. Strictly speaking the transition temperatures for materials could change if subjected to the vacuum of space, but I will continue to make such simple assumptions for convenience of discussion and analysis. Here is some evidence that the transition temperatures don't change very much. The URL http://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1597 notes that water freezes at a slightly higher temperature in a vacuum, but the effect is very tiny. They indicate that when the pressure of one atmosphere (30 inches of mercury) is reduced to about 0.2 inches of mercury the freezing temperature increases by only 0.01°C = .01 degrees Celsius.
Consider Full Steady-State Thermal Equilibrium. The usual calculations for heat exchange with planets may only consider part of the thermal steady state equilibrium equation. Often the calculations only consider the more easily measured or estimated power received from the sun. The more difficult to measure power lost from planets is often not considered or is conveniently ignored with respect to steady state equilibrium between planets and their entire surroundings. The full/complete steady-state boundary conditions, in all directions, need to be properly considered. If the zeroth law of thermodynamics is valid, then the average temperature of the surroundings must properly be considered for the steady state but the calculation is often ignored. The effect of the ignoring is to ignore a thermal imbalance for the steady state temperatures of the planets. This allows a hiding of the power source for the planets which ignored power source is often actually and primarily the Bessler principle itself. That is how I think that the issue of power sources for the planets has often not been properly addressed. The issue has often not been addressed by the problem often being simply ignored.
Saturn, because of the Bessler principle, is also neither an ultra-cold liquid nor a solid. Saturn is cold though, as the winds disrupt rotations of molecules/nuclei about horizontal axes. I think that the often bland bandings of the clouds suggest some slippage causing turbulent rotations about vertical axes due to the interference of the atmospheric bands. With a calm "eye" of the storm being at the south pole, this doesn’t allow much vertical axis rotations. This calm eye allows more rotations about horizontal axes and consequently somewhat larger temperatures near the eye of the south pole storm because of the Bessler principle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn for some references to Saturn's south pole storm and temperatures. The extra heating at the south pole of Saturn is not so mysterious, if one understands the Bessler principle. I am assuming that there are not strong vertical magnetic fields at Saturn’s south pole so as to prevent rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes.
Saturn radiates 2.5 times the power that it receives from the sun, supposedly mainly due to a power source of gravitational compression. Eventually when the Bessler principle becomes generally accepted, the extra power coming from Saturn should be understood as coming almost entirely from the Bessler principle rather than any sort of gravitational compression. I also think that the long term data will not support the idea that the extra power (or energy per unit time) comes from types of gravitational compression. Any gravitational compression of gases would not be possible if the surface (or outermost exposed portion) were allowed to attain its equilibrium temperature of 3°K, which would eventually happen in the absence of a significant continued power source. Any greenhouse warming of the planet would not be possible if the surface (or outermost exposed portion) were allowed to attain its equilibrium temperature of 3°K, which would eventually happen in the absence of a significant continued power source. The greenhouse effect by itself merely saves energy and thus cannot account for production of 2.5 times the power that Saturn receives from the sun. It would be difficult to defend the extra power as coming from hot fusion. I will not try to do so. I think that there is a significant continued power source that is providing much power to Saturn from gravity, not by gravitational compression but rather by the Bessler principle.
The planet Venus is not frozen. Its clouds are neither a frozen solid nor a cold liquid. Venus has plenty of clouds to provide extra heating from the Bessler principle. Since Venus doesn't have a moon to provide frictional forces to slow down its internal rotation, Venus could acquire much greater internal angular speed if it had a larger initial internal angular speed, according to the Bessler principle. Fortunately Venus is currently not internally rotating rapidly. That is its internal period of rotation, with respect to the stars, is long. An entity with very little rotation about a horizontal axis would acquire very little extra rotation according to the Bessler principle. Venus typifies that situation.
Venus can have rapidly moving clouds or be windy with winds acquiring angular speed from rotating nuclear-ground-states acquiring internal angular speed from the Bessler principle. The rotating nuclear-ground-states cause atomic or molecular ground-states to rotate. Wind can be acquired as the rotating atomic or molecular ground-states of the dense atmosphere interact with the surface of Venus. Magnetic fields near the surface can keep the rotating nuclear-ground-states horizontally aligned in the same direction to help provide wind.
Mars has little atmosphere to provide much heating by the Bessler principle, yet it has a slight atmosphere that is neither frozen nor liquid. The temperature of Mars would be increased by the Bessler principle (from a frozen state by its slight atmosphere) and by its rotation. Mars has two moons that provide some tidal forces to keep it from rotating too rapidly. Since Mars is rotating, it also acquires some internal heating from the Bessler principle.
Mercury has almost no atmosphere to provide extra heating by the Bessler principle. Mercury receives heating from the Bessler principle associated with its rotations and from tidal interactions. Tidal interactions are insufficient for explaining why Mercury is not frozen. Mercury doesn't have a moon to provide tidal forces to slow down its internal angular momentum, but with its elliptical path, the sun can, with tidal forces, keep it from rotating too rapidly internally because of the Bessler principle.
As far as I know, prior calculations regarding the precession of the perihelion of Mercury have not included the Bessler principle. The total angular momentum of a planet is the sum of the planet's orbital angular momentum and the internal angular momentum of the planet. The Bessler principle can especially change the internal angular momentum of Mercury when Mercury approaches most closely to the sun. With tidal forces on Mercury from the sun, especially when Mercury most closely approaches the sun, there can be an interaction between Mercury's acquired internal angular momentum and its orbital angular momentum. That is, if tidal forces somewhat "grab" the slightly more rotating planet Mercury, might there then (after there was an increase in Mercury's internal rotation because of the Bessler principle) be a transfer of angular momentum so that the total angular momentum stays nearly constant? Some internal angular momentum and internal angular speed is lost because of frictional tidal forces on Mercury. The orbital angular momentum with respect to the sun is the distance from the sun times the perpendicular portion of Mercury's translational (meaning linear) momentum.
Angular Momentum Transfer Example. As an example of transfer of angular momentum, if a person stands on a rotating platform holding out a wheel rotating about a vertical axis and stops the wheel, this would transfer angular momentum from the wheel to the person on the platform so that the person on the platform begins to rotate. A spin sort of angular momentum was transferred to an orbital sort of angular momentum by a grabbing or frictional process. I found many videos on the Internet showing a rotating wheel held by a person on a rotating platform. The motion of the platform is changed as the wheel is twisted. None of those videos that I saw showed what happens when the wheel is simply stopped while being held with its axis vertical. If such a video existed, it likely would not be especially impressive, as friction in the platform might quickly overcome the acquired platform rotational motion. Gravitons both from the sun and from Mercury itself can assist in the Bessler principle with respect to Mercury giving some extra angular momentum.
I think that there is a slowly growing realization that meteors (and especially the largest ones) can produce much more energy than the sum of the translational kinetic energy, the rotational kinetic energy, and the so-called gravitational potential energy associated with the meteoroid prior to entering the earth’s atmosphere. A better estimate of the actual energy produced when a meteoroid enters the earth's atmosphere would be the sum of those kinetic and potential energies plus the energy produced by the Bessler principle in the process. The energy produced by the Bessler principle includes the energy produced by the nuclear-ground-states within the prior portions of the meteoroid that are caused to rapidly rotate about horizontal axes and the energy produced by the nuclear-ground-states within the nuclei within plasmas (previously within gas atoms of the atmosphere) that are caused to rapidly rotate about horizontal axes. The more rapid the angular speed about horizontal axes means even greater angular speed is acquired by the Bessler principle, so that extremely large rotational-kinetic-energies can be produced during the process.
When you have seen a “falling star”, have you noticed how surprisingly bright it is, as if it had an extra source of energy in its falling? If so, I think that you should account the additional energy to the credit of the Bessler principle. For example, any cobalt or nickel 61 or oxygen 17 or hydrogen (in the meteoroid) with large nuclear magnetic moments could by interaction cause hydrogen (especially in the upper atmosphere) with its large nuclear magnetic moment to rapidly rotate, often about horizontal axes. Much additional rotational kinetic energy could be acquired via the Bessler principle. Iron 57, nitrogen 14, and nitrogen 15 have small nuclear magnetic moments. Even without an initial nuclear magnetic moment, nuclei caused to rotate a little could be caused to rotate more by the Bessler principle and thus could increasingly acquire a magnetic dipole.
There is more to clouds than meets the eye. We think of clouds helping to insulate us from the ultra-cold background of space, so that on clear nights, without clouds, it tends to be cooler or colder, but might there not be much more to the story? Might not tiny water droplets or molecules sometimes have slight rotations about horizontal axes which can cause extra rotational kinetic energies to be locally produced by the Bessler principle? Rotational speed might not become too large as there in part tends to be a thermal equilibrium, which we associate with the zeroth law of thermodynamics. Still, the local acquisition of energy within tiny water droplets or molecules can spell trouble for gliders or hang gliders, if they are sucked up into clouds. A severe case would be in the form of a towering thundercloud or a tall cloud that can create updrafts causing hail to cyclically be brought up and later fall down. Hail stones rapidly rotating about horizontal axes could cause much thermal energy to be produced at times by the Bessler principle. Air currents produced can create charges to be selectively carried to new locations for accumulation. Thunder and lightning can indirectly receive much power from the Bessler principle within such clouds. Fine paths for electric currents can have the paths of the electric currents open up. This would result in a lightning strike through the fully opened up plasma current path, sustained in part by the Bessler principle locally along the path. The current paths can be opened up by tiny droplets or fine particles such as smoke. These things may rotate about horizontal axes.
Ball lightning should be sustained rotating balls of charged plasma rotating about horizontal axes with an energy source provided by the Bessler principle. The ball lightning may be held together roughly by lines and surfaces of many tiny horizontal nuclear magnets in the somewhat-horizontal axis rotating plasma ball. The larger the diameter of the ball lightning means the greater the "friction" between the ball and its surroundings. Large diameter balls of lightning would have greater exposure, of the fastest moving outermost ionized atoms of the ball, to the typically-stationary on-the-average atoms exterior to the ball. The large diameter balls of lightning could be cooled by exposure and casting off particles to their cooler surroundings. As the ball lightning is not a solid, the particles with larger radii from the ball center would also locally have both greater exposure to the cooler exterior temperatures and greater chance of being cast off to be cooled by immersion in the cool surroundings. The exposure of the outermost rotating nuclear-ground-states of the lighting ball would tend to reduce their internal rotational speeds. They would be rotationally cooled. The exposed rotating nuclear-ground-states of the ball would also have their internal angular speeds primarily reduced, as photons are produced by electrons, which are struck by the rotating nuclear-ground-states. The photons would carry away energy and angular momentum, according to their frequencies and distributions with respect to their sources. The ball lightning would be somewhat bright because of light given off. The particles with larger radii from the ball center would also have less exposure to the most interior rotating nuclear-ground-states of the ball lightning.
If the ball radius becomes too small, there would be too much exposure of the interior nuclei to their surroundings. The nuclei would be rotationally-thermally cooled off. If the ball radius becomes too small to sustain enough interior energy production (relative to increasing energy loss through exposure to the exterior of the ball and loss of particles) by the Bessler principle, the ball lightning could rupture or explode. The smaller balls would have the greater ratios of surface area to volume. We see that (surface area)/volume = (4pr2)/((4/3)pr3) = 3/r is larger when r is smaller. The surface area is somewhat associated with exposure to the exterior and loss of particles, while the volume is somewhat associated with interior power production by the Bessler principle. This would be why I think that the ball lightning would rupture, when it is too small. The rotating plasma ball finds that it is too small to sustain the power it gives off. The plasma is at some point suddenly rotationally ripped apart and disappears into the surrounding coolness.
The unusual artificial snow is usually produced with little help from the Bessler principle. Water vapor is sprayed out into the cold air where it is given a rapid opportunity to freeze and come to earth. Little time is usually given for any nuclear/molecular rotations about horizontal axes to develop. There is no time for any symmetrical water/ice structures to relatively slowly grow in size. While especially slippery for skiing, artificial snow does not make snow balls as well as natural snow. This is because the formation of artificial snow does not usually produce nearly rotationally symmetric snowflakes.
By nearly rotationally symmetric snowflakes not being formed, this suggests that some fine-growing process was not allowed to have rapid rotations about some axis, which axis was likely somewhat horizontal. The missing process was not just the rapid freezing of small water droplets. This gives clues about what the Bessler principle is not. The artificial snow formation limits the capabilities of the Bessler principle because snowflakes are not formed. If the Bessler principle were encouraged to operate, that should alter the produced artificial snow.
Without snowflakes in normal artificial snow, there is not an interlocking between snowflakes, when they are pressed together. Since the formation of artificial snow does not usually produce snowflakes, we should consider how snowflakes form.
Origin of Snowflakes. Snowflakes are produced by symmetrical crystalline water/ice structures relatively slowly growing, as they rapidly rotate about horizontal axes, with their rapid rotation induced by the Bessler principle. Any asymmetry in their main six-fold symmetrical structure and detailed symmetrical structure would cause friction or heating at the asymmetry, so as to (1) slow down the rotation or (2) destroy by melting at the flaw in the asymmetry or (3) not allow the asymmetry to remain. The snowflakes would continue to grow assuming sufficient material and assuming there are not too many flaws creeping in to slow down rotation about the horizontal axis. Vertical magnetic fields at the earth’s magnetic poles likely tends to prohibit the rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes which constraint should tend to suppress the formation of normal natural snowflakes.
I think that conventional explanations for airglow are not complete without an understanding of the Bessler principle. Some consider that the energy for airglow occurring at night, in part, comes from the combination of atoms or ions or molecules that were previously separated or ionized by sunlight during the day. Are the correct separation rates being used in the airglow models? It may be understood that some energy for airglow could also be obtained from other rapidly moving particles, such as cosmic rays. Are the correct energy production rates being used with respect to cosmic rays in the airglow models? Still, if such things were more nearly a full explanation, then there should be a particular reduction of airglow as items to be combined are not as readily available later during the night. Do the predicted depletions of such items fully explain the observed data? This should especially be studied for long nights, as is the case with Venus. As Venus is located far away, the situations need to be carefully considered for the longest of the shorter earth nights. I think that when the Bessler principle is eventually more generally accepted, then more energy for airglow will be understood to be coming from rotating nuclear-ground-states in the upper atmospheres of planets. I think that energy for planetary airglow has somewhat the same basis as energy for the solar corona. I don't think that we can blame both phenomena fully upon sunlight and rapidly moving particles. I think we need to consider rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states that are caused or enhanced by the Bessler principle.
We know that the burning of fuel provides power for a jet engine, but do we consider that a jet engine gets some additional power from the Bessler principle? Within the song "Early Mornin' Rain", do we feel or understand the full extent of the power in the words "Hear the mighty engines roar"? I think that many have a healthy respect for jet engines, if not awe or a sense of wonder. Do we consider an inner source of power with respect to these words?
Jet Engine Roar. Other words that might be chosen to describe such engines could include "their wheels like a whirlwind: Their roaring shall be like a lion, they shall roar like young lions", as we find in Isaiah 5:28-29. Is it a coincidence that there can be a mighty roar/rumble from the jet engine, a mighty roar/rumble from an amazingly fuel efficient freight train, and a mighty roar/rumble from a powerful tornado striking? I think that in each case there are rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states in each, since each obtains much extra rotational power from the Bessler principle. I think it is not a coincidence that each mightily roars and rumbles.
If there is a Bessler principle, any portion of turbulence due to the Bessler principle should be dependent on attitude, since there is a direction of maximum graviton flow, which direction is vertical. Attitude is the angle with respect to vertical. If turbulence depends on attitude, this provides evidence for the Bessler principle. Some turbulent situations that others previously treated as special exception cases may now with the help of the Bessler principle have understandable reasons for existing. Many have been greatly puzzled by turbulence. I think that the key to solving the puzzle of turbulence is the Bessler principle. Attitude provides a means for providing information on the connection between turbulence and the Bessler principle.
Jet Turbulence Power by Attitude. If there is rotational turbulence in a jet engine, it might be possible to use attitude to explore a connection between turbulence and the Bessler principle. Though difficult, it might be possible to hold a jet plane stationary at a particular attitude to measure thrust per fuel consumption rate. The results for both an attitude and 180° minus that attitude might need to be averaged to remove the effect of the "gravitational potential" on the unobstructed gas flowing. The same engine speed would need to be maintained for both upward and downward cases. One might want to "average" by dividing the average of the thrusts from the vertically opposite (meaning supplementary) angles by the average of the fuel consumption rates from the vertically opposite (meaning supplementary) angles. Supplementary angles add up to 180°. For that way of averaging, it may be less subject to special case variations. I suspect that the average would go down as a vertical attitude is approached, since at vertical attitudes both the rotating jet turbine blades and somewhat the rotating nuclei/molecules in the gases that are exposed to the rotating blades may pick up less power by the Bessler principle. The experimenter should also record the directions of the jet’s engines with respect to the earth’s magnetic fields and the angles of the earth’s magnetic field (both with respect to vertical and with respect to north). Though it might be difficult to obtain such jet engine data, the results of consideration of the data might be debated because of many details that are difficult to experimentally control. If someone can somehow obtain the data that would be great, but until then let us consider a more easily testable and hopefully less debatable example of the connection between turbulence and the Bessler principle.
Temperature Difference with Attitude. A fairly well-controlled test of turbulence would be to test for the attitude dependence of temperature difference coming from the ends of Ranque tubes. See http://www.me.berkeley.edu/~gtdevera/notes/vortextube.pdf "The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube" by Giorgio De Vera, May 10, 2010, for example illustrations of Ranque-Hilsch tubes. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_tube for more references. I depicted a Ranque-Hilsch tube in Fig. 30. It is the counter-flow vortex tube type. The counter-flow vortex tubes have the cold and hot outlets on opposite ends of the tube. There is at least one tangential air inlet to the tube. There is a circular cold air outlet in the center of the tube. The hot air outlet is at the outer edges of the tube, far from the air inlet. On the hot air outlet end, I showed a blunt end on the cone valve, which I thought would help prevent slightly cooler air going out the hot air end. For the counter-flow type, De Vera's illustrations did not show a blunt end on the cone valve. The prior theory, without the Bessler principle, seemed to have great difficulty in explaining the large temperature differences coming out of Ranque tubes. With the Bessler principle, I think it is a relatively simple thing to explain. Basically more energy can be acquired from matter internally rotating about horizontal axes. When matter is not internally rotating about horizontal axes, it does not acquire extra energy.
Fig. 30. Example Ranque-Hilsch tube.
Attitude. Suppose, as in Fig. 30, a Ranque tube is placed in an example horizontal position or attitude. The Ranque tube in the figure is oriented with a 90° angle with respect to vertical. A positive angle that is less than 180° is converted to its supplementary angle by subtracting the angle from 180°. For example, the supplementary angle of 45° is 135°. The angle of the hot-end from up-vertical is supplementary to the angle of the hot-end from the down-vertical. Also the angle of the cold-end from up-vertical is supplementary to the angle of the cold-end from the down-vertical. In Fig. 30, the supplementary angle of an end of the Ranque tube oriented at 90° from the up-vertical is 180° - 90°, which is also 90° from the down-vertical.
Higher Temperatures Just Inside Surface of Tube. Just within the gas surface of the shown horizontal attitude Ranque tube, the local-internal-molecular-nuclear rotations and gross translational rotational motion of gas about the center of the tube are all about horizontal axes. Why is that? The gas molecules/atoms coming from the air inlet, at the surface of the tube, tend to bounce-roll along the inside surface of the Ranque tube. Because of the rolling interactions of the molecules/atoms along the inside surface of the Ranque tube, those rolling gas molecules would internally rotate in the opposite direction than the translational rotational flow of that gas. Because of overlap of electron wavefunctions of the atoms with the nuclei within, the internally rotating atoms cause the nuclei within to similarly internally rotate in the same direction as the internally rotating molecules/atoms. Those internally-rotating nuclei then acquire greater internal angular speed about horizontal axes by the Bessler principle. Because of the overlap of the electron wavefunctions with the nuclei, the more rapidly rotating nuclei cause their atoms/molecules to more rapidly rotate about horizontal axes. Those more rapid rotations cause greater translational rolling, when in contact with the smooth surface. The greater translational and internal-rotational motions cause there to be larger translational and larger local-internal-rotational-temperatures associated with the gases coming out from the higher temperature end of the Ranque tube.
Magnetic Fields. The internally-rotating positively-charged nuclear-ground-states near the inside surface of the tube create small magnetic dipoles, which may also help keep internal rotations about axes parallel to the tube, if for example the horizontal tube is in the presence of a strong-favorably-parallel horizontal-magnet-field. A favorable magnetic field for increasing the temperatures of the hot gas may also cause the cool portion to also have a higher temperature. It would probably be best to reduce the magnetic fields during the experiments if possible. During experiments, in addition to recording Ranque tube attitude, it would also be best to record the angles of the tube with respect to the earth’s magnetic fields, assuming those fields are not suppressed.
Colder Temperatures near Center of Tube. With internal rotations of molecules/atoms/nuclei in one direction about axes parallel to the tube, there is continued internal-rotational and translational-rotational interference of molecules/atoms, when they are closer to the center of the tube. This causes both the internal-rotational and translational-rotational motions to be less, when nearer the center of the tube. The rotational and translational temperatures near the center of the tube would be less. Thus the gas near the center of the tube should be cooler.
Ordinary or prior theory often only considered translations (and larger-scale internal-rotations) of fine material with respect to temperatures, without consideration of the internal rotations of the nuclear-ground-states, as affected by the Bessler principle.
More Tube Operation Details. The idea of rotating nuclear-ground-states is usually almost completely ignored. Still, I think that the Bessler principle and the rotations of nuclear-ground-states are central to understanding how the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tubes actually work. For enhanced effects, one should use the more efficient counter-flow tubes (as depicted in Fig. 30) in the experiments rather than the less efficient uni-flow vortex tubes (which have gas outlets on the same end of the tube). If the Ranque-Hilsch tube were moved to a vertical attitude, the acquisition of energy from the Bessler principle would be greatly curtailed, though not quite so much when the sun and moon are on the horizon (or in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the axis of the vertical Ranque tube). A vertical Ranque tube can still receive some slight power from the Bessler principle, if the tube is horizontal with respect to gravitons coming from the sun, the moon, and a relatively small amount of matter near the horizon of the earth. For the vertical Ranque tube, the higher temperature end should typically then not produce as high a rotational temperature with loss of power received by the Bessler principle, from gravity coming from the earth. We should not ignore the aligning-effects of external magnetic fields on tiny magnetic dipoles within the Ranque tubes.
Test for Ranque Tube Temperatures Dependent on Attitude. If the average temperature difference from ends of vertical axis Ranque tubes is less than the temperature difference from ends of horizontal axis Ranque tubes, then this is a positive test for the Bessler principle. Those experiments should be best done when the sun and moon are nearly in the vertical direction. The horizontal and vertical tube results should be taken using the same size opening of the cone valve and using the same inlet air rate. If the temperature difference for the horizontal axis tube is not greater than the average difference for the vertical axis tube, then this would be a negative test for the Bessler principle. Here is another reason for doing the averaging. One can mostly remove any argument that extra temperature difference could come from heat rising to the higher end of the Ranque tube, by averaging the temperature differences for the two vertical axis situations (with angles supplementary): the hot end up and the hot end down.
Greater Temperature Differential for Long Tube. A somewhat longer horizontal Ranque tube should produce a greater temperature differential, compared to a shorter but otherwise equal tube under the same operating conditions. In particular, the tubes should be the same interior diameters and be made of the same materials. This should serve as further evidence for the Bessler principle, since there would be more opportunity for the rotating nuclear-ground-states to acquire greater angular speed by the Bessler principle, despite seemingly greater opportunities for stagnating-rotational-friction associated with a longer tube. The inside surfaces of the tubes should be smooth and without surface obstructions to encourage internal rotations of molecules and nuclei about tube-parallel axes, when the molecules roll on the inside surface of the tube. Longer tubes may also allow a greater separation of the rotationally cooler center gases, by them having more opportunity to not rotate. The rotation would be especially restricted at the very center of the tube, which would require the outlet cold circular opening to be small in radius, to obtain cooler temperatures there.
Effective Vertical Gravitons. To keep the gravitons more vertical, the experiments could reasonably be done at noon or midnight, during a new or full moon. For best performance or having the most vertical gravitons available, one might do comparative experiments at noon, during a new moon, but not during a solar eclipse. It would be best to avoid losing gravitons from the sun or moon by their being absorbed in a large body.
Gas Temperatures. The temperatures of gas on the higher temperature end might be measured by blowing the gas into a small tube-like container to give any rotating nuclear-ground-states within the gas half a chance to give up their rotational kinetic energy to their surroundings and thus have that extra energy be more fully counted temperature-wise.
Another case of turbulence is wind shear. Two adjacent gaseous regions flowing in different horizontal directions could acquire turbulence at their boundary. This could generate internal rotations of molecules about horizontal axes, as the separate regions interact at their boundaries, which by the Bessler principle could further create greater internal rotations of atoms and nuclei about horizontal axes. The internal rotations could create further internal rotations of atoms and molecules. The greater internal rotations of atoms and molecules could create or reinforce external rotations of atoms and molecules in gaseous “tubes”. Such extra external rotations about horizontal axes could help explain situations where turbulence is maintained for unusually long times. Some of the acquired rotational kinetic energy could be transferred to radiation or lost to friction. If the acquired-and-newly-generated energy is not dissipated rapidly enough the rotational motions could create problems for aircraft, especially near the ground where the flow of gases in the regions are constrained to flow in horizontal directions, allowing rotations about horizontal axes at the gaseous interfaces. Airplane wings can leave some turbulence in their wake in part sustained by the Bessler principle. Rotational flows coming from jet engines (containing internally rotating molecules and nuclei) could assist the formation of such wind shear turbulence.
Tornado Formation Conditions. Somewhat like the situation of wind shear, the production of tornados can be greatly enhanced by the Bessler principle. Gaseous masses flowing in generally horizontal directions, having different temperatures and humidity, are sometimes favorable to rotations about horizontal axes. If the sun and the moon are perpendicular to the axes of rotation, this would help create increased rotation about their axes. In particular, if the sun and moon are somewhat in an earth horizontal direction and perpendicular to the axis of turbulence, this could by the Bessler principle assist the acquired rotational flows about earth horizontal axes to transition to rotational flows about earth vertical axes. In both the earth horizontal axis rotational situations and the later earth vertical axis rotational situations, the axes of rotations could then be perpendicular to the graviton-travel-direction coming from the sun and the moon, somewhat from the horizon. One would expect tornados arising from such situations to be more powerful or occur more frequently than without such extra transition assistance of gravitons coming from the sun and the moon, using the Bessler principle.
With moisture droplets, the above words with respect to "Cloud Thermals" could also apply to this "Tornado Production". Extreme cloud thermals could transition to a near-vertical-axis tornado with the rotational assistance of the coriolis "force", but such a situation would again best occur if the sun and moon are somewhat in the horizontal direction, perpendicular to the flow “tube”. A full understanding of the Bessler principle is essential to tornado prediction, with respect to their formation and production.
Tornado Freight Train Sound. Words used to describe a close tornado could include those of the roar of either a railroad train or a jet (as we see for example in http://www.tornadoproject.com/safety/safety.htm).
I think that Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) serves as an example of avoiding the Bessler principle so that ultra-low temperatures may be obtained. The magnetic traps in the BEC experiments appear to use strong vertical magnetic fields. These vertical magnetic fields prevent rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes and thus prevent power acquisition by means of the Bessler principle. The magnetic trap step may not have been designed with avoiding energy reception by the Bessler principle, but the trap appears to have that effect. A previous step used laser cooling of the translational motion of atoms. To attain BEC, there must be ultra-low temperatures with respect to both translations and internal rotations of the nuclear-ground-states. One can see an Internet site of http://jilawww.colorado.edu/bec/ for some details regarding producing Bose-Einstein condensates.
I do not think that the experimenters would be able to attain BEC if they just tried to turn their experiments on their sides. I think that the prior magnetic trapping just wouldn't work, if not modified. They could still do the prior laser cooling though. If they could succeed to do some cooling with respect to translational motion in the presence of horizontal magnetic fields, I think that they would produce translationally cold yet rotationally hot nuclear-ground-states because of the Bessler principle. This could serve as another test of the Bessler principle. If such an arrangement, with horizontal magnetic fields, could allow low BEC temperatures, this would serve as evidence against the Bessler principle. If a few energetic photons are produced (similar to the solar corona), this would be evidence in favor of the Bessler principle.
What could be done to recover the prior magnetic trapping to give BEC a fighting chance of occurring, using horizontal magnetic fields? One could either accelerate the experimental setup horizontally (for a short while) or better yet put the experimental setup in a centrifuge rotating about a vertical axis, to almost "simulate" a nearly horizontal “gravity”. It doesn't actually simulate a nearly horizontal gravity, since as I think the experimental data should show, the BEC low temperature will not occur because of the Bessler principle due to actual vertical gravity. If any such arrangement, with nearly horizontal magnetic fields and nearly horizontal accelerations, would prevent low BEC temperatures, this would serve as evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. It would also show that gravity is not approximately equivalent to an acceleration. I suspect that high temperatures with respect to rotations would be obtained using any such experimental setup, even with low temperatures with respect to translations provided by the laser cooling, and even with the modified magnetic trapping (with nearly horizontal magnetic fields, operating in say a centrifuge).
If a centrifuge about a vertical axis were used to produce large horizontal accelerations, I think it would prevent Bose-Einstein condensation from occurring in the presence of nearly horizontal magnetic fields nearly parallel to the horizontal accelerations. I suppose that the BEC would not occur for such a sideways arrangement because of the Bessler principle. Of course this brings up the question as to whether or not the horizontal axis rotating nuclear-ground-states would also internally rotate once about a vertical axis for each revolution of the centrifuge. I suspect that they would so rotate, if there is a rotating nearly-horizontal magnetic field. If there is such a rotating nearly-horizontal magnetic field to do the magnetic trapping for BEC, then I think that the axes of the rotating nuclear-ground-states would be nearly horizontal-stationary in the rotating system of the centrifuge and I think that the Bessler principle will prevent BEC from occurring.
Study Solar Corona. If one has confidence in the Bessler principle already, why might one want to attempt such strangely modified BEC experiments? With or without any modified magnetic trapping, I think that (as suggested above) it would allow some testing with respect to the mysterious solar corona in laboratories on the earth, without needing to wait around for total solar eclipses. The atoms/nuclei of the solar corona are translationally much cooler than material at lower elevations in the sun's atmosphere. For experimental ease, one might avoid the modified magnetic trapping in a centrifuge and just simply use “stationary” horizontal magnetic fields (in a stationary chamber) along with laser cooling of atoms in a near vacuum to study some characteristics of the solar corona here on earth. Would we observe very energetic radiation coming from such, as electrons collide with rotating nuclear-ground-states? I think we would see them. If atoms/nuclei larger than hydrogen/protons are used, might we even see a rotational ripping apart of such larger nuclei? I suspect that we could observe some rotational ripping apart of larger nuclei. We might look for produced protons and photons. Looking for neutrons might not be effective because of expedited decay, as will be discussed later in paragraph "Neutron Decay Rates" within "Devices to Reduce Radioactivity" within section 8.1 "Devices Dependent upon Bessler Principle".
Also, high temperature successes in this area could provide some guidance to the so-called hot fusion community with respect to how to more correctly proceed, if they really want to produce power somewhat like it is done on the sun. They will need to seek not to enhance hot fusion but rather high power production by means of using the Bessler principle, which principle should be eventually acknowledged as the greatest source of thermal power in this solar system. If they attain high power production by means of using horizontal magnetic fields, then this is evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If they cannot attain high power production by means of using horizontal magnetic fields, then this is evidence against the Bessler principle.
Cement Plant Tour. During my youth, when I was in the Boy Scouts of America, we got to take a tour of a cement plant in Tijeras Canyon, near Albuquerque. They had great rotational kilns used for drying out their product. The kilns rotated about apparently nearly horizontal axes. They put huge iron spheres into the kilns to help dry out the product and to keep them from caking. After much use including bumping into other spheres, the spheres would eventually be worn down to relatively small size balls that they no longer needed in their process. One of the unexpected highlights of the tour was that they gave each of us a spent small iron ball that we could take home and use to play games like giant marbles. It was great fun playing with them. The people giving the tour didn't say anything about the Bessler principle or go into the physics of drying out the cement. One could presume that the balls would be raised, as the kilns were rotated and thus acquire translational and rotational kinetic energy.
Prior Use of Bessler Principle for Drying. They didn't say anything about balls rotating about horizontal axes could acquire extra heat by the Bessler principle, which heat could be used in the drying out process. The nuclei within the balls would be caused to rotate internally about horizontal axes and would in turn receive greater internal rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle, which would be converted into heat energy and thus assist in the drying out process. It wasn't just the rotating balls that provided energy by the Bessler principle. Also the rotating container itself and all the rotating contents within contributed to energy production by the Bessler principle. In hindsight, such things could be indirect evidence for the Bessler principle, since such things were effective ways to just get the job done. In retrospect, the Bessler principle probably greatly saved them on their energy bills.
Use Bessler Principle for Drying Cement. The operators of similar plants might want to consider the choice of angular speed for similar kilns with respect to production of heat by the Bessler principle. Smaller ball sizes might cause larger angular speeds of the balls, as long as the smaller sizes of balls still allow rolling in the surrounding material. Generally, if the operators can manage to rotate at larger angular speeds, without caking, that should produce more rotational kinetic energy by the Bessler principle, thus reducing the company's energy expenditures, which should increase their profits. Larger angular speeds typically have greater friction costs so it is somewhat a performance tradeoff process. Taking a tip from the railroad wheels, massive wheels internally rotating at just the right angular speed and nearly scraping product off the edges (so as to avoid rubbing and bumping of metals), might allow the Bessler principle to be more directly used and reduce the energy expenditures in drying the cement powder-product.
I could have mentioned many other phenomena that I have been made aware of that could provide supporting evidence of the Bessler principle. I will currently just pass over many of such items in silence. As others are aware of other potential evidences of the Bessler principle, they are welcome to consider them. Whenever or wherever there is a rotation about a horizontal axis or there might be rotations about horizontal axes, I hope that the reader has been made sufficiently aware of the situation to ponder the possibility of connections with the Bessler principle. If there is an unexplained phenomenon or occurrence potentially having something to do with rotation about horizontal axes, I would hope that the reader would contemplate the possibility that the Bessler principle could provide a ready explanation. If the Bessler principle really is a fundamental overlooked physical principle, we should expect it to make its appearance during many cases involving rotations about horizontal axes.
Favoring of Power Extraction about Horizontal Axes. I think that it is not a coincidence that many practical power extractors use rotations about horizontal axes. The idea (of many power extractors using rotations about horizontal axes) is not because rotational friction about horizontal axes can be made to be less than rotational friction about vertical axes. Rotations about vertical axes can be made efficient with respect to friction. Consider some extreme cases for masses rotating efficiently about vertical axes. Consider a small mass hard disk drive efficiently rotating about a vertical axis. Consider a massive stone gate to Coral Castle, which could easily be rotated by a child about a vertical axis, until it was disabled for safety reasons or the bearings died. In those cases, there wasn't much of a desire to extract more power. Nonetheless, the choice is often made for using rotations about horizontal axes for cases of extraction of power. That is because they have been shown to be more efficient for power conversion and especially so when the mass of the object rotating about the horizontal axis is greater. If we ignore the Bessler principle, a larger mass rotating about a horizontal axis would reasonably only increase friction in the bearings being used. Many times the choice is made to use more mass for rotations about horizontal axes, since it happens to be more efficient. I think that the Bessler principle is the real reason why the horizontal axis systems are so often chosen for efficient rotations of large masses, for purposes of power extraction. One could consider the total efficiency of extracting power from something (steam, wind, water, etc.) using a turbine. In this paragraph, I was somewhat trying to ignore the cases where rotations had to be about horizontal axes for direct practicality sake, such as water mills, cars, and other vehicles.
Efficiency Parts. There are different parts of the efficiency that contribute to the total efficiency. Separating out the different parts of the efficiency is not simple, especially if there is an important part of the efficiency that is improperly ignored or improperly assumed to be zero. Many prior analyses completely ignored the Bessler principle or implicitly assumed there could be no net energy contributed from rotations of masses about horizontal axes. Following that old logic, any power extraction turbine for extraction of power from rotations about a horizontal axis should be made as light as possible to avoid increasing the friction on the bearings. Actual systems are not going this way in practice, but without an understanding of the Bessler principle, it may be confusing why such things (rotating more massive objects about horizontal axes) are more practical. Wind turbines using rotations about horizontal axes are becoming more massive in practice, but I think that the actual reason behind this was previously not well understood. Flywheels rotating about horizontal axes in engines may be assumed for stabilizing the performance of engines, but they actually allow the engines to have greater performance for another reason. I think that the real reason behind this performance increase is the Bessler principle.
Bearing Inefficiency. One crude way, to somewhat separate out the idea of bearing inefficiency about a horizontal axis, from the other portions of the inefficiency, would be to measure the physical wearing on the bearing. Another crude way to estimate bearing efficiency would be to look at the bearings using infrared cameras. A hot portion suggests inefficiency in the bearing, assuming we can rule out infrared radiation caused by the Bessler principle. As a matter of practicality, we may want to avoid (where possible) rotations that are so rapid that they create infrared radiation in bearings even if due to the Bessler principle, since that would heat up the lubricants in the bearings.
The Bessler principle provides the basis for explaining a large number of phenomena, including how the mysterious solar corona actually produces its power and why this earth is not a frozen ice ball. Some specific evidences of the Bessler principle are: Jupiter's radiation, Saturn's warm south pole vortex, Saturn's excess radiation, Venus not frozen, Mars not frozen, Mercury not frozen, excess meteor energy, cloud thermals, ball lightning, snowflakes, airglow, jet engine partial power, turbulence dependent on attitude, Ranque tube temperatures dependent on attitude, larger temperature differences from longer Ranque tubes, wind shear, tornado production, BEC avoidance of Bessler principle, no low BEC temperatures with horizontal magnetic fields, and high temperatures with horizontal magnetic fields.
Wheel Invention. It is a common expression, "Don't reinvent the wheel." Still, was the wheel fully invented? One might say and ask, “Of course, the wheel was certainly invented, long ago. Wheels have been used since ancient times.” (An appendix will provide some examples of ordinary and lower friction wheels, in context of their geography). “How could the wheel not have been fully invented?” Another might answer, "If we never previously understood the full properties of a wheel rotating about a horizontal axis, then we have not fully understood the wheel. If we have not fully understood the wheel, then we don't fully understand its capabilities. We don't fully understand the actual capabilities of the wheel by itself, if we have neither understood the Bessler principle nor understood how to construct very low friction mechanical bearings for massive wheels. Consequently the wheel has not yet been fully invented, until we understand the Bessler principle and we have constructed very low friction mechanical bearings for massive wheels."
Wheel Understanding. There
is evidence that someone has previously understood what the wheel (rotating
about a horizontal axis) was fully capable of doing. Johann Ernst Elias Bessler (
Some Capabilities of Bessler's Wheel. One can for example find many details related to Bessler's life and his wheels in John Collins' 1997 book Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? (PM97). Bessler kept the interior of his wheels nearly a secret. As a condition of obtaining protection and employment at Hesse-Kassel, Bessler was required to show the interior of the largest, the Kassel wheel, to Karl the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. Karl swore an oath that he (Karl) would never reveal the workings within the interior of the wheel, until Bessler had satisfactorily profited from his invention. See pp. 39, 158, and 208 of PM97. I think that keeping the interior of the wheels hidden was a ruse by Bessler to hide the real secrets of his invention. Bessler's Kassel wheel could be started with a gentle push of two fingers in either desired direction, p. 16 of PM97. It would rapidly gain rotational speed until it attained a particular angular speed. Bessler's Kassel wheel was capable of continuously turning an Archimedes screw to pump water, which upon being hooked up caused the rate of wheel turning to reduce from the twenty-six turns in a minute to twenty turns in a minute, pp. 107-108 of PM97. Stopping the unencumbered, fully-rotating wheel could lift a man off the ground, p. 108 of PM97. The Kassel wheel could lift a seventy pound load of bricks, p. 16 of PM97. The Kassel wheel was able to rotate continuously for fifty-four days, pp. 16 and 93 of PM97. The wheel rotated within a sealed-guarded room, while making distracting noises as it rotated, as eight weights hit the inside edge every cycle. Within the test the wheel was only forcibly stopped once and that was after two weeks. It was then tested for six weeks more for a total of two days short of eight weeks, pp. 93 and 96-97 of PM97. The wheel was twelve feet in diameter and about eighteen inches in depth, pp. 16 and 20 of PM97. Another estimate of its thickness was about fourteen inches, p. 110 of PM97.
Two Secrets of Bessler's Wheels. I think that the two primary secrets of any of Bessler's wheels were two closely-associated, hidden ideas. The first secret was that Bessler used a pair of very-low-friction mechanical bearings for each wheel. Though partly visible, Bessler was very careful to take attention away from them. The second secret was the friction-masked Bessler principle, which caused the very low friction wheels to work. Johann Ernst Elias Bessler or as he called himself Orffyreus symbolically wrote about and discussed both secrets in his Apologia. See Appendix B.
Many Perpetual Motion Mobiles. I think that his brother built a large number of perpetual motion mobiles under the guidance of Orffyreus. Orffyreus described the mobiles in the incomplete collection of notes and illustrations now known as Maschinen Tractate, as published by John Collins. All those mobiles depended upon both Bessler's very low friction mechanical bearings and Bessler's principle. The Bessler principle was discussed earlier in Chapter 3 "BESSLER’S PRINCIPLE". Bessler's very low friction mechanical bearing will be discussed later in 9.1 "Low Friction Orffyrean Roller Bearing". In hindsight, one can now understand how a large number of the perpetual motion mobiles could be built by Orffyreus and his brother. They were, I suspect, typically built according to the instructions/drawings of Orffyreus. I think that often a large wheel contained a pair of very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings at its center.
Almost anything could be placed inside each wheel and it would be a perpetual motion mobile. There were some constraints upon what he could place inside. It apparently needed to be fairly well balanced (without any stationary preference for position) and needed to have low enough friction-robbing-power, relative to the power being extracted from gravity (at low angular speeds). For the exterior, Bessler typically used structurally stable wood. I suspect that the wood was sturdy and fairly new dry wood.
These things explain how Bessler often took so long building or working on "his wheel". Bessler was not building just a single wheel but rather a large number of wheels. That explains both how Orffyreus could give his brother employment building many perpetual motion machines, and how all the perpetual motion mobiles found in Maschinen Tractate were built, according to Orffyreus's claims. The long time working on "his wheel" was effectively yet another ruse to keep secret the nature of his invention, while simultaneously privately establishing the triumphant extent of what perpetual motion mobiles were fully capable of doing. The full extent would apparently become known after he sold his wheel.
Bessler's Bearings. It should be obvious that for a solid wheel to turn indefinitely about a horizontal axis it would need to have very low friction bearings. If the wheel, while rotating, produced a weak source of power and if that power was lost to friction say in the bearings, then such bearings with friction would be counter-productive. Bessler's bearings had to be very low friction bearings. Bessler's bearings were amazing also in that (1) they didn't burn out, (2) they didn't wear out with very heavy use, and (3) they were amazingly structurally efficient. The Kassel wheel supposedly turned on just "iron" bearings on the two axle ends, with each bearing being three-quarters of an inch in diameter, pp. 20, 110, and 162 of PM97. These bearings were able to support a wheel whose weight was estimated to be seven hundred pounds, pp. 16 and 20 of PM97. The wheel rotated at an angular speed of twenty-six revolutions a minute, p. 16 of PM97. I reiterate. Each bearing was only three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The size alone of these bearings, allowing such a heavy load to “perpetually” turn (independent of the actual source of power) should alone suggest that they were amazingly compact and capable bearings. They "never" wore out. There was never a record of the bearings burning out. There was never a record of the bearings being oiled or lubricated.
Bearing Avoidance. Bessler seemed to always take any attention away from the bearings and always actively focused attention on the wheels themselves. Whenever he destroyed one of his wheels, he emphasized the destruction of the wheel itself. If Bessler had to refer to the bearings, he used the dullest terms available, such as "iron bearings", p. 110 of PM97, as these are the words that come down to us. An exterior view of the bearings likely may have appeared to be an iron surface (possibly showing a little bit of rust there, so as to emphasize the idea that they really were iron bearings), but it was the interior that counted. The complete nature of the bearings appeared to be a subject that he wanted to keep discussion away from, at all costs.
It was Professor 'sGravesande's private inspection of the uncovered bearings of the Kassel wheel (see pp. 162 and 170 of PM97) that put Bessler in such a rage that Bessler broke his wheel into pieces that same day (see pp. 118-119 and 170 of PM97). I can imagine that if Professor 'sGravesande had taken a roller bearing and rotated the central roller axle that it would have just kept rotating for quite a while, much longer than that of a "normal" bearing. Try doing that with just one of today’s lubricated bearings, without the bearing being attached to a wheel. They really were amazing bearings. See the short verses or poem, pp. 118-119 of PM97, that Orffyreus (while in an apparent rage) wrote on the wall after Professor 'sGravesande inspected the bearings. The poem makes reference to why he smashed the wheel. He curiously mentioned nothing at all about the bearings, which was the only significant thing that was different about 'sGravesande's surprise inspection, without Orffyreus being present. When Karl the Landgrave ordered at 'sGravesande's request that the wheel be dismounted from its supports (see pp. 119 and 169-170 of PM97), Karl wasn't aware of that he was supposed to be protecting the bearings. Karl had previously only promised not to tell about the interior of Bessler's wheel, pp. 39, 158, and 208 of PM97, but all along it was the bearings that Bessler was actually most concerned about protecting.
I think it was actually to protect the bearings that Bessler had his own guard to watch Karl's guard as Karl's guard guarded the wheel kept under lock and key (see www.keelynet.com/energy/bessler.htm).
The poem was very supportive of Karl. Bessler's bearing protection plan backfired by his not telling Karl that he was actually most interested in protecting the bearings. Still, Bessler could never divulge that it was the very low friction bearings that he was actually most interested in protecting, as then his hidden plan for bearing protection would have been revealed.
Bessler Principle. The second secret (though the most important secret) associated with wheel turning upon the low friction bearings was a fundamental property of matter rotating about horizontal axes. This property could properly be referred to as the Bessler principle, as Bessler's wheels had such low total friction that they allowed that the property (which he exploited) to be directly manifest. The Bessler principle (as was discussed in Chapter 3) may simply be stated that any matter rotating about a horizontal axis acquires power from gravity, so as to increase the rate of rotation (in the absence of friction). Even simpler (as it avoids quantifying how much friction is present) was the simple power statement of the Bessler principle from Chapter 3, "Any wheel rotating about a horizontal axis receives internal power."
Associated with this principle are some understood details. The larger the rate of rotation means more power is extracted from gravity. For low enough friction, the rate of rotation increases until it is in equilibrium with friction drawing away power. If friction extracts more power than is produced by the Bessler principle, then the rotational rate decreases to an equilibrium value. If friction is large (as is the common case), then equilibrium corresponds to the wheel slowing to a stop.
Dual Secrets Protected Bessler's Invention. The nature of these two interwoven secrets (one the ignored very low-friction bearings and the other an ignored principle dependent on the low-friction bearings) helped keep Bessler's invention secret then and now. Bessler did explain these things in his Apologia or more precisely Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE but he encoded the solution. See the decoded solution in Appendix B or in my Bessler’s Little Book Decoded after it is separately published or was partly published in http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/GravitySummaryNews.txt on 19 March 2011.
Bessler Understood His Invented Wheel. The more complete understanding, of the wheel, may be summed up in a greatly ignored major physical principle. Because the principle has been greatly ignored, there are many implications of the principle and there are many examples in which the principle may be used to explain many poorly explained scientific phenomena. Bessler might have had difficulty understanding his principle, without his bearing invention, though he was fortunately made aware of the principle by his reading about it (i.e. the idea or principle of a wheel turning by itself) in an earlier report. Bessler's low friction bearing enabled Bessler to understand his principle and many related things. See Appendix B for more discussion.
Bessler's Wheels Lost. Bessler had various enemies who were adamant on the complete suppression of his wheels. Bessler (i.e. Orffyreus) was arrested and evidence was taken. Bessler was not charged with anything, so he was freed. Karl, the powerful and influential Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, later briefly wrote in Bessler's defense but the damage to Bessler's reputation had already been done by propagated information that he had been arrested. See p. 168 of PM97. Given that he was arrested, was that not proof enough of his fraud? Many people would rather believe lies and rumors than the evidence. Before and after the arrest, ad hominems were used in place of trying to attack the many evidences of the wheels. Bessler was never able to sell a single one of his wheels. I think that, if Bessler could have sold one of his wheels, it would have greatly changed the course of history. With the exception of his writings, the secrets of Bessler's wheels died with Bessler. No one seemed to know where the Bessler’s “iron” bearings went. There was a large amount of experimental evidence for Bessler's wheels but it was somehow greatly ignored. It took much effort by John Collins to bring back the message of Bessler's wheels (and implicitly of Bessler’s bearings).
Lost Wheels Found. Bessler's writings provide much indirect information about his principle and his roller bearings. Armed with these things, we are in a position to restore information about how and why Bessler's wheels worked. It didn't greatly matter what sort of "cover story" or "distracting" mechanism was hidden inside Bessler's wheel, since with low enough friction they would all work, given the Bessler principle for a reasonably well-balanced wheel, with sufficient internal structural integrity.
View within Kassel Wheel. I suspect that what Karl previously saw was a "covering-mechanism" of eight relatively small weights falling/sliding along eight nearly straight wire segments near the inside edges of the Kassel wheel. He may have had some pieces of metal attached within the wheel for purposes of balancing the wheel and for show, if he needed to distract the thoughts of people when reaching within the cover of the wheel. I suspect that the wires were connected to the inner rim at eight attachment points. The eight nearly straight wire segments may have been produced by a single taunt wire going around the inside edge through the eight attachment points. See Fig. 31. Because of rotational motion, the fallings/slidings occurred over a large height on one side and over a much smaller height on the other side. Bangs were likely louder on one side of the wheel. The same spots would be repeatedly hit on each wheel cycle. Karl was by his oath not to divulge the very simple covering-mechanism that he observed. My suggested covering-mechanism is consistent with Karl's clue that it was "so simple and easy to construct that he was amazed that no one had managed to invent a similar machine before Herr Orffyreus." (p. 158 of PM97). Karl was apparently only making reference with respect to what he visually saw within the wheel. Karl apparently thought that Orffyreus's Kassel machine depended purely upon the simple design within the wheel, when the wheel actually worked by means of the Bessler principle because of the exceptionally low total friction. I think that Fig. 31 appropriately accounts for the situation. It is quite simple and accounts for the eight falling weights, hitting on the hard hitting side, always at the same locations on the wheel.
Fig. 31. Likely simple-distracting mechanism within Kassel wheel.
Such a device would only work with low enough friction supplied by the special very-low-friction bearings. Karl couldn't see with his eyes the rotations of the nuclear ground states and their further rotational empowerment by the absorption of two-part gravitons. The actual hidden mechanism was the Bessler principle, which was able to manifest itself, if the special mechanical bearings had low enough friction to not destroy the power source. I think that when modern-day versions of Bessler's Orffyrean roller bearings are produced, then modern-day versions of all of Bessler's lost wheels will be constructed or found, which will account for all the recorded observations.
Before we can fully realize how the lost Bessler wheels can be found anew because of the Bessler principle, we need to take a few steps “backward” to address the background of how a veiled or hidden Bessler principle can be possible in the context of frames of references. As Karl’s eyes couldn’t see certain veiled things of great importance to Bessler’s wheel, we need to penetrate that veil of understanding, if we really want to comprehend the “new” type of hidden wheel. We need to clarify a few veiled things related to translations and rotations.
Translation. A free particle can have its translational velocity changed very slightly, if it absorbs a discrete electric field. If a particle is not bound with respect to another particle, then its kinetic energy is not quantized with respect to translation. I suppose one could say that the quantization with respect to translation is so fine that it typically may not be experimentally measured. The aggregate of many discrete electric fields being absorbed allows an experimental measurement. We can just simply say that unbound translations are not effectively quantized. That means that with respect to any particular inertial reference frame a particle can have any non-negative kinetic energy.
Inertial Reference Frames. One could define an inertial reference frame to be a frame in which all discrete electric and gravitational fields locally travel in straight lines. It is difficult to measure such veiled fields, since absorption of individual discrete fields would destroy them. The inertial reference frames could be approximately those frames in which light travels in straight lines. Light comes in individually measurable packets and the packets of light can be collimated. As gravity causes light to deviate from straight lines, the bending due to gravity would need to be accounted for or somewhat removed by only considering the motion of light over short enough times. Two inertial reference frames would be connected by Galilean transformation of their coordinates. That basically means that their coordinates may be connected by the relative velocities of the inertial reference frames. Assuming the frames are aligned in the same orientation, a coordinate in one system plus the appropriate relative velocity component multiplied by time (from coordinate matchup) is a coordinate in another system. In say an infinite expanding universe, there could be inertial reference frames separated so far away that the relative velocity component would need to be greater in magnitude than the speed of light. For separated frames, the relative velocity component would need to increase with time in an expanding universe. One might not want to make measurements from an inertial reference frame that is too far away, as the distantly-measured speed of light would not be constant across the distant frames. Locally the inertial reference frame associated with the preponderance of matter is of much interest.
Light Speed/Motion. It is supposed that the speed of light is a local constant relative to the local inertial reference frame associated with the preponderance of local most interacting matter. Such an assumption would account for the constancy of the null result measurements for changes of the speed of light from a single source (yet traveling in different directions relative to the earth's motion) in the 1887 Michelson and Morley experiment. Similarly also, a source of light coming from a distant star would locally be traveling at a constant speed of light within the local inertial reference frame according to the preponderance of matter locally. See the later discussion in Chapter 10 about cosmic rays for further evidence that such an assumption about the speed of light is reasonable. Despite the absorption of say nearly "discretely isotropic" distributions of gravitons far out in free space, a free particle acquires slight speed, even though initially approximately at rest in the inertial reference frame containing the preponderance of local matter. A coordinate system rotating with respect to an inertial reference frame would have almost all light beams (except those beams traveling on the rotational axis) changing their directions, without the assistance of gravity.
Motion Relative to Inertial Frame. In the inertial reference frame at rest with respect to the preponderance of local matter, I think that gravitons travel in straight lines at the speed of light (or greater than the speed of light, for light slowed down by interaction with matter). I think that there is roughly an isotropic source of discrete gravitons for gravitons coming to us from distances equal to or greater than the discrete-distant-visible nearly-isotropically-distributed galaxies. When a single particle moves out in space relative to the preponderance of matter, this imposes a gravitational source asymmetry for the gravitons that the particle receives. See Chapter 10. Because of absorption of gravitons, a particle can change its motion relative to an inertial frame.
Rotation. It is sometimes said that a particle is rotationally quantized or bound according to its angular momentum being conserved. Still, the particle (composed of many finest fundamental particles) in that same quantum rotational state can absorb a two-part graviton and increase its angular speed or angular momentum very slightly according to the Bessler principle. It would remain in its same larger quantum state, but that state could be slightly different rotationally. Also, a particle (larger than a finest fundamental charge) can absorb an electric field and increase its angular speed or angular momentum very slightly. These things would suggest that, a zero quantum state of angular momentum is apparently not rotationally "tied" to any particular rotational-coordinate-system. A nuclear-ground-state can rotate slightly, if for example it has absorbed discrete electric fields or discrete gravitons and if its acquired slight angular speed has not been given up by interaction with other things. Electrons or photons bouncing off the rotating nuclear-ground-state could also cause some slight "unquantized" amounts of rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum to either be delivered or be carried away.
One might ask a more probing question, "With respect to absorptions of gravity, what reference frame (associated with an object) contains the most rotationally stable zero of angular momentum or angular speed?" Here is a possible answer. Inertial reference frames might be considered to be non-rotating.
No Rotational Bias in Inertial Reference Frames. A pair of opposite fundamental charges that are not rotating with respect to an inertial reference frame would have no rotation relative to a graviton coming in. If such a pair of opposite fundamental charges were to absorb a graviton, the pair would internally receive very little or no angular speed in that inertial reference frame. There would essentially only be two separate downward pulls. Given self-attraction, because of the spatial separation and the time delay between the absorption of the two parts of the graviton, there might be at times a slight rotation imparted. If self-attraction can be ignored or it doesn’t occur during the time that the graviton is absorbed, then a pair of opposite finest fundamental charges (at rest in an inertial reference frame) would receive no rotation relative to their prior center of mass. At any rate, there would be no total bias in angular speed over many similar pairs of non-rotating (or net non-rotating) opposite fundamental-charges. There would similarly be no bias for an "isotropic" source of gravitons, as may approximately occur out in free space. A free particle containing many opposite fundamental charges tends to remain rotationally stationary, when initially rotationally-at-rest in the inertial reference frame with respect to the preponderance of local matter.
Bessler Principle for Determining Rotational Bias. The last paragraph is a partial argument that there should exist frames, namely the local inertial reference frames at rest with respect to the preponderance of local most-interacting matter, in which, if objects have no initial rotation with respect to them, they tend to not acquire rotational motion from gravity. This is in accordance with the Bessler principle or rather the Bessler principle was implicitly making such an assumption. In principle, the Bessler principle might be used to find such frames, if low enough friction devices are available. One could hold an object stationary with respect to the frame and release it, without “any” jarring of the object. There should tend to be no rotation obtained, if it is such an inertial reference frame.
Rotational Bias in Rotating Coordinate Systems. If it is not an inertial reference frame, it may preferentially acquire angular speed. It might not detect a rotational bias, if for example the frame were rotating about a vertical axis and the object released from it can only rotate with very low friction about a horizontal axis. The detection of rotational bias could test for object rotation about the vertical axis and about two orthogonal horizontal axes. An inertial frame should show no later rotation of very-low-friction objects when released with respect to three mutually orthogonal axes.
Measure Rotational Bias in Rotating Coordinate Systems. In a non-inertial rotating frame (such as the earth) there could be a releasing without “any” jarring, which should produce measurable biased rotations, for the appropriate component of initial angular velocity of the frame. For example, we could do an experiment on the equator, with the axis of rotation being horizontal along a geographic north-south line. Once it is released, the acquired angular velocity should, without jarring, tend to point toward the north, as that is the initial direction of the angular velocity of the earth and all portions of the earth attached to it. The convention for angular velocity is that it points in the direction that a right-hand screw would move according to the screw being rotated that way. These experiments would need to be done after there are devices with low enough rotational friction comparable to the McKinley low friction demonstration. Note that during the 1968 McKinley low friction demonstration, the rotation acquired angular velocity was more in a southern than in a northern direction. That is the wheel after it acquired angular speed was observed to be rotating counterclockwise as viewed from its south side. The reason for the apparent discrepancy was that there was an initial wobbling observed just after the ultra-low friction bearing was formed. Such a wobbling would constitute a relatively large jarring.
One possible way to release such a low friction wheel with very little jarring might be to hold the cylindrical axle up on one side from below using a flat horizontal surface lowering it extremely slowly. That could be done repetitively (with long pauses between any later observed turnings to effectively stop the internally rotating nuclear-ground-states within the wheel, relative to the earth) only allowing it to acquire enough rotation to see which way it “decided” to turn before raising the surface back up to stop the turning. Could we use such devices and procedures to detect the rotation of the earth? I would suspect that with those non-jarring procedures and a very sensitive Bessler wheel device, as was used in the 1968 McKinley low friction demonstration, that we could detect the direction of rotation of the earth. Later tests will determine if there is sufficiently low friction in such a device for the detection of the rotation of the earth. Friction on the wheel provided by the air could be reduced in such tests by doing the tests at high altitude or with closer to vacuum conditions.
Non-rotating. Such experiments can be taken as allowing the determination of what is non-rotating. Is non-rotating with respect to the earth or the fixed celestial stars? On the equator, one could do low friction experiments with the rotation axis parallel to earth’s axis and see if non-rotating is with respect to stars or the earth. I think it is more precisely with respect to the “fixed” furthest galaxies but much precision is needed to do such an experiment. Upon gently releasing the ultra-low-friction wheel that was attached with respect to the earth, I think that it would begin to acquire greater rotations in the same direction as the earth is rotating with respect to the celestial frame of galaxies. One would need to be very patient to see the results because of the small angular speeds. If it is possible to do the experiment, vibrations in the ground at the time of release must be minimized. Also there need to be no air currents that could disrupt the results. Again, doing such experiments in vacuum would be preferable.
Out in space in a geosynchronous and geostationary orbit above the orbit, would a freely floating object that initially is rotationally stationary with respect to the celestial “fixed” galaxies not acquire greater rotations? I think it would not preferentially acquire greater rotations, at least not until initial angular speed errors are allowed to grow because of the Bessler principle. Would a freely floating object that initially is rotationally stationary with respect to the rotating earth acquire greater rotations with the same rotational direction as the earth? I think it would acquire greater rotations, in agreement with results of the above earth-bound experiments. I don’t know if it is possible to do such precise experiments.
All those things indicate that “the wheel” is much different than we initially may have supposed it to be and that yes the new hidden wheel can indeed be found, though it might require much effort.
Appendix C can help us learn about the locations of some ancient ordinary-practical wheels and the geography related to some ordinary and lower friction practical wheels. With knowledge of ancient practical wheels, we then should study the means by which friction was reduced in such wheels.
How do wheel discoveries apply to practical situations so that we can discover more about the wheel? Within wheels there are atoms and within atoms there are nuclei which rotate like little wheels. Let us first consider some ordinary things such as soup being heated and such as hot soup being cooled.
Heating Soup. There is an old expression "A watched pot never boils". Might there be something more than the psychological and thermal insulation aspects of the expression? Might one need to cover a pot with a lid not only to help keep heat from escaping but also to allow water molecules in the water vapor to begin rotating about horizontal axes and serve as a slight extra source of heat? Within the rotating water molecules would be nuclei that should also tend to similarly rotate. The nuclei rotating about horizontal axes should acquire slight additional kinetic energy by the Bessler principle and this extra energy should contribute to the heating of the soup. Now switch from considering heating soup to the opposite situation of cooling hot soup.
Consider Blowing on Soup to Cool It. Feynman noted that as more energetic molecules leave the surface of liquid they carry away a bit more energy. Then Feynman noted, "If we blow on the water so as to maintain a continuous preponderance in the number evaporating, then the water is cooled. Hence, blow on soup to cool it!" See p. 1-6 of Vol. I of The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1963) by R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands. While these things are quite reasonable, might there be finer levels that could be considered for exchanging energy according to rotating nuclear-ground-states? Might there not be fine radiation given off and interacting with many such inner "wheels" that somewhat allows the exchange of energy, momentum, angular momentum, and temperature? Without an equilibrium between translations and fine rotations, might there not be a separate temperature corresponding to the rotation of the inner wheels?
Soup might also be cooled off in tiny part because the exchanging of radiation between the more rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states within the soup and the less rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states within the imposed breath. The interactions could especially include: direct occasional touching of rotating atomic wavefunctions and indirect rotational touching of rotating nuclear-ground-states or nuclear-magnetic-moments. The radiations coming from rotating nuclei in earth's atmosphere and other interactions might give slight credence to some of these ideas. The soup could be cooled off translationally and rotationally by a combination of fast molecules departing, radiation departing, rotating nuclear magnetic moments indirectly touching, rotating nuclear-ground-states indirectly touching, and rotating atomic electron wavefunctions directly interacting at times. When one blows on hot soup, one also blows away a higher temperature vapor boundary-region, of rotating states, which boundary-region can serve as a slight source of providing extra energy for the soup. Thermal equilibrium for cooling off soup includes more than translational temperature equilibrium. It also includes rotational temperature equilibrium.
With a possible interaction between atomic electron wavefunctions and the nuclei, does rotating a wheel about an axis have an effect upon the rotations of the nuclear ground states within? Given ordinary sustained rotations of wheels like in cars and railroad cars, which have apparent increases in mpg as angular speed increases, there would appear to be an increase in the angular speed of nuclear ground states within wheels, whenever the wheels have sustained angular speeds. There is an apparent equilibrium that comes about in the angular speed of the nuclear ground states within wheels. We have not considered the rapidity with which this apparent equilibrium sets in. The equilibrium times, for different types of ordinary materials, need to be studied. We will consider related ideas later in this Chapter 6, in Chapter 8, in Chapter 9, and in Appendix D.
How can we test out our guesses about some of these wheel related ideas? How can we test to see how energy and angular momentum might be transferred from rotating nuclear-ground-states? When very low friction mechanical bearings are eventually built, we could build a Bessler pendulum and see how it propagates angular momentum between wheels. Such a pendulum and its expected behavior will now be considered. Different sorts of material could be used in the construction of the wheels within Bessler pendulums to study the properties of transferring energy and angular momentum, within the different sorts of material.
Bessler Pendulum. See a representation of Bessler's drawing of the Bessler pendulum, as depicted in the center pendulum within MT 13 of Bessler's Maschinen Tractate (http://www.orffyre.com/mt1-20.html). The Bessler pendulum should use very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings. With the assistance of an Orffyrean roller bearing, the pendulum rotates about the central pivot. With the assistance of another Orffyrean roller bearing, the wheel on the lighter end rotates. The heavier end of the pendulum has a heavy dual-pointed anvil-like object that should best be streamlined so that it presents little friction as it moves through the air. One arm of the pendulum connects to the heavy dual-pointed object. The opposite arm of the pendulum connects to the wheel on the lighter end.
Fig. 32 is a modification of the center pendulum within MT 13. I replaced the curved support opposite-arms by a single rectangle, as it was easier to draw. I should have drawn the heavier-end arm apparently more massive to be more like MT 13. There could be one bearing at the center pendulum pivot (but one on each side might be better, with respect to side motion stability). There could be another bearing in the center of the top wheel of the lighter-end portion of the pendulum (but two bearings might be better). The drawing curiously somewhat represents details of an overlarge bearing at the center pendulum pivot. I am sure that Bessler was not trying to represent actual or complete bearing details. Nonetheless in hindsight he may have been giving some clues. As an interesting comparison, I am showing in Fig. 33 some of what might be some actual enlarged bearing internal details that will later be discussed within Chapter 9. Fig. 33 doesn't show much of the necessary outer bearing cylinder support. An inner ring is used to represent the points of closest noncontacts of intermediate roller cylinders in the bearings. Bessler used small yet extremely-sturdy, low-friction bearings for his wheels. Bessler's actual bearings were about 3/4 inch in diameter, pp. 20, 110, and 162 of PM97. That means that the central bearing shown in Fig. 32 was likely drawn much too large with respect to its actual size. Also to be a practical Bessler pendulum, the lighter end wheel would need to be more massive than apparently according to Bessler's figure or my rendition of it via MT 13. A more properly sized Bessler pendulum might be depicted in Fig. 34. The lighter-end wheel must not be made so massive that it becomes the heavier end of the pendulum. Nonetheless, I could have allowed the top wheel to be more massive and provide less ordinary torque in its use, by locating that heavier top wheel closer to the main pendulum pivot.
Fig. 32. Bessler pendulum with Bessler's exaggerated sizes.
Fig. 33. Bessler pendulum with some bearing details.
Fig. 34. Properly-sized Bessler pendulum.
There are appropriate time delays or quenching times, as rotational kinetic energy is conveyed from rotating nuclear-ground-states to their surrounding wheel and then on to the full pendulum. Such delays or quenching times should be made clearer by the observed behavior of the operating Bessler pendulum.
Boiled or Raw Egg? Before more consideration of the Bessler pendulum, we should consider some simpler wheel tests similar to tests on chicken eggs to see if they have been boiled. Spin an egg on a flat hard-horizontal surface the short way about a vertical axis. Then with your fingers briefly stop it and let it go. It may take some practice. If it resumes spinning a little, then the egg has not been boiled. If it doesn’t resume any spinning, then it has been boiled. Ignore the case of the egg being frozen. We could consider the cellular egg yolk slightly like the nucleus of an atom. There are outward connections with each type of nucleus (within egg/atom). Now with a solid stainless steel wheel rotating for a long time about a horizontal axis, using Orffyrean roller bearings, very briefly mechanically stop the wheel and let it go. Because of the nuclei within the wheel didn’t have enough time to fully stop rotating about horizontal axes and because the nuclei within should continue to acquire rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle during the very brief stopping, when the wheel is released, it should somewhat resume rotating about its horizontal axis, as angular momentum from the rotating nuclei is transferred outward to the wheel. Such phenomena are related to the quenching times for the Bessler pendulum.
Bessler Pendulum Operation. This is how I think that the Bessler pendulum should properly operate for ultra-low-mechanical-friction rotational connections using Orffyrean roller bearings. The solid pendulum is provided a little initial motion. Using ultra-low-friction sensors, there is an internal release (with respect to the pendulum) of the very low friction somewhat massive wheel (on the lighter end), when it is at its maximum elevation point and when the pendulum has its maximum angular speed. That somewhat massive released wheel continues to rotate with increased internal angular speed by the Bessler principle. As the Bessler pendulum continues to rotate, the center “point” of the wheel slows down in translation speed, as it approaches its first point of minimum elevation. The wheel may continue to rotate with increased angular speed, if very low rotational friction allows it. Then the wheel is internally mechanically suddenly stopped (with respect to the pendulum) at its lowest elevation point, again with the assistance of sensors. There should be a finite quenching time in conveying the extra acquired rotational energy and angular momentum from the rotating nuclei within the lighter-end wheel to the electron and atomic lattice within the surrounding wheel, which is now attached to the pendulum. Because of that delay the heavier pendulum end should stop at its highest point, begin to go back down, then curiously stop and go back higher than it had just previously been (as if defying gravity) before it goes back down. It is not defying gravity but rather it takes some time to extract angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy from the rotating nuclear-ground-states within the rotating wheel, which nuclear-ground-states had been allowed to increase their angular speeds for a little while longer. That extra angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy comes from the Bessler principle. I think that it takes time to extract the angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy because of the small overlap of the nuclei by their surrounding electron wavefunctions.
Quenching Time. A quenching time for a Bessler pendulum may be pragmatically defined to be the time from the wheel being stopped to the time that the pendulum stops again, prior to heading to its new maximum elevation. Such quenching times could depend upon the angular speed of the wheel just prior to being stopped. For reasonable angular speeds, I could guess that the time difference could be about one second for stainless steel. The quenching time for all rotating nuclear-ground-states in a lattice might instead be more precisely defined to be the time, at which the average angular speed of the nuclei (with respect to the containing lattice) deviates from the initial average angular speed of the nuclei (with respect to the containing lattice) by a factor of 1/e. The initial time is the time of the stopping of the wheel relative to the pendulum. That more cumbersome/precise definition assumes that there is somewhat an exponential decay in nucleus angular speed toward the zero relative angular speed of the containing lattice. Due to the current lack of direct measurability, since the information may be currently beyond the veil of direct measurement, the more precise definition might need to be used along with calculations and simulations/models, which are able to predict the measured results. If the relative angular speed decay is not exponential, then some other definition would be needed. For example, another possibility might be according to assuming that the internal kinetic energy of the nuclear-ground-states exponentially decays. Simulations/models and calculations, which incorporate the Bessler principle, should provide insight into a proper definition of the quenching time.
As the Bessler pendulum goes back and forth, its amplitude could increase with each half cycle. Ordinary pendulums decrease in amplitude but the curious Bessler pendulum actually increases in amplitude, as it operates. If the precise quenching time were too large or if we want to “better” guarantee non-interference of rotations of nuclear ground states left over from previously, then the release and stopping of the wheel on the lighter end could be only done for pendulum motion in just a single direction. Doing such would cause the Bessler pendulum amplitude to increase every other half cycle. The Bessler pendulum could be caused to do some work (when least interfering with measurements of rotational quenching) to prevent the amplitudes from becoming too large, to allow for repetitive measurements of rotational quenching.
Test Behavior of Bessler Pendulum. If there is a finite quenching time for angular momentum within the lighter wheel end of the Bessler pendulum to be transferred to the heavier other end of the Bessler pendulum, then this is visible evidence for there being rotating nuclear-ground-states within the wheel located on the light end. If there is not a finite quenching time for angular momentum within the lighter-wheel-end of the Bessler pendulum to be transferred to the heavier other end of the Bessler pendulum, then this is visible evidence against there being rotating nuclear-ground-states within the wheel located on the light end.
Such rotational angular momentum transfers are not as immediate and complete as with the recoilless translational-linear-momentum transfers in the Mössbauer effect. With translational motion of the nucleus, there is increased restoring force for the nuclei by the electron wavefunctions and there is excellent connection with the surrounding well-connected lattice. There may also be some increased electric force repulsions from other nuclei. But with rotations of the nucleus there is little overlap of the nuclei by the electron wavefunctions (and little restoring force) and so consequently there is a somewhat poor connection of the rotating nucleus with the surrounding lattice.
Bessler Pendulum Studies. As an example of the many studies that will be needed, the Bessler pendulum may need to be studied both by experiment and by simulation to better understand the rates of transfer of angular momentum from rotating nuclear-ground-states to suddenly stopped surrounding solid wheels. The rotational cooling or quenching times for the rotating nuclear-ground-states should be visibly and dramatically apparent from the strange motion of the Bessler pendulum. The pendulum's motion should be possible using very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings both for the center pendulum pivot and for the light end wheel. Again, the light end wheel is released at its maximum elevation (when the pendulum is vertical) and then stopped with respect to the pendulum at the wheel's lowest temporary elevation (or when the pendulum first temporarily stops). The motion of the Bessler pendulum would appear quite remarkable, as the heavier pendulum end begins to return back down but then after a short "indecisive" pause goes back even higher clearly violating conservation of energy. It should curiously work because of the actual properties of gravity acting on the freely rotating lighter-end-wheel. The visibly strange behavior should be possible because of things happening at an "unseen" or veiled level. After the rotating nuclear-ground-states (within the freely rotating wheel) continue to collect extra angular momentum from the two-part gravitons, there will be a gradual release of the angular momentum from the rotating nuclear-ground-states to the surrounding stopped wheel assuming somewhat-good atomic-lattice connections. The transfer delay time for the angular momentum visibly causes the gravity-defying "indecisive" mechanical response of the pendulum. The response times should be measured with video cameras. Searches might also initially be conducted using infrared cameras for any radiation released associated with the extremely curious mechanical behavior. Ignoring the understandable high-friction places where the wheel is stopped, I suspect that any other infrared radiation observed will only be due to ineffective or very poor connections between the rotating nuclear-ground-states and the atomic-lattice of the wheel. Poor rotational connections both may not allow the rotating wheel to help assist the nuclei to rotate in the first place and then later may not allow the nuclei to “quickly” fully-return obtained-angular-momentum back to the lattice of the stopped wheel. The complete prior rotational history of poorly connecting solid wheels should be carefully studied.
Angular Momentum Exchange between Lattice and Nuclei. Though differing in time scale, there are similarities for momentum and angular momentum exchanges between nuclei and their surrounding lattice. The translational momentum exchange situation has been studied with the Mössbauer effect. The rotational angular momentum exchange situation has received little study but should be studied more in the future after Bessler's Orffyrean roller bearing has been reinvented. It should be better understood with time that both group transfer situations are actually unquantized (except at the very-finest fundamental-charge motion level). The transfer of angular momentum between the rotating nuclear-ground-states and the surrounding atomic lattice should be understood to proceed at a slow rate, when compared with the extremely rapid transfer rate associated with the Mössbauer effect. I think that both effects depend upon a large number of transfers to the lattice. I suspect that study of the slowed down rotational transfer effects will provide information on why the seemingly quantized recoilless translational transfer effect occurs with the Mössbauer effect. As future experiments should verify, in both effects, the full particular type of momentum is exchanged between the nuclei and the lattice. Like the Mössbauer effect the angular momentum exchange effects between the lattice and the rotating nuclear-ground-states should also be studied with respect to temperature. High enough temperature may weaken the lattice communication path. Two different temperatures are involved: translational and rotational with respect to nuclear-ground-states. The two temperatures need not be in equilibrium. Again, the complete prior rotational history of the lattice should be considered in the studies.
Test Bessler Pendulums. If a started Bessler pendulum can increase in amplitude, this is evidence for the Bessler principle. If a started Bessler pendulum cannot increase in amplitude, this is evidence against the Bessler principle. Some may attempt to attribute successful operation of the Bessler pendulum to any sensor power source or any power source associated with releasing/stopping the wheel on the lighter end. To remove such potential complaints, it would be best if “improved” sensors and means for releasing/stopping that wheel have their power sources mechanically derived from the operation of the pendulum.
Bessler Pendulum Comments. Because of the use of Orffyrean roller bearings in the Bessler pendulum, the mass of the Bessler pendulum can be large or small. If either some aerodynamic inefficiency is added to a correctly-working Bessler pendulum or a slight amount of the power of a correctly-working Bessler pendulum is extracted to do work, then the pendulum might not curiously continue to increase in amplitude. Any aerodynamic inefficiency should be chosen to decrease as maximum amplitude decreases, which is the usual case. Any power extracted should be chosen to decrease as maximum amplitude decreases. For example, there could be a radial protrusion on the heavier pendulum end that does external work, when its elevation is great enough. The pendulum might then continue regularly-indefinitely and thus be considered like a Bessler clock.
There should be simpler variants of the Bessler pendulum that should be built prior to the reinvention of the Orffyrean roller bearing and prior to construction of the sensors needed for the Bessler pendulums to operate. These variants would be the Bessler clocks. I initially considered that they might use existing low-friction narrow "knife" edges or wedges as pivot "points" or "lines" in place of the central Orffyrean roller bearing. The edges or wedges should have nearly pure rolling low-friction. Please note that in my experiments mentioned below that “knife” edges didn’t work well, if they allow any cutting into the material that they are supported by. In place of the wheel (at the light end of the pendulum) rotating using an Orffyrean roller bearing, one could simply use one or more ordinary stainless steel ball bearing(s) rolling in a container. There must be no lubrication added. The ball bearings would often have nearly pure rolling low-friction, until they are captured on the other side of the container and give up some acquired angular momentum. The top and bottom exterior portions of the clock should be designed to create little friction due to the air. See Fig. 35 for a depiction of such a Bessler clock. Unlike the normal-correctly-working Bessler pendulums, which are intended to increase in amplitude, the Bessler clocks should just continue to operate indefinitely, after proper adjustments. The time between ticks may be adjusted by varying the location of the central pivot "point" or "line". The ball bearings could roll in an otherwise empty stainless steel or aluminum "box" at the lighter end. There should at least be extra room in the box to almost admit one more ball bearing on an end of the box, when the ball bearings are stationary against an end of the box. That is so that the ball bearings will tend to not collide or interfere with each other, as they roll to the other side of the box. Also that would allow extra room for the air to go by in the other direction. The box cavity can be modified to prevent interference between balls.
Fig. 35. An example Bessler clock.
Bessler Clock Cavity. The height of the box cavity should be larger than the diameter of a ball bearing. The balls must never scrape the top of the box cavity, as they roll from one end of the box to the other. They can only touch the top of the box cavity, when they are captured on an end. So that the ball bearings not often touch the sides of the box, when the ball bearings roll from one end to the other, it might improve performance for those sides to be a circular projection or rather half of a tube, with the half-circle or half-tube diameter equal to the height of the "box". The box could remain as a box for simplicity and air-flow-purposes, as long as there is plenty of room so that the balls tend to neither collide nor interfere with each other, as they roll. If there are just two ball bearings there could be a ridge on the bottom middle of the box to prevent the balls from interfering with each other. See Fig. 36 for a possible end view of the "box" cavity with a bottom middle separation ridge. There could be holes at the top of the cavity for inserting or removing ball bearings. There could be tube cavities to guarantee that there is not any interference between the balls. Before one chooses the diameter for the ball bearings, one should consider the proper angular frequencies, coming out of analysis of Appendix D. Such analysis will likely cause the diameter of the ball bearings to be small so that the maximum angular frequencies of the rolling ball bearings to be large enough but not too large. That would likely cause the size of the Bessler clocks to be small, when only using a couple of ball bearings. As we gain knowledge in one area, it should assist in our understanding of other areas. Using "knife" edges or wedges will likely require the pendulum of the Bessler clock to be very small in mass so that the edges not actually cut into the supporting surface that they roll upon. I initially thought that a supporting surface of glass might be hard enough. The "knife" edges or wedges should not be too sharp. Below I found that glass was not hard enough if “knife” edges are used. The constraints need to be such that the rotation, of the "knife" edges or wedges, is nearly pure rolling-without-slipping. That would make their motion very low friction.
Fig. 36. End view of modified box cavity for Bessler clock.
Bessler Clock Operation. Each Bessler clock should operate within an enclosed case, but with an observation window, so that its operation is not disturbed by external air currents.
Clock Geometry/Times Relative to Angular Momentum Transfer. It is not clear how long the box cavity should be. It should be long enough so that the nuclei within the ball bearings can pick up angular momentum from the Bessler principle, as they roll across to the other side. It must not be so long that the ball bearings cannot get to the other side in time for them to stop and upon stopping have time to impart some of their angular momentum to their surroundings, prior to their going back in the other direction. It will likely take some experimentation or correct simulation to get things right, since the rotating nuclei quenching data is not yet available. The delayed extraction of angular momentum from the rotating nuclear ground states may be inefficient, which means that the Bessler clocks will likely not gain in amplitude. Still the Bessler clocks need to extract enough power to overcome the frictional effects and thus often be stable as mechanical self-powered or gravity-powered clocks. If the clock is tuned for a long total cycle period of say 5 seconds, this might provide more time for the nuclei within the ball bearings (which ball bearings are stopped at a container end) to beneficially give up more of their acquired angular momenta. If that, along with less air friction at slower speeds, makes the clock too efficient so that it acquires amplitude, smaller times may be selected on purpose to keep the clock amplitudes stable. I have not had to deal with a problem of a Bessler clock being too energy efficient. Maybe a single second for half the total cycle period would be sufficiently inefficient to allow the amplitudes to be stable. With too short of a time period, many of the nuclear ground states would be rotating incorrectly according to the prior half cycle, which would tend to destroy clock energy. The various clock behaviors should provide the experimenter some clues about the quenching times for the angular momenta of the nuclei.
Test Bessler Clocks. If a Bessler clock can operate as long as desired, this is persistent evidence for the Bessler principle. It could then be considered to be a "perpetual" motion device. As a reasonable desired goal, I might desire that such a clock keep swinging for at least 100 or 1000 times as long as such a clock would keep swinging without allowing the ball bearings to roll. That would provide a simple test of persistence. If a Bessler clock cannot operate as long as reasonably desired, this is evidence against the Bessler principle. It would then not be considered to be a "perpetual" motion device.
It is possible that either Bessler or someone he knew built a Bessler clock prior to Bessler building his very low friction bearing. Building one or seeing one would give him confidence that his search for a very low-friction roller-bearing was the correct approach. Since the Bessler clock rotates back and forth, it only allows a little bit of energy to be extracted from gravity, during each half cycle. It is somewhat energy wasteful, but it could have provided hope in Bessler's search for "true motive power", p. 28 of PM97. Bessler's drawing of a Bessler pendulum suggests that at some point he may have been aware of the concept of a Bessler clock. Bessler would not have spoken openly about such clocks in his Apologia, since it would provide too much information about his principle and means of extracting some energy using the principle. Bessler spoke about “making a few pocket-watches", p. 28 of PM97, but that may have been implicitly to encourage thinking about his wheels and that he was capable of very-fine exact-detailed work on a small scale.
Partial Plans for Construction of Bessler Clock. My son thought I needed to demonstrate something to create "traction". Many of the things I describe in this book can be either expensive or a little dangerous to build (or both). With care taken, a Bessler clock might neither be expensive nor dangerous. I bought some carefully selected parts which I thought might allow me to build a Bessler clock. On 3 Oct 2014, I bought 12 inches of 1/4 inch (or 6.35mm) outside diameter brass tubing for the top-most portion. The 12 inch tube should provide four sections that are each three inches long. I could use one ball bearing to roll inside each section of tube. I initially used only two sections of three inch tubing. I wanted small diameter ball bearings so that they would acquire a large angular speed during the nearly three inches of rolling, while internally picking up extra angular speed by the Bessler principle. The inside diameter of the tube is about 6.35 - 2(.355) = 5.64 mm. I bought four ball bearings that each had a diameter of 3/16 inch = 4.7625 mm < 5.64 mm = inside tube diameter. That means that each ball bearing fit within each section of tube. The ball bearings need some room to spare, if they are to avoid interference with the tube and the air within.
Some Pendulum Parts. Other pendulum parts include the following: 5/16"-18X12" threaded rod for the pendulum length, four wing nuts, five locking washers, 10 nuts for weights, four 4" scraper blades, and eight 1/4" thread protectors. Buying some extra items should allow me to try other methods or variations.
Second Opinions. On Saturday 18 Oct 2014, Mike the Bike (a former neighbor of mine) thought that my guesses of the 3/16 inch bearing diameter, the 3 inch length for each tube section, and the 12 inch pendulum length should work. Mike thought that 2.5 inch lengths would also work on top. It would just require slightly different tuning of the system. Mike's brother thought I should polish the inside of the tube. I thought my tube looked smooth enough on its inside. I plan to initially try it without explicitly polishing, since repeated rolling may somewhat provide some self-polishing on the bottom edge of the tube. I can polish later if I need to.
Pivot Portions for Blade(s). On 12 Dec 2014, I bought two glasses for the scraper blade(s) to pivot within. The glasses were put on top of huge heavy cans. The glasses were put on their sides, with their rims toward each other, in a direction so that they could not hold any water. The glasses can provide a slight protection from the blade(s) getting dull or cutting. I initially thought that the glass should be hard enough to not be cut during the pivoting of the scraper blade(s). Even if the blade(s) get a little dull from pivoting, they should remain as very low friction pivots. Glass is amorphous. It is neither a solid nor a liquid. According to p. F-18 of CRC glass has hardness between 5 and 6 Mohs, while steel has hardness between 5 and 8.5 Mohs. Since we are dealing with rolling instead of scraping, we may want to ignore the numerical hardness values by themselves and consider the glass as a super-cool liquid. The inside portions of the glasses should be curved enough to hopefully keep the pivot edges from migrating in one direction. I could angle the scrapers or the glasses so that there are stable nearly-point-rolling-contacts between each scraper and the glass edge to keep the blade(s) from greatly migrating to one side of the supports. The glasses could be glued to their supports so that they not move but I just put them on some padding so that I could adjust them as needed. If the blade(s) somehow migrate too much to one side and stop, I would need to reposition the pendulum clock and restart it.
Scraper(s) to Pendulum. On 26 Dec 2014, I tried to bend a scraper blade around the threaded rod so that the line through the blade ends could go through the center of the threaded rod, but the blade broke. I then figured that I needed to separately attach a scraper blade to each end of a wing nut (keeping both blade edges linear) or I will need to attach a single long blade off to a side of a nut. The sharp ends of the scraper should form a straight perpendicular line off to the side of the nut so it is not quite centered, as it carries the pendulum.
Putting Pieces Together. On Monday 19 Jan 2015, I used a hack saw to cut my 12 inch brass tube in half and then I cut one of the halves in half again. I filed off the ends so I wouldn't have little bits of brass sticking out. Using a paper towel, I tried to wipe off any oils attached to the various metal pieces so that they might be more likely to stick when glued. Then, I applied some two-part epoxy to the centers of the two about-three-inch-long brass-tubes to opposite sides of a hex head nut. The tubes were flat horizontal. The nut was flat so that its axis was up. I had a piece of plastic under them to catch any epoxy that dripped. The two tubes and nut (between them) were held together using weights (pressing on their sides) while they dried. Then, I epoxy glued another nut with the threaded rod inserted in it, so that the hex head nut would be attached to the center of a scraper blade. The scraper blade was positioned so that it was perpendicular to the threaded rod, while it was drying. I wasn't as careful with making sure it was perpendicular, so I needed to use the glasses to account for the angle offset.
Tube Ends. I didn't know if I needed metal plugs at each end of each tube section. I tried it first without metal plugs. Not having metal plugs may absorb extra kinetic energy, when a ball bearing hits an end. Multiple bounces off the metal end may be better than more of an inelastic collision. Nonetheless, the extra acquired angular momentum should be well preserved, without depending on the types of collisions. For the ends, I later tried to use ball bearings that are too large to roll through the tube section but not so large that the stretchable 1/4" thread protectors cannot hold them in place. Ball bearings of diameters 1/4" might be just right, so I figured that I should later get four to serve as end plugs of two tube sections. It would probably be better to glue the plugs on the ends of the sections of tube, but using thread protectors alone allowed inspection of the tube interiors and allowed other things to be tried.
Initial Bessler Clock Construction. On 24 Jan 2015, I tried to put an attempted Bessler clock together. I put a ball bearing in each of the two tubes and plastic thread protectors on the ends of the tubes. I put the glasses on bubble wrap on top of two columns of two paint cans. I put bubble wrap on the ground in case the glasses fell. I set the pivot for apparently less than a second per half cycle. The ball bearings didn't go back and forth. The offset scraper blade favored the ball bearings on just one side. After about an hour the pendulum stopped swinging. I increased the period to try to get the ball bearings to go back and forth. I moved the pivot down from about a fifth from the top of the unobstructed portion of the rod to about one third from the top. It still did not go back and forth. Because of the offset of the scraper to one side, the static tilting angle of the pendulum at rest was about 20° off. That favors the ball bearings going just to one side. I considered that I could buy another threaded rod and attach it to the first and buy four ball bearing of 1/4 inch in diameter to act as solid plugs on each end of the two tubes. I didn’t try that approach since I thought it would increase the mass of a pendulum that was already too massive.
End Plugs. On 31 Jan 2015, I got four chrome ball bearings (1/4 inch diameter). I used them as solid mass end plugs for the four ends of the tubes. I then covered the ends back with the thread protectors. I wanted the collisions with the ends to be more bouncing rather than sticking. I didn't want the small rolling ball bearings directly hitting the thread protectors. I thought that metal end plugs might better retain energy. I didn't glue them in place with epoxy, since I wanted to retain my options and my ability to inspect. I didn't notice much of an improvement by adding the end plugs.
I suspected that there is too much air friction for the larger pendulum swing amplitudes. Using lower swing amplitudes gives only rolling bearing hits on one side due to the static balance asymmetry, close to 15 to 20° off from the vertical angle. There would be no offset from vertical, if the scraper were centered with respect to the pendulum. The scraper edge was offset from the center of the pendulum. The static pendulum angle changed when weights were changed.
Correct Static Angle. To correct the static balance angle or make it more nearly vertical, I decided not to add much mass to the other side of the balance, so as not to increase air friction. I thought that I would try to create a better centered pivot. On Sat. 7 Feb 2015, I tried, using two-part epoxy, to glue two scraper blades, one to each opposite side and opposite grip edge of a wing nut. The wing nut, on which I glued the scraper blades, could adjustably thread onto the 5/16"-18X12" threaded rod, for selection of the pivoting location. Having the blades on opposite grip edges of the wing nut would tend to keep the pivoting centered about the pendulum, even if the scraper blade edges deviated from a straight line through a balance point located in the center of the threaded rod. Unfortunately the deviation of the scraper blade edges caused the scraper edges to cut into the glasses, causing friction. The pendulum would not swing long at all because of much friction. I gave up on that approach.
Currently Failed Bessler Clock Attempt. I think that I did not build my Bessler clock quite well enough. I think that the Bessler clock was trickier than I expected. I think that my Bessler clock was an incomplete test, as friction was much too great. I think that the preponderance of evidence from all sources still is greatly in favor of the Bessler principle despite this particular experimental setback with my Bessler clock.
Energy Production Relative to Friction. I think that the pendulum portion was too massive relative to the mass of the rolling bearings. I think that the solid portion of the Bessler clock needs to be light in weight so that the ball bearing weight is a significant fraction of the total mass of the pendulum. That is because the power production by the Bessler principle needs to be significant relative to the frictional loss of the pendulum. In the interest of reducing costs, I didn’t make the pendulum portion as aerodynamic, as I think it should have been to reduce friction. I suspect that ball bearings should best be hardened to be more energy productive. I didn’t know the rotational history of the ball bearings. I suspect that there was some friction between each ball bearing and the air within its tube.
Improvements Needed. I was trying to find a vertical static-angle solution using standard hardware, without requiring any special machining. It would be possible to machine fine pivots that could be centered about the middle of the pendulum rod, but that would increase the cost of building a Bessler clock.
More Ideas. Maybe there could simply be nail heads epoxied onto the opposite ends of hex nuts. Any points on the nails that prevent pure rolling without slipping would need to be removed. That way the curved sides of the nails would not be cutting into the surface that is supporting the pivoting. I think that a more nearly purely rolling without slipping should decrease rotational friction. Effectively the sharp point of the pivot point on each side of the Bessler clock illustrated in Fig. 35 should be replaced by sufficiently rounded lobes so that there is no cutting into the supporting material. If I did such things, then I wouldn’t need to try to use harder supporting material than the glasses that I was using.
I could have used smaller ball bearings to reduce air friction when they roll in prior rolling chamber tubes or I could have used larger rolling chambers. There needs to be not much of a restriction of air flowing in the other direction. I could also provide air vents on the tops at the ends of the tube chambers. Maybe the tests could be done inside a vacuum to reduce total air friction. If one uses vacuum, one should remember to use vent holes to the tubes/chambers that the bearings are rolling in.
Despite my personal failure with respect to the Bessler clock, I am optimistic regarding the future of the Bessler clock. Eventually I think that there will be successful Bessler clocks built this century, without needing to resort to using Orffyrean roller bearings.
Others Experiment with Bessler Clocks. I imagine that someday every museum to explore science will have a Bessler clock. I imagine that they will be light, well-balanced, and fun. I suggest that they should be tuned to be running at about one second per half period so that they can actually serve as clocks. The most delicate Bessler clocks might normally be kept in a locked-viewable-enclosure to keep out external air disturbances, while they are “perpetually” running. The hands-on Bessler clocks should be fun to try experiments on. One could use different size ball bearings, use different numbers of ball bearings, use different materials for ball bearings, use different chamber lengths, use different materials for chamber ends, use box chambers, use curved chambers, use different types of pivots, alter clock timings by changing/moving weights, alter clock timings by changing locations of pivots, etc. Such experiments should help give clues regarding the exchange of angular momentum within rotating materials.
I noticed that within https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULy0vly9A2c “Top 10 Perpetual Motion Machines for 2014”, that “# 7 Ball and Pendulum” is effectively an attempt at a Bessler clock. Because the large amplitudes show a decrease, it is not a successful perpetual motion Bessler clock. It might work better at smaller amplitudes, where air friction is reduced at the smaller speeds. The short demonstration did provide some ideas for reducing friction. I noticed that they did something quite interesting to the top portion of their clock. Instead of allowing the metal ball to hit an end of the “container”, the bottom constraints (instead of being linear) were curved upward on each end so that the ball automatically slowed down as it approached an end. By doing so they avoided a collision of a ball with its end at the end of each half cycle. Instead of a hard collision, would a gradual slowing down of the ball be a better means for transferring angular momentum from the ball to the pendulum at the end of each half cycle? Would gradually slowing down slow down the collection of more angular momentum by the Bessler principle? I suppose that time will tell which procedures more effective in the construction of Bessler clocks. In the demonstration, there was much room for the air to flow in the opposite direction around the rolling ball on top. There was likely a mistake in the ball radius not being small enough so that its angular frequency could be large enough. Making the ball radius smaller would likely require a smaller pendulum.
Johann Ernst Elias Bessler was well aware of what the horizontal axis wheel was capable of, when its friction was low enough. It could continually produce power from gravity according to its mass and angular speed. He invented very low friction roller bearings and hid his invention. He encoded his invention secrets within his Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE. Both unbound translations and rotations are effectively continuous. Discrete electric and gravitational fields travel in straight lines in inertial reference frames. In an infinite expanding universe, the speed of light is a local constant relative to the preponderance of local interacting matter. Despite the absorption of nearly "isotropic" distributions of gravitons far out in free space, a free particle remains only approximately at a translational constant, after translationally being approximately at rest in the inertial reference frame containing the preponderance of local matter. Despite the absorption of nearly "isotropic" distributions of gravitons associated with the Bessler principle far out in free space, a free particle remains only approximately at an angular constant when rotationally at rest in the inertial reference frame containing the preponderance of local interacting matter. The Bessler principle may be used to detect the rotational bias in some rotating frames. After Bessler's Orffyrean roller bearing is reinvented, the Bessler pendulum may be used to study angular momentum exchange between the atomic lattice and nuclear-ground-states. The rotational exchange phenomena should be compared with the translational exchange phenomena of the Mössbauer effect. The Bessler clocks might be built and tested prior to the reinvention of the Orffyrean roller bearing. Variation of parameters of working Bessler clocks should give clues about the rotational exchange phenomena. I learned that suppression of friction (during my attempt at building a Bessler clock) was more difficult than I initially considered it to be. I hope that others can learn by not repeating the mistakes that I made when I tried to reduce friction.
In Chapter 5 we provided some evidences for the Bessler principle. In this chapter, we provide some specific tests that can be done to determine whether the results provide positive evidences for the Bessler principle or negative evidence for the Bessler principle. Positive evidence is evidence in favor of there being a Bessler principle. Negative evidence is evidence against there being a Bessler principle.
With the same type of railroad wheels and bearings, one could test the Bessler principle by doubling the number of such wheels on each railroad car. If this increases the mpg of fuel consumed for moving a ton of freight, then this would be positive evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If this decreases the measured mpg of fuel consumed for moving a ton of freight, then this would be evidence against the Bessler principle. The comparisons should be done under the same conditions of translational speeds and routes taken. For best comparison, the wheels should have had the same metal type and the same angular speed histories. There might be more opportunities for friction with more wheels, but with the load distributed over more wheels, the bearing friction should be less per wheel. With double the number of wheels, I suspect that there would be more than a doubling of the mpg of fuel consumed for moving a ton of freight. See http://saveaward2011.ideascale.com/a/dtd/Decrease-Railroad-Fuel-Costs-by-Better-Using-Bessler-Principle/280470-10760 as a reference regarding reducing railroad transportation costs. The suggestion was made for doubling the number of same-mass same-low-friction wheels on each railroad car. I want to emphasize that, upon doubling the number of railroad wheels, even if there is only an increase in the measured mpg of fuel consumed for moving a ton of freight (and not a doubling), that would still be evidence for the Bessler principle.
With the same type of railroad wheel bearings, one could test the Bessler principle by doubling the mass of each wheel on each railroad car. If this increases the measured mpg of fuel consumed for moving a ton of freight, then this would be positive evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If this decreases the measured mpg of fuel consumed for moving a ton of freight, then this would be evidence against the Bessler principle. The comparisons should be done under the same conditions of translational speeds and routes taken. For best comparison, the masses in the wheels should have the same metal type and the same angular speed histories. With the same train weight and the same type of bearings, there should be fairly comparable friction. With the mass of each wheel doubled, I suspect that there would be more than a doubling of the mpg of fuel consumed for moving a ton of freight. I want to emphasize that, upon doubling the mass of each railroad wheel, even if there is only an increase in the measured mpg of fuel consumed for moving a ton of freight (and not a doubling), that would still be evidence for the Bessler principle.
With the same type of bearings, one could double the rotating axle mass in cars (or trucks). If this increases the mpg of fuel consumed, then this would be evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If this does not increase the mpg of fuel consumed, then this would be evidence against the Bessler principle. I would think that this test or comparison should be especially valid for vehicles having the same speeds, for axles/wheels having the same angular speeds, for axles/wheels having the same axle bearings, for vehicles having the same little braking, and for vehicles being the same type (assuming the vehicle can accommodate the more massive rotating axles). When doing the comparisons, one should try (as much as possible) to keep everything else equal, except for the rotating axle mass. For best comparison, the masses rotating about horizontal axes should have the same metal type and the same prior angular speed histories. It is not specifically the angular momentum that counts for production of power by the Bessler principle. Rather for small angular speeds, the total kinetic energy so produced may be roughly proportional to something like the mass times the square of the angular speed (about a horizontal axis) that counts for production of power by the Bessler principle. I didn't specifically verify that with a calculation. There are suggestions that an actual formula, ignoring initializations, is more complicated. See "Internal Kinetic Energy Production Approximate Calculations" later in the next Chapter 8, section “8.1 Devices Dependent upon Bessler Principle". Since the calculation is an internal kinetic energy calculation, the formula from the calculation doesn't contain the square of the radii from the center of the axle but it does contain the square of the local radius of the two fundamental particles from their center of mass. The calculation contains growth of some trigonometric formulas with time which suggests some of the greater complications. If angular speeds become too great, there eventually comes a point (and especially for larger radii) where the large angular speed can do damage to the metal axle, since the centrifugal force on a mass is the mass times its radius times the square of its angular speed. A centripetal force radially opposite the centrifugal force must somehow be supplied so that the masses do not fly outward. For reasonable angular speeds, we don't need to be concerned with portions of the axle flying apart. For reasonably low angular speeds, I think that the distances, that particles are from axes of rotation, do not matter with respect to production of power by the Bessler principle, as long as the mass is fairly compact so that the friction associated with rotating friction is not increased appreciably. The friction during the tests, which often increases as the square of the angular speed, should be kept reasonably small, yet not so small that the Bessler principle not be applicable.
Such discussion of greater turbine-mass being more productive for power extraction (according to the Bessler principle) suggests that flywheels rotating about horizontal axes should be able to increase the extraction of power from an engine. One can do various experiments to see if the results provide support for the Bessler principle.
One could connect flywheels rotating about horizontal axes to engines that are producing power from some sort of power source (for example electrical or chemical or nuclear). Given the same bearings, and ideally given the same external flywheel shape (as it interacts with external air), would a more massive flywheel allow the same engine to produce more power than a less massive flywheel? If so, this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle. If not, this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle or meaning evidence against the Bessler principle. One would expect greater friction on the bearings from a more massive flywheel. So how would greater friction be associated with greater production of power, except there is somehow an extra power source associated with a more massive flywheel, such as from the Bessler principle?
Even if the more massive flywheel does not have the same external shape as it interacts with air, I would expect that for compact flywheels (with little friction from the air) the engine with a more massive flywheel would still produce more power than a less massive flywheel (both using the same type of bearings). That could be powerful positive evidence in favor of the Bessler principle, if in the more massive flywheel there is more power produced despite both more friction in the bearings and more friction associated with flywheel contact with the air. The extra power must be coming from somewhere and the source of that extra power would likely be the Bessler principle.
Another way of setting up flywheel experiments would be to require the same output propeller rotation angular speed, which should mean the same output power. One could see if greater mass in the flywheels requires less input power to attain that same output power. If less input power is required, this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle. If more input power is required for the greater mass flywheel, this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle, meaning evidence against the Bessler principle. The same type of bearings could carry the different mass flywheels. It would be best if the flywheels being compared had the same rotational histories.
One way to mostly avoid bearing friction and air friction analysis problems with flywheels might be to connect a certain number of identical flywheels together so that they all rotate at the same angular speed. For example the flywheels could be effectively given a common horizontal shaft, with the same bearings provided to support the shaft on each side of a flywheel. Having a system of flywheels somehow connected together means that there are more opportunities to lose power to friction in the air and in the bearings than from a single flywheel by itself. One would think with more surface area exposed to the air and with more bearings allowing friction that there would be greater opportunities to lose power to the greater friction. A system of flywheels could be connected to a measured input power source and a measured output power. Here is the experimental question for such flywheels all spinning at the same rate, "Given the same bearings, and given the same external shape for each flywheel, is there an increase in the ratio output power to the input power as more flywheels are connected together?" If yes, then this is positive evidence for the Bessler principle. If the ratio of output power to input power decreases as more flywheels are connected together, then this is negative evidence for the Bessler principle, meaning evidence against the Bessler principle. Even if the power ratio stayed the same, this would be evidence for the Bessler principle as there would be greater opportunities to lose power through having more friction. It is assumed that all the flywheels have had the same rotational histories. I suspect that this test will be more effective as a positive test in favor of the Bessler principle, when the mass, of the individual identical-connected-flywheels, is greater. I suspect that this test will be more effective as a positive test in favor of the Bessler principle, when the angular speed of the flywheels is sufficiently large but not so large that friction dominates. I suspect that the angular speed should best be large but not too large.
We could test the Bessler principle by using turbines rotating about horizontal axes. Given the same particular type of moving fluid (such as water or air with the same speed, direction, and amount), given the same bearings, and given the same external turbine shape (as it contacts the fluid), could a more massive turbine collect more power than a less massive turbine? If so, this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle. If not, this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle or meaning evidence against the Bessler principle. One would expect greater friction on the bearings from a more massive turbine. So how would greater friction be associated with greater collection of power, except there is somehow an extra power source associated with a more massive turbine, such as from the Bessler principle? The only other explanation that I can think of, for that would be that a less massive turbine might be argued to have less structural integrity. Someone might try to argue that the lighter turbine loses more energy within to friction or internal motion within the turbine. A way to in part counter that argument is to avoid it by using equally sturdy solids made out of less dense materials for the less massive turbine. One would need to choose materials for the turbines that are structurally nearly equivalent. Maybe one could use steel for the heavier turbine and a similar structurally strong alloy of aluminum for the less massive turbine. For best comparison, the turbine masses rotating about horizontal axes should have had the same previous angular speed histories. One might need to replace the bearings in the more massive turbine frequently, because of greater wear and tear, while keeping the bearings in the newest condition possible. Still the bearings on both turbines should be replaced at the same time with the same new type of bearings, for proper comparisons. This might be done so that no one could say that we are giving the more massive turbine an advantage by its bearings being newer. The output power extraction might be measured by the production of electrical power. There are some controls with respect to these types of experiments that might need to be discussed. The angular speed might need to be kept the same, if possible, so that the means of electrical power conversion should have equal efficiencies. The Bessler principle is mass and angular speed dependent. The power extraction equipment might have angular speed biases. It would be desirable to have power extraction equipment that could extract as much power as possible within a constraint of having the turbines rotate at the same rate. Hopefully because of the greater rate of wear on the bearings supporting the more massive turbine, no one would try to argue that the lighter turbine has the disadvantage because the friction in its bearings is a more significant portion of the lighter collection system.
Out in space there is little resistance or friction to suppress rotations about horizontal axes. There are two main reasons for the low friction rotations. (1) An object freely floating in space doesn't need a bearing to allow rotations about horizontal axes. The "bearing" could be considered inherently frictionless. (2) An object rotating in "pure space" doesn't have any (or very much) friction with there being very few particles to collide with out in space. Space is a different sort of rotational regime. Space is an ideal place to test out the Bessler principle. First we should consider the tumbling of satellites.
Satellites have long been known to begin tumbling, if means are not provided to prevent them from tumbling. Once some satellites begin to tumble, they can progress to tumbling out of control. One might attempt to attribute a portion of the tumbling to the gradient of the atmosphere. The lower part of the satellite might be slightly grabbed more by the atmosphere. Does the data only support this type of tumbling? No. The following is an example of studies considered for determining exactly why satellites tumble.
The report "Spacecraft Radiation Torques" by NASA in Oct 1969 (http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/courses/aoe4065/NASADesignSPs/sp8027.pdf) studied the effect of radiation on causing unsymmetrical satellites to tumble. On p. 1, the Introduction begins with, "In the design of spacecraft attitude-control systems, all torques that tend to disturb the attitude of a spacecraft must be considered." For people to be studying all torques, they surely must have been quite perplexed about exactly why some satellites tumble. They found evidence for radiation torque and made recommendations. Still, I suspect that the unstated question remained of why some satellites tumble out of control. I think that they didn't understand how a very tiny bit of tumbling could cause a torque that could cause even greater torque and much more such tumbling. The report listed other prior NASA monographs on guidance and control. They had been extensively studying the issue but their training and mindset apparently wouldn't allow them to consider the correct Bessler principle solution to their problem. Even with the knowledge of the Bessler principle, the study and other studies have application in that, if a satellite can be kept from initially beginning to tumble, then the Bessler principle can be kept from coming into play. No rotation or angular speed causes there to be no further rotation or angular speed, according to the Bessler principle.
With a Bessler principle and especially further away from the atmosphere of the earth, there should be other types of tumbling. Other types of tumbling would provide positive evidence for the Bessler principle. I suppose only having tumbling where the lower elevation portion of the satellite has greater friction than the higher elevation portion of the satellite, would be evidence against the Bessler principle. I am not aware of anyone claiming that tumbling for all elevations is completely due to an increase in friction at the slightly lower elevations on satellites. I think that people need to consider the inherent instabilities associated with the Bessler principle, if they really want to understand why satellites tumble.
Satellite Tumbling Questions. One can directly ask the question, "Why do satellites tumble?" Another related question should also be asked, "Does the tumbling increase, and if so under what conditions does it increase?" One could also ask the specific question, "Would satellites tend to especially increase in their tumbling, if their motions were within the plane formed by the centers of the earth-sun-moon and if the axis of satellite rotation were perpendicular to that earth-sun-moon plane?" Even with knowledge of the Bessler principle, one could ask about the zero of angular velocity, "Is the case of no satellite tumbling, according to zero angular velocity with respect to the orbital angular velocity of a huge neighboring planetary body or according to zero angular velocity with respect to a more universal zero angular velocity?" Satellite tumbling questions might be translated into a variety of tests of the Bessler principle, assuming we possess a sufficient understanding of the testing of the principle. Study of tumbling of such satellites would not be effective, if the satellite were somehow equipped with some means to remove such tumbling. To avoid such tumbling correction concerns in a study, it might be easier to create a satellite without any corrective means for removing tumbling. Observing a rotationally symmetrical cylinder rotating in space might be a simple way to perform tests of the Bessler principle. A potential explanation due to some sort of atmospheric gradient could be removed by increases in tumbling being just as effective for one angular velocity as for the reverse angular velocity.
One could rotate a cylinder at low friction in space about its symmetry axis. It might be best if the rotation axis were perpendicular to a plane formed by the centers of the earth, the sun, and the moon. It might also be preferable for the cylinder to be located approximately in that plane. It would be preferable to do tests for cylinder rotation out in "pure" space, where there is less concern about air friction, but it may be much easier to do tests within a pressurized cabin, while floating in orbit out in space. If the cylinder is observed within a pressurized cabin out in space, the experimenters should guard against air currents being the source of angular speed increase. One way of doing that would be to float the object inside of a clear object to block off external currents. The clear object would need to be large enough so that it doesn't come into contact with the cylinder. Marks could be placed on the cylinder to assist in the measuring of its rotational speed. The marks would need to be visible on videos taken of any cylinders. If the angular speed of the cylinder increases that would be a positive result in favor of the Bessler principle. If the angular speed decreases that would be a result against the Bessler principle.
See http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/ McKinley1968.txt for what I wrote on 17 Feb 2007 with respect to the final demonstration that I saw when I was a 9th grade student at McKinley Junior High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, during the spring of 1968. That statement regarding the low friction demonstration is as follows.
"Many years ago I witnessed a relatively simple demonstration of low friction. The demonstrators at McKinley Junior High School in Albuquerque, NM (circa 1968) showed to hundreds of students what would actually happen if a wheel were allowed to freely rotate with low friction about a horizontal axis. The wheel's axis was aligned with the true north-south direction. The large black wheel had radial colors and radial ridges between the colors. It was stationary until a liquefied gas was added to its center. Apparently this created a superconductor that excluded magnetic fields by the Meissner-Ochsenfeld (1933) effect and thus created a very low friction horizontal axis bearing. There was an initial damped wobble of the wheel, as the very low friction bearing was created. The wheel began to pick up angular speed until it acquired a maximum angular speed that was in my estimation between 20 and 50 cycles per minute. The wheel appeared to be made of a hard black plastic (presumably with magnets near its center). It had a diameter of about six feet. Neither the demonstrators nor the students said a single word, to my hearing and memory, during the entire demonstration. At maximum angular speed, the wheel made a constant fluttering noise, apparently due to the ridges interacting with the air. Based on reactions of students and the movement of their clothing and hair, the students sitting on the floor near the cordoned-off base of the wheel felt continuous air currents produced by the wheel. The low friction wheel remained turning at the same constant maximum rate for as long as students desired to watch it. I estimate that I watched the wheel turning at its maximum speed for at least 15 minutes, and the flutter frequency did not decrease. I think effectively that this was a demonstration of a modern day Bessler-like wheel, even though it was not labeled as such."
Before the ultra-low-friction bearing was formed I could hear the sound apparently of a large heavy container of cold liquid apparently being hauled from the direction of the cafeteria freezers to behind the horizontal-axis wheel. It was like the sound of a large-heavy Dewar being carried, by one or more persons taking steps. When the liquid was poured in behind the wheel, there was a cloud that formed going up behind the wheel, on its north side. Possibly the low temperature of cold gas caused moisture in the air to condense and form a tiny cloud column for a short while. Since the cloud went up, the evidence was that the gas was lighter than air. Hydrogen could have been a little dangerous. I think that the ultra-cold liquid was inert helium. I think that the cold gas was formed, as the liquid helium began to cool down the inside of an insulated container containing the bearing to be formed. I don't know if there had previously been any liquid nitrogen in the bearing container to pre-cool it. Since they had liquid nitrogen left over from other demonstrations, it might have been wise to pre-cool the bearing container with some of the left over liquid nitrogen before adding the liquid helium. Watching the wheel go around and around perpetually was almost mesmerizing. People could stay and watch the last demonstration, as long as they wanted. I was one of the last to leave but I was not the last. I was not specifically keeping track of when I left. I am aware of no other school (junior high or high school) that got to see a demonstration such as that last one, which demonstrated ultra-low-friction. It may have been an expensive demonstration to put on. Large volumes of liquid helium are currently expensive. Much preparation surely went into putting on the collection of demonstrations and especially the last demonstration. All presentations or demonstrations worked without any obvious flaws.
See the 3 Apr 2010 file http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/McKinley1968.txt regarding the memories of my 9th grade classmates, Lane Vance and Gary Wojnowski, with respect to demonstrations at McKinley Junior High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, during the spring of 1968. Lane Vance wrote on 6 Jan 2009, "my memory of this is vague - I had not even thought of it before I spoke to Alden a few days ago; but I recall being in the McKinley Junior High School assembly - quite a ways from the presentation. I recall being amazed at the liquid nitrogen demonstration and I recall some type of horizontal wheel demonstration that stuck in my mind as 'perpetual motion' because the wheel continued to rotate long after I would have suspected that friction would have brought it to a stop..." If other classmates make their memories available with respect to the demonstrations, I can add their recollections to the file.
I remember the "liquid nitrogen demonstrations" that Gary Wojnowski remembered, but I didn't well remember the following recollection of his, "There were also some demonstrations and discussion about bearings and other low friction devices. The one that stuck in my mind was a demonstration of the rolling properties of some "cylinders" that were not round, but had 3 lobes. The important characteristic was the diameter of the cylinders was constant even if the radius was not."
Maybe someone tossed a large-light three-lobe entity with flat axial ends northward onto a non-uniform height track and it rolled for a while with its center staying at the same height. Four lobes would have allowed both its radius and its diameter to be variable but it should have still rolled well, keeping its center at the same height. Could entities made of steel, with three or better-yet-more lobes each, serve as intermediary “cylinders” between a central axle and a containing cylinder for a bearing? With extended use the parts in such a bearing might drift in an axial direction. Maybe lobes shaped like the ends of balls, rolling in slightly larger lobe holes, would prevent any axial drift from ever occurring.
Since I had PE the last period in 9th grade, I was one of the last to get to the cafeteria for the demonstrations. Since I was one of the last to arrive, it seemed that there was a bit of a squeeze to get us to fit in on the south side. Gary Wojnowski couldn't stay after school to view the final demonstration, as he had an after-school job. Lindy Paine and her sister, Helen, don't remember anything about the demonstrations. Lindy was often times sick then, so she may have been absent that day. I don't know if Helen's 7th grade class got to see the demonstrations. Given the tight squeeze and the reduced space in that portion of the cafeteria, I suppose that the 7th grade class didn't get to see the demonstration. Gary Wojnowski's recollection of the constant diameter cylinders, with some "cylinders" having three lobes instead of being round, has implications with respect to the lobed surfaces of the Orffyrean roller bearing, as will be discussed in section “9.1 Low Friction Orffyrean Roller Bearing". The providers of the demonstrations provided the students in my class with very special knowledge with respect to low friction bearings and the profound importance or the implications of having very low friction in bearings.
The Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect (of a superconductor excluding all magnetic fields) has been around since 1933. Still, the only case from the last century that I am aware of, for using the effect to build an ultra-low friction bearing for rotating a wheel about a horizontal axis, was the public showing of the McKinley low friction demonstration in 1968. This is quite remarkable that there has been such little interest in seeing what happens under such conditions. Do people somehow already know what will happen so they might as well not even do the experiment? Are people absolutely sure that there can't be a Bessler principle, so they don't ever need to test for it, since there can't ever be such a principle? As long as low temperature liquid helium could be supplied, it would be a “perpetual motion” device perpetually throwing air outward by the ridges of the rotating wheel. It has generally been believed that, without a source of power, perpetual motion devices are impossible. Still, it is a curious data point with energy apparently supplied by gravity, without any offsetting data to show that it could not be possible.
Shouldn't people consider such low friction experiments, as there are curious gravity-related phenomena that happen at liquid helium temperatures? Consider a low temperature helium superfluid creeping up out of a solid cup. It somewhat defies gravity in doing so. Have comparisons been made between horizontal and vertical axis results for attempts to rotate a superfluid about an axis? If the superfluid nuclei themselves can internally rotate somewhat similarly according to the imposed external axis rotations, one would expect different behavior for horizontal axis rotations compared to vertical axis rotations, because of the Bessler principle.
The higher temperature "superconductivity" at liquid nitrogen temperatures was not available in 1968. I don't know whether the higher liquid nitrogen temperatures would work well enough to fully exclude magnetic fields to give low enough friction. I suspect that it might not be low enough friction, if the magnetic fields are not fully excluded. Compression, caused by the weight of the wheel upon the “bearing”, could cause magnetic fields to get stuck within the higher-temperature superconducting material. Stuck magnetic fields would suggest friction. Still, someone could try the experiment, assuming that enough to the higher-temperature superconducting material could be produced for such an experiment.
I am not aware of a similar liquid-helium lead experiment being done in this century. The demonstrators in 1968 would surely have used the lower-temperature liquid-helium lead superconductivity. Lead (Pb) is superconducting at 7.23°K (calorimetric) and 7.193°K (magnetic) as for example seen on p. E-75 CRC. Helium (He) has a boiling point of about -268.934°C as seen on p. B-15 or p. D-142 CRC (or upon adding 273.15 it is about 4.215°K). In other words, when lead is at liquid helium temperatures, it is superconducting. The more dangerous liquid hydrogen is not cold enough to make lead superconducting. We should also note that lead is relatively inexpensive as compared to the materials that are superconducting at liquid nitrogen temperatures. I think that if someone wants to replicate the McKinley ultra-low friction bearing demonstration, then they should use lead cooled down to liquid helium temperatures.
Building Ultra-low-friction Bearing. See Fig. 37 for an idea of how such an ultra-low-friction bearing might be built. The wheel on the left would need to be viewed from its side to appear circular. I probably should have drawn the wheel taller, with greater diameter, but I wanted to make the figure compact. I think that the magnetic material could be attached to the axle in part by wrapping the magnetic material around the axle. I should have also drawn the lead and magnetic material regions longer but that would also have made the figure less compact. I think that the lead (Pb) should be located below the magnetic material, so that the lead can be more directly cooled by the liquid helium contained below. Also the wheel and axle could be lighter, if high-density lead were not attached to the axle. A light wheel and axle would more easily be held up by levitation, using magnetic-field-exclusion, than a heavy one. The weight at the other end of the axle is to balance the wheel to keep the wheel from sagging and the axle from rubbing. The lead should be cooled primarily by the liquid helium touching it. The lead may also be cooled by very cold helium vapor above the lead. As the magnetic fields were excluded from the superconducting lead, it would be able to levitate a light structure consisting of an axle, magnetic material, a wheel, and a cylindrical weight. The levitation of the axle should form an ultra-low-friction bearing. At least an outer insulated container-wall should almost completely surround the bearing to keep it cold. A single small hole in the side of the outer insulated container-wall would allow the axle of the bearing to come out on just that one side so that an external wheel could rotate, while the wheel is attached to the freely floating axle.
Fig. 37. Side view of ultra-low-friction bearing and low friction wheel.
Low Friction Wheel. On the far left side of Fig. 37 may be seen a side-view of the low friction wheel. A normal fan should not be used for the wheel, since air blowing sideways (or rather in an axial direction) would cause axial motion resulting in rubbing friction. Rather I think radial ridges should be used, exactly as I observed in the McKinley demonstration. The radial ridges on the outermost side of the wheel should primarily blow air only out away from the axle so that the axle is not pushed preferentially to one end. Radial ridges (approximately one third inch) in the wheel would also prevent the wheel from rotating dangerously too fast. I couldn’t see if there were radial ridges on the other side of the wheel but I suppose that there were none, so as to not throw any air outward from that side of the wheel. Having the wheel large enough in diameter (about six feet), should supply greater friction between the wheel and the air to prevent the wheel from rotating dangerously too fast. If the ridges are radial outward (about every five degrees), as in the McKinley demonstration, that would allow similar friction with the air no matter which direction the wheel happens to rotate. Opposite the wheel, on the other end of the axle likely should be a counter-balancing weight, which rotationally-symmetric weight should remain completely within the outer insulated container to help maintain cold temperatures within. The weight could be a cylinder of stainless steel. The weight would be needed to help keep the axle horizontal so that the axle not scrape the bottom of the hole. The single small hole is located in the outer insulating wall on the left side of Fig. 37. The axle must also neither scrape the lead nor scrape the container which holds the liquid helium. The axle scraping such things would not allow the bearing to be ultra-low-friction.
Attaching Magnetic Material. As some glues may fail at liquid helium temperatures, I suspect that the magnetic material might be wrapped around the axle and held in place by wire that is wrapped around the outside of the magnetic material. The wire shouldn't fail to hold the magnetic material in place, even if the wire is at liquid helium temperatures. If the magnetic material happened to be in the shape of a cylindrical sleeve, then it could be slipped on to the axle rather than attached to the axle by wrapping.
Geometry for Pouring in Liquid Helium. There should be both an insulating outer wall and an inner leak-proof somewhat-insulating containing wall to hold the liquid helium. The inner leak-proof containing wall should be open at the top so as to allow liquid helium to be poured in at the top. The liquid helium could either be poured in through an unplugged hole in the outer insulating wall or be poured in through the top of the insulating wall, before its top portion is placed on top. After pouring in the liquid helium, either the plug should be replaced or the top portion of the insulating wall should be put in place. Allowing the top portion of the insulating wall to come off would also allow large objects to easily be put inside the insulating wall box, prior to pouring in the liquid helium. Allowing the top portion of the insulating wall to come off would also allow the liquid helium to be more easily poured into the inner leak-proof container, given slightly restricted visibility from the vapor clouds coming up. If more helium is added than can be held in the inner leak-proof container, it would spill over into the bottom inside of the outer insulated container. There probably should be an extra inner leak-proof container (not shown, unless the bottom of the insulating container is leak-proof) so that any overflow not leak out onto the floor, thus avoiding a hazard. After pouring, the top of the liquid helium should be below the bottom of the small side hole and below the top edge of the inner leak-proof containing wall. A support, for the lead, need not be used, if only a small amount of liquid helium is to be put within.
Extra Cooling. Much liquid helium may be needed to provide sufficient cooling. If too much liquid helium evaporates during the cooling process, more liquid helium could be added. Another way to provide extra retention of the cold temperatures would be to provide additional insulation. After the pouring has been done, a top-inside insulating cover (not shown) could be placed over the inner leak-proof somewhat-insulating container. That top inside cover could have partial notch holes (at both ends of its base) for the two ends of the axle to later move within without rubbing, but should at other locations increase the inner thermal insulation. The top inside cover should help keep the air or helium vapor near the bearing cold. More layers including vacuum layers as in Dewar containers may need to be added, if sufficiently cold liquid helium temperatures cannot not be attained and maintained.
Notes. The edge ends of the lead can prevent any slight total axial force on the axle so as to avoid slight axial drift of the wheel. The lead and the magnetic material would not need to be relatively as thick as shown in Fig. 37. Things within Fig. 37 were not drawn to scale so as to better convey the main ideas rather than details. For example a larger diameter wheel should be used, if the material is light enough. Also the sizes of the radial ridges on the wheel were not fully shown. They were only suggested. I didn’t show the ends of the radial ridges in the Fig. 37 side view. The wheel diameter and the ridge size should be sufficiently large to prevent the wheel from acquiring too large an angular speed. I might guess that the radial ridges were protruding one fourth to one half inch on the 1968 McKinley wheel. There may have been about 32 to 64 or 72 radial ridges seen corresponding to the same number of brightly colored regions between the ridges. Every 5° would be 72 radial ridges. The wheel could have been made in four identical sections, with each section covering 90°. The solid colored regions repeated themselves. Again, I suspect that it would only be necessary to have radial ridges on the more-viewable more-exposed surface-side of the wheel. Ridges on the side near the bearing should be avoided so as to avoid a partial vacuum near the bearing hole created by air being thrown outward from there by any ridges.
Fig. 38 shows a front view of the most interior of the ultra-low-friction bearing. It shows an axle surrounded by magnetic material, while held up by superconducting lead, which is excluding all magnetic fields. The bottom portion of the lead should be flat so that the lead does not roll, as it rests on its support. The weight and the wheel are not shown in Fig. 38. The weight and the wheel should each be symmetrically centered about the center of the axle. The ends of the lead are also not shown.
Fig. 38. Front view of ultra-low-friction bearing, without showing wheel.
If such an ultra-low-friction device as the McKinley low friction bearing can be built and allows a wheel to increase in angular speed, until it is at equilibrium with wheel-air friction, then this is positive evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. That would be evidence for the Bessler principle. If such an ultra-low-friction device as the McKinley low friction bearing is built and does not allow a wheel to increase in angular speed until it is at equilibrium with the wheel-air friction, then this is negative evidence with respect to the Bessler principle. That would be evidence against the Bessler principle.
Here are some low friction ideas for creating a rolling "cylinder" "pendulum" which might roll back and forth with enough pausing at the ends to test out the Bessler principle.
(1) During the rolling, there needs to be nearly pure rolling without slipping. The slope of the track(s) should not at any time be so large that a cylinder rolling at that slope causes slipping. There should be no rubbing of surfaces against each other, so very little energy is lost to rubbing friction. It would need to have very low friction associated with its rolling.
(2) There must not be any liquid lubrication added so as to not increase friction associated with surface tension of the lubricant. One should not even apply a liquid lubricant and try to wipe it off, since tiny portions remaining of the lubricant would cause friction. If a dry or powdered lubricant promotes slipping, it should not be used. If a dry or powdered lubricant promotes adhesion of surfaces, it should not be used.
(3) At the bottom elevation, there would need to be rapid enough angular speed so as to enhance the effect of the Bessler principle. Some more ideas, for the sufficient angular speed and the prior rotational history, will be given in Appendix D. The effective rolling radius thus needs to be small but not so small that it either rotates too fast or causes the metal to bend, because of insufficient support. The bottom length of the track should not be so long so as to neither cause the “cylinder” to go off track nor to promote air friction.
(4) The translational speed should not be large, so that air friction will be small enough. If required to make the air friction small enough, the rolling should best be done in a vacuum.
(5) At the top elevation of each pendulum half cycle, the cylinder needs to slowly come to a complete stop. If the stopping is gradual enough, there may be enough time for the rotating nuclei within to come to nearly a full and complete stop rotationally. It would be best, if there is enough time near the top elevation for nearly all of the angular momentum of the nuclear-ground-states to be transferred to the external cylinder. There would be energy lost, if the rotating nuclear-ground-states are still rotating in the direction of the prior half cycle, when the cylinder begins to rotate in the other direction at the beginning of the following half cycle. Near the time of cylinder stopping, the slope of the track needs to be small to provide more time for the nearly-full transfer of angular momentum from the nuclei to the cylinder.
(6) At a high elevation end, the slope of the track(s), though small, should be large enough so that a momentary stationary "cylinder" located there would begin to roll downward.
(7) One way to ensure that there are no incorrectly rotating nuclear-ground-states left over from the last half cycle would be to mechanically hold the cylinder stationary at the top of each half cycle for say five seconds, after it stops, before letting it go back to the other side. One could place a block on the downward side, hold for say five seconds, and lift the block straight away from the track. One would need to observe whether or not this procedure causes the cylinder to go upward as the block is released. It would be best to avoid such a manual intervention, as critics could claim that there may have been a rubbing between the cylinder and the block at the time of the release. A partial counter argument would be to try it out for the situation of a horizontal track and observe what happens. If removed in a certain manner (such as away and upward), would the removal cause the "cylinder" to move?
(8) One could create a massive "cylinder" of shiny-sturdy stainless steel but so that its rolling surface is effectively much smaller in radius than the outside cylinder radius.
Create Rolling Cylinder Pendulum. Here are more ideas for creating a rolling "cylinder" "pendulum". It may be possible to use a single track version for a rolling cylinder pendulum. See Fig. 39 for top or front views of single track versions of the two large cylinders as they roll using a long small-radius middle cylinder. We might want to avoid using single-track versions, because of the possibility of one end unpredictably wobbling slightly up or down or ahead or behind. That could create path instabilities. For greater stability, it should be better to use a dual track version using long small-radius end cylinders to roll upon. More tracks might increase the stability of the rolling. See Fig. 40 for top or front views of dual track versions of the single cylinder. There are still some stability issues associated with Fig. 40, since if it ever is rolling in the incorrect direction, there is nothing to return it to the correct direction.
Fig. 39. Massive cylinders rolling upon single inner track.
Fig. 40. Massive cylinder rolling upon dual ends.
See Fig. 41 for a sideways view of an elevated-stainless-steel or an elevated-sturdy-aluminum-alloy track that the cylinder(s) could roll on. The higher elevation ends have small slopes. There should be stops at the ends to prevent a cylinder from rolling off an end. Bumping into the ends may absorb enough energy that the rolling cylinder pendulum can roll back and forth indefinitely, as it collects energy by the Bessler principle. There may be less destructive means for absorbing energy at the ends and still allow the cylinder-pendulum to continue to operate “perpetually”. For example, the cylinder could push something, which could power a fan for a short while. An additional track would have the same shape as viewed from the side. Instead of bumps at the ends, gradual yet very rapid curves could stop without any bumping.
Fig. 41. Pendulum-like track edge that the cylinder could roll upon.
If one has sufficiently dealt with stability (say through having enough widely separated tracks), a local possibility might be a long, small constant radius for each narrow portion of the cylinder rolling on one of the tracks. See Fig. 42 for a front magnified view of the straight interface between the rolling portion and the track. Such a configuration could be used with the cylinder types of Fig. 39 and Fig. 40. Hopefully as the cylinder pendulum rolls back and forth, there would not be much axial creep, during each cycle. If there is too much axial creep, the experiment could be stopped and restarted prior to a large radius portion of a cylinder rubbing against a track. If there is axial creep, such a situation would suggest that stability has not yet been properly addressed. If there is any rubbing between a cylinder and a track, those portions of the test would need to be repeated.
Fig. 42. Cylinder-track straight rolling interface.
I think that stability is an important issue if we want to build a correctly operating perpetual rolling cylinder pendulum. Maybe the simplest and most stable solution for the rolling cylinder pendulum would be to just go somewhat with the classic railroad solution for two rail tracks (if not multiple pairs of tracks), though on elevated tracks, as suggested by the exaggerated tapering of the conical wheel rims in Fig. 43, for purposes of illustration. Fig 43 shows top or front views of the cylinder and wheel that ride on the dual elevated rail tracks. Unlike Fig. 29 the wheels in Fig. 43 will support a single central massive cylinder, as part of its axle. If the cylinder happens to somehow be positioned too far to the right, the effective radius on the right will be larger than the effective radius on the left and it will turn to the left so as to remove the incorrect position. Similarly, if the cylinder happens to somehow be positioned too far to the left, the effective radius on the left will be larger than the effective radius on the right and it will turn to the right so as to remove the incorrect position. The suggested material for the cylinder would be stainless steel, but other material may work.
Fig. 43. Cylinder rolling on elevated rail tracks.
If the cylinder is neither too far to the left or right, but is somehow turned, this would cause the cylinder to turn more. Assuming lips are also added to the outside edges of the tapered wheels, more turning would cause an outside wheel lip to run into its rail, which would cause friction. The experiment would need to be restarted if that were to occur. It is not known if the turning instability problems can be fully solved. If they can’t be solved, we might need to go back to multiple connected cylinders on multiple tracks somewhat suggested by Fig. 40, which may not be perpetual but may show whether end elevations can either increase or be maintained.
Again, the experiments could be done in vacuum to reduce friction to enhance the observed effects of the Bessler principle. But doing the experiments in vacuum would make the experiments much more difficult, especially if we have not correctly dealt with the stability issues. IR cameras could look at the surfaces coming in contact with each other to see if there is actual rubbing that otherwise would have gone unnoticed. If rubbing is noticed, corrective steps can be taken.
The track shown in Fig. 41 has a straight center section and two straight edge sections. Transitions could be inserted between the straight sections that are arcs of circles so as to provide gentle smooth transitions. The angular speeds during the center section should be recorded. Videos showing a journal mark on an end would be appropriate. The maximum angular speed that the cylinder ever experienced should be recorded. If the "cylinder" is constructed using a lathe, then that means the maximum prior angular speed of the cylinder should have been somehow recorded. I would suggest that, if possible, any cylinders be fabricated at low angular speeds, less than the maximum angular speed expected during operation of the cylinder pendulum.
Would the "cylinder" increase in its maximum elevation at each end with time in apparent defiance of gravity? If during movement, it either perpetually remained at the same maximum elevations or increased with time, until it hit any “stops” on the ends, then this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle. If it decreased in those maximum elevations with time, then this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle meaning evidence against the Bessler principle. The results may depend upon maximum angular speed during each cycle, time duration at that angular speed during each cycle, track angle at the highest portion of the track (to give nuclear ground states a chance to come to more nearly a complete rotational rest at the top portion of the motion), and maximum angular speed ever experienced by the cylinder in its entire history, including during its formation.
Experimental Variations. Performance will likely depend upon particular experimental variations. With friction we would expect that the maximum elevations to only decrease. With low enough friction and the Bessler principle playing a more important part, we would expect that rotational kinetic energy could be produced by such a system. The idea is for there to be very little friction, while the cylinder and the contained nuclear-ground-states acquire greater angular speed. Then, at the end of each half cycle, there should be a long enough rotationally cooling time for the rotating nuclear-ground-states to lose their angular speed as the cylinder goes up the other side. The need for a long enough cooling off time would suggest that a small angle on each of the track ends would be needed to extract all possible angular momentum from the rotating nuclear ground states, so as not to destroy energy at the beginning of the next half cycle. Experimentation might be needed to determine the most productive end angles for proper rotational cooling, starting heights for production of effective angular frequencies in the bottom portions, and effective lengths of the bottom center horizontal sections for proper production of rotational kinetic energy therein. There may be configurations with respect to radii, lengths, and densities that have greater or lesser effective friction with respect to the air.
Stable Surface Hint from Orffyrean Roller Bearing and McKinley Demonstrations. In case the low-friction stability problem cannot be solved by other means, here is a difficult-yet-possible hint for solving the stability problem. After the manner of Fig. 40 and Fig. 42, replace the flat contacting surfaces with externally machined complementary lobes and lobe holes somewhat like the Orffyrean roller bearing but having much larger lobes and lobe holes. Prior to the final McKinley low-friction demonstration were demonstrations using some "cylinders" which were not round, but each “cylinder” was composed of only three huge lobes, which allowed rolling along a complementary surface. Those demonstrations indicated that larger shapes for the lobes and lobe-holes would be possible. Such completely-shaped complementary-machined-surfaces would be possible prior to the reinvention of the Orffyrean roller bearing.
Any test of the Bessler principle using the Orffyrean roller bearing will need to wait until after it is reinvented. See 9.1 "Low Friction Orffyrean Roller Bearing" for suggested details for reinventing it. Once it has been reinvented, we should for modern-day reinvented-versions of Bessler wheels be able to qualitatively reproduce all the many results recorded for the wheels built by Bessler. Reproducing a qualitative result will provide positive evidence for the Bessler principle. Not being able to reproduce a qualitative result will provide negative evidence for the Bessler principle.
With a slight initial rotational angular speed provided about a horizontal axis, a solid cylinder wheel supported on each side by an Orffyrean roller bearing should increase in angular speed, until equilibrium with respect to friction is reached. The wheel would need to be smooth on its outside so as to offer little air resistance. If this increase in angular speed is observed to be the case this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle. If the wheel slows to a stop (as is the usual case for most normal wheels, without Orffyrean roller bearings) this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle.
Bessler's horizontal rotating wheel experiments were not limited to the four most famous wheels. I think that with much help of his trusted assistant/brother, Gottfried (under the guise of working on Orffyreus's wheel), Orffyreus built large numbers of wheels with different internal arrangements that were each perpetual motion mobiles. Many of those different interior wheel designs were inside wheels that rotated around a horizontal axis, using Bessler's very low friction bearings. To see diagrams of many of these perpetual motion designs that were all built and worked, see non-original illustrations of Maschinen Tractate at http://www.orffyre.com/mt.html, or see reproductions of originals by John Collins book Maschinen Tractate 2008. Also see Das Triumphirende Perpetuum Mobile, 1719, by Orffyreus (meaning J. E. E. Bessler).
With Orffyrean roller bearings, we might eventually be able to produce all the perpetual motion mobiles shown in Bessler's incomplete notes and figures, Maschinen Tractate. Each one of the 143 mobiles could be considered as a separate test of the Bessler principle, either for or against it. If the perpetual motion mobile can be built, then such a working perpetual motion mobile constitutes evidence for the Bessler principle. If the perpetual motion mobile can't be built, then such a non-working perpetual motion mobile constitutes evidence against the Bessler principle. I think that all of them require the use of the Orffyrean roller bearing. Prior to testing, it should be understood that many of those perpetual motion mobiles that Bessler claimed to have built needed to be supported at their centers by a pair of Orffyrean roller bearings so that they could rotate about a horizontal axis. Many or about 40 mobiles would be contained within their own hollow wheel (with smooth exterior) so that there would be little problems with friction between the air and the wheel. Such wheels would rotate about a horizontal axis. Many others of the mobiles have some external interactions.
Here might be the 103 MT numbers having some external interactions: 6-8, 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 28-30, 32(?), 33(?), 34, 35, 36(?), 40-42, 44-59, 61, 62, 66, 69, 76-129, 133-136, and 138-143.
Here might be the 40 MT numbers that could be contained within their own rotating wheel: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 37, 38, 39, 43, 60, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 130, 131, 132, and 137.
If one has Orffyrean roller bearings available, it should be clear how many others of Orffyreus's 143 drawings may be constructed to form a perpetual mobile. Many of those drawings did not make it clear how they might work, so they would require further analysis with the assistance of the Orffyrean roller bearings. Any test that successfully builds a working perpetual motion mobile, "fully" using one of Bessler's drawings, should be a positive result for the Bessler principle. Any test using Orffyrean roller bearings that cannot successfully produce a working perpetual motion mobile, using one of Bessler's drawings, may be considered a result against the Bessler principle. According to analysis of the preponderance of the best quality evidence, a single drawing should only come down on one side of the Bessler principle case. If it is not abundantly clear which side it is on, then more study of the situations for the drawing is needed. Many people have said that perpetual motion mobiles were impossible, but many people saw much evidence for themselves at the time of Bessler that such were indeed possible. I think that when the first modern Orffyrean roller bearings begin to appear, there will be many who will see firsthand evidence that there can be perpetual motion mobiles powered by gravity.
For each of the 40 cases of a mobile attached within a wheel a slight initial rotational angular speed should be provided to the wheel about a horizontal axis. If after that the angular speed increases and remains rotating for as long as desired, then this would be a positive test result of the Bessler principle. If any parts wear out, the parts should be repaired or replaced and the test continued. If the wheel and the mobile within slow to a stop, then this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle. With positive results for the Bessler principle for each of these 40 mobiles, this would truly be Bessler's triumph of the perpetual motion mobile, exactly as he (Orffyreus) claimed.
Eventually after much study the other 103 cases may be considered, though their analysis would be more complicated, as the intended behavior is not always clear.
With a slight initial rotational angular speed about a horizontal axis, a solid cylinder wheel supported on each side by an Orffyrean roller bearing (and mass comparable to Bessler's Kassel wheel) should be able to repetitively raise weights. The weights could be lifted using a sprocket and a chain with little cups attached to some of the pins of the chain so that individual weights could be put into cups at the bottom and when they get to the top a cup with a weight would dump its weight. The wheel would need to be smooth on its outside so as to offer little air resistance. If this raising of some weights is observed to be the case, then this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle. If the chain can't raise any weights and the wheel slows to a stop, then this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle. Even with positive results, there would be a limit to the total mass of the weights being lifted at one time before it would fail, so one should start out testing with just a single light weight at a time. If there is too much friction in the external method for raising the weights, a method with less friction should be used. For example, the sprockets could be turned using very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings.
With a slight initial rotational angular speed about a horizontal axis, a solid cylinder wheel supported on each side by an Orffyrean roller bearing (and mass comparable to Bessler's Kassel wheel, 500 to 700 pounds pp. 16, 20, 198, and 200 of PM97) should be able to continuously turn an Archimedean screw, which could serve as a water pump. The Archimedean screw should also be supported using very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings. The wheel and the Archimedean screw could be connected by a flexible belt, as long as little friction is associated with the connection. The friction of the connection can be evaluated by the Archimedean screw needing to turn easily, when no water is being pumped by it, when connected to the horizontal axle of the main wheel being tested. The friction can also be evaluated by hopefully the main wheel not being reduced much in maximum angular speed after being attached to the Archimedean screw but prior to being used to pump water. The main wheel would need to be smooth on its outside so as to offer little air resistance. If the Archimedean screw continues to turn continuously so as to be a water pump, this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle. If the Archimedean screw stops turning, this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle.
The Bessler principle may be tested, observed, and beneficially used to extract power from sources of two-part gravitons. I think that the vast preponderance of the current evidence indicates that the Bessler principle is correct. I suppose that it will continue to be correct. The correctness of the Bessler principle means that conservation of energy is not a correct foundation principle. Many tests have been suggested in this chapter for further testing of the Bessler principle. Prior evidence for the Bessler principle has included information from railroads, cars, turbines, flywheels, tumbling satellites in space, the 1968 McKinley low friction demonstration, and the many Bessler wheel observations. Tests provided in this chapter will allow similar further trials/tests of the Bessler principle. The Bessler wheel tests are dependent upon the reinvention of the Orffyrean roller bearing.
Bessler Principle Proof. There comes a point where it is easier to accept the Bessler principle than to assume that many separate unrelated miracles are occurring. One can say that there are large numbers of miracles occurring or one may say that there are many manifestations of a common Bessler principle, which principle has previously been greatly ignored. Occam's razor may be invoked. Occam's razor is that the simplest explanation is usually the correct explanation. It is simpler to have a single testable principle, which explains a multitude of testable physical situations, than to have a multitude of separate unexplained testable physical situations. It is also simpler to have a single testable principle, which explains a multitude of testable physical situations, than to attribute many separate principles to explain the multitude of testable physical situations. Occam's razor gives a type of proof of the Bessler principle. I consider that the Bessler principle has been well proven from an Occam's razor viewpoint. Others will need to consider all the evidence and apply the Occam's razor test for themselves to come to their own conclusions.
Conditions Associated to Help Exemplify Bessler Principle. (1) Very low friction conditions should help exemplify the Bessler principle. (2) Large preferred-direction fluxes of gravity should help exemplify the Bessler principle. The gravitational flux may somewhat be thought of as the number of gravitons crossing a unit area in one direction during a unit time. The preferential direction, of largest sum of the flux of gravity plus flux in the opposite direction, could be called vertical. A direction that is perpendicular to vertical may be called horizontal. With many gravitating bodies there could be other definitions of horizontal. An alternate definition of horizontal could be the bi-direction of greatest accumulation of perpendiculars to local gravitons. (3) Very large angular speeds about horizontal axes should help exemplify the Bessler principle. (4) Very large masses rotating about horizontal axes should help exemplify the Bessler principle. (5) There would often need to be a reasonable angular momentum connection between the rotating nuclear-ground-states and the surrounding materials to exemplify the Bessler principle.
Three of those five conditions are associated with the important example of the solar corona. They are namely: low friction, large gravitational flux, and large angular speeds about horizontal axes.
The fifth condition is associated with an opposing condition associated with exemplifying the Bessler principle. That is the idea of rotational mixing.
Rotational Mixing. Effects of the Bessler principle are reduced when rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states are rotationally mixed with less rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. Rotational mixing can somewhat occur mechanically or less easily or less obviously through thermal mixing. For the less obvious situation, such a rotational mixture can occur when there is some sort of a thermal exposure of the two types of materials to each other. There is a temperature associated with translation motion. There is a temperature associated with rotational motion. The two need not be the same as evidenced by the solar corona at its greatest elevations. In the solar corona, in the portions of the sun's atmosphere located at the greatest elevations, the translation temperatures could be relatively low because of the extremely low temperature associated with the background temperature of space. The low background temperature of space may also be considered to be originating from very little internal rotations and very little translational motions. The background of space has both low translational temperature and low rotational temperature. The rotational temperature associated with the solar corona is extremely high. Due to the extremely low densities associated with the far edges of the solar atmosphere, there is very little interaction between the two temperatures associated with the solar corona. Thus, the two temperatures do not approach a single common temperature. The temperatures associated with the background of space are able to partly mix with the translational temperature of the solar corona, because only the weakest radiation can come from the background of space, while any photons of the coronal edges are almost purely given up to the background of space. Few of the energetic photons from the coronal edges strike atom/ions/nuclei of the coronal edges. The great temperatures in the photosphere need not show up as great translation temperatures in the far edges of the solar corona because of the photosphere photons are often not absorbed in the far edges of the solar corona and because of the small background temperature of space. On the other hand, temperatures associated with the background of space are not able to mix very well with the rotational temperature of the solar corona. The internal rotations within the solar corona have their own separate source of power found in the Bessler principle.
If one desires to reduce the effects of the Bessler principle, one can expose rotationally rich nuclei (or energy productive from a Bessler principle standpoint) to rotationally poor nuclei (or energy unproductive from a Bessler principle standpoint). Total energy produced by the Bessler principle can plummet by exposure of the rotationally rich to the rotationally poor, which effect may or may not be desirable.
Protect or Not Protect Rotations. If it is desired that energy production be increased by the Bessler principle, then the rotationally rich need to be sufficiently rotationally protected for a long enough period of time. If it is desired that Bessler principle energy production be decreased, then the rotationally rich need to be rotationally mixed with the rotationally poor. If it is desired that the rotationally poor become less poor according to the Bessler principle, then the rotationally rich may be rotationally mixed with the rotationally poor. If it is desired that the rotationally rich not dangerously rotate as rapidly, then the rotationally rich need to be rotationally mixed with the rotationally poor. Such interactions (or lack thereof) can be important when considering devices that are dependent upon the Bessler principle.
Wheels. The wheel is a Bessler principle device previously discussed in Chapter 6 "THE WHEEL DISCOVERED". Other aspects of the wheel will be discussed in greater detail, as this book progresses. Car power and railroad power were associated with particular wheels that were previously discussed in Chapter 4 "SOME SIMPLE EVIDENCES OF BESSLER’S PRINCIPLE". Bessler's wheels were bearing-dependent wheels that were introduced in Chapter 4. Bessler's wheels were given more discussion in Chapter 6 “THE WHEEL DISCOVERED” and in "APPENDIX B ORFFYREUS’S LITTLE BOOK". Bessler's wheels depended directly upon his roller bearing which will be discussed in section “9.1 Low Friction Orffyrean Roller Bearing" of Chapter 9 "DEVICES FROM LITTLE CODED BOOKS".
Some other devices dependent upon the Bessler principle will now be discussed.
Stirling engines are engines can often work surprisingly efficiently using a working fluid between modest external temperature differentials. The temperature differentials are supposedly their only power source. For an example of an alpha type Stirling engine, see the "moving" illustration currently at "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine". The site shows still and moving illustrations for alpha and beta type Stirling engines. The site explains how the gamma type Stirling engine is a beta type Stirling engine with separate cylinders. Some alpha type Stirling engine illustrations were provided by Richard Wheeler (User:Zephyris). Some beta type Stirling engine illustrations having a horizontal cylinder were provided by User:Van helsing.
Bessler Principle Features of Stirling Engines. A Stirling engine can operate efficiently using relatively small temperature differences. The rotations of the nuclear ground states within gaseous working fluid near the thermal reservoirs are usually not considered in Stirling engines. Because of the Bessler principle, there can be increased rotations of the nuclear ground states in the working fluids on the higher temperature reservoir side. This source of power is typically not considered in discussions of the Stirling engines. The Bessler principle operating within the gaseous fluid on the higher temperature side tends to increase the temperature on that side, thus making the engine more efficient. Because of lower angular speeds and the Bessler principle, there is often not as much power generated by the Bessler principle in the fluid on the low temperature reservoir. Also and I think more importantly, many Stirling engines often need to have a type of "flywheel". I think that is should be particularly emphasized that the flywheel needs to be rotating about a horizontal axis. It is not because rotations cannot be done with rotations about vertical axes. It is a matter of pragmatics. I think that because of the Bessler principle the Stirling engines tend to work better, when the flywheel rotates about a horizontal axis than when the flywheel rotates about a vertical axis. One can use this idea to construct crude tests of the Bessler principle.
Test Modified Stirling Engines. Build a Stirling engine with a flywheel rotating about a horizontal axis. Build a similar Stirling engine modified so that the flywheel instead rotates about a vertical axis. Which type of engine works better? If the one with the flywheel rotating about a horizontal axis works better, then this is evidence for the Bessler principle. If either they work the same or the one with the flywheel rotating about a vertical axis works better, then this is evidence against the Bessler principle. These are crude tests, as it may be difficult to put similarity controls on the experiments given directional asymmetries. The experimenter can try to put as many controls on the experimentation as possible. Controls would include the same friction, the same flywheel rotational speed, and the same geometry. A working beta type Stirling engine with a single horizontal cylinder might have the same geometry but proof that the friction is the same could be somewhat elusive. One could simply turn the engine 90°, while maintaining the same center axis of the cylinder. That procedure would rotate the flywheel axis by 90°. One might blame any poorer engine performance on friction, but might the poorer performance in part be due to less power produced from the Bessler principle? One could in principle reduce the mass of the flywheel greatly to reduce the effect of the Bessler principle, while friction in each situation is somehow “separately” measured. That is one crude approach to controlling the similarity of friction in the bearings in the two situations. Once it is “demonstrated” that the bearings have similar friction, then the flywheel mass can be put back on.
There has been much progress shown on the Internet (both experimentally and theoretically) with respect to reinventing the Papp engine. See http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/PappEngine.txt for my earlier discussion of why the Papp engine reactor works according to the Bessler principle.
Papp Engines Introduction. The Papp engines used the Bessler principle to produce large amounts of rotational kinetic energy from induced rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. The Papp engines ran very cool, because they created internal rotational states of matter rather than translational states of moving matter. Radiation was milked of its energy so as not to increase the translational temperature. There was no need for a cooling system and Josef or Joseph Papp Jr. (21 Apr 1933 – 13 Apr 1989) (Florida Death Index, Find A Grave Index, and pp. 6-7, 17 of Infinite Energy (IE) Issue #51) didn't use one. If anything Papp had the opposite problem of the system being too cold. The inside of a Papp engine can be thermally/rotationally very cold because of rotating nuclear-ground-states giving up magnetic radiation in a frictional fashion. The situation is not completely unlike the rotationally cold protons in the ultra-cold 3°K background of space giving up magnetic radiation so as not to increase in angular speed according to the Bessler principle. Papp is pronounced "pop", according to the usual European vowel convention. On many occasions, Papp built and demonstrated separate engines. Like Bessler, Papp was continually battling or confronting a great wall of disbelief, especially on the part of so-called "scientifically knowledgeable" people. The Papp patents (#3680431, #3670494, and #4428193) describe portions of his engines but the patents apparently left out important essential details. I think that Papp was trying to maintain control of his engine, as one does with a trade secret.
Hydrogen Left Out of Formula. The Papp patents neglected to explain that ordinary hydrogen is a necessary ingredient for the reusable “noble” gas "fuel" mixture for the Papp engines. I will try to explain below why hydrogen was so important to the proper working of Papp's noble gas engines. Papp's stated noble gas fuel mixture was approximately 36% helium, approximately 26% neon, approximately 17% argon, approximately 13% krypton, and approximately 8% xenon by volume, which percentages add up to 100%. This fuel mixture formula may be found in patent #4428193 and also may be found on p. 28 of Infinite Energy (IE) Issue #51. I assume that any polarization of the gas referred to in patent #4428193 would actually refer to magnetic polarization of the gas, properly including hydrogen, for purposes of rotational moderation.
Hydrogen in Revised Formula.
The fuel mixture may be corrected by the addition of diatomic hydrogen,
by somewhat maintaining the same neighboring ratios, 1.38=36/26, 1.53=26/17,
1.31=17/13, and 1.62=13/8, of the number of lighter nuclei to the number of
next more massive nuclei. The average of
those ratios would be approximately 1.5
Once the plasma is formed by the patent-specified high-frequency-spark(s), many of the hydrogen nuclei would potentially be available for power production. In that mixture, hydrogen is almost a noble gas as the only thing that it can chemically combine with is itself. Hydrogen can't chemically combine with any of the noble gas atoms. There must be no oxygen in the Papp gas, since it would provide a one-time production of energy and could remove some hydrogen from being used in the gas. The chemical energy associated with atomic hydrogen repetitively combining and disassociating with itself is effectively a zero-sum energy situation in the long run. Papp was essentially right that he was using a noble gas fuel mixture. He just left out that complete detail concerning hydrogen. See Table 8.1 for a short list of atoms and the typical nuclear isotopes.
Table 8.1. Short list of atoms or isotopes.
|
Symbol |
Name |
# protons |
# neutrons |
|
H |
hydrogen |
1 |
0 |
|
D |
deuterium |
1 |
1 |
|
He |
helium |
2 |
usually 2 |
|
C |
carbon |
6 |
usually 6 |
|
N |
nitrogen |
7 |
usually 7 |
|
O |
oxygen |
8 |
usually 8 |
|
Ne |
neon |
10 |
usually 10 |
|
Ar |
argon |
18 |
usually 40 |
|
Kr |
krypton |
36 |
usually 84 |
|
Xe |
xenon |
54 |
number varies |
Other Formulas Based on Constant Ratios of Neighboring Nuclei. Some other gas mixture formulas may be found
according to using as a constant factor (f) or ratio of the number of the
lighter nuclei to the number of next more massive nuclei. A fixed factor (f) might have been selected
between 1.3 and 1.7, since those numbers formed bounds on Papp’s prior ratios. Any chosen fixed factor (f) would produce a “noble”
Papp gas formula of (.5*f5H, f4He, f3Ne,
f2Ar, fKr, Xe)(100%)/(.5*f5+f4+f3+f2+f+1). As an example of using that formula, choosing
as f the fixed ratio or factor of the average ratio of Papp's stated
neighboring ratios = (36/26 + 26/17 + 17/13 + 13/8)/4
More Study. To more quickly learn of better performing choices for the Papp gas, it probably would be better to study the above single parameter formula, (.5*f5H, f4He, f3Ne, f2Ar, fKr, Xe)(100%)/(.5*f5+f4+f3+f2+f+1), before studying a more detailed dual parameter formula such as (.5*hf4H, f4He, f3Ne, f2Ar, fKr, Xe)(100%)/(.5*hf4+f4+f3+f2+f+1). In other words, we probably should initially study the formula where h=f prior to studying formulas where h is not equal to f. One can study Papp gas formulas with respect to such things as energy production and safety. The studies need to be made in context with other conditions such as spark frequencies, spark electrodes, spark chamber geometry, surface properties of the spark chamber (reflectivity and nuclear magnetic moments), friction characteristics of the piston, gas outflow from the spark chamber, magnetic polarization of gas, mass of attached cylinders rotating about horizontal axes, prior rotational history of the cylinders, and frictional characteristics of the cylinders.
Angular Acceleration of Nuclei. Without consideration of the additional angular acceleration from the Bessler principle, a nucleus may receive an initial angular acceleration proportional to the ratio of its received torque to its moment of inertia. The torque (see Fig. 1) applied (about its center of mass) by a spark is proportional to its currently induced nuclear magnetic-dipole-moment.
Hydrogen Essential for Power Production. The most important thing in the fuel mixture formula is that ordinary hydrogen is needed for proper power production. The nucleus of the ordinary hydrogen atom (a proton) is the nucleus with the largest ratio of nuclear magnetic moment to moment of inertia. The proton has a very large nuclear magnetic moment of +2.79278 nuclear magnetons (see p. B-247 CRC). The moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis through its center is (2/5) times its mass times the square of the sphere's radius. Among all nuclei, the mass of the proton is the smallest. Among all nuclei, the radius of the proton is the smallest. Thus, among all nuclei, the moment of inertia of the proton is the smallest. Rapidly changing magnetic fields in sudden high frequency sparks from electrode pairs can cause many nuclei of hydrogen to rapidly rotate about an axis going through its center. The Papp patent #4428193 indicates frequencies from approximately 27,000 MHz to approximately 40,000 MHz.
Linear Chirp. Since there was a range of frequencies, I would suspect that instead of using a constant frequency according to the patents, there might be better performance, if a “chirp” frequency were used to increase the frequency during the spark. If pragmatic, I think that one should begin the frequency near or much smaller than the lower frequency of 27,000 MHz and quickly ramp the frequency up to the highest frequency of approximately 40,000 MHz or higher. The reasoning is that, as we get the hydrogen nuclei to rapidly rotate, we would want to efficiently induce them to rotate even more rapidly.
Quadratic Chirp. I suppose that a linear ramp would be less advantageous than a well-chosen quadratic ramp, but linear ramps should be studied prior to quadratic ramps. We might need to first determine the best start frequency, stop frequency, and time between the start and stop. Once they are simultaneously determined we could then study slight quadratic variations of that best linear ramp. For frequency as a quadratic function of time, I would guess that a concave upward (or larger frequency) quadratic ramp would be more advantageous than a concave downward quadratic ramp. I suppose that experimentation would provide the best quadratic for particular conditions to best assist the Bessler principle to produce energy in the Papp engines.
Horizontal Axes Rotations. For those nuclei acquiring rapid components of rotations about somewhat horizontal axes, much more rotational kinetic energy is then obtained by the Bessler principle. The Bessler principle causes nuclear-ground-states of hydrogen, which are rapidly internally rotating about somewhat horizontal axes, to internally rotate even more rapidly about horizontal axes. It may be possible to arrange the geometries and initial directions of magnetic polarizations to optimize the preferential rotations of hydrogen nuclei about horizontal axes (rather than about more wasteful vertical axes) and thus optimize the benefit of the input high frequencies.
Safety Monitoring. In the experiments, we should, for safety sake, focus on getting the hydrogen nuclei to initially internally rotate sufficiently rapidly rather than causing the more massive nuclei to internally rotate rapidly. We don’t want the effectiveness to increase so much that the situation becomes dangerous. As we increase the effectiveness we can decrease the power input so that it not become dangerous. We can carefully monitor the power produced to make sure that the power produced is not getting into a dangerous range.
As experimental evidence that hydrogen was needed in Papp gas, consider that, “… Dr. Randell Mills and his colleagues at BlackLight Power Corporation have observed excess heat phenomena associated with microwave stimulation of helium and hydrogen mixtures, but not krypton and argon mixtures.” See p. 10 of IE Issue #51.
Danger of Insufficient Rotational Moderation. If we get the somewhat more massive nuclei in the gas mixture to rotate, they can provide much energy by the Bessler principle, but there is a danger of those nuclei being ripped apart rotationally (by acquiring too much energy) if they are somehow not sufficiently rotationally moderated. That problem of multi-nucleon nuclei being ripped apart also can occur within GEET reactors (see below), but the solution in both cases is to not make the devices so powerful.
There were two explosions of the Papp gas, which I think were caused by insufficient rotational moderation along with too much initial power supplied. In the first case there was a demonstrated explosion and in the second case (the next month) there was an unplanned explosion, possibly associated with anger on the part of the inventor.
The first explosion demonstrated the greater than chemical explosive power of the Papp gas. The explosion was on 27 October 1968 in the desert east of Lancaster, California. See IE, 2003, Volume 9, Issue #51, pp. 7, 17, 37-40, 43. Cecil Baumgartner noticed that when Papp “transferred so many cc’s of his gases to the fifth flask that his hand shook noticeably.” See p. 38 of IE Issue #51. I am guessing that he was very nervous, since I suspect that he was injecting hydrogen gas into the then completed Papp gas and an unexpected spark might have set off a smaller-yet-dangerous premature explosion. Two Navy people from the Naval Underseas Laboratory had carefully monitored all steps that Papp took to make sure that “no unusual explosives were introduced”. About “10 or 11 cc’s from the fifth flask” caused a massive explosion after being activated by power from an AC generator. See pp. 37-38 of IE Issue #51. The explosion details provided evidence that greater explosive power was available than from purely chemical explosive means.
The second explosion was on 18 November 1968 in Gardena, California during a demonstration of a running Papp engine, in which there were injuries and a fatality. If there ever had been evidence of any illicit chemical explosives, then Caltech would not have needed to settle out-of-court for interference by physicist Richard P. Feynman. See IE Issue #51, pp. 7-8, 29-30, 33-36, and 39-48.
Frustrations from Skeptics. Papp may have been greatly frustrated or angry by having his engine demonstration interfered with (without permission) and crudely, publicly labeled as a hoax. Papp likely thus contributed to the explosion in one of his running engines on 18 November 1968, when he may have turned up the power on a variac before its cord was plugged back in. See pp. 40, 42-43, 45-46 of IE Issue #51. Well-designed Papp engines should be safe to use because of rotational moderation with respect to the input/produced power, as long as one does not try to make them explode. We need to extract rotational kinetic energies from the nuclei to produce useful power, within a Papp engine, long before there can be a dangerous explosion.
In similar comparison, Bessler often became so angry or frustrated with others that he smashed his wheel on several occasions.
Rotational Moderation Needed. The Papp patents neglected to directly explain that rotational moderation was needed to avoid too much power being produced. Beyond the need for hydrogen, the next most important thing in the fuel mixture formulas (and their surroundings) is that there must be enough surrounding nuclei of large enough mass so that the surroundings can be rotationally-moderating. Those surrounding materials need to be chemically inert so that the materials continue to be available for later rotational moderation. The walls/piston can for example be an inert shiny stainless steel alloy or an inert shiny strong alloy of aluminum or a shiny inert metal covering a strong material. The surfaces can contain many atoms with nuclei, which have large nuclear magnetic moments. The chemically inert massive walls of the spark chamber can somewhat serve as rotational moderation, but they are often distant from the rotating nuclei. There needs to be massive nuclei nearby for local rotational moderation of the lighter nuclei.
Rotational Moderation within Explosive/Plasma. How does rotational moderation occur within a Papp gas or plasma? Nuclei of all sizes can have induced magnetic dipoles because of internal rotations. Because of translational motion, lighter nuclei can be rotationally altered, when their magnetic dipoles interfere with magnetic dipoles of larger nuclei. Bumping of atoms/ions into other atoms/ions can provide internal rotational moderation to prevent nuclei from rotating purely about horizontal axes. The suppression of much rotation about horizontal axes prevents the acquisition of greater rotational-kinetic-energy by the Bessler Principle. If the larger nuclei within noble gas atoms only have slight angular speeds, then they won’t have very large magnetic dipoles, but they can still do some rotational moderation.
It would be unlikely, except initially or under very cold circumstances, for all the most massive nuclei to have little internal rotation of their nuclear-ground-states (and thus little induced magnetic dipole moments). If the nuclei are to remain effective with respect to rotational moderation, that is a reason for preventing such nuclei from becoming rotationally and translationally too cold.
Little Rotational Moderation during Run-away Situation. With little rotational moderation, it could be a rotationally “run-away” situation, with nearly-all nuclei increasing in internal angular speed about somewhat horizontal axes, because of the Bessler principle. There could be a rumbling sound followed by an explosion, if insufficient local rotational moderation is provided. See IE Issue #51, pp. 16-17 for details of the low-frequency rumbling sound preceding explosions on two occasions. If we want to maintain rotational moderation, hopefully we can prevent all nuclei from being too cold with respect to translation. The nuclei need to magnetically interfere with each other to properly be rotationally moderating. Nuclei that magnetically interfere with each other can give off some magnetic radiation, which may help with rotationally moderating the situation.
Rotational Kinetic Energy to Photons. Energy is also removed from rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states by various forms of rotational "friction". Photons on very rare occasion can bounce off of rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states to become photons with more energy and momentum. More importantly electrons can especially acquire energy by interacting with rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states and so produce photons which convey away energy and momentum.
Radiation given off can slow down the angular speeds, though the Bessler principle can increase the internal angular speeds for rotations about somewhat horizontal axes.
Reflection Doubles Momentum Transfer. I think that the Papp patents also neglected to explain that the inside surfaces of the spark chamber need to be reflective with respect to the photons. When a photon is purely absorbed in a piston, it would at most increase the momentum of the piston by the momentum of the photon. When a photon is reflected by a piston, it can increase the momentum of an initially stationary piston by up to twice the initial momentum of the photon. A photon’s linear momentum in the direction that it is going is the photon’s energy divided by the speed of light. The speed of light may be represented by c which is also equal to (a photon’s wavelength)*(the photon’s frequency). The reflecting photon itself loses no energy, if it is reflected from a “completely” stationary piston or surface. Upon reflection, the photon’s momentum toward a stationary surface of the piston changes from a positive component to a negative component of the same amount. Conservation of total linear momentum, for a head on reflection, would require that the piston acquire essentially double the momentum component that the photon originally had.
Multiple Reflections Multiplies Momentum Transfer. Making all the inside surfaces of a spark chamber in a Papp engine very reflective could cause each photon to usually come back and hit the piston again. With each return of the photon to the piston surface, that would repeatedly provide nearly double components of photon momentum to the piston. This is somewhat in analogy to there being large numbers of light source images, when an original light source is placed between opposing highly reflective mirrors. When one stands in a lighted room between parallel large mirrors on opposite walls, one can see multiple images of one's self. Each of the image light sources is visually greatly multiplied. It can be extremely bright inside a container containing just a single light source, if all the inside surfaces of the container are perfectly reflective.
Slight Loss of Photon Energy by Reflecting off Receding Piston. In the frame of an initially moving piston wall (where there is much interaction), there is almost no loss of photon energy by reflection. In the frame of the Papp engine there is a slight loss of photon energy by it reflecting off an outward moving piston wall. A large number, of reflections of a photon off an outward moving piston, gradually degrades the energy and momentum of the photon. Upon each reflection from an outward moving piston it delivers to the piston nearly twice its surface normal component of its most recent momentum. By the photons reflecting from the surfaces, they would not be absorbed (so not to increase the temperature of the walls). This would also help the Papp engine to run cool, as energy is slowly lost from the photon without the lost energy being deposited in the engine, while approximately large multiples of the photon's momentum are transferred to the piston. The reflective properties of the surfaces would need to be carefully chosen so as to preserve the largest total momenta available. If a photon didn't lose much momentum upon reflecting off a moving piston, then the photon would almost deliver to the piston twice its momentum times the number of its reflections off the piston. A large number of reflections can more than greatly compensate for each slight loss of momentum upon each reflection off a receding piston. I think that we are not dealing with total energy conservative situations here.
Photon momentum would actually increase because of reflection off a piston when the piston travels toward the photon, but we will shortly see that such would destroy piston kinetic energy, which situation should be avoided during the operation of an energy productive Papp engine.
Photons Deliver Kinetic Energies by Momenta. The approximate total momentum delivered to the piston by reflected photons is approximately twice the sum of the normal components of the momenta of all the photons striking the piston. Assuming the positive direction (near the piston) is outward from the chamber of photons, suppose V2 is the velocity of the piston after an absorbed photon delivers momentum to it and suppose V1 is the velocity of the piston before the photon delivers momentum to it. Assuming conservation of momentum, the photon, with positive momentum of P, upon initial striking (or absorption) delivers momentum to the piston of P = (mass of piston)(V2-V1). We will soon show that this increases the kinetic energy of the piston by PV, where V is (V2+V1)/2 or the average of the velocities of the piston before and after the photon delivers its momentum. Well by doing some math, we see that PV = (mass of piston)(V2 - V1)(V2 + V1)/2 = (mass of piston)(V2*V2 - V1*V1)/2 is indeed the change of the piston kinetic energy. That is what we said we would show. From this formula, PV, we see that, for a given fixed positive momentum P, the maximum kinetic energy is transferred to the piston when the piston is moving outward at the greatest positive average velocity, V.
The above calculations for a photon powered engine would suggest that a well-timed spark would be needed. Also see on p. 16 of IE Issue #51 that Papp said, “well-timed spark”. A spark should be produced a little before the piston has its maximum outward speed. There needs to be a little time for the spark to create rotating nuclear-ground-states, a little time for the Bessler principle to increase the energy of the rotating nuclear-ground-states, a little time for the rotating nuclear-ground-states to produce photons, and a little time for all the photons (including reflected photons) to deliver their momenta on multiple occasions. Those times may be concurrent with other such times.
Photon Power. With a photon’s momentum being P, the photon reflecting many times from a piston, it delivers a total kinetic energy of approximately 2PV*(the effective number of normal reflections off the piston), which delivered kinetic energy greatly increases, as the number of reflections of that photon greatly increases. The formula holds for every actual mass of the piston. It might be wise to use light-yet-sturdy reflective pistons. Because of the many possible reflections of a photon, energy is definitely not conserved in the process even though the energy of a particular photon at a particular time is a fixed value of h*(the frequency of that photon). Recall that the symbol “*” represents times or multiplication. The proportionality constant, h, is Planck’s constant. The momentum of a photon P is h/(the wavelength of the photon) or h*(the frequency of the photon)/c.
Piston Kinetic Energy Destruction. The kinetic energy is most reduced (by PV being negative) in the piston when a photon delivers outward positive momentum, P, to the piston at the time when the average velocity, V, corresponds to the maximum inward piston speed (V is most negative). In other words, that is a time that a photon reflection off the piston would be most destructive of the piston's kinetic energy. Outward momentum is applied to a piston, whose momentum was previously most inward. Such a piston would be slowed down in speed.
A Bessler-principle-powered, photon-powered Papp engine should not be run in such an energy destructive manner, unless one wants to use the photons to provide braking for the engine or vehicle that is being powered. An example of desired energy destruction occurs when one is pulling a massive trailer down a hill. Rather than sending all the so-called “gravitational potential energy” of the trailer to the brakes to burn them out or rather than sending all the energy to the engine, to be absorbed as spread out engine friction, one with a versatile Papp engine can destroy piston kinetic energies by applying the sparks to the engine at the “wrong” time of just before the pistons are moving inward at the maximum velocity. One would want to use low energy sparks, since those photons would be increasing rather than decreasing in frequency/energy, as they reflect off the inward moving pistons.
Use Warming Coils. Papp did mention that there should be warming coils (see p. 23 of IE Issue #51). It would not be wise to have photons from any warming coil bouncing around at or before the time of maximum inward piston speed. In other words, if possible, it might be advantageous to turn off any warming coil well prior to the piston moving inward at the maximum inward speed, especially if those photons are being reflected off the interior surfaces. I doubt that long-lasting warming coils can be turned off fast enough due to residual heat lingering in thick coils. For warming coils to last a long time, I would think that they would need to be thick.
If the infrared photons from the warming coils are absorbed in the walls, and not reflected, then that would in part avoid the problem of excessive reflections of infrared photons at the wrong time.
There might have been a problem with the lubrication in the Papp engine not working if the Papp engine became too cold. Having too much friction (associated with a lubricant not working) would destroy much energy acquired.
If a lubricant is required in the Papp engine to reduce friction between moving nearly touching parts, I think that the lubricant should best be reflective for the most energy productive photons. The lubricant could absorb infrared photons coming from the warming coils. Except for the hardening of any lubricant when cold enough, the Papp engine should run quite clean. Using Orffyrean roller bearings for rotations and rubbing avoidance, could allow lubricants to be completely avoided, which could allow very clean Papp engines. Clean interiors of Papp engines would allow the interior optical properties of the “explosion” chambers to be maintained for very long times.
Hopefully no lubricant would be necessary, if the piston never quite touches the walls. The sides of the piston could be black (or photon absorbing) so as to help prevent photons from leaking by the piston to the other side and so switch from being energy productive to energy destructive. Alternate routes for transfer of the gas between sides of the piston can contain corner reflector to reflect photons back into the cavity that they came from. Sides of the gas passageway could be black (especially when beyond the corner reflector) to help inhibit photons going from one side to the other. The passageways should be photon absorbing, if the photons manage to get past the corner reflector in two-stroke Papp engines.
Another reason for heating the Papp gas in the Papp engine might be to avoid nuclear magnetic moments all aligning in the same direction, which could cause an all or nothing response from the high frequency sparks. Some Papp engine designers might desire that prior to the high frequency sparks that the magnetic dipoles be aligned to maximize power produced. Heating might keep nuclei rotating internally. Heating might also allow the larger nuclei to have different directions of their magnetic moments, which might allow them to better rotationally moderate the smaller nuclear-ground-state angular speeds.
Cold Rationale for Papp Engine. Here are some collected reasons why Papp engines might tend to run cold or rather why Papp engines have low temperatures. Low temperatures are usually associated with small translational speeds of atoms. Some of the reasons “blur” into other reasons or rather are related to other reasons.
(1) Papp engines run cold, since there are no chemical-powered reactions for heating or translational motion. There are essentially only gravitational-powered reactions producing useful energy in Papp engines. The principal Bessler principle absorptions in nuclei of two-part gravitons cause there to be extra rotations of the nuclei about horizontal axes. Any chemical cooling from the disassociation of hydrogen molecules nets out as zero energy gains, after the hydrogen molecules are chemically re-formed. The Papp patents did correctly imply that the power did not come from combustion, but they incorrectly identified where the power was actually coming from. It is possible that Papp either did not fully understand the Bessler principle or he (like Bessler) was keeping his knowledge to himself.
(2) Compression of spark chambers typically does not lead to heating, when there are alternate flow routes for Papp gas between chambers. Any extra slight compression/heating is later compensated by slight expansion/cooling.
(3) Any gas-particle translational motion may be associated with internal rotational moderation and cooling, because of interference of large nuclear magnetic-dipole-moments. Interference on the sun generally keeps temperatures of the photosphere much less than temperatures corresponding to the far edges of the solar atmosphere, where there is little interference. Rotational moderation was discussed earlier. Translational motion of protons by interference may give up some energy of translation to photons and may grow internal rotations of larger noble gas nuclei, without adding much to their translational motion. The hint of magnetic polarization of the gas coming from patent #4428193 might help lock or try to lock hydrogen and the noble gases into a magnetically stable structure, which could tend toward translational stability. If attained, which I doubt could fully occur, that would mean that it would tend to be translationally extremely cold.
(4) There can be some similarities in Papp engines to the cold background of space. Forced rotations of nuclear-ground-states, effectively having rotating magnetic moments out in cold space, radiate magnetic energy. The radiations of magnetic energy are low energy photons. They radiate magnetic energy until their effective nuclear magnetic moments have little extra rotational motion, beyond their spinning about a constant axis. That implies that they have given up much internal rotational-kinetic-energy. Since the most rotationally stable nuclear-ground-state of hydrogen (a proton) has an inherent nuclear magnetic moment, there would be extra magnetic radiation given off until it attains a stable axis.
(5) Reflections of photons off the surfaces do not increase the heating of the surface, since they are not absorbed.
(6) The energies of the primarily produced photons tend to be gradually-non-thermally depleted by reflections off of receding piston surfaces. Many times the normal component of momentum of the photon is delivered to the receding piston, which increases the piston energy, without photon energy typically being diverted to thermal energy in the process.
(7) Hydrogen and the noble gases are transparent for optical frequencies, so the presence of optical photons should cause very little motions of those atoms. It is supposed that those gases are relatively transparent for somewhat lower than optical frequencies, because the Papp engines ran cold, requiring a heating element to keep them warm.
(8) If the pistons are constrained to either not physically touch their containing cylinder walls or have very low friction contact with the piston walls, then there would be little or no friction from rubbing.
Rotational Moderation Using Noble Gases. Noble gases are mainly used for rotational moderation so that the rotating ground states in the Papp engine graviton reactions are not rotationally dangerous. The noble gases are both chemically inert and rotationally stable (with respect to their nuclear-ground-states). The noble gases tend to be both chemically stable closed atomic shells and nuclear stable closed shells. It is assumed that high frequency sparks that are used are not so powerful that the noble gases internally rotate so rapidly that the nuclei will be rotationally ripped apart (by acquisition of excessively large amounts of rotational energy by the Bessler principle).
Reuse Gas. There is no need to replace exhausted gas in such a two-stroke engine, as there is no chemical combustion in the "fuel" mixture. The "fuel" mixture may be simply reused by both sides of the piston collectively being nearly hermetically sealed, since gas can flow from one side of the piston to the other. The gas only needs to be replenished at a very slow rate, according to the rate that it leaks away. The piston can acquire power from photon pressure (with each chamber expansion). With the chamber expansions and contractions, gas should be routed from one side of the piston chamber to the other so there is little problem of pressure differentials. That might most easily be done by making the pistons leaky at their edges, which could help avoid friction if the surfaces are not in contact, but could create a slight problem of photons lost through the edges.
Energy from Large Angular Speeds. The Papp engine would never have large energy productive times, if there were only a large forced redistribution of internal-angular-speed or "helpful working wealth" of the nuclei. It is the newly created large angular speeds of the nuclear-ground-states that provide by the Bessler principle the great energy prosperity for the Papp engine. Attempts at equalizing the rotational kinetic energies and angular momenta of the nuclei would remove the largest angular speeds, which removal greatly curtails the most energy productive portions. Consistently producing rotational energy by means of injected large angular speed working "capital" is neither a depleting gamble nor a zero sum energy game, unless perhaps some of the capital is nearly zero-energy-sum wasted on idle wealth of large-angular-speeds of nuclei, internally-rotating around vertical axes.
Taking from the rich and giving to the poor may be popular in the legend of Robin Hood but it is exactly the wrong thing to do, if one wants to rotationally increase energy production in a Papp engine.
The other extreme of too much power being generated can lead to dangerous-out-of-control situations. There must be a practical-workable situation striking a proper balance between large power production and over-confined safety. Papp made it work at least until he changed to new settings that might more favor blowing up his engine.
It is quite interesting how the hydrogen nuclei or protons can somehow handle the great internal angular speeds without destroying themselves. The proton is the most rotationally stable nucleus. The greatly unconstrained angular-speed-rich protons in the Papp engine can provide much energy in great abundance, by the Bessler principle.
The larger nuclei can provide even more power by their rotations since they are more massive.
The helium nuclei within large bounds can handle much angular speed without being rotationally ripped apart. One might think of the usual cold fusion nuclear reaction 2H + 2H à 4He, in which a rapidly-rotating deformed nuclear-ground-state of helium can decay down to a normal helium nuclear-ground-state. As it does this it would produce photons by interaction during the process. The interaction can be with electrons or photons during the decay of each rapidly rotating nuclear ground state. I think that interactions with electrons are more likely. An electron struck by a rapidly moving proton (within a rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-state of helium) can produce a photon. The electron would have been attracted to the positively-charged proton before it is struck with great vigor.
Other noble gases can also handle or tolerate somewhat large amounts of internal angular speed of their nuclei while contributing to energy production, through the Bessler principle. The large internal angular speeds can occur without the nuclei rotationally destroying themselves, as long as the rotational angular speeds are not too large.
Kinetic Energy Production Rationale. I don't want to imply that only the particles with the largest angular speed (each internally rotating about their own horizontal axis) contribute to energy production in the Papp engine. Even the particles with the smallest (or rotationally poorest) angular speed (internally somewhat rotating about their own internal horizontal axis) contribute somewhat to energy production by the Bessler principle. It is just that the largest angular speeds dominate the energy production. I probably should explain these comments with a little algebra. I was trying to avoid such approximate calculations, but my comments become a little clearer with some classical mechanical-like calculations. Anyone who doesn't want to see the calculations could take my comments as they are and just skip the next long paragraph.
Internal Kinetic Energy Production Approximate Calculations. Now let f be the mass of a most fundamental charge. The internal rotational kinetic energy of a fundamental matter pair 2f (composed of two opposite fundamental charges each of mass f) might be taken to be approximately Iww/2 where I is the moment of inertia and w is the internal angular speed. If the radius of the center of each fundamental charge particle about the horizontal axis between the centers of the charge particles is l, then I = 2(j + fll), by twice using the parallel axis theorem, p. 225 "Mechanics" (1971) by Keith R. Symon, where j is the moment of inertia of one of the fundamental particles. The total moment of inertia may be underestimated as just I = 2fll, by assuming that j = 0 or all the mass of a fundamental particle is located at its center. If a fundamental charge were a uniformly solid sphere of radius L, then j would be 2fLL/5 but I am just ignoring the situation by possibly underestimating j to be 0. I don't know if a fundamental charge is a solid sphere and I don't know its radius L. If a fundamental charge can’t rotate, its moment of inertia should be ignored, anyway. Thus, I am effectively just ignoring the situation in this discussion by using an L of zero. That might be the situation, if each fundamental mass were purely a nonrotating source of its type of electric field. We need not assume that l remains a pure constant, but we proceed with the approximate calculations anyway, assuming l is constant. The rotational kinetic energy is Iww/2 = 2fllww/2 = fllww = f(lw)(lw). Let w = w0 + at as an approximation, where w0 is the initial angular speed, a is an approximate angular acceleration, and t is the time. Complicated discrete impulses are needed here but we can simplify the calculation by approximate angle dependent continuous “forces”. Let F be an approximate assumed downward "force" on a fundamental mass particle. This "force" F would be purely dependent upon the availability of suitable gravitons and so would be a continuous approximation of a greatly discontinuous situation. Then the approximate torque on the fundamental charge pair (about the axis through its center) might be something like this representative example of torque = lF(sinQ2 - sinQ1) = Ia = a2fll. The actual “smoothed out” discrete torques would tend to increase with time as the angles tend to improve. So approximately a = lF(sinQ2 - sinQ1)/(2fll). Thus, lw = lw0 + lat = lw0 + (tl)a = lw0 + (tl)lF(sinQ2 - sinQ1)/(2fll) = lw0 + tF(sinQ2 - sinQ1)/(2f). The internal rotational kinetic energy would then be Iww/2 = f(lw)(lw) = f(lw0 + tF(sinQ2 - sinQ1)/(2f))(lw0 + tF(sinQ2 - sinQ1)/(2f)). A curiously similar but simpler approximate continuous-calculation for translational kinetic energy for a mass of 2f falling down in a "constant" force "field" would be 2fss/2 = fss = f(s0 + t2F/(2f))(s0 + t2F/(2f)) = f(s0 + tF/f)(s0 + tF/f), where s is the downward speed, s0 is the initial downward speed, and 2F/(2f) = F/f is the downward acceleration estimate.
Comparison of Rotational and Translational Kinetic Energies. Those formulas for the rotational and translational kinetic energies are continuous estimations or approximations of the actual discrete situations. There are neither actual continuous forces nor torques. There are neither actual continuous accelerations nor angular accelerations coming from the many discrete impulses. Both the rotational and translational kinetic energy formulas show greatly increased growth with time. The approximate formulas would actually increase more than with the shown time (t) dependences. The approximate formulas are the same except for the values of speed: rotational speed = lw0 + tF(sinQ2 - sinQ1)/(2f) for the case of rotational kinetic energy case, and translational speed = s0 + t2F/(2f) for the case of translational kinetic energy case. With the translational kinetic energy formula the energy increase is a one-time situation but ends when the two particles each of mass f eventually run into something. Even cosmic ray particles eventually run into something, though the force "field" effectively increases with time in the frame of the cosmic ray. Since it is a one-time situation, it is often not a productive source of kinetic energy, unless something like a waterfall is available for many masses being used. For the rotational situation, it is not a one-time situation. Energy can continue to be collected as long as rotational friction does not overly destroy the accumulated kinetic energy. The difference, in the increasing/improving sinusoidal functions, is a slight limiting of less than the corresponding factor of two in the translational formula. The difference in the sinusoidal functions is zero for no angular speed (relative to the non-rotating frame in which gravitons go along straight lines) but the difference is greater or improves as angular speed increases to some maximum value at least bounded by two. The absolute value difference between any two sinusoids is at most two, since any particular sinusoid is positive one for its largest value and negative one for its smallest value. I don’t think that a two can be practically attained in the difference of the two sinusoids, since the higher elevation charge just cannot go far enough around the circle on the other side prior to the second portion of the graviton being absorbed in it. The higher elevation charge is certainly bounded in its rotational motion by having to travel less than the speed of light.
Single-Stroke Papp Engine. With sparks on each side of the piston, with approximately one atmosphere of the "noble" gas mixture on each side, and with reflective pistons not tightly sealed (to reduce friction and to allow some gas to get through to the other side but hopefully not lose too many photons), it might be possible for the Papp engine to effectively become a single-stroke engine. It could have a power stroke as the piston goes up and a power stroke as the piston comes down. The pistons could instead go from side to side but up and down might be easier to support. In either case, there could be one or more very-low-friction Orffyrean roller bearings on each of the three/four sides of somewhat triangular/rectangular-shaped pistons to provide tiny gaps. Every stroke could be a power stroke in such a Papp engine. Just apply the high frequency spark on the side of the piston just before the piston on that side is receding the most rapidly. There could be some extra reflections of photons from the surfaces of supports on the side having the piston supports. The piston supports should be as reflective as possible to minimize loss of photons. The piston surfaces might be locally flat with required steps to optimize reflections delivering momentum to the piston. The piston supports might also somewhat rotationally cool off the gas on that side. One would not need to build a Papp engine with controlled "noble"-gas explosions on each side, but in principle it could be possible to build such an engine, with every stroke being a power stroke.
Normal combustion engines have four-strokes with one of them being a power stroke. The usual internal combustion engines have these stages/strokes of piston motion: intake, compression, power from ignition, and exhaust. Two-stroke combustion engines are possible with every other stroke being a power stroke.
Single-stroke combustion engines are almost unheard of but switching from combustion power to gravity-photon Bessler-principle-power opens up such curious possibilities. Every stroke in either direction can be a power stroke, if there are appropriately alternating high-frequency sparks on the two sides of the piston, just before the piston is receding most rapidly from a side needing one or more sparks. There are no wasted strokes for intake, compression, and exhaust as those things are not done with a Papp engine. The "noble"-gas fuel is always there in a Papp engine and should not be compressed. A single-stroke engine might also be beneficial, since the separate high frequency sparks (which help generate many energetic photons) might somewhat replace the role of Papp's warming coils needed to keep things in the engine from becoming too cold. The idle time of the “cooling” phase might be completely removed by switching from a two-stroke Papp engine to a single-stroke Papp engine. Such changes might even help a single-stroke Papp engine, without warming coils, to be warmer than a two-stroke Papp engine, with minimal-required warming coils. Thus, a single-stroke Papp engine might not only be a more powerful engine but also it might be less likely to become too cold, when compared to the two-stroke Papp engine.
For single-stroke Papp engines, more than one high frequency spark might be needed on each side. More than one spark may especially be necessary on the piston support side to more fully rotationally activate the nuclear-ground-states. Even on the side without a support, more than one spark may be necessary to more fully rotationally activate the many nuclear-ground-states.
Papp Provided Misleading Details. I am thinking that Papp’s apparatus to prepare his gas was either unnecessary or much too complicated. I am thinking that there was a lot of misleading details or “fluff” in his patents (especially in patent #4428193). He was fearful of attack by others and he may have blown up his engine prior to it shortly being tested by others (see pp. 7-8, 17, 43, 45-47 of IE Issue #51). According to the preponderance of the evidence (for examples see pp. 14, 17-19 of IE Issue #51), I think that Papp was neither trying to divulge correct information about his gas nor providing anything correct about its preparation. With that being the case, the extra apparatus and steps may have been intended to mislead others so that he could retain the correct simple information for himself.
Magnetic Polarization Hints. As an example of unnecessary things provided by Papp, it may have been the case that after a few initial cycles in a Papp engine, his gas may have magnetically polarized itself. That would make all the gas preparation apparatus and steps unnecessary. The only possibly necessary procedure (that I can currently think of) might be to slowly pass the combined Papp gas through a very strong version of the surrounding earth’s magnetic field, which is typically somewhat horizontal. I don’t know what the strength of the magnetic field should be but a say 1.5 Tesla field should be more than sufficient, since such a vertical field (within some sunspots) apparently prevents nuclei from rotating about horizontal axes. Having the Papp gas initially magnetically polarized might cause its performance characteristics to be more stable in the presence of a high frequency spark to rotationally detonate it. Still, I suspect that it is not necessary to precondition the Papp gas.
Test Papp Engine. If a Papp engine (one/two-stroke type) produces net sustained power, this would be positive evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If a Papp engine (one/two-stroke type) cannot produce net sustained power, this would be evidence against the Bessler principle.
The Papp engines and Stirling engines, both with masses often rotating about horizontal axes, may be combined to form new types of engines.
Papp/Stirling Engine. One could combine multiple one/two-stroke Papp engines with some ideas from the two-stroke Stirling engine. It might be smart to combine the two types of engines so as to share advantages of each. For example, there might not be a need for a heat exchanger in any connecting tube between the sides, with the gases on each side being translationally cold. There might be some concern with rotationally hot materials entering the tube, but rotational exposure to the rotationally cold sides of the tube should cause them to lose their rotational kinetic energy. It is an inherent sort of heat exchanger.
If a Stirling engine can operate efficiently using little temperature difference, then a combined Stirling and Papp engine might be able to operate well: with internal sparks to provide very high nuclear-ground-state rotational-temperature differences in each spark chamber, without the need for heat exchangers, without the need for external heating, without the need for external cooling, without the need for heat regenerators, without the need for internal combustion, and with a massive flywheel/shaft rotating at an advantageous angular speed about a horizontal axis to obtain continual power from a steady flux of energetic gravitons. There would need to be enough gas volume in each spark chamber at the time of the spark so that there could be enough highly rotating nuclear-ground-states picking up more rotational kinetic energy from the two-part gravitons. The spark(s) could be timed to provide much power. As with a Papp engine, the spark(s) could be timed a little before the piston is going away most rapidly so that it could produce useful torque to the rotating massive flywheel/shaft (rotating about a horizontal axis). The main photon burst would hopefully be long "gone" prior to the piston beginning to return. Photons reflecting off a returning piston would be destructive of kinetic energy of the piston.
There would be pressure increases and decreases associated with the diatomic hydrogen separating and recombining within the Papp engine portion, which could be properly included in the expansion and contraction portions of the Stirling engine. Mechanical and radiative simulations that properly include the Bessler principle might show ways to well combine the Stirling and Papp engines. It may be necessary to use reduced reflectivity in the combined Stirling and Papp engines so as not to milk away the energy from the photons but rather to dump the energy from the photons in the walls of the spark chamber. That could prevent the spark chambers from being too cold. If the reflectivity is less, more powerful sparks could be used without as much danger of the chamber exploding due to the combined momenta of the photon multiple bounces.
One wouldn't need to have the pistons at 90° of orientation with respect to each other, as in the alpha type Stirling engine. The pistons could have the same orientation like the beta or better-yet gamma types of Stirling engines, if the connection "points" on the flywheel shaft were changed to 90° out of phase with respect to each other (as is the case with the beta and gamma types of Stirling engines). Both pistons could be powerful. To keep the working Papp engine gas mixture from leaking away as quickly, it might be best to completely enclose the other or "open" atmosphere ends of the pistons to surround the flywheel/shaft. The gas mixture could then only leak out into the actual atmosphere where the main flywheel lubricated shaft comes completely out of the engine to deliver power. If that is done, then the gap between each piston and the piston's walls would not need to be so small, as there would be an extra gas buffer to reduce the possibility of the “noble” gas mixture leaking away. The gas leakage out the main power shaft might be further decreased by keeping the gas pressure around the flywheel/shaft somewhat near atmospheric pressure, which could be done by completely opening gas access between opposite internal sides of the pistons, so that their pressure differentials would be small.
Light/Heat Flash Power. The power for such a combined engine would then not need to come purely from time delayed gas pressure differences, but rather could in part come from both the large energy/momenta of light/heat "flash" photons in the spark chambers and from the massive rotating flywheel/shaft. All those sources of continual power would be coming from the Bessler principle. There similarly could be power coming from two-part gravitons, if multiple counter-rotating flywheels/shafts in additional engines were used to keep the total angular momentum of the system near zero.
Photon Recovery. Somewhat as with the Papp engines, one might put corner reflectors or retroreflectors just beyond a continually open gas entrance/exit from the pistons so that many of the photons would not be lost, but would be reflected directly back into the chamber.
No Combustion in Combined Engine. The combined Papp and Stirling engine would not run off of combustion, so it would be neither an internal combustion engine nor an external combustion engine. Compression must not occur on what might otherwise be considered a compression stroke. The firing would occur completely after the stroke that might be likened to the compression stroke. The firing is during or just before the middle of sort of a power stroke. Power could come from the photon pressure during the power stroke. The extra power or energy for the photons initially comes from a great flow of energetic two-part gravitons increasing the rotation of the nuclear-ground-states by means of the Bessler principle. More energy may be delivered during the photon reflections, which can greatly multiply the transference of momenta of the photons.
GEET Reactor Overview. Paul Pantone invented the GEET reactor. Paul Pantone obtained patent #5,794,601, which was filed on 16 May 1997 and published on 18 Aug 1998 (which one can see on http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5794601.pdf). GEET stands for Global Environmental Energy Technology. One interesting Internet URL about the GEET reactor was http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:GEET_Reactor_by_Paul_Pantone. I think that the GEET reactor may serve a valuable purpose of beginning to wean us off of fossil fuels. Hopefully there will be various other Bessler principle devices that will assist in weaning us off of fossil fuels in an environmental friendly manner. Many GEET reactors break up molecules by means of rapidly rotating vaporous materials rotating about internal horizontal axes, with the internal rotations increased by means of the Bessler principle. Some powerful GEET reactors can apparently break up multi-nucleon nuclei by means of the Bessler principle. See http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/PappEngine.txt and http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/GravitySummaryNews.txt for earlier discussions of why the GEET reactor works according to the Bessler principle. I will cover "GEET Basic Theory" below, according to my understanding.
Free License Plans. A variant of the GEET reactor free license plans (for educational, personal, and non-commercial use for a single engine of less than 20 horsepower) may be found at the URL of http://www.teslatech.info/ttstore/articles/geet/geet.htm (which shows an enlarged diagram http://www.teslatech.info/ttstore/articles/geet/jnldwg.htm). The original free plans had some inefficiency. Because Pantone made such free licenses available, this greatly increased interest in such devices.
Entrance Temperature. To increase the efficiency of such devices, Pantone on a video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXrHLNRmCOk “Paul's Comments About GEET FREE PLANS”) said don't heat the fuel prior to delivery. I take that to mean that you don't want to have hot vapor going into the entrance of the GEET reactor. The vapor being translationally cool would better encourage nuclear/molecular ground states to rotate more about horizontal axes. Hot gas would quickly pass through the GEET reactor, without being assisted in rotating about horizontal internal axes. Rotating rapidly about internal axes would break up the molecules with the help of the Bessler principle.
Entrance Shape. The blunting of the cone located on the front central rod end at the fuel vapor entrance of the GEET reactor is also for the purpose of slowing down forward translational speed of the vapors (so as to enhance or better allow rotational interactions).
GEET Tips. There are many other tips out on the Internet so one might want to do some study prior to constructing a GEET reactor. One should make the inner surface of the cylinder containing the central rod very smooth. See Naresh Vasant's video on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sqeqmy14ps “GEET Reactor Construction Details” which specifies many such details such as having no inside weld ridge. Having a weld ridge would interfere with both the internal and external rotation of molecules as they roll along that surface. The video shows some reactor plans. Some possibly better diagrams and some more information may be seen at http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/VortexHeatExchanger.
Hookups. A discussion of hooking up the fuel processor is found on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMWWScFyjH0&NR=1 “GEET Fuel Processor - test 4 - revelation” but there is much other information on the Internet about interfacing different types of GEET reactors to engines.
Example of B Field Relation to Magnetic Poles. Prior to putting together or describing a GEET reactor, we might explain some magnetic conventions. Somewhat near the north geographic pole of the earth is a south magnetic pole. See Fig. 44 for an approximation of the idea but ignoring any offset in exact pole locations. The north end of a compass often points north or rather is attracted toward that south magnetic pole. The north seeking end of a compass needle is a north magnetic pole. The compass needle points in the direction of the external magnetic field lines. Such a B field direction might be considered roughly as a tiny vector or arrow pointing internally from the south end of the compass needle to the north end of the compass needle, with the arrow point end being on the north seeking end of the compass needle. Magnetic B fields roughly point out from the north magnetic pole of the earth (located near the south geographic end of the earth), keep pointing northward as they go northward through the air, point down into the south magnetic pole of the earth (located somewhat near the north geographic pole of the earth), and point down inside the earth until they point or come out from the other end of the earth. Each B field "line" makes a closed loop. An artificial pointing or following language of the B fields was used as we followed the tails to heads of the magnetic B field vectors or arrows.
Fig. 44. Magnetic pole conventions.
Initial "Burn In" Run. On the initial "burn in" run of a GEET reactor, one apparently should use the following particular initial alignment. One should have the GEET gas exit end and the magnetic-north-pole-end of the central floating rod approximately closest to geographic north. Thus one should have the fuel-vapor entrance and the magnetic-south-pole-end of the horizontal central floating rod approximately closest to geographic south. Use compass directions for more precise directions for the burn in run. See Fig. 45 for approximate initial alignment of the central horizontal floating rod, which is within a surrounding cylinder of initial and final shown magnetic poles, as viewed from above. More precisely, the horizontal central floating core rod, of the GEET reactor, should best be initially aligned with the prevailing magnetic field lines, as if it were somewhat like a floating rod compass needle. Again see Fig. 44 for approximate magnet pole conventions.
Fig. 45. Initial burn-in alignment of GEET reactor.
A simple quote (from http://www.rexresearch.com/pantone/pantone.htm) about the "burn in" process said, 'You must point the exhaust end of the rod due North while starting the engine the first time and let it run for 30 min to "burn in the rod".' I am suspecting that the "burn in" process allows contrary individual nuclei (or those with nuclear magnetic moments) within the GEET reactor to turn or reinforce the currently prevailing magnetic fields of the central floating rod, despite any prior local magnetic domains in the rod. This may mean that any contrary material magnetic domains are greatly broken up on a fine level and thus partly flexible nucleus size domains are established, which can reinforce current longitudinal magnetic components in the magnetically floating rod. Nonetheless prior to the initial burn in, one should select the ends of the materials with the correct magnetic ends, for the continued lasting benefit of the correct magnetic domains.
Power Production Using GEET Reactors. Many experimenters around the world have been observing excess power usefully produced because of GEET reactors. I suggested (in PappEngine.txt) an explanation for how the GEET reactors produce power, based on the Bessler principle. Paul Pantone has made many discoveries related to his powerful GEET reactor. Again, I think that the free licensing (of an older type of his GEET reactor) has helped generate much interest in experimenting with GEET reactors (in using the GEET reactor to produce combustible GEET gas) to do useful work, and in avoiding the payment of as much money for fuel.
Use of GEET Reactors. These are some thoughts concerning the use of GEET reactors. It seems reasonable that once certain sufficiently well-designed GEET reactors are running, then a larger portion of ordinary water along with some ordinary fuel might be an acceptable fuel substitute for producing the GEET-gas for combustion in a GEET-gas engine. The energy for the breaking apart of the water molecules in the GEET reactors comes from the Bessler principle. There is an increase in the internal rotational kinetic energy of nuclear-ground-states (rotating about internal horizontal axes) because of the two-part absorptions of energetic gravitons.
I would hope that some people (after engines are started) search for ways to translationally cool down the input fuel vapor so that the engines in-greater-part use closed cycle GEET reactors, as much as possible. This would be (1) to help insure that oxygen is not being rotationally broken down within the GEET reactors, and (2) to reduce total gases going out into the atmosphere. Though it might not be perfectly obvious how to get there, I think that closed-cycle GEET reactors would be much better for the environment than burning fossil fuels. I suspect that the GEET reactors should work best in a horizontal orientation or attitude, since they depend upon the Bessler principle. I suspect that they should work least well in a vertical orientation or attitude. If a GEET reactor is too powerful say with respect to the fuel that it is using, I suppose that it is possible to orient it at closer to a vertical attitude so that it is not so powerful.
Water in Fuel. If using water as part of the fuel for the GEET reactor, I am currently thinking that the oxygen would tend not be broken down, since normally O16 does not have a nuclear magnetic moment. There is a nuclear magnetic moment in O17 of -1.8937 nuclear magnetons (as shown on p. B-249 CRC). Only .037% of oxygen is O17. Still, one might want to use a reduced capability GEET reactor to insure that O17 is not rotationally ripped apart. It might not be easily ripped apart since its nuclear magnetic moment has the opposite sign of that of the proton. I suspect that the vortex rotation for pure O17 would initially be opposite that for the prevailing H1, so we should tend to not destroy O17. The proton (meaning the nucleus of ordinary hydrogen) is rotationally stable. It is stable despite its having a large nuclear magnetic moment of +2.79278 nuclear magnetons (p. B-247 CRC), since it is the most stable nucleus. It is not rotationally ripped apart within the uppermost atmosphere of the sun that forms the solar corona. The isotope H2 (deuterium) has a nuclear magnetic moment of +.85742 nuclear magnetons (p. B-247 CRC) but it would not survive being rotated too rapidly, transitioning to a rotating neutron and a rotating proton.
GEET Alternatives. For power production, we might eventually consider switching from using open cycle GEET reactors to closed cycle Papp engines when they become available, as it might not be wise to break down nuclear isotopes with nuclear magnetic moments. I think we could break down nuclei, if we had an efficient process of rebuilding nuclei, but I don't know of such processes economically available on the earth. We might want to avoid using large-massive molecules for fuels for the GEET reactors, as rotating the molecules could cause nuclei within to rotate (even if they do not have a nuclear magnetic moment) and it wouldn't seem wise to rotationally break up such nuclei. Ordinary water is a small molecule and O16 doesn't normally have a nuclear magnetic moment so it should be OK to use for GEET reactor fuel, but we might want to avoid GEET reactors that are "too powerful" with respect to breaking apart nuclei, except possibly where there may be a definite need to do so. More discussion of closed cycle GEET reactors will be given below.
GEET Basic Theory. As I currently understand it, the way that the GEET reactor basically works is that it encourages (under conditions of little mutual interference or disruption) (1) many molecules or nuclei to align with magnetic field lines, (2) many molecules or nuclei to rotate internally and externally about "horizontal" axes under the influence of some rolling along the interior surface of the containing cylinder, (3) larger angular speeds for ground states to be acquired because of the Bessler principle, and (4) molecules or even nuclei to be rotationally ripped apart, after enough rotational kinetic energy is pumped into the rotating ground states by the two-part gravitons. The larger the internal angular speed of a nuclear ground state about a horizontal axis means the more rotational power is picked up by it from the Bessler principle. Nuclear-ground-states with more than one nucleon can be distorted so much by the rotations that they can be ripped apart to form more than one rotating nuclei. Fully ripped apart nuclei create rotating protons and rotating neutrons. I figure each rotating neutron rapidly decays into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino (since an antineutrino is produced in the slower situation with the normal delayed decay of "non-rotating" neutrons). When fully operating, the central rod of the GEET reactor floats at the center of the GEET reactor. Within the GEET reactor, there is little outside interference or disruption to individual nuclei of the gas/plasma. This allows the rotating nuclear-ground-states to attain large angular speeds (via the Bessler principle) and become rotationally-thermally very "hot" but stay translationally-thermally not very "hot" near the rotationally hottest interior portion of the GEET reactor. As the exit to the GEET reactor is approached the reversed magnetic field lines cause the internal rotating ground states to slow down the external translational rotational motion by interaction with the interior surface of the containing cylinder. More details need to be given for how GEET reactors actually work at the finest levels.
Some GEET Details. Here are some suspected details of the GEET reactor. For simplicity, I assume that the GEET reactor is "horizontal". Because no nucleus is at absolute zero (0°K), there is no nucleus that has a sustained situation of zero angular velocity. There is, for example, at least an occasional background photon which "bounces" off the nucleus and it very slightly alters the angular velocity of the nucleus. There could easily have also been a background electric field that was absorbed, with the line of the electric field not going through the center of the nucleus, which would tend to slightly alter its internal angular velocity. There could easily have been a graviton that was absorbed, with the line of the graviton not going through the center of the nucleus, which would tend to slightly alter its internal angular velocity. Though it may not be easily measured (as the usual processes of measuring tends to alter that which is being measured), each positively-charged nucleus generally has at least a very slight internal angular speed, thus creating a very slight extra magnetic dipole, as the net positively charged nucleus rotates.
Example GEET Reactor Illustration. The Internet URL, http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:GEET_Reactor_by_Paul_Pantone, shows a multi-color illustration (http://peswiki.com/index.php/Image:VortexHeat_Exchanger300x263.jpg by NARESH VASANT 30 July 2007). The URL of http://tesla3.com/free_websites/geet_plasma.html shows the illustration with better resolution. The URL of http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/VortexHeatExchanger is written on the illustration. I will attempt to basically explain what is going on in the illustration and why the GEET reactor is behaving so. In case the reader can't obtain that illustration, I will attempt to convey the idea of the illustration in Fig. 46. The figure shows top views of a GEET reactor, consisting of a horizontal rod and its containing cylinder. The figure is broken up into two parts. Each part describing the GEET reactor is rotationally symmetric about the center axis of the GEET reactor. The left part shows the motion of some particles. The right part shows the magnetic B field lines. Magnetic B field lines, for a magnet, “point” along a curve from the magnet’s north magnetic pole to the magnet’s south magnetic pole, when outside the magnet. Magnetic B field lines, for two or more magnets, “point” along a curve from a magnet’s north magnetic pole to a magnet’s south magnetic pole, when outside the magnets. One could compare those situations with the magnetic field lines in Fig. 44.
Fig. 46. Particle motions and B fields within GEET reactor.
The comment, "THE INITIAL
REMNANT MAGNETIC FIELD DEFLECTS THE IONIZED VAPORS INTO A VORTEX.", in
that illustration in VortexHeat_Exchanger300x263.jpg needs more of an
explanation. I think that the comment is
not complete. That explanation would
almost work for deflecting the positive ions themselves but where does the
power come from to ionize the atoms?
With forces
Some GEET Geometry. We assume as shown in the illustration or Fig. 46 that the containing cylinder is longer than the central rod. This means that the entrance to the containing cylinder begins well before the beginning of the floating central rod. The entrance end of the containing cylinder is a north magnetic pole. The exit end of the containing cylinder is a south magnetic pole.
Direction sn. The end of the floating central rod that is near the input vapor entrance of the GEET reactor is a magnetic south pole. Its other end near the exit is a magnetic north pole. That direction of the floating central rod through the center of the central rod from its magnetic south pole to its magnetic north pole could be called the direction sn (or equivalently the direction +sn). The direction sn is parallel to the direction of the GEET reactor and points from the gas entrance to the gas exit of the reactor. The arrow end of the direction sn is closer to the gas exit end.
The south pole end of the central floating rod should be blunt so as to slow down the speed of the atoms/molecules/nuclei going in the sn direction with respect to the GEET reactor. Later described interactions would not work as well if the particles were not translationally slow in the sn direction. The particles should also be translationally cold for similar reasons.
Angular Velocity Creates Magnetic Dipole. Suppose we have a nucleus or a molecule without a measurable nuclear/molecular magnetic moment that is slowly heading directly in the direction +sn toward the blunt-point center of the central rod of the GEET reactor, near the entrance end. For a horizontal rod, the magnetic fields are somewhat horizontal there. Such nuclei are not all frozen in internal angular velocity (assuming the temperature is above absolute zero). The nucleus should thus have at least some small internal angular speed. Again, the angular velocity vector points in the direction that a right-hand screw would proceed in, if it were so rotated in its screw hole. See the innermost portion (without the external magnetic fields) of Fig. 47 for the magnetic dipole of the nucleus caused by the angular velocity vector of the positive nucleus. Fig. 47 could be a side view illustration of a rotating positively charged nucleus (of angular velocity, w) causing a magnetic dipole, which dipole then aligns in an external magnetic field as shown. As the nucleus has a net positive charge, this means that the internal angular velocity creates a slight magnetic dipole, with the north magnetic pole end (N) being associated with the same direction as the arrow point end of a single internal angular velocity vector (w) centered on the nucleus. The south magnetic pole end of the nucleus (S) is associated with the same direction as the tail end of a single internal angular velocity vector (w) centered on the nucleus.
Fig. 47. Rotating positive nucleus aligning in external magnetic field.
Magnetic Dipole Alignment with External Fields. Such an atom or nucleus would tend to rotate (like a compass does) so that its north magnetic pole end is closer to the central rod's magnetic south pole. Now consider all portions of Fig. 47 including the external magnetic fields. That is the final orientation of the tiny magnetic dipole when placed in an external magnetic field.
Bessler Principle Increases Angular Speed. Since the nucleus is rotating about a nearly horizontal axis it would tend to acquire more angular speed by the Bessler principle, assuming there is little interference from its surroundings. A constriction of the passageway creates a decrease in pressure by the Venturi effect, which effect is associated with part of Bernoulli's principle. A drop in pressure reduces interference between atoms/nuclei. The large mass of the nucleus dominates over the smaller mass of the electron with respect to the Bessler principle. The increase in angular speed would increase the magnetic dipole moment of the nucleus, thus keeping it similarly aligned.
Magnetic Dipoles Strengthen Central Rod Magnetic South Pole. As some of these +sn direction magnetic dipoles try to slam (north pole first) into the blunt-point south magnetic pole of the central rod, this would strengthen the south pole end of the central rod. That slamming of the nuclei with magnetic dipoles into the south magnetic pole of the floating central rod is another reason why that south pole tip of the floating central rod on the entrance end of the GEET reactor should not be sharp. I think it needs to in part be flat-blunt on its entrance end so as to increase the slamming opportunities, which help strengthen the central floating magnet of the GEET reactor.
Nuclear Magnetic Moments. Some "normally" rotating nuclei have positive nuclear magnetic moments, many have zero or no "measurable" magnetic moments, and a very few have negative magnetic moments. Light hydrogen (with nucleus composed of a proton) has a positive nuclear magnetic moment of +2.79278 nuclear magnetons and the neutron has a negative nuclear magnetic moment of -1.9131 nuclear magnetons (p. B-247 CRC). Heavy hydrogen or deuterium (with nucleus composed of a proton and a neutron) has a nuclear magnetic moment of +0.85742 nuclear magnetons (p. B-247 CRC). Helium-4 (with nucleus composed of two protons and two neutrons) does not have a measurable nuclear magnetic moment (p. B-247 CRC). Carbon-12 does not have a measurable nuclear magnetic moment (p. B-248 CRC). Oxygen-16 does not have a measurable nuclear magnetic moment (p. B-249 CRC). Nitrogen-14 has a measurable nuclear magnetic moment of +0.4036 nuclear magnetons (p. B-248 CRC).
Zero Nuclear Magnetic Moment Nuclei. There might not be enough time for the GEET reactors to build up great angular speed for nuclei initially with no measurable nuclear magnetic moments. This might tend to keep such nuclei from being ripped apart in a GEET reactor. If nuclei without measurable nuclear magnetic moments were embedded in molecules that could be caused to rotate, then those nuclei could be caused to rotate in a GEET reactor and might be more likely to be ripped apart by a powerful enough GEET reactor. Carbon well embedded in a large vaporous hydrocarbon molecule might be more likely ripped apart than oxygen in a tiny vaporous water molecule.
With Magnetic Moment. A nucleus or a molecule with a magnetic dipole moment would rotate like a compass and move with its north magnetic pole proceeding first and strengthen the central rod magnetic south pole. As it heads toward the south magnetic pole of the central rod, it could have a slight angular velocity either (case 1) in the +sn direction or (case 2) in the -sn direction (meaning the direction opposite the +sn direction).
Case 1. If the angular velocity of the say nucleus is horizontal and in the +sn direction, then the Bessler principle could cause the angular speed to increase and this would increase the total strength of the magnetic dipole, because of the general positive charge of the nucleus. See Fig. 47. I think of this case 1 as initially corresponding to a nucleus normally with either a zero nuclear magnetic moment or a positive nuclear magnetic moment. This is the usual case.
Case 2. If the angular velocity of the say nucleus is horizontal and in the negative or rather in the -sn direction at some very fine level, then the Bessler principle could cause the angular speed to increase and this would decrease the total strength of magnetic dipole, because of the general positive charge of the nucleus. If the magnetic dipole were decreased enough, the dipole directions could change, the dipole could rotate like a compass so that its north magnetic pole again faces toward the south magnetic pole of the central rod and the angular speed could continue to increase and now the angular velocity would be in the +sn direction, which could somewhat be treated as in the case 1, but have the rotational effects greatly depressed, due to its slow start. I think of this case 2 as initially corresponding to a nucleus normally with a negative nuclear magnetic moment. I think that this case 2 tends to be rarer than the case 1, since nuclei with negative nuclear magnetic moments tend to be rare. Further discussion of the case 2 would proceed similarly to the case 1 discussion, which I now continue to elaborate on. I will thus just carry on the discussion assuming we are in the case 1.
Case 1 Further from Central Rod. Consider nuclei or atoms or molecules in case 1 initially near the entrance but are further from the center of the central rod. They would because of the direction (mostly in the +sn direction) of the shown magnetic fields shown on the right side of Fig. 46, tend to have components of internal angular velocities mostly in the +sn direction. There would be an overlap between the electron wavefunctions and the nuclei. As the nuclei/molecules have internal angular velocity components in the +sn direction, then the surrounding electron wavefunctions would also tend to have internal angular velocities components in approximately the +sn direction. The angular velocities of the electron wavefunctions could slightly lag those of the nuclei, as the overlap region in the nucleus is small.
Swirling in Direction -sn. Many of those rotating atoms/molecules (with internal angular velocities in the +sn direction) often interact with the inner surface of the containing cylinder of the GEET reactor. Their electron wavefunctions would thus often roll over the surface of the containing cylinder creating a gross swirling angular velocity in the -sn direction, as shown in the left side of Fig. 46. The power from the swirl indirectly comes from the Bessler principle. Note that they have some translation velocity components in the +sn direction (according to the general flow of the gas) but the large-scale rotational motion around the central rod corresponds to larger-scale swirling motion or external angular velocities in the -sn direction.
Increased Swirling. As the swirling begins, this often throws many nuclei/atoms/molecules outward to the cylinder walls. There is thus even more rolling contact (or bouncing contact) between the surrounding electron wavefunctions in the gas vapor atoms and the inside wall of the containing cylinder. This further increases the larger-scale swirling motion or external angular velocities in the -sn direction.
Smoothness on Inner Surface of Containing Cylinder. A smoother inner surface of the containing cylinder allows greater swirling about the central rod. How is that? A smoother surface allows for more momentary rolling motion of the atoms/molecules over that surface, which rolling motion can better transfer more internal angular momentum of the particles to swirling motion. A smoother surface also allows for less impedance or friction to the generated swirling. Greater swirling caused greater rolling or bounce rolling at the inner surface edges of the containing cylinder. Greater rolling is associated with greater internal angular speed of the atoms/molecules/nuclei of the gas vapor. The greater internal angular speeds of the nuclear ground states means even greater internal angular speeds are acquired from the Bessler principle, for the frequent situation of low internal rotational friction. Greater angular speed for the nuclear-ground-states means greater internal angular speed for the atoms and molecules. As they roll/bounce with greater internal angular speed along the inner surface of the containing cylinder, they acquire greater translation speed, with external angular velocity generally in the -sn direction. The interdependent processes keep continuing as the swirling motions resonate.
One can think of a vehicle with faster rotating tires causing the vehicle to go faster as long as it doesn't run into great bumps or potholes in the hopefully smooth pavement. The atoms and molecules swirl faster, as suggested in the left side of Fig. 46. Briefly stated, smooth regions on the inside surface of the containing cylinder allow the GEET reactor to be more effective in creating swirling motions about the floating rod. Thus, one should use an interior surface of the containing cylinder that is nice and smooth, without any weld or formation marks.
Motion at Surface of Central Rod. For the two somewhat opposing cylinders (one within the other), the surface normals pointing outward-away from the inside-central floating rod are typically opposite the surface normals pointing inward-away from the containing cylinder inner surface. As a nucleus rotates with angular velocity initially in the +sn direction, there would be an interaction with the surrounding-overlapping electron wavefunctions so that the electron wavefunctions would also rotate with an angular velocity pointing in the +sn direction. Now with any almost-rolling or bouncing contact between those electron wavefunctions and the surface of the central rod, this might induce a slight swirling of angular velocity in the +sn direction, if it were not for the much more effective swirlings induced at the containing cylinder surface.
Containing Cylinder Surface Is More Effective. Any actual local swirling, in either direction, would tend to make motion contact at the surface of the central rod less effective than contact at the inner surface of the containing cylinder. That is because any such swirling would tend to carry the atoms and molecules away from contact with the central rod. With diminished contact, any swirling in the +sn direction would thus be less likely than the prevalent swirling in the -sn direction.
The swirling in the +sn direction would also be less effective than the actual swirling in the -sn direction due to the differences in the amounts of surface areas. The surface area inside the containing cylinder is larger than the surface area outside the central rod.
Swirling in the +sn direction might be even more reduced by making the surface of the central rod slightly rougher than the smooth inside surface of the containing cylinder. Would the GEET reactor slightly benefit by having the surface of the central floating rod less smooth than the surface of the inner containing cylinder? Possibly, but it might also slightly increase friction with respect to swirling in the -sn direction. I would guess that one should not on purpose make the surface of the central floating rod rough, unless there is persistent evidence otherwise.
Rotation Each Swirl. With the gross average rotational swirling or angular velocity (relative to the center of the floating rod) in the direction -sn and with average velocity of the molecules/atoms in the +sn direction of gas flow, the magnetic fields between the containing cylinder and the central rod point more radially inward, as the molecules/atoms go further into the GEET reactor. See Fig. 46 for the more inward pointing magnetic fields. The magnetic dipoles of the atoms/molecules stay aligned with the more inward pointing magnetic fields. Those magnetic dipoles tend to internally rotate once per swirl around the central rod. There would then be an additional type of rotation (once per swirl) created about an internal horizontal axis of each atom/nuclei, possibly allowing (in that way) even slightly more rotational kinetic energy to be acquired by the Bessler principle. With the swirling slightly increasing in angular frequency, there would be rotations of the magnetic dipoles (once per swirl) which could cause some magnetic dipole radiation to be given off.
Friction from Radial Inward Angular Velocities. With magnetic B fields pointing radially inward from the containing cylinder to the floating rod, the magnetic dipoles and the internal angular velocities of the nuclei are also radial inward. Because of the overlap between the nuclei and their surrounding electrons, any attached or partly attached electrons thus tend to rotate with internal angular velocities pointing radially inward. Any time such electrons bump into the inner wall of the containing cylinder, there would be increased friction or heating associated with their interaction. Bumping into the outer wall of the central floating rod would also increase friction. These non-rolling contacts would help increase friction. Electrons rotating about nuclei colliding with neighboring electrons rotating about nuclei also increase friction. A couple of times per swirl, a radial inward internally rotating nuclear ground state will rotate about a horizontal axis, which near such times allows more rotational kinetic energy to be especially obtained from the Bessler principle.
Plasma Forms. Earlier (in paragraph "Rotation Each Swirl") I said "molecules/atoms" but with increased rotational kinetic energy picked up from the Bessler principle, there would be a point where the molecules would be energetically ripped apart and where atoms would have some electrons ripped away, forming a plasma of separated atoms or ions. Even before that point of energetic rotation of atoms, electrons could collide with rotating nuclear ground states within that atom and be thrown away. With enough rotational kinetic energy acquired from the Bessler principle, there would eventually be a point where even the multi-nucleon nuclei could be ripped apart in a powerful enough GEET reactor. The Coulomb repulsion of the positively charged nuclei would tend to prevent the nuclei from overly interacting. If those nuclei have nearly the same internal angular frequencies there would be some slight electron screening in between them (especially if deuterium gas is ever used), but even then there would not be enough sustained-in-place compression of the plasma, so there should be no compressed-rotational-shielded (CRS) fusion in the GEET reactor. The reverse process of fusion (that is fission) may take place in a powerful enough GEET reactor. I strongly recommend that only less powerful GEET reactors be used that don't rip apart nuclei. We need oxygen to breathe. We should not on a "permanent" basis convert the oxygen-16 nucleus to 16 hydrogen nuclei.
Still, oxygen-16 should be fairly safe from being ripped apart in a GEET reactor, as again it doesn't normally initially have a measurable nuclear magnetic moment. There should not be enough time for many GEET reactors to build up angular speed for oxygen-16 nuclei. Still, we need to watch that situation very carefully.
Since the plasma is more of an internal rotational plasma than a translational plasma, this may tend to reduce damage to the metal boundaries.
Swirl Slow Down. After the region of greatest swirling and plasma associated with the inward pointing magnetic fields, there is then a region of horizontal magnetic fields with the magnetic B fields pointing more in the -sn direction. This region and its preceding transition region would have a braking effect on the angular speed of the nuclei, as it would cause the rotating nuclear-ground-states to reverse the direction of their angular velocities (somewhat like a compass turning) so that they point somewhat more in the direction of -sn. Any partially or occasionally attached electrons would also somewhat tend to rotate with a -sn angular velocity around their nuclei because of electron wavefunction overlap with the rotating nuclear ground-states, with angular velocities in the -sn direction. The electrons can come and go as they are in a plasma state but they may linger as they come and go. Any somewhat attached electrons tend to rotate about their nuclei with the same angular velocities in the -sn direction. As these electrons interact with the inner surface of the containing cylinder, this would cause the prior swirling motion about the floating rod in the -sn direction to be reduced. The interaction of the electrons with the inner wall of the containing cylinder means that they and consequently the nuclei they surround both decrease their internal angular speed. The reduction in the internal angular speeds and the external swirling angular speed reduces the plasma.
More Slow Down. Then the nuclei, etc. would proceed to a region of the GEET reactor in which the magnetic B fields would be pointing more radially outward with a smaller amount of a B field component (and their angular velocities) in the -sn direction. See Fig. 46. The -sn components would continue the process of slowing down the swirling motions. What swirling exists still would throw the atoms or partially ionized atoms against the inner wall of the containing cylinder which would continue the process of swirling slow down. That would tend to frictionally fight against energy pickup via the Bessler principle. Again, electrons rotating about nuclei colliding with neighboring electrons rotating about nuclei increase friction.
Radial Outward Magnetic Fields and Angular Velocities. A portion of the GEET reactor is encountered in which the magnetic B fields are radial outward from the floating rod. That causes the magnetic dipoles to be radial outward. That means both the rotating nuclear-ground-states and their surrounding electron wavefunctions both have radial outward angular velocities. As those electron wavefunctions interact with the interior containing cylinder wall, there is friction which contributes to the loss of angular speed. Nuclei with smaller angular speeds would not pick up as much energy from the Bessler principle. A couple of times per swirl, a radial outward internally rotating nuclear ground state will rotate about a horizontal axis, which at such times allows more rotational kinetic energy to be especially obtained from the Bessler principle. Not much rotational kinetic energy is picked up at such times because the internal angular speeds are small.
Radiation Released. The radial outward components of the magnetic fields would mean that the magnetic dipoles rotate once per swirl. Rotating magnetic dipoles would send off more radiation due to these rotating magnetic dipoles. That radiation is in addition to prior radiation sent out from the GEET reactor because of the rotating magnetic dipoles (rotating once per swirl) that were in the plasma state. The entrance and exit ends of the GEET reactor are relatively cooler than the portions where the swirling is the greatest.
Exit End. On the exit end there are magnetic fields more in the +sn direction, which almost allows rotating nuclear-ground-states to reacquire some new internal rotations about horizontal axes. After having passes through a plasma, the molecules should have been rotationally ripped apart and destroyed by radiation. Molecules should begin to form as internal rotating nuclear-ground-states tend to diminish.
Understand Illustration. One should now be able to understand the illustration or Fig. 46 after considering this discussion of how and why these phenomena exist. I have been trying to paint a picture of basically what is going on in the GEET reactor. Molecules, atoms, and nuclei are provided greater angular speed going into the GEET reactor because of the Bessler principle. These things need to subsequently interact with the fields and the inner containing cylinder surface of the GEET reactor. Then they are rotationally slowed down prior to going out of the GEET reactor also because of the Bessler principle.
Here are more comments related to the GEET reactor.
Temperatures. The nuclei could acquire large internal angular speeds via the Bessler principle. The nuclei a little prior to the middle of the GEET reactor could be considered to be very high in temperature, with respect to rotational kinetic energy. With respect to translational kinetic energy, they would not be so very high in temperature. These modes of kinetic energy storage are physically separate though the modes can have effects on one another. These separate modes prevent the GEET reactor from being melted during operation, as long as not too much radiation is produced in the plasma. The portion a little prior to the middle of the GEET reactor would be thermally or radiantly the least exposed to the cold ends of the GEET reactor. Electrons interacting with the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states could create energetic visible photons. Some high temperature or more energetic photons could come out the ends of the GEET reactor. Also, some photons might bounce around in the middle of the reactor or plasma enough times to come out the ends. The removal of electrons from atoms prior to the center of the GEET reactor could cause a visible plasma to be formed there.
Plasma from Molecules. Some molecules could be given an internal angular speed by the Bessler principle. Even somewhat long molecules can be rotated about their axis, as long as the molecules are not too long, are not too big/strong (so as to resist rotation upon contacting other rotating molecules), and are not interwoven with other long molecules. Such interweaving should tend to not happen with the molecules being in a sparse enough vapor. An atom and its nucleus within any elongated rotating molecule would have roughly the same internal angular velocity as the internal angular velocity of the molecule itself. With the molecules being broken apart into atoms by the Bessler principle, the procedure could continue by further energy input from the Bessler principle to create a plasma out of enough rapidly rotating atoms.
Plasma from Atoms. With larger angular speeds of the nuclear-ground-states, this would (by overlap between some electron wavefunctions and the nuclei) cause those atomic electron wavefunctions to acquire larger angular speeds. The internal angular speeds of the electron wavefunctions might not be quite as large as that of the nuclear-ground-states within. That would be the situation, if there is a delay in transferring angular momentum from the rotating nuclei to the electron wavefunctions. That might also be the situation if each electron does not contain enough opposite fundamental charges within and thus not be able to acquire much extra angular speed directly from the Bessler principle. If the angular speeds of the nuclear ground state were to become large enough by the Bessler principle, this would cause the electron ground state wavefunctions to be deformed so much that they would in essence be ripped away. The electrons could also be ripped away if rotating electron wavefunctions collide with other rotating electron wavefunctions surrounding their own rotating nuclei. Upon collision, an electron could be removed from an atom after sufficient energy is supplied by a separately rotating atom. The electrons could also be ripped away if rotating electron wavefunctions collide with non-rotating electron wavefunctions surrounding their own nearly non-rotating nuclei at the cylinder surfaces of the GEET reactor. With enough electrons being removed from their atoms by extreme deformations or by collisions of the rotating wavefunctions or by direct attractive collisions between electrons and rotating nuclei, a visible plasma state could be created within the GEET reactor.
Electrons Contain Opposite Charges. I suspect that electrons contain some opposite charges within them. See http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/Gravity.txt for some discussion of opposite charges within matter. An electron having fine opposite charges within could account for internal wave-like interference of an electron with itself. Think of a two-slit diffraction pattern produced by one electron at a time going through the slits. That could account for the wave-particle duality of electrons and other matter. The electron would need to have opposite fundamental charges to be cohesive but more negative fundamental charges to have a total negative charge.
Ripping Apart Multi-nucleon Nuclei. Though it may not be wise in most cases, the process of increasing the rotation of highly rotating nuclear-ground-states may be continued in a powerful enough GEET reactor. Multi-nucleon nuclei can have their nuclear-ground-states rotated so rapidly that these nuclei can be broken up into smaller nuclei. The process can be continued until the only surviving nuclei are protons. Each proton is the nucleus of an individual hydrogen atom. The process for ripping apart multi-nucleon nuclei for the powerful enough GEET reactor might continue under these conditions: (1) the length of the GEET reactor is long enough, (2) the diameter of the containing cylinder is small enough relative to the length of the reactor (so that there is relatively little cold from the ends of the reactor exposed to the center of the reactor), (3) the whole GEET reactor is bathed with a high enough temperature from the outside (possibly provided with another containing cylinder on the outside with exhaust gases from the combustion engine flowing in direction opposite to the direction of the innermost input gases), (4) the material for the rod and containing cylinders are sufficiently magnetic/ferromagnetic, (5) the material for the rod and containing cylinders have a sufficiently high melting point, (6) the central rod and the containing cylinders reflect photons produced sufficiently well that the energy is not absorbed into that material, (7) the containing cylinders are sufficiently smooth in their inner surfaces, and (8) the walls are sufficiently thick so as not to be damaged at the center of the reactor.
No Neutrons Should Be Observed. While ripping apart multi-nucleon nuclei, neutrons should not be observed, since the rapidly rotating neutrons should rapidly decay. Normally free non-rotating neutrons take a long time to decay but that would not apply if the produced neutrons have been rapidly rotated, as we would expect in a GEET reactor. Not observing neutrons is not a valid argument that nuclear chemistry is not occurring in a GEET reactor.
Material Selection. It may be a good idea to use much cobalt in the iron used for the central rod and containing cylinder to be ferromagnetic. The Co59 (of 100% natural abundance) has a nuclear magnetic moment of +4.649 nuclear magnetons. See p. B-263 CRC. One could use an iron alloy made using small meteorites collected using a magnet from black sand found in say dry washes or prior river beds.
GEET within GEET. With hot exhaust gas coming back from the combustion engine to surround the GEET reactor with another containing cylinder (with the gas flowing in the opposite direction from the original gas), there would almost be a GEET reactor containing a GEET reactor with respect to the analysis. There would be many water vapor molecules in the returning exhaust gas. The original inner GEET reactor could almost be considered as a new central "rod" with respect to analysis for that situation. It should be a less powerful situation with respect to ripping things apart. Why would we attempt GEET within GEET? One reason would be to provide an extra step of breaking down molecules. Another reason might be to strengthen the magnetic fields. It might create a problem of extra heating of the input gas going to the central GEET reactor. I think that the benefits of a GEET within a GEET are usually not worth the extra effort and complications.
Generally Do Not Rip Nuclei Apart. It is advised for the sake of the environment that the GEET reactor not be operated so that it rips apart multi-nucleon nuclei. Again we humans breathe oxygen and thus any process that "permanently" transforms oxygen-16 into 16 hydrogen atoms should be greatly avoided. Oxygen would also be depleted from our atmosphere (by forming water) if we combined it with hydrogen produced by breaking apart various large nuclei. Many other reasons can be given for not breaking apart larger nuclei into smaller nuclei on a "permanent" basis, according to the usefulness of each of those larger nuclei/atoms. The hydrogen nuclei can in principle be combined back together (to reform the larger nuclei) but I am not aware of economically practical means for doing so on a large-production-rate basis on earth. Deuterium (meaning heavy hydrogen with its nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron) can be combined with another deuterium to produce helium-4 in "cold" fusion reactions under pressure with special confining conditions and with sufficiently high temperature. See for example, my 1993 paper "Some Thoughts on a Simple Mechanism for the 2H + 2H à 4He Cold Fusion Reaction". The Bessler principle can be used to create highly rotating nuclear-ground-states of deuterium which can be combined to form highly rotating nuclear-ground-states of helium-4, which will give off a large amount of heat, as it rotates down to normal rotationally-cold helium. That is only one fusion reaction and there are very large numbers of such fusion reactions that would be needed. Such fusion reactions are barely in their infancy from a practical standpoint. It might be currently considered best to leave such fusion reactions to such far away space situations as: (1) novae and (2) rapidly rotating stars ejecting energetic materials out their poles to collide with other materials. I think that we should currently avoid the wholesale ripping apart of nuclei without well-developed plans for how to put them back together. Such elements may be found to be quite valuable in the future and they may be difficult to reconstruct. We should operate in an environmentally prudent fashion.
Use GEET/Papp on Closed Cycles. If we are using a GEET reactor on an open system of gases, we might unknowingly be ripping apart nuclei in a way that is not good for our environment. As suggested above, I recommend (initially according to the kindness of people's hearts and later possibly for their own economic benefit) that we begin, where possible, to only use GEET reactors on closed systems of gases/liquids to make sure that we are not ripping apart nuclei. An advantage of doing this would be in some part that one would not need to refuel, as the fuel is just in part reused over and over again. It should be more convenient to use such a system. With fully closed cycles, such GEET reactors, combustion systems, and energy extraction systems could run an extremely long time before enough water vapor leaks out of the system requiring fuel/water to be added. There might need to be a battery to start the system. The battery could be recharged using a running system. An explicit cooling system might be partly avoided, if we are able to feed nearly-fully-energy-extracted combustion-water-vapor back into the GEET reactor for molecular breakdown. Instead of using heaters for warming up the cold operating Papp engines, it might be possible to simultaneously warm up the Papp engines, while cooling down the exhaust gas coming out of GEET reactors.
Reduce GEET Capabilities. It should be easily possible to cut back on the capabilities of the GEET reactors so that they only rip apart molecules and not rip apart any nuclei. There would need to be much greater care taken in the design of the GEET reactors but I think that the GEET reactor designers should take that as a challenge so as not to deplete oxygen from our environment. The GEET reactors need to be powerful but not too powerful. The GEET reactors might not be as long (and/or they might have larger diameters) so that their hottest centers have more radiative exposure to the outside colder temperatures (or lack of radiation therefrom). I suggest that people using GEET gas begin to consider using more of the ideas for running Papp-like engines, if they want to be more energy productive while being more environmentally friendly.
GEET Tending to Not Reform Water. I should make some comments about water (H2O) not tending to reform, after water vapor has been run through a GEET reactor. Consider the breakup and reforming formulas, 2H2O ↔ 4H + 2O → 2H2 + O2. The GEET reactor can rip the water molecules up into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. As molecules try to reform, the nuclei may have residual internal rotations left over from the GEET reactor, with possible extra assistance from the Bessler principle. The rotating nuclear-ground-states correspond to nuclear magnetic dipoles. If the rotating nuclei are in the presence of an external magnetic field, this may delay the formation of molecules because of the repulsive nuclear magnetic dipoles. A water molecule with three atoms may be particularly difficult to reform because of the separate nuclear magnetic dipoles and especially because of any presence of an external magnetic field. The oxygen and hydrogen molecules (H2 and O2) might be formed, if they are not subjected to an external magnetic field to enable their individual atoms to attractively pair up with opposite nuclear magnetic dipoles.
Implosions. People should not make skeptical comments, without evidence, assuming that an implosion is impossible for running an engine using particular types of gas coming from a GEET reactor. We can test out possibilities experimentally with respect to implosions. Here are some example ideas/conditions that we could test for.
Here is an idea about an implosion. We could have three molecules going into two molecules with the reaction O2 + 2H2 à 2H2O which would be roughly a three to two implosion. With rotating nuclear-ground-states involved, we should not assume that these reactions are the same as "ordinary" chemical reactions.
Here is another idea about an implosion reaction. Because within the GEET reactor plasma all the molecules were broken apart, this might include the O2 molecule being 2O and the H2 molecule being 2H so a reaction 2O + 4H à 2H2O would mean six atoms being combined to powerfully and readily form two molecules of water. That would obviously be an implosion type of reaction keeping the ideal gas equation pV=nRT in mind. If we reduce a measure, n, of the number of molecules by a factor of three (or 6/2), then for "instantaneously" the same volume (V), the pressure (p) would decrease by about a factor of three if the temperature (T) does not go up too much, where R is a constant. That sounds like an implosion to me. Some rotations left over from the GEET reactor might assist in the forming of such water molecules. In a magnetically shielded engine the rotations could help the hydrogen nuclear magnetic dipoles to attractively combine.
GEET Closed Cycles. The URL (http://www.keelynet.com/interact/archive/00000363.htm) told of a success of using a closed loop cycle with a GEET reactor. After starting a process to use a GEET reactor, I think that closed loop processes (or nearly closed loop processes) are preferable for reason of sustained fuel use efficiencies, for reason of protecting the environment (not depleting oxygen from the environment), and for convenience. A perfectly closed loop cycle would not require that more fuel be provided. For improving GEET reactor performance, closed loop processes would appear to require some means for keeping the input fuel vapor cool, prior to going into the GEET reactor. After the next paragraph, see the suggestion "GEET Reactors with Tesla Turbines" of combining a GEET reactor with a Tesla turbine for translationally cooling off the fuel.
Test GEET Reactor. In the steady state, for long test runs, can more work be done using a GEET reactor preprocessor to break down a "fuel" (containing some water) prior to combustion in an engine than without using a GEET reactor prior to combustion in an engine? If more work is done with the GEET reactor preprocessing the "fuel", then this is evidence both in favor of the utility of that GEET reactor and in favor of the Bessler principle. If less work is done with the GEET reactor preprocessing the "fuel", then this is evidence both against the utility of that GEET reactor and against the Bessler principle.
One obvious way for cooling down the hot exhaust from an engine and simultaneously extracting energy from it would be to use the hot exhaust to power a Tesla turbine rotating about a horizontal axis. An engine burning gas from one or more GEET reactors may have power extracted by a Tesla turbine. The Tesla turbine cools down the exhaust gases and makes any reuse of the then cooler gas in a GEET reactor more effective. Extra waste heat energy in the gas is extracted using a Tesla turbine. Thus, both the GEET reactor and Tesla turbine would benefit, if they were used together. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_turbine for some example references about the Tesla turbine. A Tesla turbine would also rotate more efficiently, if lower friction bearings were used. A Tesla turbine usually has rotations about a horizontal axis. I think that this is typically done so that the Tesla turbine can also extract extra power from two-part gravitons using the Bessler principle. If one doubts the extra power extracted from gravitons, then one can build a Tesla turbine rotating about a vertical axis and see how well it works compared to the normal Tesla turbine rotating around a horizontal axis. A Tesla turbine must not be so efficient that it, by overly-rapid rotations, burns out its bearings. A more rapidly rotating Tesla turbine is better able to cool down the exhaust gas, but if it rotates too rapidly or extracts too much power from a Tesla turbine, then it could cause too much wear in its bearings. A Tesla turbine should not be run so slowly (by too much power being removed) that the exhaust gas is not cooled down.
Test Combination of GEET Reactor and Tesla Turbine. In the steady state, can more total work be done using a GEET reactor to break down a "fuel" (containing some water) prior to combustion in an engine than without using a GEET reactor prior to combustion in an engine? A Tesla turbine should be used to extract extra power from exhaust gases, so that those exhaust gases can be fed into a GEET reactor. If more total work is done with the GEET reactor preprocessing the "fuel", then this is evidence both in favor of the utility of that GEET reactor used in conjunction with its Tesla turbine and in favor of the Bessler principle. If less total work is done with the GEET reactor preprocessing the "fuel", then this is evidence both against the utility of that GEET reactor used in conjunction with its Tesla turbine and against the Bessler principle.
For the seminal "cold fusion" paper, see "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium" by Martin Fleischmann, Stanley Pons, and Marvin Hawkins, J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 261, No. 2A, April 10,1989, pp. 301-308; Errata, Vol. 263, No. 1, May 10, 1989, pp. 187-188. What is cold fusion or Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR) or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) or such nuclear effects? This broad field has encompassed a wide variety of phenomena and devices. There have been a variety of attempted explanations for particular cold fusion phenomena and devices.
Name Confusion. I think that some confusion on a proper name for the field has come from an incomplete understanding of the hidden root cause for the phenomena. To say that there is a low energy nuclear reaction is partly a misnomer since it is from the point of view of the LENR experimenter inputting a low amount of energy. From the point of view of the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state, there is large energy input curtesy of the two-part gravitons in LENR. The so called hot fusion reactions are typically very low internal rotational energy of the input rotating nuclear-ground-states. The names of hot fusion and cold fusion often effectively switch places, when considered from the important internal perspective of the amount of rotational kinetic energy caused to be input into the nuclear ground states prior to the nuclear reactions. Instead of cold fusion or CANR or LENR, I like the name Gravity Assisted Nuclear Effects (GANE), since it suggests assistance by the Bessler principle, using absorption of discrete two-part gravitons.
I spoke with Martin Fleischmann on 10 Oct 2000 after he gave a presentation, while he was visiting Melvin Miles at the Carriage Inn in Ridgecrest, California. I discussed my paper with him and he seemed to understand the idea of ground state fusion or the fusion of two rotating nuclear-ground-states of deuterium to create a highly rotating nuclear-ground-state of 4He, which could produce many photons as the rotating ground-state spins down. In somewhat support of my idea he mentioned the more conventional idea that very large amounts of initial internal angular momentum in each nucleus would greatly change the reaction outputs. I gave him an ANS reprint of my 1993 paper on cold fusion, "Some Thoughts on a Simple Mechanism for the 2H + 2H à 4He Cold Fusion Reaction". He asked if it were a spare copy and I responded that I had a stack of them. As suggested from my paper, I mentioned to him a version of one of my existence questions with respect to coordinate systems. Does there exist a single coordinate system with respect to which all 4He nuclear ground states (of zero spin) have precisely zero angular velocity? I said I thought there wasn’t, if the temperature was above 0°K = absolute zero. He didn’t see a problem with what I said. I mentioned the long paper that I was then working on (which I later the next year published on the Internet as “Some Thoughts on a Simple Explanation of Bessler's Wheel”). He hadn’t heard of Bessler’s little book. He said that he was looking forward to reading my paper, when it is finished. I now think that this book of mine is much more informative, with respect to explaining how many things work than my 24 July 2001 Internet paper.
Many Cold Fusion Anomalies. I think that there is a simple explanation that applies across the wide spectrum of cold-fusion-related nuclear effects. I think that all the cold fusion related phenomena/anomalies (or say LENR or GANE) can, in every case that I am aware of, be qualitatively explained by the interaction of rotating nuclear-ground-states, as initiated or favored or caused by the Bessler principle. I think that these two physical subtleties (there being rotating nuclear-ground-states and there being a Bessler principle, which acts upon those rotating states) are the extra things needed to account for this wide body of phenomena. I think that with a little imagination, one can explain much, when armed with correct principles. All one needs to do is to ponder long enough the conditions of a cold-fusion related experiment or device until a plausible explanation comes forth.
Example. As an example of how the explanation process can proceed, we can consider the initial experiments advocated by Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins. We can notice from the experimental geometry that the strongest magnetic fields were horizontal at a cathode surface, due to positive current often going up (by negative electrons going down) through the immersed vertical portions of the cylindrical cathode (negatively charged end). Other later studies suggested that the cold fusion was occurring near or at the cathode surface. I think that at the surface were sometimes favorable lattice geometries, favoring rotations of nearby pairs of nuclear-ground-states of deuterium rotating about parallel horizontal axes because of the Bessler principle. I think that these pn and np pairs of rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states of deuterium (pn or np), with sufficient compression from the loading create a charge shielding between them, by throwing electrons inward toward the other. The protons (p) and neutrons (n) rotating around each other while electrons or clouds of electrons are thrown toward other positive protons. The throwing occurs since the p and n nucleons often switch places by rapid charged meson transfers. See the Fig. 1 of my paper, which somewhat looks like two separate circles pn np with each pair of p and n rotating about each other in a small circle. The internal and external angular velocities of the deuterium nuclear-ground-states could all point in the same direction according to the prevailing local horizontal magnetic field. This would also allow a pair to rotate around another pair so that the individual rapidly rotating pairs of nuclear-ground-states could transition to a highly rotating nuclear-ground-state of helium (pnnp). In Fig. 2 of my paper then line pnnp rotates around its center of mass, with two concentric circles each centered about that center of mass. The two p nucleons rotate in the outer circle, while the two n nucleons rotate in the inner circle. This rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state of helium (with protons on the ends) could produce much heat, as the stretched out collection rotates or rather decays down to the normal nuclear-ground-state of helium four. I suggested some details and two figures in my paper or technical note, "Some Thoughts on a Simple Mechanism for the 2H + 2H à 4He Cold Fusion Reaction" Fusion Technology, American Nuclear Society, Vol. 24, No. 3, November 1993, pp. 319-323. I still (in 2019) have many ANS reprints available of the paper associated with its publication that I can give out to people. While my supply lasts or until I move, people may send self-addressed one-ounce-stamped business-envelopes to Alden Park, 922 W Franklin Ave, Ridgecrest, CA 93555-5110. In my paper, I drew the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state in those figures as rotating about horizontal axes, with all the axes or rather angular velocities coming out of the paper. The rapidly rotating end positive protons might tend to collide with the abundant negative electrons to produce many photons, thus helping the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states decay down to the usual nuclear-ground-states of helium. Even during the decay, there is extra energy picked up by the rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-state from the Bessler principle.
Heat and Helium-4. The process may be called compressed-rotational-shielded (CRS) fusion. The decay down to a "normal" nuclear-ground-state of helium can occur without any "typical" nuclear signatures of say gamma rays and neutrons, since it was a fusion of two rotating nuclear-ground-states of deuterium to form a rotating nuclear-ground-state of helium. That is to say the decay may occur with only the production of much radiation (usually converted to heat) and the nuclear ash of the helium-4. There is not a production of a 23.8 MeV gamma ray. A gamma ray would mean a very energetic photon of electromagnetic energy. Various experiments have found heat and helium-4. For example, see "Heat and Helium Production in Cold Fusion Experiments" by M. H. Miles, B. F. Bush, G. S. Ostrom, and J.J. Lagowski, Proc. 2nd Annual Conf. Cold Fusion, 29 June - 4 July 1991, p. 363, SIF (1991).
Expect Somewhat More Energy Produced. According to my discrete theory, because of the additional production of excess energy by the rotation of nuclear-ground-states about horizontal axes, according to the Bessler principle, one would expect to find somewhat more excess energy/heat than can be accounted for by purely the fusion of deuterium plus deuterium to produce helium four (2H + 2H à 4He + 23.8 MeV). I understand that is exactly what is observed. See for example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM82RW7_II4 "Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Systems Melvin Miles The Correlation of Excess Heat and Helium" Aug 2015. It may be obvious why there are not quite enough 4He atoms/nuclei are found to completely account for energy/heat being purely produced from the energy coming from the fusion of deuterium nuclei. Why might that be obvious? It is not just the fusion reaction of nuclei that is producing energy/heat (2H + 2H à 4He + 23.8 MeV) in cold fusion or LENR or GANE. There are many “gravitational reactions” or discrete “absorptions by gravity” occurring. Because of the extra assistance of energy production corresponding to the Bessler principle before, during, and after the fusion process, there are many rotating nuclear-ground-states of 2H or 4He or say Pd (when using a palladium cathode) rotating about horizontal axes that are producing extra energy by absorption of two-part gravitons. By conditions favoring the rotations of deuterium nuclei about horizontal axes, extra energy is produced by the Bessler principle. Then later, after fusion, the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states of helium-four also produce extra rotational energy by the Bessler principle.
Energy Not Conserved. One can be critical of the experimental evidence by saying that the results violate conservation of energy. Still, if energy is not actually conserved because of the Bessler principle, then one should not be critical of the actual results. The actual results fit perfectly with the energy non-conservative theory. The experimental results provide further evidence for the energy non-conservative Bessler principle.
Why Explosions? Why do I think that Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins had the explosion that they warned against in their seminal paper? I think that the flat cubic surfaces of their cathode happened to have inordinately large geometrically-favorable regions with many nearby nuclear-ground-states of helium-4 or deuterium that were rotating extremely rapidly. The ground states of helium or deuterium could not rely on their neighbors to rotationally cool them off, since the neighbors were also extremely hot rotationally. With the Bessler principle there was a runaway situation and hence an explosion. I think that there were many 4He nuclei and possibly many 2H rotating too rapidly about horizontal axes because of the Bessler principle. Internally rotating Pd nuclei could also contribute. Greater rotational kinetic energy is produced by the nuclei rotating about horizontal axes with great angular speed. It would need rapid rotational moderation to avoid an explosion. From the evidence left behind, a chemical explosion could not have caused it. The nonchemical explosion evidence reminds me of the two Papp explosions set off by Papp. I wonder if the Fleishmann, Pons, and Hawkins explosion was preceded by the curious rumbling noises that also had preceded the two explosions set off by Papp. See pp. 7, 16-17 of IE Issue 51 “… I heard that same rumble as when the cannon exploded.” I suspect that a rumble would have been caused by many rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states rotating out of control about somewhat horizontal axes. The cold fusion explosion noticed by Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins was not the only nonchemical nonnuclear explosion. I say nonnuclear since there was likely no normal nuclear reaction, but rather it was gravity that aggressively rotationally ripped apart the rapidly rotating nuclei, which were rotating about horizontal axes.
More traditional nuclear signatures can come from some cold fusion experiments. For example, such signatures can occur if rotating nuclear-ground-states are allowed to interact in an asymmetrical or disruptive manner. We must not neglect to consider the Bessler principle, as applied to rotating nuclear-ground-states, when we want understanding of how “chemical” types of processes can induce or assist in causing many nuclear interactions. That is why traditional nuclear analysis fails to explain the new body of interactions. The traditional nuclear physicist neglects to consider the seemingly inconsequential idea of the nuclei having tiny amount of internal angular speed, which can be cumulative. The traditional nuclear physicist might say that a tiny fraction of an electron Volt of rotational energy is ignorable when typical nuclear reactions involve energies on a million electron Volts scale. The thought may have been, “Who cares about a fraction of an electron Volt or even a few electron Volts when present both before and after a nuclear reaction?” The experiments are typically not measured to such extreme precision. Well, to answer the "who cares" part of the question, one must carefully consider if there is some way to leverage such a slight energy into greater and greater energy. Yes, one must properly consider that many small and energetically weak things when accumulated together can become something very large energy-wise. Because of the Bessler principle, it is possible by “chemical” and other “non-nuclear” means to increase the slight energies of those rotating nuclear-ground-states without there needing to be a "normal" nuclear reaction. Many small-angular-speed increases by the Bessler principle can accumulate into a significant situation with respect to rotational energy. Large angular speeds about horizontal axes can especially rapidly increase by the Bessler principle.
More Comments on Ground-State-Fusion. One deuterium nucleus (pn), with its nuclear-ground-state caused to rapidly rotate by the Bessler principle, can combine with another stretched-out nucleus (np), with its nuclear-ground-state similarly rapidly rotated by the Bessler principle, to form a new rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state (pnnp), which may decay in angular speed down to a combined nucleus. The decay process can directly or indirectly give off heat without giving off a “normal” nuclear signature other than the appearance of the fused nucleus and the disappearance of the two nuclei that were used to produce the fused nucleus. The heat and other low energy radiation can come by rapidly-externally-rotating charges interacting with either lower energy radiation or much more likely with electrons, which interactions should slow down the motion of the moving charges. The slow down should occur, if there is locally enough cooling available associated with “frictional” forces so as to slow down the linear rotating helium nucleus, with a proton at each end and two neutrons in the middle, pnnp.
Cold Fusion Tests. I think that any test that comes out positive for cold fusion with respect to any device, experiment, or anomaly is implicitly a positive test with respect to the Bessler principle. A vast number, of such positive test evidences, has accumulated. There were many people who were vehemently against cold fusion, by their insistence that there was no possible physical reason that it could exist. They considered that they were completely aware of enough of the complete physics, so cold fusion could just not happen without a nuclear signature being present and without some means to produce such a nuclear reaction. The thought was, "A nuclear reaction requires a nuclear signature." Yet, nuclear ash (or evidence of new nuclei) should be a valid nuclear signature. Maybe it was not the one they wanted. Despite the extreme misgivings of skeptics opposed to cold fusion, the many positive tests for cold fusion should each translate into positive evidence both in favor of the Bessler principle and in favor of rotating nuclear-ground-states. Negative tests for cold fusion (or rather against cold fusion) might be taken as evidence both opposed to the Bessler principle and opposed to rotating nuclear-ground-states.
Some tests that were negative with respect to cold fusion were later improved with respect to their experimental techniques and became positive with respect to cold fusion. Vast numbers of cold fusion (or LENR) tests have been done. I consider that the accumulated preponderance of the tests have come out in favor of cold fusion and thus in my mind in favor of both the Bessler principle and the idea of rotating nuclear-ground-states. The physics doesn't forbid the possibility of such reactions, but rather the correctly understood physics allows such reactions under special circumstances.
Example of Reduction of Radioactivity. Multi-nucleon nuclei may be composed of protons and neutrons. Powerful GEET reactors can completely rip apart multi-nucleon nuclei found within massive atoms. The multi-nucleon atoms can be completely ripped apart into pure hydrogen atoms by powerful enough GEET reactors. The hydrogen atoms with stable protons for their nuclei would not be radioactive. The complete ripping apart of massive radioactive atoms by powerful GEET reactors would serve as an example of the reduction of radioactivity by rapidly rotating the nuclei.
Decay Rates Change during Rapid Rotations. It would be wrong to suppose that the decay rates of radioactive materials do not change, while they are being rapidly rotated. Rotating and non-rotating nuclei are physically much different. The rotated nuclei, composed of rotating protons and rotating neutrons, can have their nuclei both deformed and internally subjected to centrifugal forces due to the rotational inertia of the particles. One can look at the example of the decay rates of rotating neutrons for evidence of the change of decay rate during rapid rotations.
Neutron Decay Rates. Normally a free non-rotating neutron takes on the order of 15 minutes to decay into a proton and an electron. Within some powerful GEET reactors any free rotating neutrons do not take on the order of 15 minutes to decay into a proton and an electron. Rather the reaction for the decay of rapidly rotating neutrons should be considered (by experimentation) to be almost instantaneous. The evidence for this would be that a large flux of neutrons does not come from such powerful GEET reactors, though there is evidence for significant nuclear transformations having taken place, with many neutrons being quickly converted to hydrogen atoms each consisting of a proton and an electron.
Half-Life Depends upon Angular Speed. Given that example, it would thus be especially wrong to assume that the decay rate or half-life of a multi-nucleon radioactive material is a constant, independent of rotation rate (or angular speed) of the nuclei. The half-life of a radioactive material is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay away. The half-life or decay rate of a material depends upon the nuclear deformation of the nuclei within the material and the decay rate depends upon changes in the internal forces associated with how rapidly the nuclei are being internally rotated, as a whole.
It would reasonably be more difficult to rotate an individual nucleon, like a neutron or a proton, than to internally rotate an entire nucleus. With the possible exception of the nuclear magnetic moment of a nucleon, there is usually much more to "grab" onto for an entire nucleus. If we can find means to rotate individual neutrons (within nuclei or atoms) to make them decay rapidly, then we can surely (and especially given the Bessler principle) rotate entire nuclei internally and cause them to more rapidly decay.
GEET Neutralizing Radioactivity. I think that the GEET reactor operating under proper conditions might be able to treat heavy, long half-life radioactive-waste isotopes. We would first need to figure out a way to put such material into a gas vapor. The treated material should then be friendly to the environment after there are no longer any more dangerous radiations coming off from them. Without simply ripping apart the nuclei and creating much hydrogen, it may nonetheless be possible to decrease the transition time for the decay modes. That would then rapidly reduce many of such nuclei into stable non-radioactive nuclei. The nuclei would no longer be unwanted long-life nuclear wastes. So as to avoid producing large amounts of hydrogen, the operating temperatures and rotational speeds would need to not be so high as to completely break apart nuclei. Assuming one could obtain vapor with plutonium in it, I do not recommend completely breaking apart highly rotating nuclear-ground-states of long half-life radioactive plutonium (Z=94 Pu244). Rather I suspect that it would be best to somewhat rotate such nuclear-ground-states so that they could be slightly deformed, without fully ripping them apart. Then while they are being rotated, they might be quickly transformed into a form that is radioactively neutral or rather stable. If that is the case, we would so solve the radiation problem and retain the option of ripping the nuclei completely apart at some future time (say within a more powerful GEET reactor) if that is really desired. To just be extra careful in case there is any fission going on and a great amount of heat released, one should reduce the concentration of the plutonium in the gas being treated. Any fission (which we may want to avoid) might also produce rotating neutrons that should rapidly transform to rotating protons, electrons, and possibly an antineutrino. Rapidly transitioning neutrons (to hydrogen) would avoid the possibility of any sort of a nuclear chain reaction.
We could use the nuclear wastes to produce energy by fission or other transformations, but I don’t think that would be typically necessary in the new rotational energy age where energy costs are very low.
In the rotational energy age, we should not need fission to produce energy. There will be simpler methods such as using the Papp-like engines. A short trip through a GEET reactor (or several short trips through GEET reactors) might distort the nuclear-ground-states of many long-half-life radioactive nuclei enough so that during the trip they could rapidly change to non-radioactive nuclei, say giving up alpha particles (helium nuclei) and beta particles (electrons) to form a stable non-radioactive state of lead. In other words, the decay rates of highly rotating slightly excited nuclear-states may be much different from their normal small internal angular speed versions. The rapidly rotating nuclear-states would correspond to extremely-high rotational-temperatures based on their large internal-rotational-speeds (but low translational-temperatures based on the linear speeds).
Test Remediation of Radioactivity Using GEET Reactor Rotation. Chemically combine radioactive atoms with other atoms so that it forms a gas made of molecules. Radioactive tritium is already in the form of a gas, so it would serve as a simple example to check out the concept of radioactive remediation using a GEET reactor. Tritium (meaning hydrogen-3 or rather a proton and two neutrons) beta decays to form stable helium-3 (two protons and a neutron) after many years (half-life of 12.26 years as shown on p. B-247 CRC). Beta decay means that an electron is given off as a neutron in the nucleus is changed to a proton. If it is possible to find a particular power of GEET reactor (and exposure time) such that the radioactivity of the gas is removed (without complete reduction to pure hydrogen), then this demonstrates the remediation of radioactivity using a GEET reactor. It would also demonstrate that nuclear states can be rotated. It would also provide evidence for the Bessler principle. If it is not possible to find a particular power of GEET reactor (and exposure time) such that the radioactivity of the gas is removed (without complete reduction to hydrogen), then this is evidence against the remediation of radioactivity using a GEET reactor. It would not demonstrate that nuclear states can be rotated. It would not provide evidence for the Bessler principle.
Is Complete Ripping Apart Endothermic? Note that if we did fully rip apart an element such as long half-life radioactive plutonium (Z=94 Pu244) into pure hydrogen atoms, there would not be an overwhelming amount of energy released in the process. One would consider that the normal fission part of the process would release large amounts of energy (being exothermic). Still, the rest of the complete fission process would require very large amounts of energy (being endothermic) according to the normal theory. The combination of great exothermic processes and greater endothermic processes would seem to be greatly endothermic, when one considers the total process. If one desired to, one could calculate just how endothermic the total or complete fission process might be to proceed, without consideration of rotating nuclear ground states. If the nuclei do rotate about horizontal axes so the Bessler principle produces much extra energy, then the complete fission process might not actually be endothermic but it may in actual practice be slightly exothermic.
Avoid Storage of Radioactive Materials. Rapidly rotating radioactive materials could easily solve the perplexing problem of what to do with dangerous long-half-life nuclear-wastes. We should not just bury them somewhere. We could radioactively neutralize them, using sufficiently rapid rotations about axes. I think that we should especially neutralize the most problematic or longest half-life radioactive materials.
Radioactivity Neutralizing Devices. Some devices could require slight amounts of radioactive materials to be put into vapors to reduce their radioactivity. Examples of such devices might be Papp engines and GEET reactors. Slight amounts of tritium (meaning hydrogen-3) could be used within a closed-cycle Papp engine to see how long it would take to neutralize the radioactivity. Even if tritium doesn’t have a nuclear magnetic moment, it should still help rotationally moderate the normal rotations of hydrogen-1 so I would suppose that it could acquire enough angular speed (during the moderation in a powerful enough Papp engine) for long enough to decay into helium-3. Much hydrogen-1 is needed for proper operation of a Papp engine, since hydrogen-1 has the greatest ratio of nuclear magnetic moment to moment of inertial. In other words, hydrogen-1 is most easily rotated. Helium-3 has a large negative nuclear magnetic moment so it should slightly assist the operation of the Papp engines, as long as not too much tritium is used. Other devices are possible, which rely upon enough mechanical rotations so that they do not require the radioactive materials to be put into vapors. They could use the very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings or more conventional bearings, for wheels containing large amounts of radioactive materials.
For mechanical rotating wheels, it might be best if there are good atomic lattice connections with the radioactive materials so that external rotations of the wheels better cause the nuclei of the radioactive substances to internally rotate at approximately the speed of the external rotations. It should not be necessary for the materials to undergo nuclear fission to reduce their radioactivity, since the rotations should increase the decay rates of the radioactive nuclei so that the radioactive nuclei would more rapidly decay into stable non-radioactive nuclei (often a type of lead). Researchers would need to experimentally determine for particular radioactive materials the sufficient angular speeds, rotation times to neutralize, and amounts that can be effectively handled, without attaining too high a temperature. Researchers could also determine if longer times of exposure to sufficiently rapid rotations is an adequate substitute for better lattice connections. An improved procedure might allow large amounts of dirt and other loose materials to be neutralized by rapid rotation without requiring them to be melted, cooled, and rotated. If the nuclei were first formed into a gel or if a slight amount of water (a polar molecule sometimes called the universal solvent) were first applied to the dirt, then such modifications might provide sufficient rotational connections with the radioactive nuclei to cause those nuclei to rapidly internally rotate at approximately the angular speed of the wheel.
Test Remediation of Radioactivity Using Rapid Mechanical Rotation. Suppose a very-long half-life radioactive-material such as plutonium-244 is put into a wheel rotating about an axis. If a sufficient angular speed (for long enough rotational exposure time) can be found such that the radioactivity of the material is removed by means of rapid decay, then this demonstrates the remediation of radioactivity using rapid rotation. It would also demonstrate that nuclear states can be rotated. It might also provide some evidence for the Bessler principle, if rotation at that wheel angular speed about a horizontal axis is more effective than the same wheel angular speed about a vertical axis, for the same solid type of lattice structure. If a sufficient wheel angular speed (for long enough rotational exposure time) cannot be found such that the radioactivity of the material is removed by means of rapid decay, then this does not demonstrate the remediation of radioactivity using rapid rotation. It would not demonstrate that nuclear states can be rotated. It would neither provide evidence for or against the Bessler principle.
I think that I would prefer rotations about horizontal axes to rotations about vertical axes to do remediation of radioactivity, since it allows the Bessler principle to provide extra angular speed for the nuclei.
Cleanup Processes. If there is a desire to do so, I suspect that robots can be set to collect and separate out radioactively dangerous materials in areas that have received large amounts of radioactive contamination. It could be a long and expensive process to collect the radioactive materials. The obtained materials can be rotated rapidly enough for a long enough time and so turned into safe or radioactively-neutral materials. An alternative to separating out the radioactive materials and rapidly rotating them would be to just rotate everything.
Chernobyl. Using one of these methods, places like around the site of the Chernobyl nuclear accident might be cleaned up in principle. People could set robot teams to work to neutralize the long-half-life radioactive materials. It might be much more difficult cleaning up the central portion at Chernobyl site because of the current very high levels of radiation there can destroy robots, but these methods could in principle be used to clean up radiation there. It might be possible for robot-team-cranes/purely-mechanical-moles to take “bites” out of the materials and then locally rapidly rotate those portions about horizontal axes, using Orffyrean roller bearings so as to deactivate the radioactive materials. With enough “bites” that are then well rotated locally, the whole site could be radioactively neutralized. Given difficult implementation details, we may need to wait upon the Lord to solve that problem at least by the end of the millennium. Without any other solution, see the solution in 3 Nephi 26:3 or Mormon 9:2 or 2 Peter 3:10 or 2 Peter 3:12 or Doctrine and Covenants 101:25. Similar comments might be applicable to neutralizing radioactivity at the Fukushima reactor.
Fukushima. At the damaged Fukushima reactor, I would hope that, if possible, radioactive liquid not be simply released into the ocean but rather liquid be first rotated rapidly enough, for long enough, before the liquid is released into the ocean. Horizontal axes are preferable for such rotations, since they allow the Bessler principle to assist in the increased angular speed of the nuclei. Scientists can do experimental rotations on small volumes of the radioactive liquid before doing radioactivity neutralization production runs on large volumes. If the ancient yin-yang device had anciently been used for cleaning laundry, this modern use, again using two compartments (if not many more to provide more rotational connectivity), might allow the device to come full cycle and now be used for cleansing radioactivity out of the water itself. There need not to be a complete separation of the two (or more) compartments. One would need to repetitively fill, spin, slow down, and empty such a device. We might need two or more yin-yang cylinders for neutralization of radioactivity in the fluid. While one yin-yang cylinder is being filled, one or more yin-yang cylinders could be rotated, slowed down, and emptied. It might be possible to create continuous operation devices for rotating the liquid for long enough at a sufficiently large angular speed.
Depending upon the neutralization results, it might be possible to build a long sideways cylinder that rotates about an axle corresponding to its axis of symmetry. The axis could be nearly horizontal so that the mostly hollow cylinder has an exit end that is below its entrance end. There might be a lip on the entrance end to help prevent liquid from flowing out the entrance end. The cylinder would be supported at enough places from its central axle. Fluid could be shot from the end of a hose, into the inside entrance edge of the cylinder so as to help cause the cylinder to rotate. There could be some slight blades just within the entrance end of the cylinder to help the fluid to rotate the cylinder upon impact. The central axle could have roller bearings at its ends, far away from or protected from the cylinder to prevent liquid spray from getting into the bearings. The device would need to be designed to nearly maximize the internal angular speed of the liquid so as to more quickly remove the radioactivity from the liquid. The cylinder may be of a small radius. Unless the cylinder rotates too fast, no power should normally be extracted from the device, which would encourage it to have a larger angular speed. When the hose is squirting fluid, it would need to have some minimal flow rate associated with its minimum speed so as to ensure that the cylinder rotates at some minimum angular speed.
Positive Mindset. We must maintain a positive mindset. We must not have a defeatist mindset, that the long-half-life radioactive materials cannot be changed, according to fixed physical laws. It is possible to greatly reduce half-lifes of various materials using rapid enough internal rotations. The half-lifes will continue to decrease as the internal angular speed continues to increase, since the larger angular speed will increasingly isolate any existing nuclear instability and force the instability to rupture. Extreme angular speed could cause a stable nucleus to completely break up into stable protons (meaning the nuclei of hydrogen-1 atoms). Rapidly rotating neutrons would quickly transform into protons and electrons. I think we should avoid extreme angular speed.
If we apply electromagnetic energy to try to fuse isotopes of hydrogen, we should not automatically assume that any power produced comes from fusion and not from the Bessler principle. If it is fusion we need to see confirmed evidence of the combined nuclei.
Theta Pinches, Tokamaks, Etc. Various devices attempt to create thermonuclear fusion with the assistance of confinement within magnetic bottles using strong horizontal magnetic fields.
Leakage Currents in Magnetic Bottles. A plaguing problem with such devices has been leakage currents that allow nuclei to escape from within the magnetic bottles. I think that the primary reason for the formation of these pesky leakage currents is that the strong horizontal magnetic fields allow the formation of nuclear-ground-states rotating about horizontal axes, according to the Bessler principle. Not only is the direction of the formed angular velocities typically horizontal, but the direction of the angular velocity is also such that it creates a tiny magnet counter to the direction of the predominant magnetic field. See Fig. 48, which is like Fig. 47 except the angular velocity is not shown. Fig. 48 shows a horizontal view of how counter magnetic fields, formed by the Bessler principle, are in opposition to predominant horizontal magnetic fields used to confine plasmas. In Fig. 48 we see that each of the poles of a tiny formed magnet is attracted to its opposite “locally” apparent magnetic pole associated with the formed magnetic bottle (or torus). The tiny south magnetic pole is attracted to the predominant apparent north magnetic pole. The tiny north magnetic pole is attracted to the predominant apparent south magnetic pole. I think that is the source of counter magnetic fields that weaken the predominant horizontal magnetic fields of the magnetic bottles. With the containing horizontal fields of the magnetic bottles weakened, that is the primary source for the mysterious leakage currents in those magnetic bottles used to study hot fusion. The Bessler principle, along with such induced magnetic fields, works somewhat in opposition to the intended proper functioning of such devices as theta pinches and tokamaks, assuming they are implemented using the usual horizontal magnetic fields. It would seem more reasonable to use devices that directly use the Bessler principle in the production of energy rather than to use or study devices that cause the Bessler principle to work against the intended proper functioning of such devices. Modeling or simulation software for many devices needs to include the Bessler principle, if they desire to be realistic and accurate in their predictions.
Fig. 48. Counter magnetic fields formed by Bessler principle.
Magnetic Field Conventions. Here are some repeated conventions for magnetic fields that one might keep in mind, if one would like to consider Fig. 48 in more detail. The geographic north seeking end of a compass needle is a north magnetic pole. See prior figure Fig. 44. Somewhat near the earth's north geographic pole (or more precisely below Hudson Bay) is a south magnetic pole. A compass needle usually points roughly in the northern direction as it shows the directions of the magnetic field lines. The pointing direction is usually somewhat off from geographic north due to a local magnetic declination. The compass usually does not show the vertical portion of the magnetic field, which full field would point down into the earth or rather water near Hudson Bay. The earth's magnetic B field often points nearly in the same direction as a tiny arrow on a compass. The tiny arrow on a compass usually points from approximately the geographic south to approximately the geographic north.
Right-hand Rule. If there is a current represented by the flow of positive charges in the direction that one's right thumb is pointing, then this creates magnetic B fields around the current, with their B field lines pointing in the direction that one's other fingers of that right hand are pointing. We can imagine that the fingers are wrapped around the current corresponding to the thumb, as if the current were a wire that we can wrap our fingers around. For the charges of the nucleus being positive, that mainly explains Fig. 47, as we see in the following discussion.
Magnetic Fields from Rotating Nucleus. As nuclei rotate more rapidly around a horizontal axis, by the Bessler principle, they create stronger magnetic fields coming out of the tiny little magnets. Such a tiny nuclear magnet could be represented in the middle of Fig. 48 or Fig. 47. In those figures the horizontal angular velocity associated with the rotating angular velocity of the nucleus points to the left. That is in those figures, the angular velocity of the nucleus happens to point in the same direction that the predominate external magnetic field lines of the device are pointing. Once again, the angular velocity points in the same direction that a right-handed screw would travel, if the screw were turned. Another way of explaining the rotation of that nucleus is that at the top of the nucleus the positive charges corresponding to the portions of the positively charged nucleus are going into the page and at the bottom of that positively charged nucleus the positive charges are coming out of the page. Using the above right-hand rule those currents (flowing in the directions that those positive charges are flowing) would explain the directions of the B fields in the little nuclear magnet in the center of Fig. 48 or Fig. 47. The outermost fields of the little nuclear magnet run counter to or there weaken the predominant magnetic field lines.
Magnetic Fields from Rotating Electrons. It may be possible for electrons to also contribute to the leakage currents. The Fig. 48 would still apply but the angular velocities of the negatively charged masses would be pointing in the opposite direction. Though not precisely correct, as far as gross production of “magnetic fields” is concerned, the flow of negative charges moving in one direction very roughly corresponds to a current flow of positive charges moving in the opposite direction. How can one tell if the leakage currents are due to rotating nuclear-ground-states or electrons with further rotation? I suppose, as the prediction models improve and the models include the Bessler principle in the calculations, there should eventually be informative differences in the results. I suspect that they will show that the leakage currents are due to the massive internal rotations of the nuclei rather than the rotational motions of less massive electrons. We need not suppose the standard assumption that the magnetic fields coming from a current of positive charges going in one direction being equal to the magnetic fields coming from a current of negative charges going in the opposite direction. I think, though those fields have similar effects upon charges moving in them, the magnetic fields are not the same. I discuss more about that in Appendix A.
Skunkworks Fusion. So far the best fusion approach that I have heard about is the approach from the Lockheed Skunkworks. See http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-02/fusion-power-could-happen-sooner-you-think which provided the video presentation by Charles Chase "Energy for Everyone". Here are some of my inferred comments about it.
A usual problem with magnetically confined fusion is that the first vacuum containment wall would eventually be destroyed by all the neutrons hitting it. They appear to avoid that vacuum containment wall problem completely by not requiring a vacuum. This greatly increases the material densities immediately. By heating with radio frequency (RF) energy, this might incidentally have the advantage of using the Bessler principle, assuming the containing magnetic fields are placed in a horizontal orientation. By having the containing magnetic field lines strongest on the exterior of the plasma, this would help the containment where it is needed the most. They used a half-scale test cylinder of size one meter in diameter by about two meters long (somewhat like a small portion of a tokamak or more like a short theta pinch) so as to allow better extraction of power at the ends of the cylinder. For an actual reactor, they would still need to deal with traditional radiation problems associated with the tritium and with the large fluxes of neutrons coming off their reactor. If they wanted to totally avoid the leakage current problems associated with the Bessler principle, then they would want to change its orientation so that the predominant magnetic fields would be vertical. I don't think that would be a smart approach, since using strong vertical magnet fields would suppress power production by means of the Bessler principle.
Non-Fusion Modification. I think it would be better to greatly modify that approach so as to give up on using controlled hot fusion. I think it would be better to try to extract power purely from the Bessler principle, in a similar fashion to how power is obtained on the sun. The magnetic field lines could all be nearly horizontal so as to better use the Bessler principle to generate power from the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. This would require neither deuterium nor radioactive tritium. Ordinary hydrogen should work better than the heavier isotopes of hydrogen as such light hydrogen nuclei (i.e. protons) can be rotated more easily than the larger mass nuclei. It would be less expensive to test with hydrogen gas in initial systems than to use deuterium in the initial systems. Without fusion, there would be no neutrons coming off, so the missing neutrons would neither warp nor damage exterior materials such as wires and RF feeds. There would be no need for a lithium blanket to breed tritium. Possibly better working than using pure hydrogen might be to use the chemically inert Papp gas, of hydrogen, helium, argon, krypton, and xenon, since the Papp gas could serve as a moderator of the Bessler principle power production, as long as not too much RF energy is put into the rotations, so that it not explode.
The most massive nuclear-ground-states must not be allowed to rotate too rapidly, as there would be nothing to moderate them except for the surrounding walls (which could be far away). In the event of too much power being produced, the Bessler principle could be suppressed using emergency vertical magnetic fields. It would be best to not operate near such runaway conditions. We should allow the larger mass noble gas nuclei to do their job of moderating the Bessler principle reactions. I suppose that the experimenters will just need to be very careful so as not to cause runaway explosions similar to the two that were initiated by Papp (in which he on purpose applied excessively large amounts of initial energy). The RF frequency and waveforms would need to be selected so as to favor rotations of hydrogen nuclei about horizontal axes rather than translation motion of the nuclei. I suspect that short pulses with a pause in between might jar the nuclear magnetic moments of the hydrogen nuclei into rotation. If the temperature gets too high or a rumbling noise is heard, cease providing RF power and quickly apply a strong vertical magnetic field to suppress the explosion before it ever occurs. Operators would be wise to operate far away from that condition. They should not excessively push power production, so as to become unsafe.
Test Bessler Principle with Magnetically-Confined Non-Fusion Plasmas. If more energy is produced than RF energy expended, then this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle, meaning evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If less energy is produced than RF energy expended, then this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle, meaning evidence against the Bessler principle. For the purposes of initial exploratory research we might not count the energy expended in making the magnetic fields. For an operational system or for actual tests it would be the total energy produced as compared to the total energy provided. There would be some art involved in the selection of the RF waveforms so as to encourage rotations of the protons about horizontal axes. Because of the large nuclear moment of ordinary hydrogen, RF pulses of circularly polarized radiation, with the chirp frequency increasing at an appropriately rapid rate during the pulse, might be useful in promoting internal rotations of nuclear-ground-states of hydrogen. Such signals might need to have the direction of propagation of the RF energy along the length of the cylinder. The direction of propagation with respect to the direction of the magnetic field lines would need to depend upon the direction of the circular polarization, so as to allow the created rotating nuclear-ground-states to create stable magnetic fields counter to the predominant magnetic field. See Fig. 48 where now for purposes of stability and to promote power production by the Bessler principle we would want to somewhat suppress the predominant containing-magnetic-fields. This is completely opposite of the traditional idea of trying to avoid the mysterious leakage currents. We should suppress the predominant external fields to maximize any leakage currents, with a goal of maximizing production of energy by the Bessler principle, while minimizing production of energy by actual nuclear fusion.
I bought a rocket stove on 23 Feb 2013 as a fuel efficient means of emergency cooking. It requires little combustible material for cooking, with little ash left over. One can read about rocket stoves on the Internet, but the Internet does not explain very well why they work so efficiently. Rocket stoves are insulated near the source of the combustion materials and have an unrestricted insulated short chimney above the combustion area where combustion may be completed.
Why Rocket Stoves Are Efficient. I think that rocket stoves are not a zero sum energy situation, if the Bessler principle is allowed to participate. The stoves appear to be designed to allow the Bessler principle to contribute somewhat as an energy source. This source of extra energy provides a more complete "why" for the rocket stove fuel efficiency. A rocket stove can allow rotating nuclear-ground-states to rotate even more rapidly about horizontal axes as the gases go upward, gaining extra rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle, until cooled by the surroundings. The predominant magnetic fields are often somewhat horizontal. The rotating nuclear-ground-states can then radiate energy as electrons interact with the rotating nuclear-ground-states so as to produce energetic electrons with their energy quickly transferred to photons in the plasma flames. There can be a sound of roaring heard from some well-constructed rocket stoves (somewhat like a rocket), partly due to the wind rapidly going upward and possibly also due to the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states as they interact with their surroundings by their induced magnetic dipoles. Their immediate surroundings include the nuclear magnetic dipoles of other rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states.
Ripping Apart Some Oxygen Molecules. Plasmas and the Bessler principle in the rocket stove supply unbinding energies to often fully rip apart atoms from some oxygen molecules. There are plenty of oxygen molecules and much heat, so the oxygen molecules and nuclei can rotate about horizontal axes, which rotations help to rotationally rip apart oxygen molecules within air. This plasma discussion and further plasma discussions below assume that we are not located at a magnet pole of the earth, with vertical magnetic fields, which would make rotation of nuclei about a horizontal axis more difficult.
Consider the burning of a hydro-carbon chain, nCH4, in Eq. 8.1 as a simple example exothermic chemical reaction. The equation shows some oxygen molecules being broken apart. In a heated insulated environment, the two oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule O2 can slightly rotate around each other about somewhat horizontal axes. The rotations of the molecule can cause their nuclei to rotate about horizontal axes, since a wheel rotating about a horizontal axis tends to cause the nuclei within to similarly rotate. That is a wheel rotating about a horizontal axis tends to cause the atomic wavefunctions to rotate, which with overlap with the nuclei within, cause the nuclei within to internally rotate about a horizontal axis. The nuclei rotating about horizontal axes acquire more angular speed by the Bessler principle. This causes the surrounding atomic wavefunctions to rotate more about horizontal axes. This causes the connected molecule wheel to increase in its angular speed about a horizontal axis. The extra internal rotations of the two nuclei thus cause the molecule to rotate more about a horizontal axis. These rotations reinforce each other and may in part cause the oxygen molecule to be ripped apart. Photons from the energetic plasma may also help rip apart the oxygen molecule. Rotations help preserve energy in the plasma.
(8.1) n2O2 + nCH4 à
n2H2O + nCO2
Consider Fig. 49 for the various molecular and nuclear oxygen rotations. Fig. 49 shows a horizontal view of an externally-rotating self-repulsive oxygen molecule and two internally-rotating magnetically-repulsive oxygen nuclei all rotating about horizontal axes. (I likely should have drawn the atoms much closer, since they are sharing electrons but I didn’t do that so that I could better illustrate magnetic poles. The nuclei were also drawn much larger than they should be to better show them.) The Bessler-principle-induced rotations of the nuclei create aligned horizontal magnetic dipoles, which magnetic repulsions along with the molecule rotation also help rip apart the oxygen molecule. The prevailing often-somewhat-horizontal external magnet field would encourage the magnetic dipoles to point in the same direction. In the somewhat more unlikely situation that the two magnetic dipoles on the oxygen nuclei happened to point in opposite directions, then there would be more of a magnetic attraction and such molecules would not be so easily ripped apart. That situation would tend to be prevented by rotations of oxygen molecules about somewhat horizontal axes and the Bessler principle, as suggested in Fig. 49. The extra wind does not cool the fire in part because of extra energy locally produced by the Bessler principle. Chemical reactions may assist in the ripping apart process.
Fig. 49. Molecular and nuclear oxygen rotations.
Ripping Apart and Combining. A free or nearly free oxygen atom with a somewhat horizontal internal magnetic dipole (assuming the local magnetic field is somewhat horizontal) can pull away one or two loosely bound hydrogen atoms at the edges of the fuel. Protons or the nuclei within hydrogen atoms inherently have strong nuclear magnetic moments, even if the nuclear-ground-states are not internally rotating. Hydrogen atom(s) may, on occasion, be ripped away from the hydrocarbons when the hydrogen atoms in the heated fuel are close together. Such a situation could be when two hydrogen nuclei have their magnetic dipoles somewhat aligned self-attractively in opposite directions, according to Fig. 50, as it is viewed from above. (I likely should have drawn the atoms much closer, since they are sharing electrons but I didn’t do that so that I could better illustrate magnetic poles. The nuclei were also drawn much larger than they should be to better show them.) The hydrogen nuclei in Fig. 50 act as tiny internally-attractive and externally-attractive magnets (with respect to oxygen) to help form water during burning of hydro-carbons. The simultaneous removal case may be less likely than sequential removal, since the magnetic dipoles depicted in Fig. 50 may not initially be aligned just right. The situation may be made more likely, if the oxygen atom separately picks up hydrogen atoms on its opposite ends (with all three magnetic dipoles being somewhat parallel and in the same direction). It would be more likely for the hydrogen atoms to be sequentially picked up on nearly opposite ends of the oxygen atom so that the three dipoles all point in roughly the same direction according to the prevailing magnetic field. I am not providing a figure for HOH being nearly in a line, but the name HOH should somewhat describe the situation.
Fig. 50. The hydrogen nuclei close together to each other during water formation.
Now consider Fig. 51. Instead of the two hydrogen atoms being on nearly opposite ends of an oxygen atom (as in HOH with all the three magnetic dipoles aligned in roughly the same direction), the hydrogen nuclei in Fig. 51 might alternately or slightly-less-likely act as tiny internally-repulsive magnets that externally attract (or are attracted by) an oxygen magnetic pole to help form water during burning of hydro-carbons. (I likely should have drawn the atoms much closer, since they are sharing electrons but I didn’t do that so that I could better illustrate magnetic poles. The nuclei were also drawn much larger than they should be to better show them.) I suppose that the hydrogen atoms might be more easily ripped away from the hydrocarbon, when all the magnetic dipoles are initially in almost the same direction, as guided by the prevailing external magnetic field. Having the magnetic dipoles all somewhat aligned allows them to be increased by the Bessler principle. I thus think that the Fig. 51 case is somewhat more likely during burning than the case for Fig. 50, since in Fig. 51 the dipoles are all roughly pointing in the same horizontal direction so that they may be somewhat guided and reinforced by a common external magnetic field. Both the same types of magnetic poles are attracted to the opposite magnetic pole of the rapidly-rotating nucleus within an oxygen atom/ion. Those water-forming processes might more easily be two-step processes by first ripping off one hydrogen atom from the fuel and then ripping off a second hydrogen atom, when the opportunity presents itself. As suggested above, the hydrogen atoms might even more likely/effectively be attached on nearly opposite sides of the oxygen to create a more stretched out molecule HOH. When outside a plasma and when not at high altitudes, the water molecule internally rotationally cools because of interactions with other things. The oxygen-16 loses its rotating nuclear-ground-state going back to a nucleus without a nuclear magnetic moment, so that any water molecule (either stretched out or more compact) returns to its more usual form, with an angle of about 104.45° between the hydrogen atoms. See that angle between bonds on p. 409 of General Chemistry Second Edition by John W. Hill and Ralph H. Petrucci, 1999, Prentice Hall. At very high altitudes (meaning very low pressures) and because of the lack of interference with other things, the various distorted water arrangements from burning (Fig. 50, HOH, and Fig. 51) can remain because the large internal angular speeds are supported by the Bessler principle. Fig. 51 effectively also represents the situation with all the magnetic poles replaced by their opposite magnetic poles.
Fig. 51. The hydrogen nuclei further apart from each other during water formation.
Making Carbon Dioxide Molecules. A rapidly-rotating oxygen atom/ion could combine with a carbon atom/ion to make carbon monoxide (CO). It may help, if the fuel is at a high temperature with respect to nuclear ground state rotations so that any directly/indirectly induced magnetic dipole in a carbon nucleus can help any oxygen atoms/ions to remove the carbon atom/ion. Having such may help there to be little ash left over. An oxygen molecule (O2) (say in Fig. 49) could combine with a carbon atom to make carbon dioxide (CO2) as in Fig. 52. (I likely should have drawn the atoms much closer, since they are sharing electrons but I didn’t do that so that I could better illustrate magnetic poles. The nuclei were also drawn much larger than they should be to better show them.) At greater temperatures or near the lower temperature top edges of the plasma (in the rocket stove) the molecules with greater binding energies would have their formations favored, since it would require more energy to rip them apart. I think that the induced magnetic dipoles may assist in combining a single oxygen atom/ion with carbon monoxide to form the higher binding energy carbon dioxide (CO2). The oxygen atoms may more likely be on opposite ends to the carbon atom, with all three magnetic dipoles aligned in roughly the same direction. I am not providing a figure for OCO being nearly in a line, but the name OCO should adequately describe the situation. The usual form of the carbon dioxide molecule, in such an elongated configuration OCO, with an angle of about 180° between the oxygen atoms, is depicted on p. 48 of Chemisty: the central science Eighth Edition (2000 Prentice-Hall, Inc.) by Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., and Bruce E Bursten.
Fig. 52. The oxygen nuclei further apart from each other during carbon dioxide formation.
For oxygen atoms being on one side of the carbon atom, there could be two cases for the magnetic dipoles in the pair of oxygen atoms combining with a carbon atom containing a magnetic dipole. Either the oxygen magnetic dipoles are somewhat parallel or antiparallel to each other. I suspect that the parallel case is more likely, as they are parallel and pointing the same direction as they do in Fig. 49. For the somewhat parallel case, the nuclear magnetic dipoles of the oxygen nuclei repulse one another but are magnetically attractive to the carbon atom/nuclei, as we saw in Fig. 52. In Fig. 52, the oxygen nuclei act as tiny self-repulsive magnets which are attractive to a carbon atom to help form carbon dioxide during burning of hydro-carbons. For the antiparallel case, the nuclear magnetic dipoles of the oxygen nuclei attract one another, as we see in Fig. 53. (I likely should have drawn the atoms much closer, since they are sharing electrons but I didn’t do that so that I could better illustrate magnetic poles. The nuclei were also drawn much larger than they should be to better show them.) In that antiparallel case, I think that the oxygen nuclei act as tiny self-attractive magnets to help form carbon dioxide during burning of hydro-carbons. In those cases, the oxygen atoms with their rotating nuclear-ground-states could also combine with carbon sequentially in a two-step process. First one oxygen atom could attach to the carbon (to form CO or carbon monoxide) and then the other oxygen atom could be attached. As suggested above, the oxygen atoms could attach on opposite ends of the carbon atom, in a somewhat line (OCO) with all the dipoles pointing somewhat the same direction. I suspect that the sequential linear combination is favored in a roaring fire, as it would allow all the nuclear-ground-states to acquire larger angular speeds from the Bessler principle, while providing extra magnetic binding. As the various rotating nuclear-ground-states rotationally and thermally cool, the induced magnetic dipoles go away and the positions of the oxygen atoms change to form the normal molecules of carbon dioxide (stretched out OCO), having a large binding energy. After the oxygen nuclei stop rotating so much, they would have the normal unmeasured (zero) nuclear magnetic moment for the spin zero oxygen-16 nucleus. See for example p. B-249 CRC. After the carbon nuclei stop rotating so much, they would have the normal unmeasured (zero) nuclear magnetic moment for the spin zero carbon-12 nucleus. See for example p. B-248 CRC.
Fig. 53. The oxygen nuclei close together to each other during carbon dioxide formation.
Rocket Stoves Use Bessler Principle. You might still ask how it is possible for so many oxygen (and nitrogen) molecules that are going by to not cool down the plasma. Shouldn't all the extra air rushing by (in a rocket stove) cool down the process, without extra fuel being consumed to maintain the high temperatures? Some extra oxygen atoms that are cool rotationally could cause somewhat of a problem, but if the oxygen (and nitrogen) molecules and nuclei are heated so that they attain rotations about horizontal axes, then they do not cause such a cooling problem, because they acquire additional power from the Bessler principle. Still, a more complete answer to the question speaks of energy not being fully conserved in the process. A more complete answer to such questions is in the insulation, the thermal inertia, and especially in the use of the energy non-conservative Bessler principle, which acquires energy from the two-part gravitons, as the nuclear-ground-states rapidly rotate about horizontal axes.
Cleaner Recombining in Rocket Stoves. With a larger plasma transition region above (above but within a rocket stove), the burning is cleaner, having fewer pollutants. Weakly bound pollutants (like carbon monoxide) associated with partial combustion would be given more opportunity to become more strongly bound molecules (like carbon dioxide). With a larger plasma transition region more energy acquisition opportunities are available through the use of the Bessler principle. After the hydrogen nuclei stop rotating more than their usual amount, they would have a nuclear magnetic moment closer to the normal +2.79278 nuclear magnetons for the spin 1/2 nucleus. See p. B-247 CRC.
I think that rocket stoves help us to better understand what fire really is. See Fire below. Although regular combustion rockets also make use of the Bessler principle, the rising of the hot gases in rocket stoves better helps them to make their own wind because of the Bessler principle. I suppose that making the insulated chimney on a rocket stove a little higher and further insulating the air intake lower route might improve the performance of the rocket stoves, since doing those things would extend the regions for use of the Bessler principle. But extending the regions would increase the cost of the rocket stoves. It is a matter of performance versus cost tradeoffs.
Assistance from Gravity. Many devices receive assistance from gravity by means of the Bessler principle. If gravity is considered to be irrelevant to the device or if one would like evidence of the assistance from gravity, one can either (1) apply a strong enough vertical magnetic field or (2) test the device to see how well it works when a vertical axis of the device is placed in a horizontal direction. I think that a working Bessler wheel or a working replication of the McKinley low friction demonstration should stop working if a strong enough vertical magnetic field is applied. With some devices such as a wheel, it can matter how a vertical axis is changed to a horizontal axis. Here is an obvious example. If the wheel is just rotated about its axle so as to maintain its same axis of symmetry with respect to gravity, it works the same. If the wheel is rotated so that its previous horizontal axle becomes vertical, then it would work differently. It would not roll along the ground if we push it. Here is another obvious example. If we turn a rocket stove on its side with its chimney horizontal instead of vertical, it wouldn't work very well.
Here is a less obvious example. If the Bessler principle is considered irrelevant to the operation of a rocket stove, one could apply a strong vertical magnetic field to such a working stove and notice what happens. I might guess that, if the magnetic field is at least comparable in strength to the vertical magnetic field in a dark sunspot, the rocket stove could stop burning. The flames might go out. I suppose that flames composed of plasmas would not remain in sufficiently strong vertical magnetic fields. Nuclear-ground-states would not be able to rotate about horizontal axes in the presence of strong enough vertical magnetic fields. It would be easier to do such experiments on a candle. See my experiments below using candle flames in the “Fire” portion of section 8.2.
That ends a discussion of some devices dependent upon the Bessler principle.
Prior Phenomena. Various phenomena were previously discussed that were dependent upon the Bessler principle. In Chapter 4, sun power or specifically the solar photosphere was discussed. In section 5.1 these atmospheric or orbital phenomena were explained using the Bessler principle: the solar corona produces infrequent yet ultra-high temperature radiations, the Earth is not frozen, Jupiter produces excess radiation, Saturn's has a warm south polar vortex, Venus is not frozen, the atmosphere of Mars is neither frozen nor a cold liquid, Mercury receives heating from the Bessler principle associated with its rotations and from tidal interactions, meteors receive extra energy from the Bessler principle, clouds receive energy from the Bessler principle, artificial snow is not produced with much help from the Bessler principle, and snowflakes are produced with much assistance from the Bessler principle. In section 5.2 there were other phenomena that provide evidences of Bessler principle: jet engines receive extra power, turbines receive extra power during the extraction of power according to their mass, flywheels are able to extract power because of their mass, turbulence depends upon attitude, Ranque tubes have a temperature difference that is dependent upon attitude, wind shear is provided extra power, and tornados are provided extra power by the help of the sun and the moon. In Chapter 7 some specific tests of the Bessler principle were described. Earlier in this Chapter 8, discussions were given for various devices that are dependent upon the Bessler principle.
Some other phenomena that depend upon the Bessler principle (and that in some cases may be related to fire) will now be discussed.
Sunspots Cooler than Photosphere. Sunspots are observed to be deeper, darker, and cooler than the photosphere. The sunspots are associated with very strong somewhat vertical magnetic fields. If we consider the nucleus as somewhat a positive charge-filled sphere, then within the sunspots there would neither be rotations of any nuclear charge-filled sphere about the symmetrical horizontal axis of the sphere nor any orbital rotations of charges (negative electrons or positive nuclei) about any somewhat internal horizontal axes. If a nuclear-ground-state rotating about a horizontal axis were somehow placed in a sunspot, the rotating nuclear-ground-state would serve as a tiny magnet with its north and south magnetic poles initially at the same elevation. Because of the strong vertical magnetic field within the sunspot, the tiny magnet (with horizontal magnetic dipole) would not remain in such a position. After a very short while, the nucleus would change or rotate so that like a little compass it would be aligned with the predominant vertical magnetic field lines. Within a sunspot there would be no rotation of any charges about a horizontal axis. There would be essentially no supplying of power to such charges rotating about vertical axes by the Bessler principle. Nuclei rapidly rotating about vertical axes would eventually lose their energy (as they collide with attractive electrons) and not have the large rotational kinetic energy replenished. Thus, power would later not be given off from such rotationally cold nuclei. Relative to the sun's bright photosphere we would expect sunspots to be cooler, darker, and deeper. Sunspots would be windows of visibility, since plasmas could not be supported by such “cool” conditions. Sunspots are also windows of visibility since they do not give off obscuring radiations. Those things are in exact agreement with the observations of the sunspots. Deep sunspots being cool are in exact disagreement with the power of the sun being produce deep down within it.
Sunspots would not be perfectly cold, since they would allow transmissions of radiation from deeper within the sun, since the magnetic fields may not be perfectly vertical, and since there are some gravitons traveling from portions of the sun that are in somewhat horizontal locations with respect to the deep sunspots.
I think that it is not accidental that sunspots are always associated with strong vertical magnetic fields. Because of the Bessler principle, there is a direct causal relationship between strong vertical magnetic fields and the occurrence of sunspots.
Any rotational motion of charges within a sunspot (whether external or internal) would cause magnetic fields coming from the charges that would weaken the magnetic fields of the sunspot. Specifically the internal rotations of nuclei provide external magnetic fields that weaken the magnetic fields of the sunspots. See Fig. 47. Also specifically any external rotations of nuclei in large circles about/perpendicular to the magnetic fields of sunspots would provide interior magnetic fields that weaken the magnetic fields of the sunspots. The angular velocities of internal and external rotations of positively charged nuclei in sunspots are in the opposite directions.
Such rotational motions in sunspots do not cause the magnetic fields in sunspots, since they only weaken them. I think that the dominate magnetic fields of sunspots are caused by locally internal rotations much deeper within the sun. I suspect that the deeper internal rotations are mainly caused by locally internal rotations of mutually-supporting positively-charged nuclei within the sun that are given local rotational support by the Bessler principle.
What do sunspots or the sun's photosphere have to do with fire? There is neither any oxidation nor chemical reactions responsible for producing large amounts of power on the sun. We can apply strong vertical magnetic fields to plasmas here on the earth and see how they affect them. That could provide evidence showing connections between fire and sunspots or between fire and the sun’s photosphere.
If there is a Bessler principle, might not the Bessler principle serve as a basis for the explanation of fire? Might there not be connections between the Bessler principle and fire? Can we not create tests to explore such a relationship? If rotations or nuclear-ground-states about a horizontal axis are necessary to create fire, might we not create tests to explore such a relationship? See Rocket Stoves above in section 8.1.
Fire Appears. Fire is not fully invented until its most basic properties are known and understood. I think that one does not fully understand fire or know what it is, until one understands the Bessler principle.
Shortly below we will consider the effect of strong horizontal electric fields and strong vertical magnetic fields on fire and other plasmas. I think that sufficiently strong vertical magnetic fields would suppress fire. Think of the suppression of the plasmas by the strong vertical magnetic fields in sunspots. Very strong vertical magnetic fields tend to only allow internal rotations about vertical axes. In the presence of a very strong uniform vertical magnetic field, a small charge-filled sphere could only rotate about a vertical axis. A nucleus could be considered as a small charge-filled sphere. I think that very strong vertical magnetic fields tend to prohibit positively charged nuclei from internally rotating about horizontal axes and so not be able to acquire much rotational kinetic energy by the Bessler principle.
Some normal dry cellulose-based paper is popularly said to ignite at 233°C, 451°F, as might be suggested by the book with title "Fahrenheit 451" by Ray Bradbury. Whatever the "actual" value, I suspect that applying a very strong vertical magnetic field, would cause the same type of paper, under otherwise the same measurement conditions, not to auto-burn or self-ignite at its normal temperature or even at a much larger temperature. That could be tested out experimentally. My reasoning is that, if the plasma corresponding to the fire cannot form, then I think that the paper should not burn. If this reasoning is valid it would suggest a type of impractical protection from burning or explosion for inanimate objects. One could plot the ignition temperature as a function of vertical magnetic field strength. Has anyone made these measurements and plotted/published the results? If fire won’t ignite for strong enough vertical magnetic fields, has anyone plotted minimum auto-ignition temperature, as a function of angle from vertical of that strong enough magnetic field?
Would such paper auto-burn at a much lower temperature if subjected to a strong uniform horizontal magnetic field? I suspect that this would be the case. This fire enhancement also could be tested out experimentally. One could similarly plot the auto-burn ignition temperature as a function of horizontal magnetic field strength. Has anyone made these measurements and plotted/published the results?
Strong enough horizontal electric fields should also tend to suppress fire, since fundamental opposite charges in matter would tend to be more stretched out horizontally and thus the opposite fundamental charge pairs should not be able to rotate very much about a horizontal axis and not acquire much more power via the Bessler principle. It would be difficult to create a strong uniform horizontal electric field, so it would likely not serve as a type of protection for inanimate objects.
I will make some more comments about tests regarding fires in general. Suppression of the Bessler principle within fire should prevent acquisition of power by the Bessler principle. I think that acquisition of power by the Bessler principle is necessary to overcome the depletion of power associated with thermal equilibrium with the surroundings, which would occur otherwise. I think that a process that enhances the acquisition of power by the Bessler principle should promote the plasmas in fire. I think that a process that suppresses the acquisition of power by the Bessler principle should diminish the plasmas in fire.
Test Fire Suppression by Strong Vertical Magnetic Fields. Sunspots with their strong vertical magnetic fields are the coolest spots on the sun. I think that strong enough vertical magnetic fields nearly prohibit rotation of nuclei about horizontal axes and thus they nearly eliminate the acquisition of power by the Bessler principle in those regions. I think that is the primary reason for the sunspots being so cool relative to the photosphere. If a sufficiently strong vertical magnetic field is applied to a previously burning fire or candle flame causes the fire to be suppressed, then this would be positive evidence for the Bessler principle. One should measure the weakest vertical magnetic field strength at which fire is suppressed (whether it is greater than or less than the magnetic field in a sunspot). If the fire is not suppressed for a sufficiently strong vertical magnetic field, then this would be negative evidence for the Bessler principle. Hopefully someone will place such videos of such experiments on the Internet, whether yea or nay.
Null Results with Weak Vertical Magnetic Field. On Wednesday 30 Dec 2009, I got null candle results of flame suppression using a .00005 Tesla vertical magnetic field. I used five wraps of the wire. By using separate experiments, I tried wrapping in both directions. The wires were wrapped with an outside diameter of about 5.3cm about a glass containing a candle. I used an approximately 13 Volts power supply with approximately 10 Ohms of resistance (using a 10 Ohm resistor placed in series). That means there was a current of about 13/10=1.3 Amperes flowing in the wire. Using Ampere's law, the .00005 Tesla field was calculated using a formula of m0(5*1.3Amperes)/(2p (.053meters/2)), where m0 = 4p*10-7 Henry/meter is the permeability constant. I could see no degradation of the candle flame each time I turned on the power supply. It was at about 9 P.M. local time in Ridgecrest, California. The moon was nearly full and somewhat “overhead” so many gravitons (from the earth, moon, and sun) were traveling in somewhat a vertical direction, either up or down.
According to https://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sun3mag.htm, sunspot magnetic fields "reached about 1500 Gauss (0.15 Tesla), while the field near the surface of Earth is typically 0.3-0.5 Gauss, depending on location." According to https://www.windows2universe.org/sun/atmosphere/sunspot_magnetism.html&edu=high, "Magnetic field strengths within sunspots range from 1,000 to 4,000 Gauss, and are thousands of times more intense than Earth's average surface field strength of about 0.5 Gauss." I think that I needed a much larger vertical magnetic field to begin to see an effect. Possibly I can do another test with more wraps, a smaller diameter, and a lower resistance.
Another Null Result. On Thursday 24 Aug 2017, a spool of 198 feet of 24 gauge copper wire arrived that my son ordered for me. We put a candle through the center of the plastic spool holding the wire. I positioned the candle so that the flame (when lit) would be in the center of the coil. I estimated that the average diameter of the coil was about 3.6cm. We used the same power supply as in the 2009 experiment (maximum 3 Amperes for 13.8Volts DC). The number of turns could be estimated to be 198 feet/(p*3.6cm) = (198feet/(p*3.6cm))*(2.54cm/in)*(12in/foot) = 534 turns approximately. The resistance of the coil was about 4.1 Ohms,. The current could have been roughly 13.8 Volts/(4.1 Ohms) = 3.4 Amperes, but the power supply could produce a maximum of 3 Amperes. That would give a magnetic field of .0178 Tesla = m0(534*3Amperes)/(2p (.036meters/2)), where again m0 = 4p*10-7 Henry/meter. Assuming the measurements, estimates, formulas, and calculations were correct, it would appear that almost a .02 Tesla vertical downward magnetic field is not strong enough to put out the candle at 8:30 P.M. in Ridgecrest, California. We didn’t even see the flame flicker. I only briefly turned on the power supply, since I didn’t want the insulation of the wire to get overheated. I should have directly measured the current but I didn’t. There had been a partial solar eclipse three days before on 21 Aug 2017 so I think that gravitons from the moon/sun were traveling in somewhat of a vertical direction.
I would still need about a factor of say 5 or 8 or 22 to have vertical magnetic fields with the strength of some typical sunspots. I might decrease the diameter by a factor of two by rewrapping using a much smaller diameter tube, which could increase the number of wraps by a factor of two. That would increase the magnetic field by a factor of four, since the formula uses the number of wraps divided by the diameter. Could a larger vertical magnetic field than that on a typical sunspot be needed to put out a flame? The surface of the sun is dependent upon its surroundings and only locally upon the Bessler principle for generating power. I think that candle obtains power mainly from chemical reactions and only in part depends upon the Bessler principle for perpetuating the reactions.
Magnets on Candle Flame. Maybe I could consider the effect of powerful magnets on a candle flame. On 25 Aug 2017 I tried to apply magnetic fields from strong “magnetic rocks” to a candle flame. I couldn’t tell if suppression effects were due to the magnetic fields or the presence of the nearby cold magnets.
I assume that some others can do better experiments than I have done.
Test Fire Suppression by Strong Horizontal Electric Fields. If there is somewhat of an orbiting of finest fundamental opposite charges around each other about horizontal axes in fire, then a strong enough electric field applied to a flame would somewhat tend to suppress such rotations. A strong horizontal electric field would tend to stretch out the opposite charges in opposite horizontal directions. Also, one might think that fundamental opposite charges in matter might tend to be more stretched out horizontally and thus the opposite fundamental charge pairs would not be able to rotate very much about a horizontal axis. Would there be a suppression of fire in such a situation? I saw a video on the Internet in which a strong horizontal electric field was apparently applied to a flame. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPFkp2HrEcs "Electric Field effect on Flame". It almost put the flame out. Here is another example where the flame was put out, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzGkEfdcoLw for "YouTube - Electric Field effect on Flame 20kV". Another video where the flame was put out was http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9mHKP1BTTY "Electric Field effect on Flame 20kV". If someone else does the experiment and finds that the flame is not altered at all, they should put such a video on the Internet, they should provide the strength of the electric field, and they might show which way a compass points while those horizontal electric fields are turned on. So far as I have noticed the preponderance of the evidence is in favor of a strong enough horizontal electric field suppressing a flame. These things are subject to further experimental testing. I think that evidence of a strong horizontal electric field suppressing a flame is positive evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. It would suggest that the Bessler principle has importance with respect to fire. I think that evidence of a strong enough horizontal electric field not suppressing a flame is negative evidence with respect to the Bessler principle. Such an outcome (which has not been observed so far) would suggest that the Bessler principle does not have importance with respect to fire.
Test Enhancement of Fire from Strong Horizontal Magnetic Fields. Here are some possibilities for testing out (in reverse) the enhancement of fire in the presence of strong total horizontal magnetic fields. To test out the enhancement of fire, we could search for conditions for which a flame would normally not burn, if there is a very weak total horizontal magnetic field. Starve a Bunsen burner with respect to either ambient temperature or oxygen flow or fuel flow or some combination of them. In the presence of a large horizontal magnetic field, go down to a normal starvation value to see if the flame is maintained. If so, record the horizontal magnetic field strength such that the flame goes out for fields less than that value. If a strong magnetic field can be found to keep a starvation of the flame from occurring, then this is evidence in favor of the horizontal magnetic fields enhancing fire. It would also be evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If a strong magnetic field can’t be found to keep a starvation of the flame from occurring, then this is evidence against the horizontal magnetic fields enhancing fire. It would also be evidence against the Bessler principle.
Fire Conditions. I suspect that fire is enabled or enhanced by horizontal magnetic fields, in addition to the usually understood three properties of fuel, high temperature, and oxygen. Is there another condition of gravity required to enable fire?
Test Fire Initiation Requiring Gravity. Under similar conditions of temperature, oxygen, fuel, and magnetic fields with respect to gravity, one could try to see if the strength of gravity makes a difference. Because of the presence of background gravity far out in space, it would not be reasonable to try to completely remove gravity. Still, one could compare situations on earth with as far out in space as is reasonable. One could see if the temperature at which fire occurs will increase if the strength of gravity is diminished. If it does, this may be taken as positive evidence for or in favor of the Bessler principle. If it does not, this may be taken as evidence against the Bessler principle. Presumably if gravity were somehow completely removed fire would not occur. I don't know how to test out that idea, because background gravity is present everywhere.
One might argue that fire is purely a chemical reaction and has no dependence on the Bessler principle. Still, I think that one will find that fire somehow depends upon such other things (than the normal things) as magnetic fields, electric fields, and gravity. These will likely imply a strong dependence of fire on the Bessler principle (and not just on "purely" chemical reactions).
A couple of paragraphs near the beginning of the last section labelled “Fire” referred to “auto-burn”.
I had a used-newspaper collection route near my house in Albuquerque, New Mexico to earn money for my Boy Scout Troops 169 (St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church) and then 443 (Governor Bent Elementary School and later Del Norte Baptist Church) both within the Sandia District of the Kit Carson Council. I saved up large volumes of newspapers in my family's garage. I was warned that if the newspapers got wet they could accumulate heat and start a fire by spontaneous combustion. Fortunately this never happened to me. After I had accumulated a large amount, a truck usually came around and took away the newspapers before there was ever a problem. One usually thinks of water as often suppressing fire, but here we have water supposedly helping spontaneous combustion. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion for some references.
How could spontaneous combustion occur in wet newspapers? I was told that the water could cause the paper to slowly oxidize and build up heat, if the newspapers were arranged so that the heat could not escape. My newspapers were tied in about 25 pound bundles using binder twine and stacked in columns. That may have allowed any heat and water vapor to escape from my collections of newspapers. My newspapers were generally dry anyway, as I collected them in the general low humidity associated with Albuquerque. I suspect that there may have been much more to the spontaneous combustion story that I was not told. I think that water vapor trapped inside a huge unorganized pile of “naturally doming” newspapers might not have much opportunity to escape. Heat trapped inside the huge unorganized pile of newspapers might also not have much opportunity to escape. Some heat energy could cause the water vapor to rotate about horizontal axes and thus pick up more and more rotational kinetic energy by the Bessler principle. Any slow oxidization could also release heat and water vapor. Trapped heat and water vapor could cause energy to accumulate and temperatures to rise in such a pile of newspapers. Higher temperatures or greater rotations of water molecules (and nuclear-ground-states within the molecules) about horizontal axes would cause even greater energy to be produced by the Bessler principle. A huge very hot pile of newspapers might eventually catch on fire in a spontaneous combustion process.
Some fine powders such as coal dust and grain dust can be explosive, if a spark sets them off. How is this possible? Such powders are made of combustible materials. They are also small and can easily rotate about horizontal axes. The powders by their tiny limited shapes tend not to allow fire to burn along them. The fire can't advance along them to further combustible materials. Plasmas and the Bessler principle will rotate oxygen molecules and nuclei. Rotationally ripped apart oxygen molecules (containing rotating nuclear ground states) will move as individual oxygen atoms/ions go to other locations. Oxygen ions/atoms/molecules, that attach themselves to fuel, can give off mobile radiation and/or electrons especially when the reaction is exothermic. An attachment/collision of a moving particle containing oxygen can also cause extremely light fuel particles to move somewhat. The original spark could also cause rotation of ultra-fine fuel particles of the combustible powder, which with the heat of the spark can also cause many of them to burn creating rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states. The Bessler principle can greatly contribute to such a situation with combustion and rotation creating greater rotation and greater temperature in brief plasmas. This can unleash a rapidly growing process of fine particles of powder: burning, disrupting other things, forming plasmas, and causing more rotations of rapidly rotating molecules/nuclear-ground-states. This increased-energetic-spatial process, under the enhanced influence of photons, moving electrons, two part gravitons, and moving rotating-ripped apart oxygen molecules, can continue to neighboring particles resulting in an explosion.
Burning in Fire/Explosions. With sufficient densities of combustible air-borne powders and with a sufficiently large spark supplied, the temperature at which ignition occurs may be at a lower ambient value for powders as compared to solid or sheet versions of the combustible materials, because the rotations of the finest fuel particles allow more of an onset of the Bessler principle and because there would be greater surface exposure of the combustible materials to oxygen. The greater surface exposure can also cause rotational cooling, if the spark is not large enough. The burning in fire or explosions proceeds in at least two parts or steps. These steps are cyclical or feed one upon the other. Imagine we are burning some sort of hydro-carbon chains or ripped apart chains, as the above Eq. 8.1 example somewhat suggests. (1) The hydro-carbon chains and oxygen molecules are ripped apart by the plasma photons, electrons, magnetic moments, and collisions. The energy thresholds for ripping apart the molecules are dependent upon the Bessler principle to provide extra energy for the rotations of material and nuclei about horizontal axes. (2) The energy stable carbon-dioxide molecules and the energy stable water molecules can be preferentially formed releasing energy in the exothermic processes. The energy-stable or higher-binding-energy molecules are preferentially formed because they are less likely to be ripped apart as things associated with the plasma cool off. Greater energy is required to rip apart the energy stable molecules. Less-energy-stable molecules are more likely to be ripped apart, since less energy is required to rip them apart, as compared to the more-energy-stable molecules.
Burning Example Formulas. Fine powders might be approximately thought of as stacked or woven together versions of hydrocarbon molecules or chains (suggested by Eq. 8.1). Though not necessarily in the powders, here are some example formulas for burning a few types of fuel molecules. These formulas especially include hydrocarbon molecules. Burning methane, CH4, would be CH4 + 2O2 à 2H2O + CO2. The formula for burning hydrogen gas, H2, would be 2H2 + O2 à 2H2O. The formula for burning propane, C3H8, would be C3H8 + 5O2 à 4H2O + 3CO2. The burning of isobutane, (CH3)3CH, would be 2((CH3)3CH) + 13O2 à 10H2O + 8CO2. The burning of propane, C3H8, has a formula of C3H8 + 5O2 à 4H2O + 3CO2. Some of those molecules can be easily rotated. More complicated molecules would have more complicated reaction formulas. These formulas may look complicated but for complete burning, the plasma simply rips the possibly-rotating molecules apart so that the most adhering or most stable final molecules tend to be formed first. Less stable molecules would either be ripped apart (or not be formed) or continue on to something more stable. If the burning is not completed then some other types of less stable molecules may be left over, such as carbon monoxide, CO. The formulas for these molecules may, for example, be seen on pp. C-365 and E-25 CRC.
Test Suppression of Explosions of Powders. What would be the effect of a very strong vertical magnetic field in suppressing explosions of combustible powders in the presence of sparks usually large enough to create an explosion? I suspect that very strong vertical magnetic fields (that are as strong as within the centers of the most intense sunspots) would suppress such explosions. Such things could be tested but I think that they would not be very easy to test. Suppose that there is a standard spark condition for creating an explosion in airborne powders produced by a standard mixing. There could be a repeated cycle of mixing, applying a standard spark, reducing strength of strong vertical magnetic field, mixing, etc. Does an explosion eventually occur, when the strong vertical magnetic field has been reduced to a sufficiently low amount? In reverse, we were asking the question, "Would stronger vertical magnetic fields suppress such explosions?" If there exists such sufficiently reduced vertical magnetic fields to allow explosions in powders, then this would be evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If there does not exist such sufficiently reduced vertical magnetic fields to allow explosions in powders, this would be evidence against the Bessler principle.
Instead of using explosive powders, the experiments may be more easily controlled or consistent by using an explosive gas mixed with air, which are well known to explode, when no external vertical magnetic field is applied. A standard gas such as a mixture of hydrogen gas, H2, and air could be used. Above we mentioned that the formula for burning hydrogen gas would be 2H2 + O2 à 2H2O. The explosive gas could be confined in say an expendable plastic container, which should not exclude magnetic fields.
Test Suppression of Explosions in Explosive Gas. Starting with a very strong vertical magnetic field in an explosive gas, does an explosion eventually occur when the strong vertical magnetic field has been reduced to a sufficiently low amount? In retrospect, would stronger vertical magnetic fields suppress such explosions? If there exist such sufficiently reduced vertical magnetic fields to allow explosions in explosive gas, then this would be evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If there do not exist such sufficiently reduced vertical magnetic fields, to allow explosions in explosive gas, then this would be evidence against the Bessler principle.
Two cases of the Papp gas exploding were demonstrated on 27 Oct 1968 and on 18 Nov 1968. The first case was in the California desert associated with a planned explosion demonstration. A DVD regarding the planned explosion can be obtained from http://www.infinite-energy.com/. The second case was an unplanned explosion in Gardena, California during a demonstration of the Papp engine. See pp. 7, 16-17, 29-30, 37-39, and 43 of IE Issue #51. One person was killed and others were injured in the unplanned explosion.
One might initially object to the Papp engine gas being called explosive. It is a different sort of explosion powered by photon pressure instead of gas pressure. The Papp gas must contain hydrogen but it must neither to be mixed with air nor oxygen. It should be “exploded” using a high frequency spark within an engine, using methods according to the Papp patents. There is the important understood exception to the patents that the gas needs to contain hydrogen, as discussed above in the "Papp Engine" discussion of section 8.1. Also to get an enhanced explosion, one would properly need to provide or line the interior of the container with a reflective material. On the other hand, it might be convenient to reduce the explosive power on purpose by not providing reflective material on the interior walls. One can reduce the explosions even more by not including much hydrogen, but then one might be limited to just very weak sporadic flashes of light. I have seen hints of such things on the Internet. One might consider that if a Papp engine gas is explosive, that result by itself constitutes a sufficient test or proof of the Bessler principle, but we will first proceed anyway with testing the suppression of the Papp gas explosions.
Test Suppression of Explosions of Papp Gas. What would be the effect of a very strong vertical magnetic field in suppressing "explosions" of Papp gas in the presence of high frequency sparks usually large enough to create an explosion in the engine chamber? If vertical magnetic fields as large as in the centers of the most intense sunspots suppress such Papp gas explosions, then this is evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If vertical magnetic fields as large in magnitude as in the centers of the most intense sunspots do not suppress such Papp gas explosions, then this is evidence against the Bessler principle. It is assumed that there is a sufficient amount of power in the unsuppressed explosion in an engine chamber so that, upon applying the suppressing steady vertical magnetic field, there may be a reduction in measured explosive power.
Test Papp Engine Explosive Gas. With hydrogen properly included in the Papp gas and with internal reflections of photons within an engine chamber, would a simple test of a Papp gas using only pure hydrogen produce a more energetic explosion than an inert gas without hydrogen? Nitrogen might be used as an example inert gas. Nitrogen has a small nuclear magnetic moment so pure helium-4 might be better since it has no nuclear magnetic moment. If pure hydrogen produces more energy than when using the inert gas, this is evidence in favor of the Bessler principle. If pure hydrogen produces the same energy, this is evidence against the Bessler principle. The same pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas should be used prior to each compared test. One might blame extra power on oxygen leaking into any metal parts (such as the electrodes) and coming out during or just prior to the explosion. One could guard against such an objection by earlier (hopefully unsuccessfully) firing using nitrogen or helium gas, which gas is also used to flush out any oxygen (that is supposedly hiding out). This could be done sufficiently many times to remove the objections, before filling with the hydrogen gas to be tested. To save testing expense and to possibly reduce damage, one could do the tests without internal reflections, using the last nitrogen or helium test as the inert gas test prior to switching to a pure hydrogen test. One could then need to estimate the amounts of light coming out of clear containers in both cases. Engine power might be a better measure of performance, but that might require coating the interior of the chamber to cause internal photon reflections so that an appreciable amount of power is produced. The "inert" gas test would show whether or not it was the spark alone that causes the "explosion".
The Papp explosive gas requires a high frequency spark and likely requires internal reflections of the photons generated within the “noble” gas. It is a noble gas with the important addition of hydrogen, without any oxygen, so that it derives no explosive power from any chemical type of explosion. One could repetitively test a Papp engine explosive gas within an engine chamber that was built to have explosions. One could initially use a lower power or wrong frequency spark or both in the tests so as not to create a dangerous situation. One could approach the correct frequency range specified by the Papp patents. Then one could slowly increase the power of the high frequency spark to see if it begins to produce power for running the engine. The repetitive firing of the spark in the chamber should remove arguments that the engine is somehow gaining power from chemical reactions using lingering oxygen that was somehow present in or near the chamber. There should be no access to the outside air, except for a very tiny amount leaking in through the crank shaft. The gas pressure within the explosion engine chamber should be approximately the same or greater than the outside air pressure so there should be virtually no means for outside air getting into the chamber. The gas pressure might be slightly greater if the Papp gas is replenished over time from a reservoir. One could do comparison or control runs using only say nitrogen or helium gas in place of the Papp gas to see if the power for the engine comes from the sparks themselves and the internal reflections.
Dripping faucets tend to be more resilient to freezing than completely shut off faucets. The usual explanation includes standard things such as these: (1) an increase in pressure from a blockage tends to cause the ice to liquefy, (2) dripping faucets tend to prevent pressure buildups associated with the expansion of ice when freezing, and (3) kinetic energy in the moving water and friction with the edges helps prevent the faucet from freezing. While these things make sense, is there another important part of the story that is missing?
Could it be that a dripping faucet allows some molecules to roll by other edge molecules and so create rotation in matter? The rotations might be somewhat rapid in angular speed, if the molecular sizes are small enough. Some of this rotating matter might pick up extra power source from the Bessler principle and there might be enough to help keep the faucet from freezing. Rotating matter at some edges could constitute continued sources of power all along the pipes of concern, whether the pipes are horizontal or vertical or something in between. Let us take a closer look at the situation.
One could approximately locally describe some small tubes containing flowing water by a translation of an ellipse in the flow direction. Such a tube has at least two groups of flow-direction-perpendicular surface tangent lines, which tangents are somewhat horizontal. As a partial explanation of why there are at least two such groups, there is a horizontal tangent line at the highest elevation point of the describing ellipse, as well as a horizontal tangent line at the lowest elevation point of the ellipse. Those two points generate in the flow direction two groups of points which are close to the locations that promote rolling of water molecules about nearly horizontal axes. The rolling of molecules about nearly horizontal axes promotes rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes. These rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes can acquire extra rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle.
Such energy sources might be power sources that have been ignored in the typical explanations of why dripping faucets and pipes with moving water going through them tend not to freeze solid as easily. These ideas, of (1) dripping faucets tending not to freeze solid and (2) pipes with moving water tending not to freeze, might not constitute immediate proof of the Bessler principle, but they should at least be implications of an already understood Bessler principle.
Eventually when we understand the Bessler principle very well (including the velocity-dependent rates of absorption of gravitons), we will need to address the situation of the Bessler principle receiving a boost from the gravitons available from the background of space. The background gravitons would be coming from extremely distant galaxies and would not have been absorbed yet. The size of the effect has not been measured, but it is a phenomenon that we should eventually begin to notice or measure. We would likely need ultra-low friction bearings to begin to study the phenomena. When we study the phenomena, it will provide information about the almost isotropic-yet-discrete graviton flux from the background of space. The situation might best be studied far out in space, as far away from massive bodies as possible. The ultra-low friction available in space could assist such studies. The studies would need to effectively "subtract out" the normal Bessler principle phenomena using, for example, information available about the locations of massive bodies, so that the effects for the known bodies can then be accounted for. Doing such studies, while in geosynchronous-or-higher orbit about the earth might provide sufficient isolation of bodies. Still, such complete studies might be extremely difficult to do, because of having to fully account for the Bessler principle effects of the many known bodies. If one could somehow do the experiments at a location extreme distance from all galaxies, it would simply be a matter of measuring the Bessler principle effect for all directions. The effect should likely be nearly the same for all directions. It is not possible for us to currently do such experiments at such a location, which could currently force us to do extremely difficult accounting methods. Given those difficult constraints, pragmatically, the background Bessler principle might simply-approximately be the minimum Bessler principle effect observed for all ultra-low friction axes for all experiments.
The Bessler wheels were historical riddles discussed in Chapter 6 "THE WHEEL DISCOVERED". The single solution to the riddles of the Bessler wheels will be further discussed below in section “9.1 Low Friction Orffyrean Roller Bearing" and in "APPENDIX B ORFFYREUS’S LITTLE BOOK".
The Bessler wheels or the wheels of Orffyreus were surely not the only historical riddles that can be explained by the pervasive Bessler principle. The following sub-sections are a few examples. If someone wants to consider the Papp engines and cold fusion as historical riddles with solutions from the Bessler principle, then they may be so considered. They were somewhat discussed above in section 8.1.
Collins speculatively mentioned on pp. 222-223 of PM97 about the most ancient version of the yin-yang symbol being used as a cylindrical device. He observed that the most ancient versions of the symbol are not how we now typically draw the symbol. Collins figured that the ancient yin-yang symbol might have been used so that excess water from each compartment came out a hole located at each dot. He seemed to suggest that by water flowing the most ancient version of the symbol might have produced a self-powering overbalanced sort of cylinder. He also referred to philosophies in which the dark part is considered to be the heavy part and the opposite white part is the light part. Leedskalnin’s little book also seemed to use that dark and white color scheme, which I tried to depict on the front cover of this book.
While overbalancing may be possible with the help of the Bessler principle, if bearing friction is low enough, I speculatively consider another interpretation of how a version of the ancient device could have worked. I think that with the same two compartments (according to an ancient version of the symbol); the cylinder could have been completely filled with water, with the holes plugged, so as to provide a fairly-well balanced wheel. If the Orffyrean roller bearings were not available, then the cylinder would not be self-powering. I consider the device was mainly for cleaning laundry and heating water. Because of my assumed different purposes for the yin-yang cylinder, my association with the five elements is somewhat different than Collins’ association. I figure (1) metal for the bearings, for the axle, for the curved boundary between cylinder compartment halves, and for the cylinder ends especially near the holes, (2) wood for construction of the outer cylinder surface, for construction of outer surface doors, and for conveyance of slight power to the cylinder, (3) water for filling the interior and for providing a slight rotary power source, (4) fire for the dangerous fiery heat produced especially near the holes, and (5) earth for the stone plugs for the holes, and for external tarry sealant.
See Fig. 54 for an end view of a yin-yang cylinder, showing both the boundary between the compartments and the dots. The view of the other end would be a reflected version. I think that each dot would represent the center of a hot region. The interior water portions near where a dot was located should rotate the most rapidly internally. The location near the dot should have the highest temperature, because of the Bessler principle. Since Bessler came long after the yin-yang cylinders, it might be more appropriate to call the Bessler principle the yin-yang principle. When I drew Fig. 54, I roughly tried to position the dots at greatest distances from the walls, since I supposed that such a location would tend to allow the greatest rotation of the fluids with the least interference with the walls. I think that having the dots away from the walls, as much as possible, would partly explain the location of those dots in the most ancient versions of the yin-yang symbol. I wasn't very concerned about dot size. If the dot size represented a danger region, maybe I should have drawn the dots slightly larger in conformity with the most ancient versions of the symbol. The modern variants of the yin-yang symbol might be because people had forgotten where the symbol had come from.
Fig. 54. An end view of a yin-yang cylinder.
Such yin-yang cylinders could have been used for such things as cooking or water purification or washing laundry. I suspect that the yin-yang cylinders were initially used to wash laundry since more than a single compartment would have been required to promote cleaning of the clothes. Two compartments would have been the simplest. Laundry would have needed water and smooth/rounded interior surfaces for the compartments so as not to tear the clothing. That would be a simple and somewhat obvious explanation of how the shape of the two-part cylinder came about. It may have come from an early washing machine. They would have learned that there was no need to add hot water, since that kind of washing machine would produce its own hot water. Having clothes in the machine might alter the most rapid rotations of the water and thus the spots might not be as hot.
I assume that the Orffyrean roller bearing was not yet available. Without the Orffyrean roller bearings, a source of power would likely be needed to turn the cylinder and to compensate for such friction as bearing friction and laundry friction. One could turn a yin-yang cylinder by using a source of flowing water. For example the machine could have been powered by a stream of water. The machine would best need to be located near a source of water to fill it with water through its outer surface doors, when a door was on top. The machine-cylinder might have been on occasion filled only with water to clean the machine. During such times, the spots might have been at a higher temperature. Nowadays one might simply turn a yin-yang cylinder using a powerful enough electric motor. An advantage of using the yin-yang cylinders would be that, when it is time to replace any normal bearings that wear out, the cylinder could have their mass greatly reduced by letting out all the water.
Test for Dots on Yin-yang Cylinder. One can test out my version of the yin-yang cylinder idea by building one, equipped with pressure relief valves for safety. One might make the water containers completely out of an inert metal. One could take infrared pictures of each end to see if the two hot regions or dots show up on an end. If the hot dots or regions do appear approximately where the dots are located according to the two compartment cylinder shown in Fig. 54, then it both potentially explains the ancient mystery and provides a further positive test of the Bessler principle (or the yin-yang principle). If the two hot dots or regions do not appear on each end, then this is a negative test for the Bessler principle (or the yin-yang principle), and it does not explain the ancient mystery.
Such experiments can be done whether or not the Orffyrean roller bearing has been invented. If the bearing has not yet been reinvented, then an external power source will likely need to be provided to keep the cylinder turning despite friction. If the Orffyrean roller bearing has been reinvented, using those bearings would reduce the amount of a power source required to keep the cylinder turning.
Even with such a low friction bearing there would still be internal friction in the water and in any clothing. Whether or not the cylinder can "turn of its own accord" (p. 28 of PM97) would depend upon the cylinder being well balanced and the total amount of friction present in the system. I think that adding clothing would increase friction in the cylinder. Clothes might also cause the cylinder to be out of balance, as the clothes settle. During the tests, I think that the hot regions will have the same locations independent of the particular direction of rotation, but one could do the tests in both directions just to verify that assumption.
Fire from Dragons. The heat from the dots on the yin-yang cylinder could have also contributed to an ancient notion of or belief in dragons producing dragon fire. In the imagination of some people, there could have been invisible dragons producing the hot regions on the ends of the yin-yang cylinders. Apparent evidence for fire from twisting dragons could have been especially compelling, if once caused to rotate, the cylinders continued to rotate with little extra assistance, while being sources of fiery heat. How else might someone explain that great heat was coming from water which normally puts out fires?
Fire from Twin Dragons. Might there not be twin invisible fire-breathing dragons twisting about each other? Consider Fig. 55 showing an end view of a yin-yang cylinder decorated with twin fire-breathing dragons. Each dragon could have two heads, with one head on each end of a cylinder. The edges of the cylinder might have initially not been hot to the touch but if one later touched near where the dots were, one might feel the heat or even burn one's hand by the touch. From a safety standpoint, it might have been expedient to mark such hot spots (with a charred black dot or a fiery red dot) so that one not get burned. The pointed end regions of the compartments could have been colorfully painted with a dragon tail. A dragon's head could be painted, as if blowing out fiery smoke from its mouth, where each dot was. Hot-water or steam spewing pressure-relief valves/plugs located at the hot dots might even appear to look somewhat like smoke coming from a fire breathing dragon. One could actually be burned if one were sprayed by steam clouds or hot water. If plugs were used for the safety valves at the hot dots, then possibly they could have been rotated until a plug was pulled (or was blown out) and then hot water could be collected for further use. Embellishments on the ends and middles of cylinders could have reinforced the direct evidence of potentially dangerous fiery heat. One wouldn't deny what one saw with one's own eyes and felt with one's own hands. Anyone burned by steam or hot water by such cylinders would not quickly forget the great danger. These total potential evidences could have helped create deeply engrained traditions, which even later destructions of books could not purge from their collective memory. Remnants of the traditions could survive even to today.
Fig. 55. A yin-yang cylinder decorated with fire breathing dragons.
We think of the processes of building the Egyptian pyramids as being great mechanical feats. They were great feats, even if we consider that the Egyptians somehow had hidden power sources available in building the pyramids. There were many slaves and animals but I think that they also had much power assistance from the Bessler principle. It would seem reasonable that the Egyptian masters would not want to destroy their slave and animal resources by over-burdening them, when they realized that they had other options to build the pyramids. I assume that the Egyptians had a few precious roller bearings capable of rotating massive loads. The bearing might have had friction properties almost but not quite as good as some of our present-day roller bearings used for trucking of massive loads. With more conventional roller bearings, the pyramid builders might have used pulleys and massive center “stationary” cylinders rotating about horizontal axes near the pyramids, as additional power-sources for in part carrying massive blocks on wheeled-vehicles up in elevation near each pyramid. Because of friction, the power sources might have been less powerful than the Coral Castle power sources, which will be somewhat discussed in the next sub-section. Massive rock cylinders rotating about horizontal axes could acquire much power from the Bessler principle, which could greatly reduce the amount of extra energy/effort needed to say lift blocks up the pyramids. Surely they would have discovered that it would have reduced their effort to operate in such a manner. Having reduced their effort, they would likely have sought improved means for reducing their energy-expenditure.
Pyramid Power Suggestions. Here are some suggestions for how they might have reduced their effort. They could have rotated massive cylinders about horizontal axes, with chain loops connecting adjacent pairs of the cylinders. Relative to the block being lifted, a small radius sprocket wheel of a further away massive cylinder could be chain-connected to a large radius sprocket wheel of the next closest massive cylinder. The closest cylinder (to the block being lifted and pulled up) could have a small radii sprocket wheel with the excess sturdy chain links either manually wound up or collected in arranged patterns, as the blocks were lifted and pulled up in elevation. I think that they would have learned that they should rapidly rotate the most rapidly rotating cylinder (for proper mechanical advantage and power from another source) but they should not rotate it too rapidly. The wide wheels of the vehicles (carrying the blocks) could roll on possibly-temporary stone and wooden roadways to give the vehicles somewhat a smooth ride. For the smaller pyramids, the temporary wooden roadways could be built upon temporary stone and wood filling in the steps between blocks on a pyramid side. For the largest pyramid, a wooden roadway with a gentler slope could have been left within it. Using such tricks or devices, the Egyptians wouldn’t need as many workers high up on the increasingly space limited pyramid-top to accomplish the same tasks of lifting of blocks. Making use of the Bessler principle would have been a great labor saving approach. Staging could have reduced the chain lengths.
In addition to lifting blocks, if enough bearings were available and if the masters were not concerned about their secrets being revealed, the Egyptians might have used Bessler principle power sources, involving cylinders rotating about horizontal axes, to quarry massive blocks, transport the blocks, prepare the surfaces of the blocks, and place the blocks. They might have even used similar internal power sources to help move massive blocks along in a few massive-axle vehicles complete with bearings.
I don’t think that the Egyptians were so constrained in such thinking as to say, “We better not use such an approach, since the known physics would not provide any net energy advantage.” I think that they were much more experimentally oriented, without great bias to their thinking. Maybe they thought more along the lines of saying, “If it works to do it that way, let us just do it that way.” Yes, the Egyptians had much assistance from slaves and animals but I think that they had much more assistance from the Bessler principle in somewhat the same manner as Edward Leedskalnin's power source for building Coral Castle. If just one man with much help from the Bessler principle could build an intricate 1000+ ton coral rock castle, many people and animals with much help from the Bessler principle could build the pyramids in Egypt.
Edward Leedskalnin (1887–1951) was apparently the sole builder of "Rock Gate Park" or now called Coral Castle in Florida. Ed built the castle for or in memory of his "Sweet Sixteen". The URL of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Castle contains some references to Coral Castle. I consider that only one explanation makes perfect sense with respect to how he constructed Coral Castle all by himself. I think his response to how he made it was quite correct, "It's not difficult if you know how." I think that he well understood how to use the Bessler principle, using massive objects rapidly rotating about horizontal axes with the assistance of ordinary bearings, obtained from vehicles. Rock Gate Park had illustrative vertical-axis gates of rock. As examples see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbY8R-M1NxE "Coral Castle Mystery Solved with AMAZING new footage!" near time 0:57 or near time 6:30-6:41 for a lady going through a moving massive stone gate with a couple of children. As demonstrated, a child could move the massive stone gate, since its vertical axis was well centered on its center of mass. Because of the Bessler principle, horizontal-axis massive rotating-rocks were the primary actual gate for building the park. Many have not understood that the Bessler principle can be practically used but Ed mastered its practical use. I think he didn't understand it by the name of the Bessler principle though, as it appears he had his own name for it.
Encoded Expression ED.L. Often wearing a suit to emphasize its importance, Edward Leedskalnin repeatedly associated himself curiously with the abbreviated expression "ED.L." The expression has three capital letters, two periods surrounding the last letter, and no spaces. The expression appears to denote much more than just his name. I think it represented a single encoded idea, though I also think that the expression simultaneously represented the working of his device. There are many URLs where his curious single expression can be seen. I have included a few example URLs, where this self-reference can be seen. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbY8R-M1NxE "Coral Castle Mystery Solved with AMAZING new footage!" near 0:17. The URL http://coralcastle.com/whos-ed/ shows a photo of Edward Leedskalnin pointing to where he had carved "ED.L." in stone. The video on URL http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDRg6C5C5WQ “Coral Castle - Unusual and Unexplainable Home Of Ed Leedskalnin” shows a sign near time 3:25 that he apparently made, which sign shows "ED.L." inscribed in wood, with black letters and dots on a white background. That video near time 7:11-7:27 shows the stone (corresponding to the above 1950 photo) upon which he had carved "ED.L.". That video near time 9:00 showed a postcard picture of him standing above a sign upon which was written "ED.L." with a black-on-white sign “ED.L.” below a picture of Ed wearing a black suit upon a white shirt. The URL http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF15AkXWGmY ("The Incredible...") showed another photo with "ED.L." on a sign. On that URL, a historian, said, "... he knew the secret of weight and leverage and he knew the way the pyramids were built". I believe that the historian was quite correct. I think that Edward Leedskalnin or ED.L. apparently well understood that "Energy could come from Delayed Leverage". I think that message is essentially the significance of his encoded expression "ED.L.", except possibly for the letter "D". "ED.L." was thus much more than just his name. It was how he did almost everything that we might consider difficult. Such things were not difficult for him, since he was a master of ED.L. Since he used the expression "not difficult", could "Energy production is not Difficult, if you use Leverage" be the meaning of the expression "ED.L."? I suppose not, since it could be more descriptive or informative. I will just make the assumption that "Energy from Delayed Leveraging" or "Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity" was the usual meaning associated with his encoded expression "ED.L." The "D" could have also less descriptively represented such similar words as "Derived from" or "Driven by" or "Dependent upon" or "Descended from" or "Determined from" or "from Daughter-wheel". Whatever the exact meaning of the letters, I think that they would need to mean that he well understood what I call the Bessler principle. He just used different notation to describe or refer to it.
The expression “ED.L.” also compactly symbolized Ed’s energy production system. I think the five characters also represented the father cylinder, the mother cylinder, the son cylinder removing power, the daughter cylinder, and gravity supplying power through leveraging especially in the daughter cylinder.
ED.L. is unbounded. I suspect that Ed also used his five-character expression in comparison to the famous five-character formula E=mc2 which formula can be a very large but is always a finite expression for energy. Ed's expression is a much more energy productive expression, as it is not a bounded expression for energy production. One can continue to obtain as much energy as one desires, if one continues to use more delayed leveraging of gravity. There is no limit to the number of rapidly rotating leveraged rotations of a mass that can be applied. His expression is also very practical. I think that he considered that ED.L. was not some distant abstract concept. To him, the idea was an immediately useful means for producing as much energy as he needed. He found a way to reduce total friction sufficiently so that for sufficiently large rotational speeds and for sufficiently large masses, there was much energy produced automatically. See Appendix D for a practical understanding of how he did this.
Way Pyramids Built. I think that he correctly claimed that he knew the way that the pyramids were built. He seemed to carefully study information passed down in time, which he methodically collected. He surely understood that a very-massive well-balanced rock rapidly rotating about a horizontal vehicle axle produced much power. If one supplies enough power to rotations in situations of relatively-reduced friction, one can get back an even larger amount of power, as long as the rock is never rotated too rapidly about a horizontal axis. That was how he achieved such seemingly superhuman feats by himself. With his knowledge of the principle, his primary tools were curiously fashioned from common things including massive rock cylinders, chains, truck axles, wheel bearings, scrap metal, cement, and parts of old vehicles. Magnets were particular parts that he obtained from old vehicles.
Rock Gates. Ed L. left behind two massive gates to his Rock Gate Park, which lasted until their bearings were worn out. The nine ton gate to Coral Castle is an example of an extremely massive yet perfectly-balanced rock, which could easily rotate about a vertical axis. It should be obvious that if he could do it for a vertical axle, then surely he could do it using the ordinary horizontal axles commonly found in vehicles. The ordinary truck axles with their bearings are typically designed to allow rotations about horizontal axes, while carrying heavy loads. He just allowed the loads to rotate instead of keeping the loads non-rotating.
Horizontal Axis Rotations. That is, when he used those horizontal axles in his typical operations (to obtain energy from delayed leveraging) he unconventionally rotated the interior loads of the axles instead of rotating the wheels on the ends of the axles. I think he would often have a massive well-balanced cylindrical rock attached about its axle, while the wheels were stationary relative to the ground. It was very much like one of Bessler's wheels in that it was supported on its ends by bearings. The similarity with Bessler's wheels is more than a coincidence, since he was by his own efforts making use of the Bessler principle in a greater bearing-friction domain. See Fig. 56 for a potential view of how it may have appeared for ED.L. to rotate a massive stone cylinder. The cylinder was supported and attached to an axle. The axle was supported by bearings within wheels/tires, which wheels/tires were held stationary. The roles of what was being rotated and what was not being rotated basically just traded places, when compared to an ordinary vehicle. Friction in the tires is now no longer a concern, since the tires didn’t rotate. Would a single stone cylinder have been sufficient for him to demonstrate to others his principle or Bessler's principle? Yes and no. Yes, in that when rotated rapidly, it would greatly reduce the amount of effort he needed to expend to get things done. No, in that it likely would not make a useful automatic demonstration without the use of very-low friction bearings. I think he only had ordinary bearings so he would have at least needed more than one cylinder so as to first obtain power from a cylinder rotating just rapidly enough and to then transition the obtained power into a useable-controlled automatic form.
Fig. 56. Massive stone cylinder rotating rapidly using truck axle.
Movement of Massive Cylinders. Ed L. could have easily rolled around massive cylinders using vehicle tires mounted on the axles to locations where he needed power. As seen in Fig. 56, tires and bearings were for support. Notice that many large portions the grounds of his later-or-moved Rock Gate Park were flat and allowed enough space for him to roll around massive rock cylinders, supported on their ends by tires. Alternately, he could have transmitted power to where he needed it. With friction during transmission of power, he would have needed to supply power in route to allow for the loss of power.
How Might Ed Have Discovered Bessler Principle? I suspect that he may have used one of the old-fashioned foot-pumped large grindstones in Latvia for rotations of stones about horizontal axes. He may have noticed the power provided by such old fashioned grindstones after a little bit of foot pumping was supplied. Given evidence from his book, I suspect Ed L. learned the secret of energy from delayed leveraging when he was in Latvia, about the year 1906 or rather when he was about age 19, 30 years prior to Edward Leedskalnin’s publishing in 1936 of A Book in Every Home (BEH). He may have gotten hints from his relatives.
He may have done some of his first experiments with a bicycle without rims on its tires. He may have applied angular speed to an upside down bicycle. I suspect he noticed a very slight additional power being made available when such a wheel was rotated about a horizontal axis, but that power was later lost to friction. I suspect he later filled a large vehicle tire (then having an inner bladder like a bicycle tire) full of water. He was in principle not limited on the amount of rotational speed that he could apply to such a vehicle tire. The rotation would cause water molecules (and nuclei) within to internally rotate about horizontal axes and then acquire additional internal angular speed from the Bessler principle. I suspect he noticed an increase in the temperature of the water in the tire. Since it was a volume heating, he may have reasoned that the extra heating didn't just come from surface friction between the tire and the air. When he let the water out of the tire, it wasn't just the surface of the tire that was hot. All the water was hot and the energy somehow got there by the tire just being rapidly rotated. All that extra energy that was produced was wasted with respect to producing mechanical energy, so it generally would not have been used.
The grindstones, unlike the vehicle tire, had not wasted as much of the produced energy to heating. The foot-pumped grindstones could not be easily rotated too fast. Ed L. seemed to have made the connection and effectively came up with the idea of Energy from delayed Leveraging by gravity. Very rapidly rotating masses were quite powerful, when rotated around horizontal axes. I think he noticed that he got back more power than he put into it. I suspect he noticed that harnessing some of that power made difficult jobs (such as grinding, cutting, and drilling) quite easy on his part. As later evidenced by his building Coral Castle, he had an excellent understanding of grinding, cutting, and drilling. I suspect that Ed noticed or heard that new solid wheels and new vehicles were especially energy productive or had extra "kick" as long as the rotating objects were never rotated too fast about a horizontal axis. When rotated too fast about a horizontal axis, their faces got hot and they lost much of their capability to provide much extra mechanical kick or rotational "sweetness". Iron versions of such wheels and axles became more subject to rusting after being rotated too rapidly.
Masonic Connection. Given the prior Internet site, http://www.code144.com/, I also suspect that there was some sort of a masonic connection for how Ed obtained some information about the Bessler principle and how to produce power from rotating massive stones. Surely people who anciently worked with massive stones (that is ancient stone masons) would comprehend the consequences of rapidly rotating massive stones about horizontal axes. Architecture and symbols openly provided by the Masons appear to speak of similar ideas and principles of power generation to those provided by Leedskalnin. In case there was some sort of a restriction on the flow of the scientific-or-trade-secret information, Ed might have considered that it was permissible to similarly speak of how he produced power in coded or rather in symbolic fashion. The symbols were manifest both in his book, BEH, and in his Rock Gate Park (or Coral Castle). Coral Castle by itself provides much direct evidence of Ed's extensive practical skills and knowledge with respect to stone masonry. By producing Coral Castle, Ed Leedskalnin demonstrated that he definitely was a stone mason in actual deed.
Some of My Related Experiences. As a boy I liked to turn my bicycle upside down and crank a pedal so that the back tire would rotate very rapidly. It certainly had a lot of energy stored up in it. A little bit of effort on my part seemed to sustain a great amount of resistance to friction, but I couldn't seem to quite make the connection. I later noticed that a generator powered by my bicycle tire seemed to work with much less effort on my part, when my bicycle was moving at higher speeds, but I still couldn't seem to quite make the connection. My brothers and I liked to crank our grandfather's small grindstone up to exceptionally rapid rotations. My grandfather had much patience with our adventures but he put a stop to our doing that, apparently since I imagine that our doing so was wearing out the bearings for the small grindstone. Still, I just couldn't seem to quite make the connection that Ed L. figured out. I should have made the connection, when I saw the 1968 McKinley low-friction demonstration, but surprisingly I didn't. I then heard my older brother (my oldest sibling) twice say, "Turn the turner." but I still just didn't then understand that there actually was an important real turner that for centuries has needed to be turned.
More Masonic Connections. My father was a machinist and a Mason. My dad thought I should apply for a scholarship from the Masons to further my education. I received $500 and got my picture in the Albuquerque Journal. I recall seeing a clock with unusual labels for the hours, within the Masonic building in Albuquerque. I didn't understand why it had its curious labels. Near the end of Appendix D, see a discussion of a possible meaning with respect to such a similar Masonic clock in the Norman Hall. As best as I can recall, the two clocks had the same labels. The discussion in Appendix D provides a possible explanation for why the Norman Hall clock has those curious labels. There may also be an ancient device associated with the explanation of the curious labels.
Rock Movement. How did Ed L. typically move massive rocks around? I'm sure it wasn't typically by the means he demonstrated on film by putting them upon logs and pulling blocks over the rolling logs with the help of block and tackle. See a reference to a private video at http://magneticuniverse.com/discussion/64/rare-footage-showing-ed-moving-stones/p1#axzz2r0kTSfKx? for example. Also see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbY8R-M1NxE "Coral Castle Mystery Solved with AMAZING new footage!" times 1:16-1:24 for lifting massive blocks and 4:08-4:34 for moving massive blocks. Ed wasn’t concerned about such things being captured on film. I suspect that somewhat after the manner of a truck he actually often carried the smaller blocks around on top of a frame using axles supported by tires on the ends of the axles. If a truck could support and move around a large amount of weight, then a frame from a junk truck could carry and move around a massive block. He might have maintained a steering capability when he stripped down a junk truck to its frame. He would not have publically demonstrated the information that he was trying to protect. At the end of each night's work, either he could have partially taken apart or more likely he would have hidden his items (under the frame) so that it would not have been clear how he was doing such remarkable things. If anyone at a distance saw Ed L. moving smaller massive blocks through the air in the dark near the frame, they may not have seen the nearly invisible cables used for moving them. If he needed more cables to move them, he could have supplied them. If he needed more power to move them, he could have supplied that also through more ED.L. If a tripod of three poles was not sufficient for providing support or motion, then he could provide more support. Three tripods in close proximity would in principle allow much movement and much mutual assistance within them. He had three tripods as seen on the inside back cover of his book, BEH. Ed had not mastered anti-gravity. Rather he had mastered the full leveraging of gravity upon rotating massive rocks.
Cranking Up ED.L. Using Bicycle. I suspect that Ed may have used a bicycle to sometimes get a connected system of his massive rock cylinders to start rotating rapidly about horizontal axes. For simple jobs, he may have on rare occasion only used a single rock cylinder. For the smallest jobs, he may have simply used just his bicycle and pulleys, with chains. Either he could have turned the bicycle upside down (and cranked with his hand) or he could have used an elevated back-wheel bike stand so he could sit and pedal his bicycle. It was noted that he curiously would ride his bicycle around, without tires on the bicycle. That would seem to be a strange thing to do, but he may have had a good reason for doing such. If he were using his bicycle for small jobs, away from better devices, it might make sense to not have a back tire on his bicycle. Using chains and pulleys, it could have been a very-mobile energy production system, according to the mass and angular speed of the rotating back wheel. The Bessler principle or ED.L. may have been in large part hidden, making extra cranking necessary and taking longer. He likely knew how to extract much power from his cranking. Any cranking that he did would have been beneficial exercise. Extra exercise may have contributed to his recovery from tuberculosis.
Cranking Up More ED.L. Using Cylinders. His bicycle without tires could have had a chain going around where a tire normally is and it could extend around a pulley-like guide near an axle of a massive cylinder. A better method would have been to just put the back wheel of his bicycle in mechanical contact with some portion of a cylinder. I think he could have cranked the bicycle pedals of a back-wheel-elevated bicycle, until the massive cylinder rotated sufficiently rapidly about a horizontal axis. That massive stone cylinder could have been the slowest rotating cylinder of a family of linked cylinders. It would be best to replace energy, lost to work or friction, with energy derived from the Bessler principle. If the most rapidly rotating cylinder was not rotating at a fast enough stable state, then the rotational power would have degraded. If his rotational power source degraded too much, he could have gone over to the slowest rotating cylinder to crank it up to a sufficiently high rotational rate, thus in part restoring his Bessler principle power source. Then he could have again used his power source to do more work. If total friction had been small enough and angular speeds rapid enough for his most rapidly rotating cylinder, then he could have avoided such repetitive procedures of cranking up, using power, cranking up, using power, etc. As we see below in Appendix D, I don't think that he needed to keep cranking up cylinders in between times of extracting more power from his system. With low enough friction, he attained a state, which kept producing power. It remained automated as long as he continued to expend power, so that the cylinders would not rotate too rapidly. That automation saved him much time and effort of repetitively cranking up the Bessler principle power production.
Procedural Dangers. Some of his procedures could have been highly dangerous, if not done with the utmost of care. The slightest imbalance of axis of a rotating stone cylinder could have been dangerous. Loose portions of the rock or small pebbles could have been dangerously propelled. He could have worn safety goggles or a welder's shield. He may have been careful and simply stayed out of harm's way by shielding himself from such rapid rotations by keeping the rotating cylinders safely under an enclosed frame. There were multitudes of other dangers associated with his work. Rotating a particular metal rod rapidly enough, while the rotating metal was in contact with another piece of metal could cause a melting to occur. He could thus have done his own sort of welding. Rotational friction could have also been used as a heat source for cooking. Rotating water over a long time, as a way to reduce excess energy in his cylinders, could have caused the water to get hot. He would not have needed to use fire to do any cooking (unless others were watching him). Boring down through rock slabs with a metal rod, with water in the cavity, would help keep the metal from melting as the water would just boil away. That is one way he could insert an axle into a massive rock, but I will later discuss another method for inserting an axle into a massive rock.
Power Use. Rotational motion could be used to "carve" from stone many of the furniture items found in Coral Castle. Suspended blocks could have been nudged back and forth many times while being gradually positioned so as to for example create an exceptionally tight interface between the blocks and the solid portions next to them. The tops and sides of any well-placed securely-attached blocks could have been smoothed off if need be. The challenge for him was how to use the power that he had available. Upward motion could come from pulling on pulleys having horizontal axes. Sideways motion could come from pulling on pulleys having vertical axes. Either back and forth motion or up and down motion or side to side motion could come from a component of circular motion. All these power-using-activities posed great dangers unless done with the utmost of care. Since he worked alone, he did not need to worry about someone else being in a dangerous location, where the person should not be. I think that he cut up old vehicles so as to obtain needed tools from them. I suspect that there would be evidence of rusty iron "filings" at Coral Castle where Ed used portions of old automobiles to cut away on his rocks, without the use of chisels. He could have done some "cleanup" using magnets but I suspect that there might still be some trace rust remaining from iron filings that he could not easily clean up. He could have gotten the magnets from the junk vehicles that he was taking apart.
Uncommon from the Common. He may have eventually worn out the common bearings in truck axles and wheels, but he probably could have acquired more of them from junk yards. There was likely not a great demand for used axles and wheels. They could be obtained from junk yards at a very low cost. He probably could have gotten them at rock bottom prices. He probably kept his bearings sufficiently well lubricated so that they would not wear out rapidly. I think that he used common or ordinary sorts of devices in extraordinary ways to accomplish his seemingly uncommon or superhuman results. ED.L. like Orffyreus was a master of mechanics and the Bessler principle. The extra names that they each chose for themselves showed how they did things. If a common physical principle is being hidden, it is possible for some uncommon individuals to come along and to make great use of that physical principle in extraordinary ways. With Orffyreus's uncommon very-low friction bearings he could show his principle using more common "less-massive" wheels rotating at common lower angular speeds. ED.L. with more common bearings often had to resort to uncommonly massive wheels rotating at somewhat rapid angular speeds to exploit his principle.
Some ED.L. Tips. We could take tips from ED.L. for modern production of power. For example, we could transfer a source of power to a series of massive objects rotating about horizontal axes, where some rotate more rapidly than others. The most rapidly rotating object/cylinder could be at just the "right" angular speed. We could extract just the "proper" amount of power from the system. See Fig. 57 for a depiction of this process, even though this was not the best method that Ed used. That process was somewhat the process that I was trying to describe in the prior paragraph "Pyramid Power Suggestions" found in the just prior above sub-section "Egyptian Pyramids Construction". Ed somehow connected together massive cylinders that rapidly rotated about horizontal axes. The cylinders need to be efficiently connected so that very little energy is lost in the connections. We must guard against the cylinders rotating too rapidly about a horizontal axis so as not to destroy the angular momentum communication properties between the wheel and the rotating nuclear-ground-states within. More tips are found in my section “D.4 A Translation of ED.L.'s Little Book" of “APPENDIX D ED.L.’S LITTLE BOOK”.
Fig. 57. Massive cylinders rotationally connected.
Power Connections. Two initial options for the connections of the massive cylinders could be either (1) extra gears (idle wheels in between) or (2) sprockets connected by chains. I initially supposed for reasons of convenience and energy efficiency that he favored sprocket wheels connected by chains over extra geared connections. Bicycle chains are an energy efficient means of transferring energy between wheels. I think that introducing intermediate sprocket gears (rotating about extra bearings) between cylinders would have decreased the efficiency of energy transfer because of the introduction of the intermediate bearings and because of friction between sprocket teeth. I also think that intermediate sprockets would have not been as convenient as using chains to transfer power. Ed could have used chains from bicycles or larger versions as used elsewhere in vehicles. If a link in the chain is somehow broken it could have been repaired. I tried to denote chain connections between the cylinders in Fig. 57.
The most rapidly rotating cylinder would acquire the most power (per unit rotating mass) from the Bessler principle. Power needs to be carefully extracted so that it does not destroy the system by over/under rotation caused by internal storage of too large or too little an amount of internal rotational kinetic energy. If friction has been sufficiently reduced, more power could be extracted from the system than input to keep the system going. Conservation of energy arguments do not hold, given power sources of the Bessler principle. It is not a zero sum energy game, as both ED.L. and Orffyreus knew quite well. I have tried to describe some of what I think were the actual details of how ED.L. did things in “APPENDIX D ED.L.’S LITTLE BOOK”. The 1936 book, A Book in Every Home was Edward Leedskalnin's encoded little book. While decoding Ed’s little book, I learned that Ed used a much more efficient means for transferring energy between the most important cylinders than by using chains. I tried to provide those details in Appendix D, with further details in section “9.2 Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders". I also learned while decoding Ed’s little book about the idea of material sweetness, which I will in part discuss below and in Appendix D.
Given Ed's book and observations, here is a modified macro statement of the Bessler or ED.L. principle. "In the absence of friction, a new previously-non-rotated-wheel rotating not-too-rapidly about a horizontal axis acquires rotational kinetic energy with respect to the horizontal axis through its center of mass from the absorption of two-part gravitons from below." If it is rotated too rapidly the wheel loses some of its ability to mechanically or usefully collect rotational kinetic energy from gravity.
I offer as initial “proofs” of the ED.L. principle, my Appendix D which contains a decoding of the little book, BEH. Based upon that decoding I now provide various test proofs, that may be done, which should serve to both verify much of that decoding and provide evidence for the Bessler principle. Also, in Appendix D, I offer, as related ED.L. principle “proofs”, various “explanations” of many of the symbols that Ed provided in his Rock Gate Park.
Test Total Energy Production within New Wheel. Rapidly rotate a previously-non-rotated massive wheel about a horizontal axis. Try to use a wheel that has a low friction interface with the air. Is the total output mechanical and radiated energy greater than the mechanical and radiated energy supplied to it? If so, this is evidence for the Bessler principle. If not so, this is evidence against the Bessler principle. This test might also work for an old wheel that was previously rapidly rotated about a horizontal axis, but the output mechanical energies would be greatly reduced, if it had been previously rotated more rapidly than its "sweet" angular speed limit. Such a measurement requires that the net energy given off by other means be accurately measured. If the coupling between the nuclei and the atomic lattice is disrupted, this makes it more difficult for the nuclei to be rotated and then to be mechanical energy productive. Some refinements of these tests will now be discussed.
Test Sweet Sixteen Mechanical Energy Production. The Bessler principle may be tested to see if the Sweet Sixteen family of wheels (or rather cylinders) can produce net mechanical energy. If following Edward Leedskalnin's decoded instructions for the Sweet Sixteen family of wheels produces net mechanical energy, this would be a positive test for the Bessler principle. This would also show a return of Ed's Sweet Sixteen. If following Edward Leedskalnin's decoded instructions for the Sweet Sixteen family of wheels cannot produce net mechanical energy, this would be a negative test for the Bessler principle. In that case, Ed’s Sweet Sixteen would not have returned. My version of Edward Leedskalnin's decoded instructions for the Sweet Sixteen family of wheels/cylinders may be found in the section “D.4 A Translation of ED.L.'s Little Book" within “APPENDIX D ED.L.’S LITTLE BOOK”.
Test for Over-unity Sweet Flywheel Efficiency. We could measure the flywheel efficiencies (total output useful kinetic energy per total input useful kinetic energy) as a function of angular speed for rotation of a solid cylinder about its horizontal axis of symmetry. The cylinder needs to never previously have been rotated much about its axis of symmetry since it was formed. The cylinder’s greatest prior angular speed should have been recorded prior to the test. The cylinder may be of stainless-steel, but other solids should also work. Ed Leedskalnin used "coral" rock or rather limestone produced from coral. To deal with non-recoverable destruction of the lattice interface between the nuclei and their surrounding atomic lattice, the low angular speeds must be measured first. According to Leedskalnin's drawing/painting (on the front cover of his book) and writings, for a large enough mass cylinder, there should exist sweet angular speeds at which the flywheel efficiencies are greater than one. The sweet angular speeds need to be very slowly approached so as not to overstimulate the rotations of internal nuclei. If there exist such angular speeds, then this is positive evidence for the Bessler principle or the ED.L. principle. Such flywheels operating at those speeds but not above those speeds could be called sweet flywheels. If there do not exist such angular speeds, then this is negative evidence for the Bessler principle or the ED.L. principle. Larger angular speeds than the largest sweet speed limits would promote destruction of the interfaces of the rotating nuclei with the surrounding atomic lattice. The destruction of the interface occurs because of excessive angular speed of the nuclei, which produce energy that is not gently transmitted to the lattice. The angular speed of many nuclei can be much larger than the angular speed of the lattice so that the large acquired rotational kinetic energy of the nuclei locally "burns out" or destroys portions of the lattice.
Partial Confirmation of Sweetness Regions. Note that if extra tests of efficiency are done with previously rotated wheels and if the same over-unity regions of angular speed are replicated, then that means that we have not gone beyond the "sweet" region of angular speed limit for that material and according to our constraints of testing for it. We did not previously destroy many of the lattice connections by over-rotating the materials. If the efficiencies are not replicated, then that means that we previously had over-rotated them beyond their "sweet" region of angular speed for that material. The initial large efficiencies data should not be thrown out as being anomalous. If one desires a repetition of the data, one needs to acquire new non-rotated material for new testing.
Test Sweet Energy Production for Railroad Wheels. After the above "Test Sweet Sixteen Mechanical Energy Production" has shown positive tests for the Bessler principle, then the experience gained for sweet angular speeds would suggest further tests for railroad wheels. Sweet angular speeds for particular types of new sweet metal might alternately have been previously determined by the above "Test for Over-unity Sweet Flywheel Efficiency" and follow on tests. Produce railroad wheels all of a particular new type of new sweet metal. Preferably stainless steel should be used but the normal type of new non-rotated iron could also be used, assuming we know and don’t exceed its maximum sweet angular speed limit (and we only very slowly approach that “limit”). New railroad wheels need to be of a particular radius for a railroad car. For purposes of stability the railroad car might be located just behind the engine of the train. Slowly increase the angular speed up to an associated sweet angular speed but not to higher angular speeds so as not to destroy its sweetness. See if this procedure increases the overall mpg with respect to hauling the same train driven in the same manner using old wheels and new bearings. The old wheels should have the same mass and comparable new bearings, having the same frictional properties as with the sweet new wheels. It is assumed that the operator can keep the train from going above the sweet angular speed limit by using normal friction in the train and by reducing the amount of fuel expended. Only the type or newness of the wheels in the car just behind the engine is changed. Everything else is the same including bearings, total mass of the wheels, and total mass of the train. The trains should be operated under the same conditions. Angular speed history should especially be the same. The only change is the newness of the wheels. If such tests increase the mpg, then this is evidence for the Bessler principle, according to the sweet ED.L. perspective. Such railroad wheels operating at those sweet speeds but not above could be called sweet railroad wheels. If such tests do not increase the mpg, then this is evidence against the Bessler principle, according to the sweet ED.L. perspective. The tests can be repeated for slightly higher angular speeds, but we are warned that for large enough angular speeds the "sweetness" property of the wheels will begin to be permanently destroyed. If infrared cameras show much heat coming off the faces of the railroad wheels, this likely means that the wheels have been rotated destructively too fast. Further tests likely would exhibit reduced mechanical sweetness capabilities. If there is an effect, the tests should show a greater effect when more railroad cars have switched out old wheels for new wheels, and the new wheels are not rotated with angular speed above the sweet angular speed limit.
Avoid Hot Cylinder Faces. At high enough angular speeds, IR cameras should show that the face of a new cylinder gets hot. Apparently such or larger angular speeds tend to destroy the atomic-lattice sweetness property or the capability of the cylinder to produce useful rotational kinetic corresponding to over-unity flywheel efficiencies. That is why the flywheel efficiencies need to be measured in the order of increasing angular speed. The measurements might not be repeatable, unless a new non-rotated cylinder is obtained or care is taken not to destroy the sweetness properties of the lattice. The measurements should be suspended for higher angular speeds after large enough angular speeds have been found showing that their mechanical efficiencies are reduced when retested at those angular speeds. That means that some rotational "sweetness" was destroyed. Some may contend that we are merely dealing with anomalous data in the measurements of those over-unity efficiencies, but Leedskalnin indicates that if the sweetness property is not destroyed by excessive angular speed, then the over-unity measurements can be repeated. As I interpret some words from p. 12 of BEH the sweetness can last for more than 25 years in a cylinder, if it is given proper care. The infrared data would also suggest that total energy output divided by kinetic energy input would be even greater than the measured mechanical flywheel efficiencies. One condition for maintaining sweetness is that we should not push a cylinder so far in angular speed that it becomes hot on its faces. Once its face becomes hot, there has been an irrecoverable destruction of wheel sweetness. Leedskalnin gives more guidance in his book. Total energy is not conserved in these processes that make use of the Bessler principle or the ED.L. principle. When energy produced by the Bessler principle is diverted to local destructive energy, this is definitely not the way to retain sweetness of a cylinder.
For slightly related discussions see the above discussions "Flywheels Connected to Engines" and "Connect Flywheels Together" associated with section "7.1 Rotate Wheels with Friction". The newness or sweetness property with respect to rotations about horizontal axes would have been an important property that should have been carefully considered in those prior flywheel tests.
Gate Axis of Rotational Balance. Each gate to Rock Gate Park was very well balanced rotationally. An example of one of the gates is shown in Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "The Famous Gate" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884533320/in/photostream/. How did Ed L. drill a hole through the exact axis for rotational balance for his nine ton gate with its uneven dimensions and with its interior non-uniformities? This is my current best guess to explain how he drilled a perfectly balanced axis. The short explanation is that I think he first found the axis (providing rapid rotational balance) and then he drilled a hole down through that axis, using rapid rotations of the massive stone gate.
I think that Ed apparently used an unusual rotational paradigm for both finding the axis and drilling a hole through it. He rotated the stone gate instead of the normal rotation of the drill going down into the stone. Only for the axis of rotational balance would rapid rotations not produce wobbling or vibrations. Only for the axis of rotational balance, with rapid rotations, would a stationary pipe drill find a stable path. As rotation was what he often did, he became especially well-skilled in unusual uses of it. He was not in the least adverse to using energy in what might seem to be wasteful ways. He had to actively search for ways to use energy (whether wastefully or not) so as to prevent his means of energy production from outrunning energy usage. If he had to rapidly rotate a huge nine ton block of stone to find and drill a balanced axis through it, then that is what he did. Here are some details.
Finding Axis. I think he searched for two points, one above and one below, so that he could rotate it increasingly more rapidly about their nearly vertical axis without any vibration or wobbling. The two points were each defined by positioning rotational bearings, for rotating about a vertical axis. Fine adjustments of the top point could have been done using threaded rods for the bearing location relative to the rock. The vertical ends of the block could have been swapped during the axis search process so as to allow especially refined searching for the bearing location on whichever end was the top. I think that he would have needed to stop the rotation, whenever he made an adjustment of the bearing location on that end. If an adjustment were only made on the bottom end, he could have lifted, slightly corrected, and set down the massive stone gate at the new bearing location. During this search process, he could have done some rough or fine grinding on the non-uniform exterior, which could change the axis slightly. When there was no wobble/vibration for sufficiently rapid rotations, then that would mean that he had found the proper axis, with respect to each bearing location and with respect to vertical.
Since the rapid rotations were about a vertical axis, I suspect that it would not destroy much sweetness, if the gate were rotated at somewhat larger angular speeds than the sweet angular speed limit. I suspect that it would not have destroyed sweetness, since there would be little danger of creating overly-rapidly rotating nuclear ground-states rotating about vertical axes, which could then not destroy their local lattice connections. Anyway, the sweetness would not matter with respect to the gate. It would matter with respect to his construction of massive cylinders complete with holes through their axles. Maybe that is why he showed (in the background of the tiny drawing/painting on his front cover) the three primary cylinders (father, child, and mother) standing as vertical gate sentinels, to show the gate by which they were formed. Finding the axis for the difficult asymmetrical gate case showed that he could do it for the “easier” more symmetrical cylinder case. I suppose, to practice thriftiness of sweetness, Ed probably found the vertical axis using nearly the lowest angular speed possible so as not to over-rotationally-tax the objects.
As was certainly part of the cylinder production, prior to finding the final axis location, I suspect that Ed may have trimmed some edges from the gate. Trimming off edges from the gate would have been necessary so that it would fit through the huge stone "door posts" with proper tiny clearance.
The stone door posts may have been positioned and carved, after the axis of the stone gate had been found and drilled. The actual order of production may have been apparent to outside observers during daylight hours, if they knew what to look for.
Drill Hole through Found Axis. Then to "drill" a hole down through the found axis, I think he could have inserted a pipe, through the center of the top bearing. The pipe could have sufficient water flowing through it to carry away heat and to flush away fine bits of rock-dirt, like a water-pick. But unlike a water pick, the massive rock gate could have been rotating about the found vertical axis. Assuming such a situation, the water pressure on the bits of rocks below would induce extra pressure on those bits of rock in contact with the solid rock below so as to help grind through the solid rock without a significant amount of wear on the end of the pipe. Often there would be bits of rock grinding on the rotating solid rock. Also the water molecules would not have been initially rotating much about a vertical axis. Where the rotationally stationary water molecules and the bits of rock come into contact with the rotating solid rock, there would be cutting down through the specified axis of the rock. The rotation of the rock would keep the carving on course down through the specified center axis of the rock. Hopefully, if this is done right, there would not be a great amount of wearing on the end of the pipe. I suspect that the sides of the water-pipe would also not have worn down much, with the water walls on its sides acting somewhat like the calm eye of a mini-hurricane. Again, because of the rapid rotations, the grinding would tend to not deviate from that center line. It would eventually grind its way down through the massive rock axis to the center of the bottom bearing. He may have replaced the pipe by a slightly larger diameter sturdy solid rod, when he was finished or just left a hollow pipe so as to assist him in his periodic lubrication of the bottom bearings, when he put in oil at the top. So that the pipe not wobble, he could have put that hollow pipe down through the middle, with cement on its exterior to fill in any gaps between the rock and the pipe. I don’t know if he put pipes down the middle of his rock gates. He would not have needed to include pipes down the middle of his gates, since pipes were valuable to his production and use of rotational energy. Oil could get down to the bottom without the benefit of a pipe.
Another thing that could have assisted in the grinding process was the interaction of the rotating nuclear-ground-states between the materials. The water (molecules, atoms, and nuclei) would be initially rotating much differently than the stone (molecules, atoms, and nuclei). I think that the interaction of the two would contribute greatly to the drilling process as the two rotationally interacted. Also as some of the water and bits of rock are rotated about a vertical axis, they could create extra rotation, as a tornado obtains extra rotations from gravitons coming from locations somewhat perpendicular to its axis of rotation. Those extra rotations would not be desirable during the drilling. The acquired rotations would not require gravitons coming from horizontal locations. To preserve sweetness in the rock, it probably would be best to avoid finding axes and especially drilling holes through an axis at times when axis-perpendicular-gravitons are available from the sun or moon. That is find axes and drill the holes near noon or midnight during either new or full moons. Since Ed did much work at night, so that others not see his most closely guarded secrets, he likely found and drilled the axes near midnights. Gravitons traveling perpendicular to the cylinder rotational axis could hurt rock sweetness. See references to the different operating Windhexe or "tornado in a can" on the Internet for somewhat of another understanding of how there can also be a rotational ripping apart of things, for things rotating near its vertical axis. See URL http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Mg7uu373To (Frank Polifka's "Tornado in a Can") as one of many examples.
Energy Inefficiencies. One might object to a process like rapidly rotating a nine ton rock about an axis, as the process appears to be extremely energy inefficient. Again, we must keep it in mind that Ed had as much energy at his disposal, as he wanted. He was free to explore unusual applications and properties of rotating systems. He on many occasions had little concern about energy efficiency. He had to regularly waste energy for purposes of energy production process stability.
Cylinders. I suppose that the steps of forming the cylinders and finding the axis were combined into a single step. As he removed exterior material, that would have required some adjustments of the axis locations. He may have avoided the adjustment of axis locations by doing the rough removal of edge materials at a slow angular speed. He could have increased the angular speed as the cylinder began to be more cylindrical shape. With approximately-rotationally-uniform stone densities, to obtain a cylindrical shape for rapid rotations about an axis (without wobbling) would have meant that the proper axis could have been found nearly automatically. Non-uniformities in the rock rotationally could have required somewhat of an iterative procedure of finding a stable axis and removing edge material. Once he formed the cylinder and found its axis, the procedure for drilling a hole through the axis would be the same as for the gate. I am supposing that Ed initially produced his cylinders using rotations about vertical axes. Again, I suspect that somewhat rapid rotations about a vertical axis would tend to not destroy the sweetness property that he spoke of in his decoded little book (p. 6 as decoded in Appendix D.), as long as the angular speed was not so great as to weaken the structure of the cylinder. Ed probably got much practice perfecting the process on relatively easier cylinders before he tackled something as difficult as finding the balanced rotational axis and drilling the hole down through the axis of the nine ton gate.
Information is given for reinventing the Papp engines. The Bessler principle provides the basis for explaining how a number of energy-using or energy-productive devices actually worked. These devices include: Papp engines, GEET reactors, Tesla turbines, Stirling engines, cold fusion experiments or devices, rotational devices to reduce radioactivity, theta pinches, tokamaks, and rocket stoves. Some of these inventions may be combined with other inventions. For example, the GEET reactors may be combined with the Tesla turbines for extra extraction of power, especially after the Orffyrean roller bearing is reinvented. Also, the Papp engines may be combined with the Stirling engines after the Papp engines and especially after the Orffyrean roller bearing has been reinvented. People might currently consider doing experiments to make better use of the explained GEET reactors and Tesla turbines to save on fuel costs. New rotational energy sources should be provided by devices associated with the Bessler principle. Lower energy prices should increase productivity and prosperity. The Bessler principle provides an important basis for phenomena including: sunspots, fire, spontaneous combustion, explosive powders, Papp engine explosive gas, dripping faucets not freezing, and Bessler principle from background gravitons. The Bessler principles appears to explain many historical riddles such as: Bessler wheels, yin-yang cylinders, power for construction of Egyptian pyramids, power for construction of Coral Castle, and the construction of the Coral Castle gates. Edward Leedskalnin's book provided the solution to his Coral Castle (Rock Gate Park) riddle. The solution to the Coral Castle riddle provides one or more devices dependent upon the Bessler principle. Large amounts of energy for constructing Coral Castle were available from the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, using technology not requiring the reinvention of the Orffyrean roller bearing. More tests of the Bessler principle are available, using information made available by Leedskalnin. A method is suggested how Ed Leedskalnin may have found and drilled out a hole through a balanced rotational axis of the somewhat irregularly-shaped nine-ton rock gate in his Rock Gate Park.
Overview Comparisons. The little coded books, written by Orffyreus (Johann Ernst Elias Bessler) in 1716-1717 and by Edward Leedskalnin by 1936, gave rise to particular separate low-friction mechanical devices that allowed the Bessler principle to separately be made manifest. This chapter discusses some of the mechanics and the construction of these devices. More related discussion may be found in "APPENDIX B ORFFYREUS’S LITTLE BOOK" and in “APPENDIX D ED.L.’S LITTLE BOOK”. It is remarkable that there were separate purely-mechanical low-friction devices that made the Bessler principle manifest. It is also remarkable that each such separate purely-mechanical device was of much practical importance. I think it is even more remarkable (1) that both authors chose to code up their information about such devices in small publications that each author referred to as a "little book" and (2) that the decoding key for each little book happened to be the very same Bessler principle (or equivalently the ED.L. principle) to be made manifest by the encoded device. These things seem to be curious coincidences. Both authors also used symbolically visual depictions of their devices in their drawings. Both authors used digital-alphabetic encodings related to their names (Orffyreus and ED.L.) to help describe their principle. Both authors appeared to use scriptural references to their encodings. The authors used cylinders differently. Orffyreus used very small cylinders with even smaller details on the steel surfaces of cylinders of his very-low-friction roller bearings. Leedskalnin used large and massive rock cylinders cleverly interacting by low friction within his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Orffyreus's wheels, using his bearings, remained rotationally sweet by his operating quite below the limit of rotational sweetness. Leedskalnin, using ordinary bearings, was required to procedurally avoid loss of rotational sweetness in his fastest rotating daughter cylinder, while he operated near (but under) the limit of rotational sweetness.
In hindsight, because the Bessler principle is typically a hidden property, what would be a better means of hiding the information in the little books than to require a decoding key of the Bessler principle itself? The little books provided devices that only after they are produced would allow the Bessler principle to become easily manifest. When the principle was not known, the hidden messages in the little books would remain hidden. When the principle would become well known, the hidden messages in the little books would become clear or clearer over time.
These are my current best guesses regarding Bessler's very low friction Orffyrean roller bearing, regarding its design and construction. I made educated, reasoned guesses using information from Bessler's little book. See "APPENDIX B ORFFYREUS’S LITTLE BOOK" for more details.
The geometry, of Bessler's roller bearings, was based upon pure rolling without slipping, without the use of any friction enhancing lubrication. Somewhat like a plant, the patterns within his bearings were grown by surface replications throughout the bearing interior surfaces.
Among his various surface replications, Bessler used replication of surface patterns from each intermediate roller to the central axle roller. The surface patterns consisted of grown lobes and grown lobe-holes. Bessler wanted to maintain the uniform integrity of his patterns so he needed to minimize the number of replications of complete patterns. The minimum number of replications means that for a particular lobe (or lobe-hole) on an intermediate roller, it would correspond to the least number of replications of its complementary shape on the larger central axle roller.
A single replication (meaning the intermediate cylinder and the central axle roller have the same circumference) would not work, since it would not allow for any angular spacing between six intermediate cylinders ((360°-6*60°)/6 = 0°/6 = 0°), and since five intermediate cylinders would provide too great an angular spacing ((360°-5*60°)/5 = 60°/5 = 12°) between adjacent intermediate cylinders, which would also not provide sufficient structural integrity. Here is some understood background for those parenthetical computations. Since six equal size cylinders may just be placed around another equal size central cylinder, an intermediate cylinder touching an equal size central axle roller would subtend 360°/6 = 60° with respect to the center of the central axle roller. For slightly greater ease of production, one could go the route of the five intermediate cylinders of the same radius as the central cylinder, but such bearings could serve as “proof of concept”. Such proof of concept bearings may do well for demonstrating the Bessler principle in situations where there is not much of a load that needs to be supported.
The well-workable next fewest number of replications would be attained, if a lobe only has two complementary replications on the central axle roller. That means that the ratio of the circumference of the central axle roller to the circumference of an intermediate roller is two. The circumference of a circle (or roller cylinder) is proportional to its radius. Thus, with the radius of an intermediate roller being R, then the radius of the central axle roller would be 2R. This also means that the radius of the containing cylinder would be 4R. We see these things in Fig. 58.
Fig. 58. Roller bearing cylinder geometry.
Nine Intermediate Roller Bearing Cylinders. I will now show that this cylinder size assumption means that nine such equally-spaced, intermediate roller-bearing cylinders would just fit around the central axle roller-cylinder, with a little room to spare. Again see Fig. 58 for a depiction of these nine intermediate rollers. Let us calculate the angle subtended by each intermediate roller bearing cylinder with respect to the center of the central roller bearing cylinder to see how much angular room is left over when using nine such rollers. See Fig. 59, where I have imagined only two intermediate-roller-bearing cylinders placed just next to each other prior to the formation of lobe and lobe-holes. That must never be done in actual practice. We are only momentarily pretending such an arrangement since in actual practice the intermediate roller bearing cylinders must never touch each other so as not to create friction as they roll. Currently we imagine that they precisely just touch each other. Given a triangle containing a right angle, the sine of an angle is defined to be the ratio of the length of the side opposite the angle to the length of the side opposite the right angle. With respect to the center of the bearing, the sine of half a subtended roller angle in Fig. 59 would have been R/(R+2R) = 1/3. One can use a modern trigonometric or scientific calculator (available on almost all personal computers) to easily find the angle which has a sine of 1/3. That angle may be called arcsine(1/3) or sin-1(1/3). It is about 19.4712206345°. The extra precision (that I am showing with these numbers) is surely not realistic, but these mathematical numbers are just shown to more than enough digits for simplicity, as the required precision for them is not known ahead of time. The angle that a single intermediate-roller-bearing cylinder makes with respect to the center of the bearing is 2*arcsine(1/3) or about 38.942441269°. Nine of those intermediate roller angles are about 350.481971421° which is less than 360°. That is the total extra angle is 360 - 9*2*arcsine(1/3) or about 9.518028579°, which is positive. Nine intermediate rollers are thus able to fit outside the central axle roller.
Fig. 59. Intermediate roller bearing angles.
One Degree Separation. The bearings need to have nearly equal angular spaces between adjacent pairs of rollers. The average angular spacing between adjacent pairs of the intermediate smooth-roller-bearing cylinders is (360° - 9*2*arcsine(1/3))/9 or about 1.057558731°. That may not seem like very much of an angle but if we consider that the moon (or the sun) visually subtends about half a degree (see Appendix A, section A.7 Half Degree), we can appreciate how large one degree of separation is. One degree of separation is about two moon angles between adjacent intermediate rollers. See Fig. 58, where I tried to draw equal sizes of gaps between adjacent intermediate rollers. Given line thickness and limited drawing resolution, it was difficult to draw it to scale. During growth of the lobes and lobe-holes, any lobe on an intermediate roller would be allowed to grow outward to about a moon angle without interfering with other lobes from other intermediate rollers. I think that Bessler grew his lobes until there was slight interference of lobes from separate intermediate rollers. He did that to obtain the greatest lobe growth for the largest number of intermediate cylinders. That provided the most distributed mechanical support, with the least friction.
Rotation of the roller bearing would not change the relative geometry. After a rotation of the central axle rolling cylinder, see Fig. 60, there would still be about two moon angles between adjacent-intermediate smooth-roller-cylinders. Having a small one degree of separation between the intermediate rollers, means that there is potentially extra structural support available within the bearing. It is important that the centers of the intermediate rollers never drift with respect to each other. They must never rub against each other.
Fig. 60. Roller bearing geometry after rotation.
The lobes and lobe-holes, which will be grown on the surface, will ensure that the intermediate rollers never drift. Fig. 61 shows how the grown lobes and lobe-holes touch where they need to roll without slipping, but do not touch where they are moving in opposite directions. The lobes from adjacent intermediate rollers are often like lines of ships that pass near each other in the night, going in opposite directions, without any ever colliding. They may be very close at times but they do not collide.
Fig. 61. Low-friction Orffyrean steel-roller-bearing.
The lobes and lobe-holes provide additional structural support in addition to providing very low friction. See Fig. 62 which is my labelled rendition of Bessler's final figure in his Apologia (Fig. 85 located in Appendix B). After we understand what is going on with respect to Bessler's bearings, it should be clear in hindsight what Bessler was specifying in his final figure. The white wedges point to or denote a mechanical property of his roller bearings. Bessler claimed that a largest lobe on an intermediate roller stayed in pure mechanical rolling-without-slipping contact with its corresponding lobe-hole, while the intermediate roller relatively rotated though an angle of about 25°. After that contact, the lobe would gently lift off and hang out in dark space until it later came gently down to again make contact with another like-shaped lobe-hole. We can infer similar statements about the lobe-holes. A lobe-hole on an intermediate roller stayed in pure mechanical rolling-without-slipping contact with its corresponding lobe, while the intermediate roller relatively rotated though an angle of about 25°. After that contact, the lobe-hole gently lifts off and hangs out in dark space until it later comes gently down to again make contact with another like-shaped lobe.
Fig. 62. Labelled version of Bessler's symbolic specification of lobe contact within his bearing.
The black regions with dots of lights indicate that, when the lobes or orbs are not in contact, they are out in dark space or rather without mechanical contact. If one applied a light to the ends of an Orffyrean roller bearing, I think that there would be points of light of varying sizes (on the exposed surfaces) and there would generally be no regular spaces between the points. They would somewhat appear as little stars of varying sizes located out in dark space. The partial or somewhat polar format of the little lights in Bessler's final figure would almost suggest a perspective bearing end view. I didn't even try to depict that in my redrawing of Bessler's final figure specification. Still, I think that one gets the basic idea of what is going on. One should look at an actual copy of Bessler's final figure to see better details. For example, see p. 189 of PM97 for an actual copy of the final figure. Bessler's final figure seemed to indicate that the lobes need not locally be in a regular pattern. Bessler's final figure seemed to indicate that the lobes could be of varying sizes.
We might better understand the center of Fig. 62 by considering Fig. 63. A ring might represent the apparent visual locations of fullest material coverage, as the roller bearing is operating. The ring at a radius of 3R also approximately represents the points of closest contact for the intermediate rollers. There is no actual contact of the intermediate rollers but it could appear that way to an eye viewing such a rapidly rotating bearing. The ring at approximately radius 3R could somewhat depict the way the intermediate rollers look, while the roller bearing is operating. I suspect that is why Bessler drew a ring there. The Fig. 62 as drawn by Bessler was a curious hybrid between a symbolic description and a visual depiction of his operating roller bearings.
Fig. 63. Association of nine intermediate rollers.
Angular Support Regions. Imagine an ordinary cylinder rotating through 25° while rolling over a flat plane. Any particular point on the cylinder would stay in physical contact with the plane for only a very small angle much less than 25°. That very small angle, or approximately also the angle with respect to the center of the cylinder which is in angular contact with the plane, could be considered the angular support region. The angular support region for a mathematical cylinder rolling over a perfectly flat ideal mathematical plane would have an angular support region of zero degrees. Actual cylinders deviate from cylindrical shape because of the presence of lumpy atoms on the rough surfaces. The actual cylinders would often have an angular support region slightly larger than zero, but it would still be small. With Bessler's bearings there was a merging of the radial boundaries so as to increase the angular support region from a very small value to an amazingly large number close to 25º.
We can get an overestimation of the instantaneous mechanical support for the containing cylinder of Bessler's bearings by looking at Fig. 64 which shows the extension of the angular supports in Bessler’s final figure for all nine intermediate rollers. Bessler only showed three of the approximate angular support regions somewhat for his intermediate rollers in his Fig. 62. With there being nine rollers, there were actually nine regions of angular support on the interior surface of containing cylinder located at a radius of approximately 4R. Each of Bessler's nine intermediate rollers had about 25° of mechanical support with respect to the center of each intermediate roller. The 25° regions were not with respect to Bessler’s total bearing, though the figure almost symbolically appeared to suggest that.
Fig. 64. Symbolic lobe contact support for the nine intermediate rolling cylinders.
Low Friction with Large Support Comparisons. An ordinary cylinder, without grown lobes and lobe-holes, would only provide tiny angles of mechanical support, with respect to the center of the bearing. The loads for ordinary cylinders are highly concentrated, whereas Bessler's arrangement physically spread out the loading for each cylinder, while simultaneously providing extra intermediate cylinders to provide extra support. In the absence of such Orffyrean roller bearings, we don't have anything comparable with it today. The ceramic bearings may be the closest but they neither have the great mechanical support nor the huge contact angles. The surfaces are not well matched. They don't adhere to Bessler's "Orffyreum" or orb way of doing things. Consequently, they can't support great loads with very low friction. Now I said that Fig. 64 was an overestimation of the instantaneous mechanical support for the containing cylinder because the wedges should have been about 25° with respect to the center of each intermediate cylinder, rather than with respect to points closer to the center of the containing cylinder, meaning for the entire roller bearing.
Exterior Mechanical Support. A better representation of the instantaneous mechanical support for the containing cylinder of Bessler's bearings (at a radius of 4R) would be in Fig. 65. It shows the 25° angles with respect to the centers of the intermediate rollers for mechanical support on the cylinder, due to the broadening or blurring of the surfaces (associated with the presence of the many lobes and lobe-holes). It may not look like much but compared to the usual angular supports close to 0° each, it is quite significant. Using Fig. 65, I measured the instantaneous mechanical support in degrees about the center of the bearing as approximately 63° = 9*7° >> 6*0° = 0°. There is a vast difference with respect to instantaneous angular mechanical support between the nine-intermediate-roller Orffyrean roller bearing and a constrained roller bearing having six intermediate rollers. The mechanical support is greatly spread out for the Orffyrean roller bearing. The low-friction pure-rolling-without-slipping region is also quite distributed.
Fig. 65. Instantaneous mechanical support for the containing cylinder.
Interior Mechanical Support. I didn't show the mechanical support angles between the intermediate cylinders and the central cylinder. Relative to the centers of the intermediate cylinders, I suppose that each region would be slightly less than the 25° angle. Nonetheless I think that there would be angular support for a roll point on either the central cylinder or an intermediate cylinder for relative rotation between the two cylinders of an angle of about 25°. Also, such a smaller region on the central cylinder would statically subtend an angle of about 7°, about the center of the central cylinder, which is approximately equal to the support region on the containing cylinder with respect to the center of the central cylinder. All those angles though not depicted are of importance in the Orffyrean roller bearing, because of the similar merging/blurring of the surfaces.
Directional Support. With respect to the angles of coverage with respect to the centers of the intermediate rollers, we could approximately say in degrees that 225° = 9*25° >> 6*0° = 0°. There is a vast difference with respect to instantaneous directional support angles, when comparing Orffyrean roller bearings with more usual bearings.
Wonder Bearings. We are not speaking of only very low friction in Bessler's bearing; we are also simultaneously speaking of much larger instantaneous mechanical and directional support. In our modern non-Orffyrean bearings, there is nothing that I am aware of that comes even close to these combined characteristics. Bessler's wheels were wonder-wheels because of the Bessler principle and because the wheels rotated with wonder-bearings.
Look back at Fig. 64 which is the angular support somewhat for the nine intermediate roller bearings. If we redrew the figure with the vertices of the white angular wedges all touching at the center, this would cause even more of the dark regions to disappear. There would be 225° of nine wedges of 25°, since 225° = 9*25°. The remaining dark wedges would each be 15° each, since (360° - 225°)/9 = 135°/9 = 15°. Fig. 66 denotes these ideas even if it is an actual overemphasis of the point (of angular support). A figure based on nine angles from the center of the central roller, instead of Fig. 65, might be more realistic for instantaneous contact of the central cylinder. It is more realistic because of the nine angles, though it is over-estimating because of the 25° for each doesn’t apply to the entire bearing. It would be much larger than say six very small angles, from the center of the central roller, over which there is complete or full mechanical contact for ordinary cylinders. It would be difficult to even draw or depict such six small ordinary angles, as they are less than the width of the lines used to draw them. The Fig. 66 does provide the actual collected or superimposed angles of instantaneous directional support with respect to the centers of the nine intermediate rollers. It might be more reasonable to just show the approximately 63° = 9*7° >> 6*0° = 0° of angular support with respect to the center of the bearing. It is still a wonder bearing since 63° >> 0°. The 63 degrees of total angular support for the Orffyrean roller bearing is much greater than close to zero total angular support for ordinary roller bearings.
Fig. 66. Directional supports from intermediate rollers.
Ordinary roller bearings would only have tiny slivers of white wedges for their intermediate rollers/cylinders. Also there wouldn't be as many intermediate cylinder wedges as nine that could be packed into a bearing for the same central cylinder and containing cylinder sizes. Ordinary bearings wouldn't be self-constrained by their rolling surfaces. External constraining of intermediate rollers causes rubbing friction. Also, ordinary bearings wouldn't be pure rolling without slipping. Slipping even with using lubrication would cause friction. Bessler's bearings were completely unlubricated. They didn't need to deal with the friction associated with surface tensions of lubricants.
Though I think Bessler used precise molds, one could use a variety of other precise methods such a lathes and milling. The evidence showed that Bessler used iron though the later processing toughened the interior interface surfaces so that those surfaces became the finest of steel. At first I thought that the central and nine intermediate cylinders could have had possibly smaller cylindrical pins on their end and circular plates on each end to temporarily hold the cylindrical pins in place relative to each other, as the roller bearing is being formed. Then I realized from Bessler’s bearing specifications and his very tiny tolerances for intermediate cylinder positioning error, that Bessler used constraining/spacing plates to keep the cylinders separated during bearing formation. Bessler’s specifications later confirmed that idea when I realized that he was also specifying the amount that the spacer plates were inserted, which caused no lobes to be formed in that region. How were the various parts assembled into the containing cylinder?
Assembly. See Appendix B for the most detailed assembly instructions. I think that the 10 interior cylinders could have been bound together with their constraints on each end so they all could have been cooled down together. Then the containing cylinder could be heated so that the cool central and nine intermediate cylinders could be fit within the containing cylinder. They were not just pounded in, as that would have gouged or done damage to the surfaces. Tin annular ends could have held the spacer constraint plates in place. Iron annular ends could have kept a formation mixture within during bearing formation. With iron annuli removed, the formation mixture could be injected or pressed into that end. Then iron annuli could be repositioned prior to forming the bearing. All during the time of using the formation mixture, robots would nowadays be needed to avoid hazards to humans.
Formation Mixture. The formation mixture should be composed of tiny gunpowder balls, very finely ground ferromagnetic meteorites-and-iron, and mercury. After the ferromagnetic meteorites-and-iron are very finely ground, a magnet could be used enough times to make sure that they are very pure. The tiny gunpowder balls and the very fine ferromagnetic balls would tend to be used up in the formation process. Bessler could have used a greater volume for the tiny gunpowder balls relative to the finer ferromagnetic balls. Some small bits of very finely ground iron could also be added, if it is needed to create better steel. Bessler likely didn't need to initially add much iron since his starting point cylinders were originally iron, which would have allowed iron to get into the formation mixture during processing. I don't think that carbon would need to be added because of the presence of gunpowder. I think that Bessler’s may have used gunpowder balls that had reduced smoke upon ignition. Since mercury is used, there should now be both robots and hazardous mercury recovery systems so that few atoms of mercury get out into the environment. Bessler appeared to have symptoms of the Mad Hatter's disease. "Orffyreus is mad", as we see on pp. 81, 169-170 of PM97. He might have actually become mad by breathing in too much mercury vapor during his construction of his bearings. We should learn from Bessler's mistake and not expose people to mercury unnecessarily.
The Fig. 67 is like Fig. 58 but Fig. 67 shows an example thickness for the containing cylinder. I selected an example thickness of about R, according to an interpretation of Bessler’s final figure shown in Fig. 62, but some larger thickness could be chosen to be sturdier. The thickness needs to be sufficient to provide enough structural support for the bearing. I have not studied any tradeoffs with respect to the choice of that thickness of the containing cylinder, so I deferred to Bessler’s apparent choice. Bessler likely formed his bearings from containing cylinders made of iron. Thus, the outside visible surfaces of Bessler's bearings then may have appeared to be iron, which may have given rise to the term iron bearings that Bessler seemed to quietly advocate. The external appearance of the bearings would have allowed Bessler to easily play down their importance. People seeing the bearings from the outside would have not doubted that they were iron bearings, especially if Bessler allowed/encouraged a little bit of rust to form on their visible external surface of the containing cylinder. The containing cylinder ends of the bearings could have been cut and crimped down enough so as not to allow the intermediate rollers and the containing cylinder interior to be appreciably visible. The hidden inside surface of that containing cylinder was of the finest quality steel. The magnetic domains in the hidden steel were broken up to an exceedingly fine level. Those hidden surfaces were, after processing, made up of Orffyrean lobes and lobe-holes of the finest quality steel. Nowadays we could start with steel parts, since we need not play down the importance of the bearings and we would want the bearings to have the best structural integrity.
Fig. 67. Orffyrean roller bearing with example containing-cylinder thickness.
Roller Bearing Surface Growth. Here are likely internal mechanics that promote roller bearing surface growth, causing the lobes to grow outward, while the lobe-holes to become deeper. The finely ground ferromagnetic “balls” tend to preferentially be attracted to the lobe side, because I think that the convex-outward lobe side tends to contain more magnetic domain outcroppings. Then a ferromagnetic “ball” or more than one ferromagnetic “balls” (more often attached to the lobe side) may rapidly ignite by squishing a larger gunpowder “ball”, which is held in place by an extremely-short-range surrounding metallic-mercury gun barrel. Firing the miniature gun digs into the lobe-hole side and fires the ferromagnetic "bullet" at the magnetic domain to break it up on the lobe side. This especially forms fine-compact steel in the process on the lobe side. Material tends to be taken from the lobe-hole side and added to the lobe side. Balls may more frequently be fired at the adjacent lobe side to somewhat break up a few magnetic domains. The explosion on the lobe-hole side should also well break up magnetic domains exposed on the lobe-hole side, so as to provide a fine steel on the lobe-hole side. What are the external procedures to do these things?
Flailing. Imagine a two paddle paddlewheel attached in opposite directions from the containing cylinder and imagine a handle attached to the central axle ends. See Fig. 68 for suggested details. It looks somewhat like a flail, used for beating grain, but Bessler had a much different use for his flail-like device. Bessler wrote, "The flail would rather be with the thresher than the scholar." as we see translated into English on p. 225 of PM97. John Collins is the author of those translations from German to English. A normal flail only has a single portion that flaps so as to beat grain. I think that Bessler’s flail had two opposing well-connected well-balanced flappers so as to encourage continued rotary motion upon beating. I think that Bessler whacked his flail-like thing many times to make the outer containing cylinder go around and around relative to the center cylinder or axle. We can easily improve upon his manual procedure. He had some smoke and mercury vapor come out in the process. He would have beaten it until it stopped making smoke and popping noises. I think that Bessler grew his lobes until they just interfered. Then he later removed the interference so that they would be the best bearings. We would now also want to grow the best of bearings. During the surface growing process, the patterns of grown lobes and lobe-holes should spread throughout the entire touching surfaces of the roller bearing.
Fig. 68. Flail for forming/rotating Orffyrean roller bearing.
Mixture Refilling. After temporarily removing the iron annuli, he could have refilled by injecting/pushing new formation mixture from one end until new formation mixture came out the other end between all intermediate cylinders. I think that for as long as possible we should leave in the tin annuli for supporting the constraining spacer plates.
Repeat Process. Bessler would have likely needed to repeat the process of mixture-injecting and flailing, so as to form larger lobes and deeper lobe-holes. Counting the initial injection, I guessed that he at least three times injected new formation mixture and did the flailing but the number would depend upon the percentages within the formation mixture. Experimentation would show whether more or less repetitions are needed. The process could need to be repeated more times, if there are fewer gunpowder balls and fewer ferromagnetic balls in the formation mixture.
Stopping of Growth. When during the bearing formation Bessler experienced a sudden slight binding of rotational friction, then that would mean that some of the lobes had grown too large, so that they interfered with lobes on other intermediate cylinders. If so, then Bessler would have immediately stopped the lobe growth, according to his stopping criteria. The interference-based stopping criteria would have been preferred by Bessler (rather than stopping early), because it insured the maximum lobe growth and it would be the normal stopping criteria if he ever had to repair a bearing.
Flushing-out Bearing. Injecting water (instead of injecting new formation mixture into the bearing) and exercising the bearing is a good way to cleanse the bearing. With repetition, the formation material would have been completely removed. The cleansing process should have removed, by wearing, the ends of any lobes that were slightly rubbing or interfering. Just to make certain, Bessler could have provided some extra flail beatings to make certain that any interfering lobe ends were worn off. Then he could have followed by extra cleansing. The worn-off bits of lobe ends should have been flushed out at some point. Bessler may have used much water to flush out the old formation mixture. Water has been called the universal solvent. Nowadays we would need to try to recover all the mercury so that none gets out into the environment.
There could be extra flail beatings after the flushing just to make sure that the low friction status of the bearing was available. If it has very low friction, the flail paddles should go around for longer times than when using a normal roller bearing. There would still be friction because of the much friction between the flail paddles and the air.
Trace Amounts of Mercury. As an obvious safety note, we wouldn't want to suck on completed Orffyrean roller bearings or put them into our mouths, as there might be traces of mercury that were not fully flushed out. I think that using well cleaned Orffyrean roller bearings in vehicles, motors, generators, etc. would be much safer with respect to mercury exposure than eating/chewing with amalgam fillings in our mouths. We shouldn't prohibit the use of old gold coins because of trace amounts of mercury potentially remaining from prior gold mining processes. A common current alternative to using Orffyrean roller bearings would be to use ordinary bearings but ordinary bearings are typically exposed to fossil fuel oils or vapors. I think there is likely a problem breathing such fossil fuel based vapors. With respect to our best health, it would seem most unwise to drink or breathe flammable solvents/vapors. We should at the very least try to provide the same level of safety procedures for the Orffyrean roller bearings that we provide for ordinary bearings. We just need to take the appropriate safety precautions. Forming unrealistically high mercury standards could force production of the bearings to be done in places, where there may be little or no controls. People and the environment could both lose, if that over-regulation approach is taken. We just need to be reasonable, if we don't want to all be losers.
Possible Bearing Failure. One probably should not use Orffyrean roller bearings, if there is an unreasonably large chance of the bearings failing and resulting in either injury or death. Allowing foreign debris into working bearings could create catastrophic failures. The bearings must be kept clean. Until the bearings have been very well studied and any failure modes sufficiently reduced, it would probably be a general rule to never use the unstudied bearings in situations where personal safety is at risk. The long term history and eventual failure modes of the bearings need to be understood. The bearings may be used for say production of energy or transportation of inanimate objects for special situations where there is little cost associated with their possibly failing. The benefit of using them must greatly outweigh the risk of using them. The lifetimes of the bearings and their failures need to be compared with those of ordinary bearings.
We might be able to take some modern day shortcuts that Bessler was not able to use. We might nowadays accurately machine the rollers and other parts, instead of forming the rollers from molds prior to growing their surfaces. Nowadays we might also be able to avoid the mercury-dangerous, surface-growth stage by forming them with very accurate multi-part molds, with lobes and lobe-holes on their surfaces. It might be more cost effective to assemble them from molds without the need to grow the surfaces. All the intermediate cylinders could be identical. They would just have different rotational angle offsets when assembled in a bearing.
Joining Containing Cylinder. Bonding separate portions of an outer containing surface cylinder might be extremely tricky, but it might be possible. The joining step would lock all the pre-formed rollers (complete with lobed steel surfaces) all within the containing cylinder in the proper precise configuration. I don't know if such a shortcut would work, since the lobes that are contacting need to be under constrictive stress. That would mean that much stress would need to be applied during assembly, while simultaneously joining the portions of the containing cylinder, with their surface patterns, so as to not interrupt the patterns. The joining process might better work for large-molded high-strength plastic pieces for the bearings instead of the difficult steel bearings. It might be easier to join together the containing cylinder for molded plastic versions that could serve as perpetual motion toys or useful devices.
Hot-Cold Assembly. Another procedure might be to construct the metal pieces by molding in their entirety and then assemble them afterwards. I think based upon very small linear coefficients of expansion (with temperature) that we would not be able to assemble them by cooling down their interiors while heating the containing cylinders. The lobes hitting other lobes/saddles would likely prohibit such hot-cold assembly. I think even with a checkerboard pattern of lobes and lobe-holes we wouldn’t be able to quickly twist the lobes past the other temperature saddles.
We might need be forced to cut a portion of the molded containing cylinder, assemble the interior cylinders, and bond the cut containing cylinder, while under external pressure. I don’t know if there would be too much friction at the joining lines or if the frictional defects at the joining lines could be worn down sufficiently to be very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings.
Long Peaks/Valleys. If instead of lobes and lobe-holes, we had long peaks and valleys in the axial direction, then we could avoid problems of lobes hitting lobes during hot-cold assembly. Still, a problem of drifting in the axial direction could occur with such bearings. That problem of axial drifting might be addressed by joining multiple of these bearings in the axial direction, but that might create another potential problem of the bearings seizing up if edges of elongated peaks tried to come down upon edges of other elongated peaks, from the next attached bearing. Maybe the peaks and valleys could be rounded at the edges to somewhat serve as Orffyrean lobes and lobe-holes, so as to somewhat avoid axial drifting.
It might be better to have long peaks and valleys in a 45° direction rather that in the axial direction. By themselves such sets could slowly drift now in a 45° direction. Sets of opposite 45° directions could be assembled and joined together. The opposite 45° directions that are joined or glued together would prevent any axial drifting. There could be some rotation of the bearings while the glue is drying or the two part epoxy is curing to make sure that the bonding process not prevent the bearing from working.
Bessler's Method Best? Growing the steel bearing surfaces, using Bessler's “original” method, might be the simplest alternative to avoid assembly and other problems. That method of Bessler would avoid any seam problem in joining the portions of any cylinders. That Bessler method would also allow the local production of the finest steel surfaces. That Bessler method would also avoid any axial drift problem because there would be axial variations of lobes and lobe-holes. That method would allow later repair of the bearings.
After one has constructed very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings, one can use them to test the Bessler principle. Use two such roller bearings on the sides of a solid cylindrical wheel for rotations about its axis of symmetry. One could for example use cylinders of aluminum or iron or stainless steel. Many other materials may be used for the construction of such a cylinder. The cylinder should not have been previously rapidly rotated. If the cylinder is provided a slight angular speed and it increases in angular speed until it is at equilibrium with frictional forces, then that is evidence for the Bessler principle. That would also serve as evidence that we should be able to reinvent all of Bessler’s wheels. If the cylinder is provided a slight angular speed and it does not increase in angular speed, then that is evidence against the Bessler principle.
These are my current best guesses regarding Leedskalnin's low friction Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, regarding its design and construction. I made educated, reasoned guesses using information from ED.L.'s little book. See “APPENDIX D ED.L.’S LITTLE BOOK” for more details. The particular shortened version of Edward Leedskalnin's name, ED.L., may be taken to mean "Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity" or briefly "Energy from Delayed Leveraging". Leedskalnin in the very name of his park "Rock Gate Park" gives powerful clues to the source of his power. Large rocks, rotating as a gate (he demonstrated more than one such gate), were the most important sources of power for building his park. In his device, he had three primary rock wheels, rotating about horizontal axes, as there are three words in "Rock Gate Park". The number four (number of letters of each word in "Rock Gate Park") was also a prominent factor in the low-friction magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels, which had 24 and 16 teeth. See the Appendix D for many more clues and explanations that he left behind. I will proceed with my guesses for the details of his energy production device.
Geometry Overview. The cylinders in the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders should rotate about horizontal axes through their axes of rotational symmetry to reduce friction with the air, while acquiring energy from the ED.L. or Bessler principle. Though not the design that Ed used, the Fig. 69 shows a top view of a non-centered design for the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. It does not show the supporting frame, which nowadays (except for the axles and bearings) should as best possible be made out of non-ferromagnetic materials whenever near the magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels, so as not to attract them. Though total turning masses are more important than cylinder masses, the father cylinder is approximately twice as long as the mother cylinder which is approximately twice as long as the daughter cylinder. The son cylinder is approximately the same size as the daughter cylinder. The father cylinder and the mother cylinder have the same radius. The radii of the children cylinders are each half the radius of the mother cylinder (or of the father cylinder). The total turning mass of the father should be twice the total turning mass of the mother. The total turning mass of the mother should be eight times the total turning mass of one of the children. Thus, the total turning mass of the father should be 16 times the total rotating mass of a child. A total turning mass associated with a cylinder includes the mass of its attached axle and the mass of any of its attached sprocket wheel. The use of the masses lends stability to the process.
Fig. 69. Non-centered design for the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Cylinders' Materials. The cylinders themselves probably should best be made out of strong-new, previously-non-rotated stainless steel. That is especially important for the daughter cylinder. It may be that some types of high quality stainless steel can greatly retain their lattice to nucleus rotational sweetness connection by the metal locally reforming itself after locally being exposed to overly-rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states. Such a subject of retaining rotational sweetness may need to be extensively studied, including the effects of externally applied background magnetic fields upon retaining/repair of rotational sweetness. I suspect that the steel should include much cobalt, since cobalt has such a large nuclear magnetic moment, which I suspect may better rotationally connect the lattice with those nuclei having larger nuclear magnetic moments. The magnetic domains should be very small (1) so that local material properties are retained and (2) so that the magnetic fields not appreciable extend from the cylinders. Ed had to settle for cylinders made out of previously-non-rotated coral rock (limestone), that he could extract out of the ground for little cost. Limestone is a relatively soft rock. He almost never rolled it upon the ground so as not to promote its destruction. That was not how he used it. Ed expended much effort to maintain angular rotation sweetness, which is the effective rotational connection between the atomic lattice and the nuclei. If the lattice of the material were rotated, he wanted the nuclei within to well-acquire such rotations or angular speed. If the nuclei within then acquired further rotations or angular speed from the ED.L. or the Bessler principle, he wanted those rotations to well-cause the lattice to similarly rotate. He wanted both the lattice and the nuclei within to be as rotationally well connected to each other as possible, for as long as possible. He was very careful not to rotate the cylinder too rapidly so as to partly destroy the (sweet) rotational connections between the atomic lattice and the nuclei within. If he ever over-rotated a cylinder too rapidly about a horizontal axis, it could acquire too much angular speed in nuclear-ground-states within. This would cause the nuclear-ground-states to locally acquire even more angular speed/energy from the ED.L. principle, which could partly destroy the "sweet" surrounding atomic lattice connections, as the rapidly rotating nuclear ground state locally gave up large amounts of its large acquired energy.
Magnetic Sprocket Wheel Overview. To extract power using ED.L. the father cylinder, the mother cylinder, and the daughter cylinder all needed to be rotationally connected with very low friction between them. Ed used magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels to connect those cylinders. See the interconnections of the magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels in Fig. 70. Fig. 70 shows a side view of the three magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels for ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The figure does not show the supporting non-ferromagnetic frame. Unlike Ed's compact and centered design, the father and mother cylinder could be kept whole (as seen in Fig. 69) if all the magnetic sprocket wheels (as seen from above in Fig. 69) are located on the ends of the three primary cylinders. There are various implementations of such. Ed apparently found it easier to deal with broken up cylinders and to keep them more centered about each other. If one wants Ed’s compact and nearly centered design, one could use Ed's configuration shown in Appendix D. There could be reasons for breaking up the father and mother cylinders into portions as Ed did. Breaking them up might both ease assembly/disassembly and cause the sprocket wheel pulls/pushes to be closer to the center of masses of the complete cylinders. That might be more convenient for Ed and might reduce some unnecessary torques in Ed’s holding frame.
Fig. 70. Sprocket wheels for ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Bearings. Ed used ordinary bearings say from truck axles, but if lower friction bearings (such as the Orffyrean roller bearing) are available, they should be used. It is especially important to use the lowest friction bearings for the daughter cylinder. The bearings must be capable of supporting massive loads.
Sprocket Wheel Magnets. Ed was limited in his choice of materials for the magnets used in the magnetic sprocket wheels. He got them out of old vehicles. I would think that we could now use wider and more powerful magnetic materials for the magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth. If the stray magnetic fields cannot be suppressed from the sprocket wheels, when using wider, more powerful magnets, then we would need to go back to alternating them as Ed did. No matter which width we use for the magnet teeth, we would need to add extra ferromagnetic materials prior to cementing the magnets in place, as Ed did, to reduce stray external magnetic fields.
Sprocket Wheel Preparations for Rotation. Ed prepared his magnetic sprocket wheels (providing large centripetal forces) so that the magnetic sprocket wheels could rotationally withstand large centrifugal forces associated with rapid rotations. See p. 27 of BEH for an example of how he provided extra support. He provided bolts supporting curved pieces of metal, providing extra mechanical support, to help the sprocket wheel withstand the forces that they would be subjected to when being rotated rapidly.
Son Connection. As shown in both Fig. 69 and Fig. 70, a chain connects the mother cylinder and the son cylinder using ordinary sprocket wheels. The son cylinder is used to deliver excess power externally so that the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders does not acquire too much rotational kinetic energy.
Here are basic constraints during use of the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. One should slowly build up rotational kinetic energy in the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The slight bends in both unsupported portions of the chain connecting the son cylinder need to change as smoothly as possible during the energy transition, from energy initialization to energy extraction. During the transition from the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders going from energy consumption to energy production in the daughter cylinder, jerks of the chains must be avoided, so as not to encourage rotational-connections with nuclear ground states that are rotating too rapidly, which can destroy lattice connections. As energy is acquired by the system, it needs to be gently expended to maintain just the right rotational input-output balance. The main idea is "gentle does it". Both the energy initialization and the energy extraction need to be gentle. Ed apparently indicated that during the approach of power production it is especially important to establish the correct associations of gently rotating nuclear ground states with the lattice. There are more details for the constraints of essential use in Appendix D.
I think that one should carefully study the normal Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, before attempting modern simplifications. If we know the sweet rotational properties of materials, we might apply some modern simplifications for collection of power from ED.L. We might in principle remove the low-friction moderating/extracting larger cylinders, if we can somehow regulate the low-friction stable supplying and extraction of rotational kinetic energy to/from the daughter cylinder. There must be very little inefficiency in any such process replacing the very efficient mechanical processes, within the ordinary Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The daughter cylinder must rotate at the rotationally correct speed or range of speeds. The daughter cylinder must not rotate too slowly so that the system does not rotationally die. The low-air-friction daughter cylinder must not rotate too rapidly so as to destroy sweetness, meaning effective lattice connections with the nuclei. For purposes of process stability, it would need prompt feedback on the angular speed controlling to keep it in the proper range and to keep change in angular speed as smooth as possible.
Using information from Orffyreus's little book and in ED.L.'s little book, versions of the encoded mechanical devices are described. The geometry for the Orffyrean roller bearing was provided. An attempt has been made for explaining how one could grow the very-low-friction Orffyrean roller bearings. The geometry/design and essential use of Leedskalnin's Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders was provided. Some modern simplifications were suggested for both devices.
See http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/CosmicRays.txt as of 30 Sep 2011 by Alden Park for an explanation of cosmic rays. Cosmic rays are extremely energetic particles that may be observed when they happen to collide with particles.
Speed of Light. A particle normally can have any speed, as long as it is less than the speed of light (in "pure" vacuum). I put "pure" in quote marks, since even out in space the vacuum is not perfectly devoid of all matter. What is the speed of light relative to? One could say that it is relative to the preponderance of matter it goes through. That could explain the results of the Michelson-Morley types of experiments, which found the speed of light (including using star light) to be a constant speed. In "vacuum", the speed of light is a constant with respect to (or relative to) the preponderance of local matter that it is going through. There is precedence for this idea, since light is well known to have reduced speeds when traveling through particular materials. That reduced speed could include any local collection of hydrogen out in such "space". Light encountering such hydrogen would slow down, as the light lingers slightly with each encounter.
The 1935 Hammar experiment could be explained by the light not going through the mass but rather inside the mass. Going through the inside of an empty pipe is quite different physically from going through a matter-filled pipe (consider the 1851 experiments by Fizeau of the relative speed of light in moving water and later experiments by others), where the speed of light in the material according to frequency would play a part. The preponderance of matter should be according to the local preponderance of mass directly present, not according to some distant surrounding mass of a pipe wall that the light never interacts with. Although it makes some sense of speaking about a local ether or aether far out in space that waves of light often propagate with respect to, I think it doesn't make any sense to speak of a single ether or an ether being dragged or an ether wind. All that matters with respect to the speed of light is the local preponderance of matter or the matter that the light most interacts with. Indeed, we commonly speak of an index of refraction of light, which is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a material. There is a lingering of light, as it passes through material. It is all because of discrete interactions. Light travels with speed according to the most interacting matter and if there is enough matter, it can be slowed down by excessive interaction with matter.
Does the preponderance of matter include fine fundamental matter present out in space? I suspect so. There may be a fine lingering of light as it passes through fine fundamental matter. Just because we cannot easily see fundamental charges (which could be called spirit matter), does not mean that such fundamental matter does not exist. Evidence for the Bessler principle should serve as evidence for the existence in ordinary matter of fundamental opposite charges (or spirit charges). Concentrations of fundamental matter should allow organization of ordinary matter (usually atoms of hydrogen I suspect) from them, which we can see with more usual observations, especially if they are collected in large enough clumps for our eyes to behold. By ordinary matter, I also mean "not antimatter". I think that antimatter would be organized opposite that of matter by all the fundamental charges being arranged completely opposite the arrangement in ordinary matter. Antimatter is extremely rare so it would almost never govern the speed of light (unless it was actually present).
More specifically, does the preponderance of matter include the prematter of space that has not yet come forth? I suspect so, since I imagine that light surely would travel through some very small portions of deep space that might not happen to contain any finest fundamental particles, since space is not completely filled with matter. As such light travels across such emptiness, I imagine that finest fundamental opposite charges instantaneously appear and disappear with the passage of the light through the prematter (of the Dirac sea). I suspect that the prematter of "pure" vacuum would have less effect on the speed of light than finest unorganized fundamental or spirit matter. Nonetheless, there is very much prematter locally present, whereas there may be very little unorganized finest fundamental or spirit matter locally present. I suspect that often the unorganized finest fundamental matter (by their formation from the prematter) and the prematter of space tend to have approximately the same average velocities, so the average velocity of one would tend to approximately be the average velocity of the other. Thus, the speed of light would be relative to one of them, assuming that the light is not going through much ordinary organized moving matter and thereby caused to linger a little longer in passing.
When we consider the preponderance of matter, I think that there is a hierarchy of matter to be considered, when we consider what the speed of light is relative to -- prematter, finest fundamental matter, and ordinary matter. All can be present but it is the particular interactions that govern the speed of light.
Calculations. I think that the “actual” formulas for the “speed” of light are not simple formulas based upon continuous media, etc. but rather come from discrete calculations. Smooth approximations of the speed of light can come from the discrete calculations. I think that it is a mistake to make continuous media types of assumptions up front in the calculations of the speed of light. The ordinary matter, finest fundamental matter, and prematter are all discrete so discrete calculations are required to more fully simulate the “actual” situations.
Though quite related, even more important than the speed of light to the acceleration of cosmic rays is the speed of gravity.
Speed of Gravitons. By considering light (or photons) and gravitons to be collections of electric fields traveling together, we can extend the discussion of the speed of light to one or more electric fields traveling together. These things should travel at the speed of light in vacuum relative to the preponderance of the matter that they go through or interact with the most. Far out in "empty" space, there would be a "local" frame in which gravitons travel in straight lines at the speed of light in pure vacuum. Is the speed of an unabsorbed graviton affected by the matter that it goes through without interacting? It might, if the graviton needs to somehow inefficiently evaluate whether it is to interact or not, but I suspect that the graviton is very little slowed down if it has any slowing down in going through ordinary matter.
What in the hierarchy of matter would the speed of the gravitons be with respect to? I suspect that their speed would be with respect to the matter that the gravitons interact with. I think that they do interact with the prematter, as I consider the two electric fields within each graviton as consisting of two waves of fundamental charges from the prematter (or Dirac sea) appearing and disappearing at the speed of light. It is not a case of the fundamental charges actually moving at the speed of light. Independent of what the stationary frame is precisely, the important point is that there is locally a stationary frame with respect to which the gravitons travel at the speed of "light" in "pure" vacuum. Part of the hierarchy may be ordinary matter and finest fundamental matter since gravitons are eventually absorbed by such and since there must be multi-electric-field-decisions made about whether or not the gravitons are to be absorbed by them. I don't think that gravitons have the same hierarchy for their speed, as the hierarchy for ordinary light, since their interactions with matter greatly differ. I think that they don’t have the same hierarchy, which includes percentages of dependence. I suspect that prematter has the greatest effect or percentage of dependence in the interactions of gravitons with matter types.
Stationary Particle. Consider placing a particle far out in open space, but stationary relative to the "local" frame (of the preponderance of greatest interacting matter) in which gravitons travel in straight lines at the speed of light. Suppose that the particle is not near any particular galaxy. With a roughly discrete isotropic distribution of surrounding distant visible and beyond-visible-range galaxies, there would reasonably be roughly a discrete isotropic distribution of directions from which gravitons attractively strike the particle. Given the great range of the gravitons, which is much greater than the range of visual light, there might be an even better assumption of the directions of the gravitons being discretely isotropic, assuming that the isotropic-discrete distribution of matter holds even further away. See Fig. 71 which tries to show that a stationary particle far out in space nearly discretely-isotropically receives attractive graviton strikes. Stationary might be defined by that preponderance of prematter that gravitons interact with, without being absorbed. The particle may be slightly jiggled around with time but it will tend to acquire very little speed in the process. It might initially be considered as a sort of random walk sort of process. Except for the slight random walking and drifting, the particle would approximately have only a slight speed, as little time passes. Over a very long time a large speed might be eventually acquired. That might be somewhat unlikely due to friction or the interaction with other particles. As a more likely situation, we may consider another particle that somehow happens to initially come along with a large speed.
Fig. 71. Stationary particle nearly isotropically receiving gravitons.
Moving Particle. Now consider a very rapidly moving particle at a similar location far out in space in a similar stationary frame of matter. In that stationary frame of matter the gravitons travel discretely-isotropically at the speed of light in straight lines. The motion of the gravitons is little governed by the solitary very rapidly moving particle. Fig. 72 suggests that the very rapidly moving particle moving with respect to that stationary frame far out in space asymmetrically receives more attractive graviton-strikes in its front than in its back. As long as the particle doesn't significantly collide with ordinary matter out in space, it will be caused (by absorptions of attractive gravitons) to move even more rapidly and acquire more kinetic energy in the direction that it was going in. The asymmetric absorption of gravitons is especially pronounced for particle speeds close to the speed of light. The largest speed particles especially acquire greater kinetic energy. The sideways strikes of the attractive gravitons tend to cancel out with respect to sideways motion.
Fig. 72. Moving particle asymmetrically receiving gravitons.
Origin of Most Energetic Cosmic Rays. That is an explanation of the origin of the most energetic cosmic rays. Greater energy cosmic rays would originate from lower energy cosmic rays, after being asymmetrically provided with extra kinetic energy from gravity. It depends upon a reasonable assumption of the background distribution of gravitons being approximately discretely isotropic with respect to direction, in the locally stationary frame of the preponderance of prematter. If a cosmic ray happens to pass near a galaxy, there will be a skewing of the distribution, as it approaches the galaxy, and a further skewing, as it departs from the galaxy. That may cause the cosmic ray to slightly change direction, but the directional change may be quite small for the most energetic cosmic rays. The largest energy cosmic rays would only be limited in energy according to the possibility of loss of energy during collision with ordinary matter. There might be somewhat of a kinetic energy reduction due to many collisions with finest fundamental charges but such an effect would need to be simulated. The kinetic energies for an individual large speed particle can increase by it having many more absorptions of attractive gravitons "head-on" than "tail-on".
See Fig. 73 which figure may be seen on the back cover of the book, with the particle colored. The figure concentrates on just the front and rear directions. Cosmic rays increase in kinetic energy by there being more attractive absorptions of gravitons in front than from behind (or from the rear). The head-on attractive absorptions are from the front. The tail-on absorptions are from behind. The more speed the cosmic ray (particle) has means the more attractive gravitons it will receive in the front compared with the attractive gravitons received in the back. The more received in front than in back means more speed will be acquired, until the particle overwhelmingly runs into some ordinary matter and loses kinetic energy. The directions, of the arrows in Fig. 73, have significance. The lengths of the arrows are also significant. The lengths of the arrows suggest that, in the frame of the stationary preponderance of most interacting fundamental matter, the constant speed gravitons are traveling somewhat faster than the cosmic ray (particle). The most energetic cosmic rays travel nearly the speed of light in "complete" vacuum. In the frame of the cosmic ray particle, the many attractively absorbed gravitons approaching from the front are traveling at nearly twice the speed of light. The few attractive gravitons approaching from the rear are slowly traveling in the frame of the cosmic ray.
Fig. 73. More attractive absorptions of gravitons in front.
Some Assumptions for Cosmic Ray Explanation. We have been assuming that a graviton would be attractive, when absorbed in matter. That is a standard observation or assumption with respect to gravity, which holds even if the particle is moving. Gravity absorption evidence has been observed during total solar eclipses, as we saw examples of in Chapter 1. As discussed in Chapter 2, a graviton could be considered to be composed of discrete electric fields from two opposite electric fields traveling precisely together. I tried to depict such opposite electric fields in Fig. 73. Maybe I should have depicted the opposite electric fields with much more overlap of each other, but then it would have been hard to see them in the figure. The gravitons travel in straight lines at the speed of light with respect to the frame containing the preponderance of most interacting-matter. Such a quantum graviton would be attractive, as both of the two discrete electric fields within it would upon absorption each need to be attractively absorbed by the opposite fundamental charge from which the discrete electric field originated. The Bessler principle provides evidence for such an assumption. Gravity is so well known to be attractive, that such an assumption might not even need to be considered as much of an assumption. A cosmic ray particle traveling by itself would not constitute the preponderance of matter most interacting with gravitons coming to it and so would not govern the speed of gravitons that approach it.
No Simpler Explanation. I am currently unaware of a simpler explanation for the origin of the most energetic cosmic rays. That explanation could be simply stated as the following. Cosmic rays can increase in kinetic energy over long periods of time by their tending to preferentially absorb many more attractive gravitons in front than from behind and especially for the largest speed particles (cosmic rays).
The speed of a graviton in vacuum might be slightly greater than the speed of light in vacuum, if there is less interaction of a graviton with the matter located in space than for light. A photon of starlight traveling in vacuum could consist of waves of many finest fundamental particles appearing and disappearing at the speed of light, because of the presence of the many other discrete fundamental electric fields in the photon. There are different amounts of vacuums in different locations. Even further out away from galaxies, there are still finest fundamental opposite charges out in the so called vacuum of space.
Ordering by Entity Interaction. I might suppose, with the same amount of matter being present, the following entities have increasing interaction with ordinary matter: (1) a graviton (consisting of two fundamental electric fields traveling precisely together from opposite discrete fundamental charges), (2) a neutrino (consisting of many fewer discrete fundamental electric fields than a photon but more than a graviton), and (3) a photon (consisting of large numbers of discrete fundamental electric fields). Photons could linger around matter for a short time and so be effectively slowed down the most by interactions with ordinary matter. The order according to transit speed would be opposite the order according to interaction. The same ordering relationships may also apply with respect to only traveling through finest fundamental matter. I would suppose that for interaction with respect to only pure prematter (or purest vacuum of space), all three entities would travel at the speed of light, since there would neither be any extra interaction with ordinary matter nor finest fundamental matter.
Absorption of Electric Fields. Energy is never conserved when a fundamental charge absorbs a single discrete fundamental electric field. Asymmetric acceleration of cosmic ray particles by gravity is akin to the idea of perpetual motion by providing energy from the energetic two discrete electric field parts of the attractive graviton. Newton was getting closer to considering how a perpetual motion device could be made by considering that gravity shadowing could in principle be used to create a perpetual motion device (Fig. 3) but with the gravity shadowing needing to be from below). If the gravitons can't catch up to a particle, it is somewhat like a partial shadowing of gravity coming from that rear direction, in the reference frame of the particle. Any wheel rotating about a horizontal axis also creates a partial shadowing of gravity on one side and an enhancement of gravity on the other side. Still, that enhancement or dis-enhancement subtlety is not quite the Bessler principle, since the Bessler principle is a stronger effect that works with all absorptions of gravity. The Bessler principle proper is not based on percentages of gravity being received. Maybe a little elaboration will make the point better.
Negligible Cosmic Ray Effect for Wheels. There is a very slight perpetual motion effect in a wheel turning about a horizontal axis, similar to cosmic ray acceleration, in that the downward moving particles of the wheel receive more attractive gravitons than the particles when they are moving upward on the other side of the wheel. For the small relative speeds of the sides of an ordinary rotating wheel relative to the speed of a graviton, that cosmic ray-like effect is negligible compared to the effect from the Bessler principle.
Newton was close in his gravity analysis but he was a little off the mark. He reasonably neglected to consider that gravity itself could be composed of two parts. All gravitons are shadowed or absorbed when they attractively act on matter, but the two parts of the absorption need not be simultaneous. The non-simultaneity of the absorptions of the two parts of gravity is principally how gravity preferentially transfers rotational kinetic energy to rotating matter (according to the Bessler principle). The faster the matter rotates initially about a horizontal axis means that more rotational kinetic energy is transferred to the matter by the energetic two-part gravitons. The energy acquisition process is limited by rotational friction, which removes rotational kinetic energy from the rotating matter. One can ask if there is a rotational bias for cosmic rays because of the Bessler principle.
No Preferred Rotational Direction for Cosmic Rays. The particles within cosmic rays would receive increasing angular speed about an axis, according to the Bessler principle, if there is a direction that receives more gravitons in both that direction and its opposite direction, than in any other direction and its opposite direction. One can imagine a horizontal axis through the particle in Fig. 73, according to the asymmetry of received gravitons. There are an increased number of gravitons coming from below but there are fewer gravitons coming from above so there is no direction receiving more gravitons in both its directions.
Let us show that with some quick estimations, using Galilean relativity in the frame in which the gravitons travel with speed c. We can imagine an initially stationary particle as having dimensions approximately D by D by D. Suppose that there is a density of d absorbable gravitons per unit volume traveling at speed c in a particular direction toward the particle. Suppose all directions far from galaxies have approximately that same value. During time t there are DDctd gravitons in a box of volume DDct that are heading in a particular direction toward the particle. Thus DDctd gravitons head orthogonally toward a face of the particle of area DD for a time t would strike a stationary particle on a face. For that direction and the opposite direction there would be 2DDctd gravitons attractively striking that particle in time t with the gravitons going in that direction or the opposite direction. Now if the particle is moving with speed v in one direction orthogonal to its face, then in time t there would be DD(c+v)td striking head on and DD(c-v)td striking rear on for a total of DD(c+v)td + DD(c-v)td = 2DDctd striking in the head on or rear direction. That is the same as for the stationary particle. That is also the same as the number striking from a side or DD(c+0)td + DD(c-0)td = 2DDctd. For those cases, that is what we were trying to show.
There is no total directional bias with respect to the Bessler principle for cosmic rays. From that analysis, one cannot say that cosmic rays preferentially internally rotate about any particular axis, because of the Bessler principle. There is no more of an internal rotational bias than for a stationary particle, resting far out in space between galaxies. That is not to say that a stationary particle cannot rotate out in space by the cosmic ray effect, since it can so acquire rotations due to the differences in the internal speeds. I think it would be a weak effect. The Bessler principle would also increase rotations about a prior axis of rotation, for a stationary particle far out in space. I think it would also be a weak effect. Those comments about locally increasing internal rotations for stationary particles far out in space are according to a simple Galilean analysis. With those weak effects, why would the internal angular speeds for such particles not just keep increasing? I think it is because of things like friction and the particles radiating.
One could redo the comments with more detailed relativistic analyses, not using the Lorentz transformation coming from an incorrect assumption of Maxwell's field equations but rather the Galilean transformation coming from the more accurate Hertz field equations. See "Hertzian Electromagnetism" pp. 101-144 of Thomas Phipps' 1986 book, "Heretical Verities: Mathematical Themes in Physical Description". It should be pointed out that the more correct Hertz field equations still lack the necessary terms associated with discrete electric field absorption. Those absorptions are required to create "forces" on the charges. I won’t do new analyses for pairs of attractive discrete electric fields operating on rotating particles far out in space, since they are virtually identical to analyses elsewhere in this book (sources of power for Bessler principle and cosmic rays).
I think that Bessler figured out what was basically going on with respect to gravity. Newton was trying hard to figure out Bessler's wheel's behavior with respect to gravity. Newton was in part exploring the subtleties of gravity acting upon matter, as affected by geometries and dynamics of other matter. One can see on p. 14 of PM97 that Newton wrote something like my following transcription. "Try whither ye weight of a body may be altered by heats or cold by dilation or condensation, beating & powdering, transferring to several places or seveal heights or placing a ligt. or heavy body over it or under it or by precessing magnetisms. Whither bende or its Just spread abroade. Whither a plate flat ways or edg ways is heaviest. Whither ye rays of gravity may bee stopped by refecting or refracting ym, if so a per petuall motion may bee made one of these two ways. The gravity of bodys is as their solidity, because all bodys descend equall spaces in equall times consideration being had to the Resistance of ye airs be" One of Newton's diagrams showed a box-like object placed above half a wheel rotating about a horizontal axis, as I tried to indicate in Fig. 3.
In Newton's statement, he got as far as figuring out that a perpetual motion device using gravity might either be based upon discrete gravity rays being reflected or refracted or absorbed, but he was apparently slightly off the mark. Newton seemed to be looking for a macroscopic effect related to gravity. At least to Newton's credit, he considered that gravity might be made up of discontinuous rays, but he apparently didn't consider the sub-sub-microscopic effect of them stopping by a two-part attractive absorption process often with slight time delays between the two absorption parts. Newton didn't realize that Bessler's very-low friction mechanical bearing allowed the Bessler principle to be easily observed in Bessler's rotating wheels.
I think that the correct response to one of Newton's considerations is that the plate is generally very slightly heavier flat-wise because edge-wise it absorbs more gravitons coming from below, which gravitons would no longer be available to be absorbed by the matter at the top of the plate placed on its edge. Though we may not be able to measure such a fine effect yet, we are able to measure gravity absorption during a total solar eclipse, which means that the earth would be then slightly lighter or rather less pulled upon by the gravitons coming from the sun. Those gravitons (coming from the sun) used up in attractive pulling on the moon would not be available to possible attractively pull on the earth.
Cosmic Rays Probe. The most energetic cosmic rays (or rapidly moving particles) serve as tell-tale probes that give much information from beyond the typically considered observable universe. These cosmic rays speak of their origin as moving particles. Such originating particles began acquiring energy in their cosmic accelerator, as they began to move toward us from extremely far away. These cosmic rays speak of approximately “isotropic” distributions of gravitons at such an extreme distance away from us. They speak of a much different view of the universe than we previously were popularly given. Why was that so? I think the subject of the most energetic cosmic rays was treated as a mystery that could not be explained. The cosmic rays can easily be explained but we must carefully consider such simple situations/explanations. Cosmic rays are virtually unbounded in their maximum kinetic energies (though the largest energies are especially rare as they have needed to have survived very long acceleration distances without collisions). Unbounded energies of the cosmic rays do not make sense with respect to a bounded universe, but they do make perfect sense with respect to an unbounded or infinite universe.
Universe Much Larger Than Observable Distances. The largest energy cosmic ray data suggest that they originate at distances many times the extent of our "observable" universe, so that they can acquire such large kinetic energies. The sources of such particles do not correspond to normally observable bodies. They are truly cosmic. There is insufficient kinetic energy gained for them to be coming from normally observable sources in our universe.
Matter Prevalent Beyond Observable Distances. The most energetic cosmic rays, being normal matter rather than antimatter, would constitute evidence that the type of matter, where they originate, is the normal type of matter rather than antimatter. What is the evidence for that? Here is weak evidence. It is weak because galaxies are typically greatly separated. We do not see vast numbers of gamma rays coming from far beyond. That indicates that the matter and antimatter are not coming into contact at supposed boundaries between matter-dominated and antimatter-dominated regions. Upon contact they are not forming gamma rays, as they annihilate each other. Since the most energetic cosmic ray particles originate far beyond normally observable distances, this means that ordinary matter is the type of matter located far beyond normal observable distances. We are not seeing an essential stopping of cosmic rays from particular directions. More importantly, as stronger evidence, we are not seeing the most energetic cosmic rays composed of antimatter and these nonexistent cosmic rays are not coming from special directions. The cosmic rays originate very far away principally from matter rather than from antimatter.
Hydrogen Atoms Organized by God. One might complain, when I say that the hydrogen atoms are organized, according to matter, by God, rather than according to antimatter. There should be fewer complaints about the evidence of matter being present very far away (rather than antimatter) for the vast distances of origins of the highest energy cosmic rays. We just don't see large numbers of gamma rays coming from their annihilations. We just don't experience torrential rains of deadly gamma rays continually coming from all or some directions, as we would see if there were cosmic indecision between formation of antimatter and matter. Also I think that cosmic rays of antimatter or antimatter would tend to be annihilated relatively early in their cosmic origin, if there were any confusion about formation of matter types. For example, protons and antiprotons would have opposite charges so that they would be more likely to attractively collide and annihilate than protons colliding with protons, which with the same charge signs are repulsive and more likely to miss hitting each other. I think that the cosmic rays coming from extremely far away are composed of matter rather than antimatter. Jesus Christ “created the heavens and the earth, and all things that in them are.” as we see in 3 Nephi 9:15 or Mormon 9:11 (or similar messages in 2 Nephi 2:14; Mosiah 4:2; Colossians 1:16). He created all these things. In turn, all these things, through the symbols therefrom of two-part gravitons, bear continual testimony of Jesus Christ. The finest fundamental spirit matter in obedience to God forms into matter rather than antimatter. God is not cosmically indecisive. We must not think of these things in a limited fashion. We as well as our Lord Jesus Christ have a Heavenly Father of our spirits. Yet our Heavenly Father has a Heavenly Father, who has many other spirit children. Heavenly Father’s Heavenly Father has a Heavenly Father, who also has many other spirit children, with that process never ending as we go backward in time or never ending as we go backward in such relationships.
The most energetic cosmic rays are tiny ancient visitors from extremely far beyond. The largest energy cosmic rays have a discretely isotropic distribution as viewed from this earth. They come from all directions, except from directions blocked by the presence of a large enough body that would have stopped them. Far out in "open" space, the somewhat isotropic universal discrete distribution of gravitons provides increased energy for energetic cosmic rays, by particles preferentially absorbing attractive gravitons in front of them, rather than behind them. I think that the highest-energy nearly-isotropic-matter cosmic rays provide strong evidence that extremely distant regions of the universe are almost exclusively made of matter rather than antimatter.
Shed Shackles of Energy Bondage. We should not be tied down in bondage to a belief in conservation of energy, but rather we should form beliefs from the actual data. We should not ignore the actual data so as to cling to an outdated, though engineering-often-useful belief in an absolute conservation of energy.
Energy Not Conserved. A conservation of energy law fails as the Bessler principle is understood to be correct. On a finest scale, energy is never conserved, when each fundamental charge absorbs a discrete electric field. While that finest scale testing is difficult to do without ultra-fine probes, the Bessler principle on a macroscopic scale can and should be tested. All indications, from accumulated tests and observations, are that the Bessler principle is a correct principle. This means that conservation of energy fails as a law.
Failure of Second Law of Thermodynamics. As conservation of energy fails, so too fails the second law of thermodynamics, which is directly dependent upon an assumed conservation of energy idea. There are many implications associated with the failure of the second law of thermodynamics. Maybe a better name for it would be the second approximation of thermodynamics, as the Bessler principle can cause the second law of thermodynamics to only be approximately correct. The universe will never die a heat death based upon a flawed second law of thermodynamics. In such universally significant cases as the solar photosphere, the solar corona, and much available matter found in open space, the second law of thermodynamics fails miserably.
Dark Matter Available in Open Space. There is much "dark" matter available out in open space. This abundant matter could be called dark, since the hydrogen portion of it absorbs or reflects photons coming from far beyond. That causes it to be dark at night. With more penetrating observation techniques that can "see" through the "dark" matter, this makes previously obscured things viewable that were further away. Obscured further away sources of visible radiation would not be visible because of the dark matter. Being able to penetrate through the dark matter, makes it clearer that there was much obscuring "dark" matter that was penetrated. So how did all this dark matter come into being? With the observed portion of the universe expanding, this dark matter would become rarer with time, if there is not some means for it being formed. Such formed matter would be new. We don't need to be constrained in our thinking about the formation of dark matter by an incorrect conservation of energy idea.
New Matter. What is out in so called empty space that could allow for the formation of new matter? There are plenty of photons (i.e. packets of light) and energetic gravitons out there. There are also many discrete electric fields that are there, until they are absorbed. The energetic gravitons (and discrete energetic electric fields) could be supplying energy for the formation of new fundamental matter but how could the gravitons be absorbed to form new matter?
Light Absorbs Gravity. Gravity can attractively pull on light so as to change its direction. Gravity can make light slightly change its course. Light going up out of a source of gravity can have its frequency and energy decreased. Light going down into a source of gravity can have its frequency and energy increased. These observations are evidence that somehow gravity or rather discrete gravitons can be absorbed by light.
Light Absorbs Two-part Gravitons. As evidenced by the Bessler principle, gravitons are composed of two discrete electric fields, which two discrete electric fields originated from two opposite finest fundamental charges. The discrete electric fields in gravitons originate from fundamental charges and travel until they eventually are attractively absorbed by fundamental charges. That likely means that there are somehow two opposite fundamental charges somehow temporarily associated with or within light that can absorb the two opposite discrete electric fields, which compose a graviton. That can occur if light or rather a photon is a large organized collection of opposite charges moving as a wave at the speed of light. The charges are themselves not moving at the speed of light. Instead, fundamental charges could typically momentarily appear for an instant and then disappear without themselves ordinarily actually moving within light. That idea could explain how gravity could interact with light.
Energetic Gravitons Provide Energy for New Matter from Light. From the Bessler principle we know that gravitons can provide small amounts of energy. Might not a graviton pull down on two opposite fundamental charges instantaneously appearing within light and in the process provide them with enough energy so that they do not disappear, but remain after the photon has passed? I think so. The newly remaining fundamental charges might also be given a very slight amount of motion during their formation. Very slightly moving/moved fundamental charges could very slightly influence the frequency, energy, and motion of the surrounding light packet. If such were the case, I think that might qualitatively account for the observed effects of gravity on light.
New Fundamental Matter from Gravitons. It would seem that with the assistance of energetic two-part gravitons, much new fundamental matter is being produced in this continually-expanding universe. The energetic gravitons can pull down on temporarily available opposite fundamental charges present in photons. After the photon passes by, the fundamental opposite charges remain behind.
Formation of New Dark Matter. With sufficient collections of the fundamental opposite charges, they can condense to form stable collections of larger scale ordinary matter. Hydrogen atoms (each composed of a compact-massive proton-nucleus and a light electron cloud outside it) being the simplest atom, would be the most reasonable candidates for these larger scale collections of new matter. This could help explain the very large amounts of spread out "dark" matter that are present far out in space. This would somewhat explain where this cold dark matter came from. Hydrogen is also apparently the initially most common element found, prior to further processing. If we are not bound down to a belief in conservation of energy, then it can be understood to be new matter. If the fundamental matter had been waiting for a prior eternity to come forth we might not want to call such matter “new”. Still it is simplest to call them “new” and any newly formed hydrogen atoms “new”. As the observed universe is expanding, the dark matter need not be getting more rarified with time, but new matter is coming into being so as to somewhat maintain concentrations of the dark matter. This would mean that the universe though observed to be expanding is being replenished with much new matter.
Much Dark Matter in Space Suggests Two-part Gravitons. Alternatively, almost using some inverted logic from many prior observations, the presence of large amounts of dark-cold matter, replenished and coming from fine opposite charges, in space may suggest that the graviton has two parts. We have already been considering such an idea through discussion of the Bessler principle. The inverted logic is not very complete, since for example new matter could also arise from pull-downs or push-ups of fundamental charges in light by some discrete-individual-electric fields. The percentage of new matter from individual electric fields is not clear to me, but I suspect it is small. Unlike gravity, the individual electric fields from opposite charges tend to not change the average motion of light.
Non-conservation of Energy on the Earth and in the Cosmos. Neither the earth nor the cosmos are constrained by energy conservation. Energy is not conserved during the absorption of discrete gravitons. The Bessler principle, as applied to rotational kinetic energy, provides examples of the non-conservation of energy both on the earth and in the cosmos. The acquisition of energy by cosmic ray particles by the absorption of gravitons is another example of the non-conservation of energy in the cosmos. The formation of new fundamental charge matter within photons, during absorption of gravitons, would be yet another example of the non-conservation of energy in the cosmos.
The term cosmology refers to the study of the universe and in particular how it has developed. With interpolations from cosmic ray probes and with inferences from the scriptures, this cosmology section attempts to address some structure far beyond the limits of normal sensors. The scriptures suggest that our universe is infinite in all directions. Even without the scriptures, the data from our increasingly-greater-range sensors suggests that our entire universe is larger than those extreme distances.
No Gravity Collapsing Pressure on Galaxies. We can assume that there is no collapsing pressure between galaxies because of the nearly isotropic absorption, in each galaxy, of gravitons coming from far away galaxies of our infinite universe. This assumption means that, due to gravitons coming from all directions nearly equally, a well-separated galaxy is effectively not pulled as a whole toward any other particular far away galaxy. That assumption holds for the gravitons absorbed by our galaxy coming from other far-away galaxies that we can see visually, since those visible other-galaxies are distributed nearly equally-discretely in all directions. I am ignoring, for now, the collapsing pressures due to nearby galaxies. Because gravity has a far longer range than light, then the only question with respect to the validity of our primary assumption is with respect to the distribution of galaxies beyond visual range. We can get some important clues with respect to the validity of that assumption by consideration of cosmic rays.
Universally Isotropic Graviton Distribution. A universally discretely-isotropic distribution of background gravitons would explain the largest energy cosmic rays (particles) coming from very far away. That such rays come from so far away speaks of there being particles very far away. Cosmic rays can't be accelerated towards us unless very far away there are initially particles moving in towards us (relative to the predominant masses in their local surroundings). The largest observed energies of the cosmic rays are about 10,000,000 times larger than can be produced by accelerators here upon the earth. We can take as a given that cosmic rays have attained such large energies. This suggests (but doesn’t prove) that at such distant locations the cosmic rays may experience nearly isotropic graviton distributions there (with respect to the predominately stationary masses there). Such isotropic distributions of gravitons might be necessary that the cosmic acceleration process works everywhere in all directions about us. Though the argument is somewhat a circular argument, it is a self-consistent argument. We can somewhat loosely conclude, through the circular reasoning, that far away the isotropic graviton distribution is isotropic. Let's try to reason out this situation from another perspective.
Empty Space Far Beyond Is Nonsensical. One could try to come up with a separate explanation (for the huge energy cosmic rays being accelerated) based on space being devoid of matter far beyond except for gravitons traveling outward. Such an alternative explanation doesn't make sense, in that if there is no matter far beyond some cosmic curtain, then there is no matter initially coming inward (far out there in some direction) that can be given such cosmic accelerations. In all directions, the extreme energy cosmic rays appear to have no fixed bounds in their energies. These extreme energy cosmic rays only appear to be bounded by their likelihood of occurrence. We just need to wait sufficiently long for it to be likely that we observe the energies of the cosmic rays that we are interested in. Such extreme energy cosmic rays require truly cosmic size accelerators, so as to accelerate the particles over vast distances. Fixed size accelerators just will not produce such unbounded energy cosmic rays. A fixed size universe could not produce unbounded energy cosmic rays.
Empty space far beyond is nonsensical in that it does not allow enough time for the cosmic rays to acquire enough kinetic energy on their journey along the cosmic distances of their origin to their being observed here.
Visible Evidence of Galaxies Continuing. The "visible" evidence is against galaxies or matter failing to exist far away. The better we are able to view (with improved technology); the better is the evidence that there are galaxies at the furthest viewable distances. I have heard that there are estimated to be 200*109 galaxies in the observable universe. I think that such estimates would need to be greatly increased, if we include information indirectly available regarding the largest cosmic ray energies, with an understanding of how the cosmic rays are formed.
Largest Cosmic Ray Energies and Universe Extent Not Biased. If the universe were actually finite or the matter bounded within some radius about a point, what is the likelihood of our happening to be in the "exact" center of such a universe? If we were not at the center then there would be a preference or bias for the most energetic cosmic rays coming from some direction. Such a direction preference is not observed for the most energetic cosmic rays. In a truly infinite size universe any particular point would be just as likely to be considered the center of the universe.
No Preferential Galaxy Clumping. As our sensor capabilities increase, there is no evidence at all that there is any particular direction of greatest local clumping of galaxies. We don't "see" other galaxies beyond where we see them in the blackness of the night sky, because of the presence of much obscuring matter that limits our ability to see far beyond the much obscuring matter. As we gain more penetrating views into the cosmos, they confirm the idea that there continues to be galaxies in all directions, without any particular direction being favored. There is no evidence that the galaxies are bounded within some particularly large radius, about some point in the universe. We appear to be bound by our sensory capabilities rather than by our running out of galaxies to be observed.
Universal Distribution Assumptions Make Sense. The only assumptions that make sense are universal discretely-isotropic distributions of gravitons and universal discretely-isotropic distributions of the largest energy cosmic rays. Any perceived clumping would be of a random nature rather than of a biased nature.
No Photon Expansion Pressure from Galaxies. The photon distribution from other galaxies is nearly isotropic. There is little or no pressure from photons absorbed from other galaxies causing galaxies to be pushed away from other distant galaxies. We could assume that this situation extends to galaxies far beyond what we can see. Beyond the visual range of a galaxy (as light is blocked by part of the new dark matter), the distribution of photons potentially hitting the galaxy should have no effect on moving the galaxy, because the previously absorbed photons would not be later absorbed by the galaxy.
Universal Expansion. All the galaxies in the infinite universe could be assumed to be set on courses according to some universal linear “local” expansion rate. They would neither be much influenced by the gravitons nor the photons from other galaxies. That would allow a universal expansion rate to be possible. Such a thing is possible in a truly infinite universe. As curious as that may seem, as we acquire more data, it seems to support the idea of a universe without any particular limiting or bounding size. All the galaxies seem to be set on courses of expansion. From their steady course, the centers of galaxies are neither appreciably deflected by absorbed gravitons nor appreciably deflected by absorbed photons.
Densities. A universally locally expanding infinite universe without new matter coming into being would attain steadily decreasing densities, meaning decreasing matter per unit large volume. These steadily decreasing densities do not occur, as new matter does come into being, as the two parts of gravitons pull down on the temporarily appearing opposite charges in starlight. I think that the matter per very large unit volume stays roughly constant with time. It doesn’t increase with time.
New Space. New matter coming into being associated with an approximate constant density assumption over very large volumes (in the everywhere expanding infinite universe) suggests to me that new space is somehow coming into being. I think that new matter and new space come into being simultaneously with the birth of the new fundamental matter. I think that the universe is everywhere expanding because everywhere, as new fundamental matter is coming into being, it brings new space along with it, in addition to the new mass. These may be difficult concepts to fathom, but if they are consistent with the evidences and observed data, then we should begin to consider such curious concepts. Such concepts are difficult to reconcile with our earthly experiences. I suspect that the new local density (mass/volume) of the tiny new fundamental matter is the same as the universal approximate constant density (mass/volume) over very large volumes (approximated say in a sphere centered about a random location with a radius at least large enough so that it is half way between just containing 13 and 14 galaxies, though a much larger radii would be preferable). The densities over such very large volumes should be instantaneous but the clues (we receive about such densities) are extremely old. These ideas must be appropriately reconciled say by using reliable models, including formation and growth of new galaxies. I suppose that the new space is the actual root cause of the mysterious so-called “dark energy”. I think that the dark energy though apparently “detected” through observations and models would not otherwise have another reasonable explanation.
Here is an example reference to the idea of new space coming into being. In Curious Folks Ask 2: 188 Real Answers on Our Fellow Creatures, Our Planet, and Beyond. by Sherry Seethaler (2011) within Chapter 8 "Far Out", Section "Einstein didn't lie" it said, "Distant galaxies are not zooming through space. They are receding from us (or us from them, depending on one's perspective) because space itself is expanding."
The Cosmic Future. We can consider the viewed or observed portion of the universe as a giant ball or sphere. We might roughly consider the complete universe as an infinite collection of similar close-packed balls. There are 12 other balls just touching any particular ball. A line or rather ray in any direction would go through (or be close to) an infinite number of such balls. The balls all expand at about the same local expansion rate, U, according to Eq. 11.1, where r is a ball radius, dr is an increase in the ball radius, and dt is an increase in time. The local expansion rate might be approximately the local expansion rate of our observed universe. The relationships between such balls would be maintained as they become enormous balls to later be filled with many such new balls. The growth of the ball radii, in Eq. 11.1, would be exponential or akin to an explosive rate of growth of radius.
(11.1) dr = Urdt
Infinite Size Universe. As evidence that the universe is truly infinite in size, with mass in far distant locations not visible to observers on earth, again consider the cosmic rays (again meaning very rapidly moving particles). Again see the back cover upper left portion or see Fig. 73. The cosmic rays (as previously discussed in more detail above in Chapter 10) speak of some particles existing very far away. They would need to be very far away so there is sufficient distance for them to acquire sufficient energy by the cosmic gravitational accelerator. Their acquisition of sufficient kinetic energy assumes that they do not run into something and lose all their kinetic energies. If one plots the cosmic ray acquired kinetic energies versus the intensities of occurrence, the kinetic energies apparently have no bounds (that they cannot go beyond). The URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray provides an example of the energy spectrum for cosmic rays. The largest energy cosmic rays appear to only be constrained by their small intensities or small likelihood of occurrence.
Simple Linear Expansion Calculation. Suppose that, in some units, there were galaxies with their centers located at integer coordinates locations, i, where i is an integer (... -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 ...). Suppose that we wait long enough so that the local linear expansion has allowed all those original galaxies to expand until they have expanded by a factor of 1000. Then they would be located at center locations 1000i or at locations (... -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 ...). All the original galaxy centers are still there. They are just located at different locations that are now spread out. Where there was once room for only one galaxy in one dimension, there would then be room for 1000 total galaxies. With new galaxies being formed so that there is one galaxy center at each integer location, i, we could say that there are 1000 times as many galaxies on that line. With the new galaxies we could say that there are galaxy centers at all integer locations or (... -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 ...). If there were an infinite number of galaxies on that line before the expansion, then after the expansion and formation of the many new galaxies, there would still be an infinite number of galaxies on the line.
Universal Expansion. Though obviously not in the shown regular pattern, Fig. 74 and Fig. 75 denote the universal expansion of the centers of prior galaxy centers in a finite portion of a two-dimensional cross-section of infinite space. Fig. 74 shows an example arrangement (not close packed) of centers of galaxies, prior to expansion. Actual galaxies are not in this simple pattern. Fig. 75 shows the example arrangement of centers of galaxies, after expansion. Given time, there is room for many new galaxies to come into being between the old galaxy centers.
Fig. 74. Example galaxy centers, prior to expansion.
Fig. 75. Example galaxy centers, after expansion.
Cosmic Universal Expansion. The Fig. 76 and the Fig. 77 attempt to depict the infinite universe as consisting of infinitely many portions that are all expanding. Fig. 76 depicts an initial portion of unconstrained space. All regions of matter in unconstrained space may expand and maintain spatial relationships, since all the close packed balls should expand. One of the balls or spheres could represent the currently visible portion of our infinite universe. Fig. 77 depicts the portion of unconstrained space after some expansion. As infinite space is unconstrained, all regions containing matter space expand with time, while still maintaining prior spatial relationships. Vast portions of our previously visible universe slip into darkness or effective invisibility, while still using the prior viewing methods.
Fig. 76. An initial portion of unconstrained space.
Fig. 77. The portion of unconstrained space after some expansion.
Though not depicted well by the figures, each galaxy is isotropically bathed by gravitons. That is each galaxy receives gravitons nearly equally from all directions. There is effectively no preferred gravitational attraction toward any distant galaxy (seen or unseen). Also, each galaxy nearly isotropically absorbs photons from all directions associated with visible distant galaxies. There is little further expansion propulsion by absorbed photons from distant galaxies to markedly change the course. The expansion course that each galaxy has embarked upon may be essentially maintained. The centers of the galaxies are all expanding and may continue to expand with respect to each other. One might suppose that they tend to expand at a common or linear universal expansion rate of U. See Eq. 11.2. A universal contraction of galaxies (U<0) would be disastrous and would not agree with observed expansions. Universal static velocities of galaxies (U=0) would agree with the cosmic ray clues but would not agree with observed expansions. A cosmic universal expansion rate (U>0) would agree with the cosmic ray clues and would agree with observed expansions of galaxies. A value for U might simply be the Hubble constant, but U would need to be valid for the most distant situations. Locally the larger the radius means there is more space for linear insertion of new fundamental matter along with the new space corresponding to the inserted fundamental matter. The Eq. 11.2 would suggest exponential expansion of the radius, r of the portions, where r is proportional to eUt and where t is the time.
(11.2) (dr/dt) = Ur
Again Universal Expansion. Here is one last similar argument for universal expansion. If there is an infinite universe, why should we assume that the universal expansion parameters are markedly different than the predominant expansion parameters that apply to the most distant expansions (in all directions) that we observe? I think that they should be quite comparable, as they appear to be. In particular, we should expect that the complete infinite universe is expanding since our most completely viewed universe is observed to be expanding. With our modelling, we must account for the information we observe as being extremely old.
Galaxy Collision. I suspect that any data somewhat showing that any galaxy is on a head-on collision course with our galaxy will eventually be shown not to be correct. We should recall that any data that we see of velocities from a large number of light-years away is extremely old data, and should be subject to very careful scrutiny. A light-year is the distance that light would travel in one year. It is likely the case that the front or nearest most-visible portions, of a close neighboring galaxy, would be moving towards us more rapidly than the center of that neighboring galaxy. That would be the situation associated with a close neighboring galaxy expanding, so that all portions asymptotically head toward a constant universal expansion rate of U. A slight error in the measurement of the speed of those most-visible portions of another galaxy could create an incorrect projected time for collision. It in actuality might be a nearly zero velocity of a neighboring galaxy approaching. Also with new intermediate matter and new intermediate space coming into being between galaxies, the flawed projected estimates of collision time may be greatly off, if the new spatial expansion is neglected in the calculations.
The Internet currently suggests that in 4*109 or 5*109 years that the neighboring Andromeda galaxy will collide with our Milky Way galaxy. See, for example, references within http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_collision. I would not get too worried about such "collisions" especially if the net effect of such near misses is to spread out the stars in them. I think that there is a big difference between a head-on collision of galaxies and a near miss of two galaxies that serves a beneficial purpose of helping both galaxies spread out their stars. It is my personal belief that if God wants to avoid the collision of two galaxies, God has sufficient power to so avoid it. One might need to wait a long time to obtain proof or disproof of that idea. For some discussion related to God apparently altering the absorption of gravity by bodies containing matter, see "Kolob's Location Discussion" within “APPENDIX C SCRIPTURAL REFERENCES, NOTES, AND LOCATIONS”. Even if there were apparently to be a head-on collision between two galaxies, I believe that by God altering the absorption of gravity of the individual bodies, there would not be any unintended consequences. Conservation of energy, momentum, and space should not be automatically assumed in this universe. There would be much gravity and light as two galaxies approach each other so there would be much new matter and new space formed between them. A near head-on collision of two galaxies might beneficially be used to locally create many rotational systems. Some physical things that may have been neglected in some prior modelled estimates of collisions might be (1) gravity from distant galaxies would not cause galaxies (including neighboring galaxies) to eventually collide, (2) galaxies receive photon propulsion away from each other because of the much local starlight produced by the galaxies that is absorbed by the other, and especially (3) there is an effective propulsion of galaxies away from each other by the formation of much new spaces between the galaxies (because of the formation of much new fundamental matter, which comes from the much presence of light and gravity there). Prior analysis may have also neglected to include the idea of there being less spreading outward (along each arm) of linear arms at edges of galaxies by photon propulsion with time. If there is an estimate of 4*109 or 5*109 years that the neighboring Andromeda galaxy will collide with our Milky Way galaxy, but there was a neglecting of new space and matter being inserted between the galaxies (and within each galaxy) over a time period of 4*109 or 5*109 years or more, then that might cause such a great increase in the collision time that there might effectively no longer be an estimated collision at all. We probably should not be predicting collisions, if we are missing major portions of the physics regarding the prediction or modelling of such collisions. Collision of galaxies is a problem or more likely a non-problem that God can deal with, if He sees the need. He probably has already dealt with it long ago before it could even become a real problem. We don't need to worry about it at all. We should just trust God to deal with it. God knows the full physics, even if we don't.
Simple Volume Expansion Calculations. Given enough time a linear expansion by a factor of 1000 in any particular direction would be possible. If a unit cube (with volume of 1*1*1) increases its side by a factor of S, then it would become a cube with each side being S, which would have a volume of S*S*S = SSS = S3. If a sphere in time increased in radius by a factor of S, its volume would increase by a factor of SSS. See the formula for the volume of a sphere associated with Fig. 2, namely V = (4/3)pr3 which has the same type of expansion of the cube of a linear dimension. A linear expansion by a factor of 1000 in any one direction would mean a complete volume expansion by a factor of 1,000,000,000. Since cubes stack more completely than balls the S*S*S=S3 formula better accounts for the complete volume expansion, including edge effects. With approximately one galaxy per unit cube, a linear expansion by a factor of 1000 in one particular direction would provide enough room for approximately 1,000,000,000 cubes of the same original cube size. I am implicitly assuming that the linear expansion in one direction is the same as the linear expansion in any other direction.
Waiting longer for a linear expansion by a factor of 10,000 in any one direction would mean a volume expansion by a factor of 1,000,000,000,000. With approximately one galaxy per unit cube, a linear expansion by a factor of 10,000 in one particular direction would provide enough room for approximately 1,000,000,000,000 cubes of the same original cube size.
An intermediate volume expansion
of 400,000,000,000 (which is between 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000)
corresponding to a linear expansion factor of its cube root meaning about 7368
(which is between 1,000 and 10,000). That
is 400,000,000,000
Relative Numerical Size of Our Galaxy. We could compare the guess of say 400,000,000,000 stars in our galaxy with another guess to make it slightly more understandable. Let us compare it with an estimate of the total people ever born on this earth. Assume 51% females and 49% males are each approximately 50%. If there will be say 160,000,000,000 humans meaning 80,000,000,000 male-female pairs ever mortally living on this earth during its entire history, then there would still be about five times as many stars in our galaxy as male-female pairs ever living upon this earth. There would be a great rarity of people, if each star were to become a new galaxy. Many thousands of millions of people would be needed to populate the new space that needs to be filled and all the myriads of new galaxies that need to come forth. Without sufficient people, multiple stars could be used in the formation of each new galaxy.
Expansion Support. Volume expansions may be difficult concepts to fathom (how they could be possible), but these concepts are what the observed evidence appears to strongly suggest. The idea of space being expanded or stretched might also be in part suggested by the words, "stretched forth the heavens," as we read in Isaiah 51:13. The words of Isaiah 52:1-2 may be compared to Moroni 10:31, which verse in particular contains different words, "enlarge thy borders forever". The idea of there never existing regions of “pure” space devoid of matter (no matter how far we proceed out in any direction) comes from Hymn 284, "If You Could Hie to Kolob". The hymn suggests that, if we were to progress outward, there would forever be matter and space both present. Though the concept may be quite difficult for us to grasp, I think that the heavens are actually being stretched forth, while "new" matter comes forth, as energetic gravitons pull down on fundamental opposite charges appearing in light waves in the fabric of dynamic space. These things happen on such a fine scale, that we would overlook them, if we did not look at the entire situation quite carefully.
New Matter/Space? One could consider whether the matter coming forth is actually new, as it may have been eternally waiting, in negative energy states, for the opportunity to energetically come forth, as matter possessing positive energy in the newly available space. Is it the matter or the space or neither that is really new? They both appear to be new to our limited senses, but are they really new? I may say they are new but it might be that they have somehow waited for a prior eternity for their opportunity to come forth. Another example suggestion of space itself expanding could come from Genesis 1:6-7, as the firmament or expanse in the midst of the waters divided the waters from the waters. One could consider light traveling like a wave upon the waters of space. Space itself expanding is hard for me to imagine but the scientific and scriptural evidences both imply it is happening. As strange as it may be, it was happening and it will continue to happen. I find it is easier to imagine that new matter is coming forth from energetic gravitons (than new space coming forth in many tiny amounts), but both these ideas appear to be tied together, as they seem to both come forth together. The fine new fundamental matter apparently comes into being from its prior existence, bringing with it, in its formation, its own new space.
Galaxy Growth. With matter and space both increasing where gravity pulls down on light, this could help galaxies both expand and increase in mass, since both light and gravity are present there in great abundance. Matter for new stars in galaxies can be quite "locally" available. The spreading out of stars in galaxies to form new galaxies can have some "automatic" contributors. Within each galaxy, each star that is to form a new galaxy would need to accelerate away from the rest until the local linear rate of universal expansion is somewhat reached. A line of such spreading stars (of a galactic arm for example) would probably not be held back much by gravitational attraction. A line of such stars would probably have the expansion-benefit of both photon propulsion and the formation of new space between them as new matter is formed, because of the presence of much gravity and much light there.
Star Lifetimes. The lifetimes of the stars according to a Bessler principle basis for power production could be almost infinite compared to finite lifetimes according to only a supposed hot fusion basis for power production. The lifetimes would not be infinite if there are induced processes in some stars to cause their destructions, such as novae. If such destructive processes can be avoided, then there is no argument based upon faulty concepts of limited energy to bring about the destruction of the stars. We need not be overly concerned in principle about running out of light nuclei due to hot fusion, by a fusion of hydrogen to form helium for example. The Bessler principle could rotationally rip apart helium and return it to hydrogen. We can, for example on the earth, think of a powerful GEET reactor rotationally ripping apart larger nuclei. Given the Bessler principle and the GEET reactor, large nuclei should be valued rather than feared. We do not need to fear in the least that stars will run out of hydrogen. We could think of stars and their stimulated destructions or transformations as valuable processes to produce valuable larger nuclei. It should be possible to design GEET reactors and their input fuel supplies to rotationally rip apart some of the very largest nuclei. It would not be a smart goal to so rotationally rip apart such massive nuclei. The more massive nuclei should be conserved or treasured rather than rotationally ripped apart.
Steady-State Universe. The bulk of the evidence is in favor of a universally constantly-expanding-universe, which one might consider as a modified type of steady-state cosmological theory. Such evidence in favor of a modified steady-state theory comes: from greater measured evidence of vast amounts of matter lying further out in space, from cosmic rays (explainable from an viewpoint of an infinite extent universe), from the energy productive Bessler principle (which indicates that energy is available from gravitons), from very large lifetimes of stars (due to Bessler principle) which ultra-large possible lifetimes are consistent with an infinitely-long-lifetime infinitely-long-extent universe, from obvious order in the universe not created out of a single disorganized Big Bang, and from scriptural evidences of God working harmoniously with nature in the creative process.
No Big Bang. The preponderance of evidence is against a single Big Bang sort of creation of the universe. A prior steady-state theory of the universe went out of favor in part because there was not a reasonable theoretical mechanism for new matter coming into being. We now have such a theoretical mechanism for new matter being produced. Energetic gravitons can produce much new matter by pulling down on fundamental charges within photons. Fundamental charges or fine matter can be organized into hydrogen atoms. The organized atoms (including atoms from quasars, novae, and cosmic ray interactions) absorb light coming from very far beyond and cause it to be dark at night.
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Some have refuted the steady-state theory of the universe because of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, predicted by the Big Bang theory. There might have been excessive haste in throwing out the steady-state theory without brain-storming about ideas of how such a steady-state cosmology could explain cosmic microwave background radiation. Here are some possible "brain-stormed" ideas (and there should be more ideas or combination of ideas that others could suggest). Even if all ideas are refuted except for one idea, we shouldn't toss out a steady-state theory just because of all of the incorrect possibilities that were thrown out. If some of these ideas were not previously considered, then maybe they or a combination of ideas should be considered now.
(1) Red-shifting Distant Photons. Any visible photons, from extremely far away, that somehow escape being absorbed or colliding with atoms could eventually be quite red-shifted, because of the universal expansion of an infinite universe, so as to become microwaves.
(2) Photons Rotating Nuclear-ground-states. Abundant visible light could strike either hydrogen atoms or nuclei within hydrogen atoms in the dark matter regions of space and (directly or indirectly) cause their nuclear-ground-states (that is protons) to rotate and give off microwave radiation. There are many hydrogen atoms out in space containing protons within. The protons have the greatest ratio of nuclear magnetic moment to moment of inertia, and so of all nuclei would be the most susceptible to such rotations about a central axis. The moment of inertia about an axis is the sum of {the mass times the square of the mass' distance from the axis}. A rotating atom should cause a rotating nuclear ground state, which could radiate away its energy, because of its rotating nuclear magnetic moment. Some visible photons from very far away could have been to some amount red-shifted, because of the expansion of the universe, to find more favorable frequencies for causing the atoms or nuclei to rotate.
(3) Nuclei Rotating at Background Temperature. The nuclei (protons) of hydrogen atoms out in the dark matter regions of space would be rotating slightly as the temperature is about 3°K (or the background temperature of space). The rotations of those nuclear-ground-states according to that temperature might emit microwave radiation, because of the large nuclear magnetic moment of the proton. The temperatures with respect to rotations and translations need not be the same.
(4) Nuclear Rotations Enhanced by Bessler Principle. Because of the nearly isotropic yet discrete graviton radiations from distant galaxies, hydrogen nuclei (i.e. protons) (far away in the dark matter regions of space) could acquire greater rotations from the Bessler principle. These rotations would tend to occur about random axes. The rotations would be especially enhanced by the Bessler principle for those axes that previously had the largest angular speeds. The rotating nuclear-ground-states (with their large magnetic moments) could emit microwave radiation. Some of the emitted radiation can cause other nonrotating hydrogen nuclei to rotate, which could have their angular speed increased by the Bessler principle, with that process possibly continuing in a cyclical sort of pattern.
(5) Photons with Bessler Principle Enhance Nuclei Rotations for Electron Collisions. External radiation could on occasion cause the nuclear-ground-state within a hydrogen atom to somewhat rotate and the rotations could be enhanced by the Bessler principle from background gravitons. Rotating nuclear-ground-states colliding with electrons could produce radiation.
(6) Photons Eject Electrons which Radiate. The sky is dark at night in part because some visible photons from far beyond could cause some electrons to be removed within some of the large amounts of dark matter out in space, thus create ions. Some electrons may be captured by the ions, thus liberating photons. Also, some free moving electrons could lose some of their energy, when they interact with charges/ions and so possibly radiating photons. Any produced photons may be red-shifted, if they come from very far away.
(7) Photon Energy Lost by Recoil/Reflections/Red-shifting. If the visible photons from very far away reflect off of atoms instead of being absorbed, then with enough reflections that could diminish the energy of the photons enough to become microwaves. The energies might eventually be described by the energy spectrum of a black body at the temperature of the “body”, except for being shifted down in energy, according to how far away the radiation comes from. The red-shifting (caused by that portion of space moving away) will reduce the energies of the photons.
(8) Recoil of Atoms/Ions. When photons interact with atom/ions in space, it causes the atoms/ions to recoil. Those moving atoms or ions can interact with atoms/ions/electrons so that their energy of motion is converted to electromagnetic energy.
I am guessing that the best explanation for the cosmic microwave background radiation is a combination of ideas from numbers 4 and 5, which could partly explain the background temperature of space being about 3°K in idea 3. In my mind, there are sufficiently plausible explanations for the cosmic microwave background radiation (without assuming a Big Bang theory) so that we should not arbitrarily toss out steady-state theories of the universe, without reason. We just needed to put on our thinking caps and think outside the box or outside the viewable cosmic ball, according to various ideas that I have suggested.
Rotating Nuclear-Ground-States. I suspect that others have not considered possibilities 2, 4, and 5. I think that they deal with subtleties that are ignored by many people. Many people ignore the idea that a nuclear-ground-state can have a slight rotation. It is often a "so what" situation. If one can't connect with a nuclear reaction between two rotational states, the nuclear physicist might ignore the situation by just saying "Who cares?" Well, the extra or residual angular momentum of the nuclear ground states may be considered as a hidden variable. Two fine states might not be considered to be connected by a "normal" nuclear reaction but they could be connected by absorption by discrete electric fields or by discrete gravitons. It may require much absorption to connect greatly rotating nuclear-ground-states. It is a part of the physics that has been ignored for centuries. Consider as evidence of that, the 6 Jun 1712 first turning of Bessler's wheel in the town of Gera. One could also consider the ancient yin-yang device.
Quasars. I think that quasars were mistakenly used as an argument against steady-state cosmologies. I think that quasars might not need to depend upon an assumption of black holes. Quasars might be created in some early galaxies by design to produce desired elements. A massive star could be "spun up" on purpose with its axis of rotation perpendicular to a large flux of gravitons. There could be rotational increases both due to the Bessler principle (explained in Chapter 3) and slightly due to the difference of velocities of the particles relative to the velocities of the gravitons (as explained in the discussion of cosmic rays in Chapter 10). The particles would be slightly more likely to absorb attractive gravitons, when the particles are rapidly going toward a neighboring gravitational source, than when rapidly going away. Both these energy non-conservative ideas could account for the amazingly huge powers produced by the quasars. Very rapidly internally rotating nuclei (likely using raw source protons found within hydrogen atoms), might create powerful magnetic fields, allowing ultra-high temperature plasma jets to come out the ends of the magnetic poles. The extreme temperatures might even distantly try to approach the extreme temperatures of the rotating nuclear-ground-states in the solar corona, which can produce some infrequent photons with a spectrum associated with temperatures of 1,000,000°K or even 10,000,000°K. Interference would prevent such temperatures from being attained. There would be many collisions and many types of nuclear reactions within the quasar jets and within anything that the jets are sprayed upon. Some material in the jets can receive nearly relativistic speeds by being driven or accelerated by relativistic photons, of various possible frequencies. Later on during the development of the galaxies, when there have been more stars formed and many stars have been around for a long time, novae might reasonably be used instead of quasars, as the preferred means of producing large amounts of desired elements.
Evidence for any dark matter in galaxies should not be equated with evidence for black holes. Such dark matter in galaxies may just be due to absorption of photons in new matter, as the photons come out of the galactic center. Near the galactic center there should be much gravity and light, which should mean that there should be much new fundamental and organized matter formed there. To take a conceptual leap and say that much of the dark matter is associated with having a black hole at the galactic center, would I think be a misguided explanation, given the presence of more reasonable explanations.
Black Holes? With enough accreted mass, then eventually (if the graviton flux becomes intense enough to nearly completely gravitationally red-shift their outgoing light) the massive stars at the centers of galaxies might become something like giant black holes. I suspect that black holes will never actually occur in practice, since: (1) rotation, (2) graviton shielding, (3) an exclusion principle for fundamental finest particles within potential black holes, (4) the Bessler principle producing greater rotation/energy within potential black holes, (5) possible deviations from attractive absorptions of gravitons due to some failure of the prior assumption of gravity-weakness, (6) the discrete nature of graviton absorptions, and (7) obedience with respect to graviton absorptions, will all tend to prevent black holes from occurring in practice. Any black holes might be destroyed by such means, if they were ever to form.
We could say some more about hypothetical black holes. The black hole, if not surrounded by orbiting stars, might be surrounded at a large distance by an orbiting illuminating atmosphere ring. The illumination energy could in large part come from the Bessler principle, as electrons or rapidly moving nuclei interact with the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. If black holes exist, such black holes should not be things to be feared but rather vast energy-graviton sources and thus considered indirectly as great-beneficial sources for new matter and energy. Any such giant stars and giant black holes could help give order to the infinite universe, which is everywhere continually expanding. It is possible that stars would tend to automatically avoid becoming giant black holes, especially if the amount of mass added to them is less than the vast amounts of mass being sent off from them, by their increased rotational rates, and their increased internal energy states.
I don't think of the hypothetical black holes as mathematical singularities. The physics is not based upon continuous structures but rather upon discrete entities, as Einstein hinted in his letter to Besso. Einstein was beginning to understand that his gravitation theory was inherently flawed.
Ripping Apart a Black Hole? I suspect that it would be theoretically possible to rip apart any hypothetical "black hole" using the quasar method, after it has done its tasks. Light or mass at high speed could be added to a black hole tangentially to increase its angular speed. Gravity would also be able to penetrate into a black hole. I think that the rotation could be increased by the Bessler principle and due to the relative velocities of particles with respect to the gravitons. That could alter the innermost shape of the black hole so that it is no longer spherical but more and more like a circular pancake. An ordinary wheel with almost unbounded rotational angular speed would have almost unbounded rotational kinetic energy. I say almost unbounded, as such a wheel could rip itself apart with large enough angular speed. In a rotating black hole, its own gravity on its edges would be weakened, by rotation and absorptions. If the process were continued to its extremity, light and matter moving at speeds close to the speed of light would be able to come out with much more power released than a normal quasar. Einstein basically admitted that his theory of gravity might be completely wrong because his theory possibly-incorrectly depended upon continuous structures. I don't think we should be constrained by an incorrect theory.
The question remains, "What would the fundamental charges do under extreme gravity?" Would they form a neutron star or would the collapse be further? I am guessing that it could form a neutron star and that there would not be further collapse. Any photon attempting to leave might be gravitationally red-shifted. It might be called a black hole. I don't think that a black hole would be a pure point. I suspect that there may be some type of discrete exclusion of fundamental same charges going on, similar to the Pauli exclusion-principle, so that matter is prohibited from lying upon the same matter with the same finest quantum states. More precisely, I think that a finest fundamental charge would be prohibited from residing at the same place at the same time with a same finest fundamental charge. That would be another reason that it could not collapse to a pure point. See "Automatic Prevention of Black Holes Forming?" in "C.4 Location of Outer Darkness Discussion". If a black hole can't be formed, then one need not be concerned about ripping one apart. I don’t know if finest opposite fundamental charges would be prohibited from residing at the same place at the same time. I might guess that they would be so prohibited.
Galaxies. Each galaxy could produce a myriad of new galaxies, with this process continued forever in this continually expanding infinite universe. Many stars should become great gravity producing massive stars surrounded by myriads of newly produced stars. Vast numbers of gravitons would be continually produced by each massive star. Vast numbers of new fundamental charged particles would be produced far out in space or not so far away, since the concentrated gravitons pull down on photons of much starlight (releasing from the Dirac sea many fundamental opposite charge pairs). I assume that the masses of the bodies closest to the center of a galaxy would keep increasing. Then, with help, the distances between the bodies in the galaxy would keep increasing, so as to maintain an innermost rotation rate of say one revolution per 1000 years. Do the rotation rates of the center-most portions of spiral galaxies have rotation rates of approximately one revolution per 1000 years? See C.2 Kolob's Location Discussion in Appendix C concerning why that rotation rate may be of interest. The masses of the center-most bodies in the galaxy would not keep increasing as much, if excess produced matter were sent forth to form new bodies or used to form new bodies, which could be sent forth.
Spreading Outward of Spiral Galaxies. The spreading out of stars in say spiral galaxies could be slightly assisted by an expansive outward pressure caused by received photons by stars in a "line" from other stars in the "line". The outward pressure from photons nearly is cancelled out because of stars on the other side. The neighboring gravitational attraction in the "line" of a spiral galaxy arm nearly "cancels" out, though it could cause a slight compaction. There should be expansive outward pressure by new fundamental particles and new fundamental space being formed as gravitons pull down on light. Such an expansive outward pressure would not cancel out. Once the stars are set on somewhat of an outward path for expansion they would more or less remain on that path. I think that there can also be an additional outward expansive pressure associated with the obedience of the matter to God with respect to the reception of gravitons. Some scientists may ignore that additional propulsion idea until greater evidence comes along for such an idea. Still, if evidence, from cosmic rays, speaks in favor of a truly infinite universe, might there not be subtle influences from somewhere to keep a truly-infinite, everywhere-locally-outward-expanding, everywhere-locally-mass-increasing universe on a stable infinitely-global track? I think that denial would be a "counter-argument" but I do not think that it would be properly based on the observed results.
In hindsight, we can see how an incorrect conservation-of-energy-mentality would lead to an incorrect Big Bang theory. Given much other evidence, I think that a more correct theory should have been more of a modified steady-state type of theory with much new matter and space coming into being, as energetic gravitons pull down on fundamental matter temporarily available in starlight from prematter.
Cosmology Summary. The lifetimes of stars are much longer than previously projected without knowledge of the Bessler principle, which incorrectly assumed they only had hot fusion for their primary power source. With the assistance of many energetic two-part gravitons and many photons, much new matter along with its new space is being produced in this continually-expanding infinite-size universe. Far away source photons, far away source gravitons, and largest-energy cosmic rays are all universally discretely-isotropically distributed. The spreading out of galaxies and the infinite universe has been discussed. Galaxies are less likely to collide given the spreading out of the universe. Since the infinite universe keeps moving/expanding and locally increasing in mass and space so as to "reproduce" itself, it may therefore be considered to be perpetually alive. A modified steady state theory of the universe would appear to be more correct than a Big Bang theory. Hopefully these comments have given insight into a cosmology applicable to far beyond our longest range normal sensors.
Many above things have suggested that God is central to a cosmic future. Can a truly infinite expanding universe stay in balance without the "hand" of God? Can even a galaxy be organized without the explicit "hand" of God? See Kolob in Appendix C for implications with respect to organization of a galaxy. Would the choice of matter organization over antimatter organization during creation make sense without the active choice by God?
Matter Predominant in Infinite Universe. The production of the most energetic cosmic rays (made of matter, from all discrete directions) is inconsistent with a mixed universe of matter and antimatter. The cosmic rays wouldn't be able to attain such phenomenal kinetic energies, if at the first contact with tiny amounts of opposite matter (out in space) they were rapidly-attractively annihilated (very far away from earth). Also, an ever expanding infinite universe is inconsistent with a contentious mixture of matter and antimatter. I think that it is by chosen convention that the finest new fundamental charges (or obedient spirit matter) are organized only into ordinary matter rather than the rare oppositely-organized antimatter. Given patterns in Chapter 1 of Genesis, I suspect that the firmament or expanse in the midst of the waters, to divide the waters from the waters, was organized after its own matter kind, not after its oppositely-organized matter kind. As the separate chemical handedness cases of life on earth speak in favor of creation from prior separate ancestors over separate evolutions for the origins of life on this earth, the predominance of matter-finest-handedness over antimatter-finest-handedness in the infinite universe speaks of creation by design of the infinite living universe rather than unguided evolution of the infinite living universe.
Legacy of Rare Matter Deaths. It is possible, though quite unlikely, for antimatter to come into being. For example, antimatter can be created during collisions of rapidly-moving cosmic-ray particles of ordinary matter with ordinary matter. Then antimatter can combine with its oppositely organized ordinary matter, which could send many fundamental charges back to the Dirac sea. In these rare events, I suppose that such fundamental matter would not remain eternally but would again need to wait to come forth at some future time. In the wake of such annihilations, extremely energetic photons would be produced that would in turn temporarily recall many fundamental opposite charges from the Dirac sea. Thus even in such rare matter deaths by annihilation the lost fundamental charges would leave a legacy of many other fundamental charges being temporarily liberated in turn at many other locations. The lost fundamental charges would be lost for a while that many others might come forth in turn for short times. That process of other temporary fundamental charges coming forth could continue as the photons are converted to other forms of energy. Even during annihilations, the total number of instantaneous fundamental charges in this universe may remain somewhat constant or can slightly increase as gravitons then may pull down on pairs of the many fundamental opposite charges within the rapidly-moving energetic photons. This universe may approximately retain the same total numbers and types of fundamental opposite charges even during annihilation. It is just that different locations rapidly appear for the total fundamental opposite charges temporarily appearing. I suppose that the universe tends to not lose any total numbers of fundamental opposite charges instantaneously appearing after annihilations. That is the legacy of the rare annihilations. Even in matter deaths the instantaneous presence in the universe of the matter continues. Creation marches onward in a different form.
Increasing Expanding Universe. If we are given that the extent of the universe is infinite in all directions, as supported by the scriptures and the largest energy cosmic rays, how could we deny that the universe is everywhere universally expanding, since that is what we observe in this portion of the universe? A universally expanding universe would become ever more isolated and rarified if it were not for the formation of new matter out in space. We observe that there are vast quantities of dark matter out in space.
Such situations agree with the scriptures. Here are some scriptural examples: "throughout all ages, world without end." (see Ephesians 3:21), "beheld many lands; and each land was called earth," (see Moses 1:29), "Which removeth the mountains, and they know not: which overturneth them in his anger. Which shaketh the earth out of her place, and the pillars thereof tremble. Which commandeth the sun, and it riseth not; and sealeth up the stars. Which alone spreadeth out the heavens, and treadeth upon the waves of the sea. Which maketh Arcturus, Orion, and Pleiades, and the chambers of the south." (Job 9:5-9), "When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained;" (Psalms 8:3), "It is he that buildeth his stories in the heaven, and hath founded his troop in the earth; he that calleth for the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The Lord is his name." (Amos 9:6), "Seek him that maketh the seven stars and Orion, and turneth the shadow of death into the morning, and maketh the day dark with night: that calleth for the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The Lord is his name:" (Amos 5:8), "he that formeth the mountains, and createth the wind," (see Amos 4:13), "And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven." (see Genesis 1:6-8), "And worlds without number have I created; and I also created them for mine own purpose; and by the Son I created them, which is mine Only Begotten." (Moses 1:33), "there are many worlds that have passed away by the word of my power. And there are many that now stand, and innumerable are they unto man; but all things are numbered unto me," (see Moses 1:35), "worlds without end." (see Doctrine and Covenants 76:112), "That by him, and through him, and of him, the worlds are and were created," (see Doctrine and Covenants 76:24), "That inasmuch as ye do this, glory shall be added to the kingdom which ye have received. Inasmuch as ye do it not, it shall be taken, even that which ye have received." (Doctrine and Covenants 43:10), "seeing thou art holy, and from all eternity to all eternity? And were it possible that man could number the particles of the earth, yea, millions of earths like this, it would not be a beginning to the number of thy creations; and thy curtains are stretched out still;" (see Moses 7:29-30).
Help from Others. An eternally expanding universe would be increasingly void, if not filled in. We can look to God and our neighbors (given by God) for help in filling in the emptiness that would otherwise reign. An eternally expanding infinite universe would require organization help from God.
If God could not have children, then the expanding universe would be increasingly empty and lonely. But God can have many children (spirit sons and daughters). See the beginning words spoken by God, the only-begotten-in-the-flesh once-mortal Son of Man, as He taught us, while he was mortal, after the manner that we should pray unto God, His Father, "Our Father which art in heaven". See Matthew 6:9. As a few of many other examples, see Genesis 1:26-27; Psalms 82:6; Hosea 1:10; John 1:12; Acts 17:28-29; Romans 8:14; Romans 8:16; Hebrews 12:5-9; Luke 11:2; 3 Nephi 13:9; Moses 1:4; Moses 1:39.
Physical Symbols of Creator. Can one fail to see the symbols of God, the creator, in the graviton? The majestic Lord of the universe is exemplified in each specially formed graviton. Its two parts must be perfectly aligned according to five formation constraints (see section 2.3) to be formed. It has a marvelous origin. That makes the formation of each graviton an extremely rare event, relative to the formation of ordinary electric fields.
Not only in the formation of the graviton but also in its absorption (or in its complete or self-agreeable sacrificial-death) there are particular especially-marvelous messages or symbols.
It might be a case of the attractive graviton showing a message during absorption, in total self-sacrifice of both its two parts, "Come unto me and follow my perfect path and increase in your motion toward me." Would that not suggest proclaiming the gospel of the Lord? The repentance process can be denoted in the absorption of the graviton. "Follow thou me more, improving upon your prior following of me."
As we also see in absorption according to the Bessler principle, it might be a case of it showing a message, in total self-sacrifice, "Come unto me and turn more unto me improving upon your prior turning unto me." Would that not suggest repentance, perfecting the saints and helping the poor/needy?
As we see in the absorption of the graviton during the formation of new matter as it pulls down on light, it might be a case of it showing a message, in total self-sacrifice, "Come ye children of the light and have eternal life." Would that not suggest redeeming the dead that they might have eternal life? The temporarily appearing fundamental charges are snatched from death and have an eternal life.
The fundamental charges temporarily appearing and then disappearing in light, serve as suggestive evidence that the fundamental charges are and have been waiting a very long time to come forth permanently. The very brief pull down of a temporarily appearing finest charged particle by an electric field say from within a graviton could also be compared to a very brief mortal existence. The rising of the temporary fundamental charge to a permanent or eternal existence may be compared to the resurrection or rising to an eternal post-mortal existence. The pull down would cause the death or demise of the electric field within the graviton. There is also a death or demise of the other electric field within the graviton as it pulls down on an opposite fundamental charge. The graviton makes a total sacrificial death or demise that there may be two separate pull downs, making up to two eternal future existences possible.
In the total sacrificial death of the graviton, it shows surprisingly great knowledge and intelligence. See related discussion in the next chapter, Chapter 12 “MATTER INTELLIGENCE”.
Might not the architect of the universe reveal such powerful symbols of himself in his own handiwork? These and other symbols of the creator of the universe are available in all things around us, if we just look to see them. Also see the topic "C.1 All Things Denote God" within Appendix C.
Eternal Living Matter Symbols. There are other perpetually living symbols available in the matter or things all around us. Each collection of matter perpetually gives off a continual source of gravitons forever. Assume for the moment we ignore events where a new fine fundamental charge is formed by a solitary electric field pulling down on the charge within light. Consider an event where a two-part graviton pulls down on opposite fundamental charges temporarily available in starlight. The fine new matter can remain forever and can, in its part with the help of others, contribute a continual source of gravitons forever.
Now considering solitary pull-downs (or push-ups) in light (whether by a solitary electric field or by part of a graviton), there is always a primary parentage of the finest fundamental charge producing the discrete electric field that caused the new charge to be formed by pulling down (or pushing up) within light. There would always be a primary-parentage finest-fundamental-charge ancestral relationship that could be determined with sufficient information into the infinite past.
With the continual production of gravitons by pairs of fundamental charges or electric fields by fundamental charges, each fundamental charge can produce an unbounded number of gravitons and electric fields with time. Thus each fundamental charge can be a primary charge parent to an infinite number of fundamental charge children in eternity and a primary charge parent to an infinite number of fundamental charge children in eternity. With enough time for any particular generation a fundamental charge can be an ancestral charge of an arbitrarily large number of charge-matter children. More specifically a fundamental charge can be a parent of any arbitrarily large number of charge-matter children, a grandparent of any arbitrarily large amount of charge-matter grandchildren, etc. These eternally living bits of matter might symbolize eternal living families. Each bit of matter, through the continual stream of gravitons that it produces, would bear continual testimony of the Lord. It is often through the symbolic graviton that the forever bits of living matter come into being. The rest of the forever bits of living matter might be considered as coming into being through “half” of a “graviton” or through “part” of a “graviton”.
Infinite Descendants of Eternal Worthless Matter. We could consider a certain amount of seemingly worthless matter that we might discard. The matter (though its constituents may later be greatly altered in shape, form, arrangement, and distribution) should be considered as eternal (“elements are eternal” Doctrine and Covenant 93:33) and should be considered as an eternal source of gravitons forever. Waiting long enough, gravitons coming forth with its assistance can pull down on sufficient amount of light very far away to exceed any desired bound for production of fundamental matter. In eternity that “worthless” matter will have produced an infinite amount of first generation matter children. We need not even consider the far greater multi-generational descendant-matter produced by those immediate first-generation matter-descendants. That seemingly worthless matter would have infinite first-generation, progeny-matter-children in eternity. In all ways of counting offspring/progeny, that seemingly worthless matter will approach infinite value from a matter-descendant perspective.
The lifetimes of stars powered by the Bessler principle would be much longer than the prior lifetime estimates of stars. With the assistance of many energetic two-part gravitons and many photons, much new matter along with its new space is being produced in this continually-expanding infinite-size universe. A modified steady state theory of the universe would appear to be more correct than a Big Bang theory. God is central to the cosmic future, as evidenced by matter being predominant in the infinite universe and the organizing of the increasing-expanding infinite universe. There are important natural phenomena that symbolize things of God.
Maxwell's Demon. Maxwell hypothesized a sort of creature that could detect the speed of individual gas particles and open up a tiny trap door at specific times so as to preferentially allow faster such particles to pass to one side of a partitioned container and slower particles to pass to the other side of the container. This hypothetical creature with an apparent type of intelligence was later referred to as Maxwell's demon. The existence of an actual Maxwell's demon would destroy the second law of thermodynamics.
New Type of Maxwell's Demon. While the Bessler principle is not of that form of a creature, as Maxwell's demon, it does discriminate based upon its own state. It could be considered as a new type of Maxwell's demon. It doesn't detect differences of speed of the gravitons as they locally have the same speed. It is somewhat responsive or more effective with respect to the direction that particular gravitons come from, relative to its own rotational state. The new demon is more responsive for its own faster rotational speeds. It changes its own rotational kinetic energy state more (by reception of gravitons) according to the amount of rotational kinetic energy in its current state. The additional or extra energy is locally collected rather than having the greater energy sent through a trap door. It is as if the rotating nuclear-ground-state is itself a new sort of trap door and then the faster rotating nuclear-ground-state becomes the side beyond the trap door. Those states that have larger rotations are increased more or have greater rotational energy added upon them. Those states that do not have any rotation are not increased or they have no rotational energy added upon them. It is a local preferential accumulation of energy, dependent upon its own energy-rotational state as the basis for discrimination decisions. Just like Maxwell's demon, this new demon appears to contain a type of innate intelligence.
But just what is intelligence? Can ordinary matter have intelligence? Some characteristics of intelligence may be (1) memory to have understanding of the past, (2) performance dependent upon understood situations, and (3) foresight to have some understanding of the future with respect to its decisions. Intelligence would seem to require choice or decisions to use the memory and foresight in context of understood situations so as to attain the desired outcomes. Intelligence is associated with knowledge.
Does the Bessler principle exhibit these ideas of intelligence? Yes, the Bessler principle does seem to exhibit an elementary sort of intelligence. See http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/MatterIntelligence.txt for some of my prior (21 Nov 2011) thoughts with respect to the exhibition of intelligence by the Bessler principle and some of the intelligence implications with respect to matter. I am trying to provide in this chapter my most recent thinking on the subject.
Verified Bessler Principle. Based upon many prior observations and many prior tests, I am assuming that the Bessler principle has been an experimentally well verified principle. I think it will be even better verified as time goes by. More people will come to a better understanding that the principle has a solid experimental basis. I am assuming that my explanation of the Bessler principle is basically correct, with respect to two finest fundamental opposite charges attractively absorbing the two electric field parts of a graviton often at different times. I am also assuming that the greater rotational energy states tend to preferentially have greater rotational energy added to them. The situation is a little reminiscent of the parable of the talents (see Matthew 25:14-30). Choice, work, trading, and activity can bring future rewards (or lack of such for the lack thereof).
All or Nothing. Because of the Bessler principle, the absorption of the graviton is understood to be an all or nothing event. Either both discrete opposite electric fields of the graviton are absorbed by the two fundamental charged particles or none of the electric fields are absorbed. A single absorption only of one of the electric fields of the graviton could not explain the Bessler principle. I previously explained in Chapter 3 the Bessler principle using two separate absorptions. A single absorption only of one of the electric fields of the graviton would also not have the weakness (in Chapter 2) associated with gravity. A single absorption only of one of the electric fields of the graviton would not be able to penetrate matter as readily as we know that gravity does. Gravity is much more penetrating than single electric fields.
Foresight. The Bessler principle suggests that matter can somewhat look ahead into the future, when a two-part graviton is absorbed. The matter appears to know what will happen before hand. This would mean that matter and/or the graviton can have a sort of foresight or knowledge of the future.
Since it is local with respect to the matter, I will arbitrarily consider that it is the matter that has the capability, as it might be easier to speak about. If others (myself included) consider that it is the graviton or their combination that has the capability, then that would also seem quite reasonable. It is a total system effect or capability.
The lower-elevation fundamental charge seems to know that the higher-elevation charge will later be in a proper position so that it will absorb the other discrete electric field that is part of the two-part graviton. This foresight may be considered as a sort of fine quantum event or connection. If the lower elevation charge does not have a type of foresight, then it wouldn't know if it would be able to absorb the first absorbed discrete electric field of the graviton (so that the two parts work together as a whole).
The idea that matter apparently has some understanding of the future (or foresight) is also somewhat suggested by the quantum interference in the interaction of matter. One can think of the two slit diffraction patterns, as an example of this. The rest of the particle (such as an electron) previously seemed to know where the particle will be, so that it all ends up there. The matter prior to the interference quantum result might be considered to know where it will end up. "Proof" of that might be subtle, so one might need to fall back on the Bessler principle for evidence of such. The foresight might be particularly remarkable when dealing with multiple gravitons simultaneously. This foresight could be considered as a local comprehension. Yet it is a total comprehension of the local complicated situation. This total local comprehension by fundamental particles is understood because of the correctness of the Bessler principle. The Bessler principle occurs also for the situation of multiple gravitons and many opposite fundamental charges. There is foresight manifest in such complicated situations.
Memory. The Bessler principle also suggests that matter can somewhat look behind into the past, when a two-part graviton is absorbed. It has a sort of remarkable memory of what happened. The higher elevation fundamental charge seems to know that the lower elevation charge was previously in a proper position so that it absorbed the first discrete electric field that was the earlier part of the two-part graviton. This memory may be considered as a sort of fine quantum event or connection. If the higher elevation charge does not have a type of memory of what happened, then it wouldn't know if it would be able to absorb the latter discrete electric field of the graviton (so that the two parts work together as a whole). The idea that matter apparently has some understanding of the past (or memory or knowledge of the past) is also somewhat suggested by the quantum interference in the interaction of matter. Again one can think of the two slit diffraction patterns, as an example of this. The particle or quantum interference seems to know or have somewhat of a complete memory of all the paths, which in its entirety it came from. "Proof" of that might also be subtle, so one might again need to fall back on the Bessler principle for evidence of such. These things are different interpretations than the standard wave function uncertainty. Nothing is left to chance though in our ignorance of them it may appear so. The memory might be more remarkable when dealing with multiple gravitons simultaneously. The memory might be even more remarkable when dealing with multiple gravitons and many fundamental charges simultaneously.
Memory and Foresight. Thus, gravitons interaction with matter according to the Bessler principle exhibits fundamentals of intelligence by showing parts of both memory and foresight. The later absorptions know or have a memory of what previously happened. The earlier absorptions know or have foresight about what will happen with the later absorption. There is not just half of an absorption. It is amazingly an entire or complete fine quantum event.
Decisions. The memory and the foresight are exemplified in the collective decision to either absorb both electric fields in the graviton or absorb neither electric field. It is amazingly a total non-local decision process. The experimentally-verified Bessler principle provides evidence that the extended decision is total or collective.
Oneness-Capabilities-Motion. There is sort of a oneness between the two fundamental charges receiving a graviton according to the Bessler principle. An apparent oneness between fundamental charges may allow them to operate together for common purposes, even when they are separated. As each finest fundamental charge is fine-quantum connected (with its ancestors, with its spatial neighbors, and the spatial neighbors of its ancestors) in its origin, the matter in the universe may well be fine-quantum connected even now. If prematter (or matter before it has come forth) is also quantum connected to all matter, this might suggest a mode for faster than light communication/travel by means of the quantum connections (without the need for additional dimensions). Angels going to and coming from the presence of God suggest that such faster than light motion is possible. See the scriptures for evidence of this. Also consider the hymn #284 found in the 1985 edition of Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that begins, "If you could hie to Kolob In the twinkling of an eye," See Appendix C section C.2 for a discussion of where Kolob is.
Predictability. The results of employing the Bessler principle may be difficult to model as they depend upon precise and accurate initial conditions. Having that exact knowledge and understanding of the underlying principles, the outcome would be known. Apparent instabilities are commonly associated with the Bessler principle. It is the lack of initial knowledge that “creates” the so-called instabilities with respect to our prediction of very specific events.
Matter Intelligence References. For some scriptural suggestions that matter can have intelligence, see Moses 7:48-49; Abraham 3:18-19; 4:10; 4:17-18; Doctrine and Covenants 131:7-8; 93:29; 93:36. Matter can have memory of events. Here are some examples that one might want to reconsider after acquiring an understanding that matter itself can have intelligence: Genesis 21:27-31; 28:18; 31:44-52; 35:14; 35:20; Deuteronomy 4:26; Joshua 4:21-23; Job 16:19; Matthew 17:4; Mark 14:22-23; Alma 14:11.
Intelligence Concentrations. If on a finest fundamental particle basis all matter has intelligence, it would seem reasonable that there are concentrations of intelligence in the universe. That should be in excellent agreement with our own experiences, as we see intelligence around us. We should recognize intelligence to also exist elsewhere in the universe. If ordinary intelligence matter can know of things to come and things that have been, would it not be reasonable that there should exist some greater concentrations of intelligence that could have gifts of prophesy with respect to things of the past or things of the future? If the lowly graviton (or the matter absorbing the graviton) can know of the future and the past, would it be reasonable to reject all cases of revelation by beings, having greater concentrations of intelligence?
The correctness of the Bessler principle means that all matter has both foresight and memory associated with making decisions. These are indications that all matter has intelligence. That is because the Bessler principle suggests that matter exhibits intelligence with respect to the quantum absorption of gravitons. The absorptions exhibit a total oneness on a distributed local basis.
A complete physical foundation for everything needs to depend upon the total evidence from all sources, so as to include all physical principles. Thus, theories that have major errors need to either be corrected or replaced, so as to cover all physics.
Einstein's theories of relativity are often used as jumping off places for theories of everything. One should first toss out incorrect assumptions before coming up with a theory of everything, if we don't want to be led astray.
Failures in Basis of Einstein's Theory of Gravity. There is not a perfect physical equivalence between a uniform gravitational field and a uniformly accelerated frame very far from gravitational sources. First of all, a perfectly uniform gravitational field does not actually exist because of the actual presence of tidal forces within real gravitational "fields". Those tidal forces would not be measurably present in an accelerated rocket frame far from gravitational sources. Secondly, even if we ignore that in-equivalence, we can use Bessler principle techniques to distinguish the two frames. In other words, the greatly ignored Bessler principle allows us to physically distinguish between these two supposedly physically identical or equivalent frames. On earth, for a horizontal axis, whether we are in a stopped or falling elevator, we would get the usual Bessler principle response. Far out in space, whether we are in an accelerated rocket or not, we would at most get a much weaker Bessler principle response, because the gravitational sources are far away. With originally Einstein selecting such incorrect things to use to base his theory of gravity upon, he was building from incorrect premises. Also Einstein's theory ignored the concept that gravity could be absorbed, since gravity really is discrete. To assume either continuous gravity or the finely discrete fabric of spacetime is inherently continuous is a flaw from the very beginning. Here are more detailed comments about such things.
Nonequivalence by Vertical Recognition Using Bessler Principle. We should use the Bessler principle during comparison of a 1g earth frame and a 1g rocket frame far away from gravitating bodies. In both cases, one could search for Bessler principle behavior possibly using three orthogonal-axis very-low-friction Bessler wheels. While upon the 1g earth, trials using very low friction wheels will produce a vertical direction by observing results, such that the responses for rotations about horizontal axes are greater than the response about the vertical axis. It doesn't distinguish down from up, but it does distinguish the vertical direction by the smaller rotational increase about that axis. It would not be able to find a definite vertical, if we imagine we are in a 1g rocket ship very far away from galaxies. That would need to be a thought experiment, as it is extremely difficult to get far away from “all” gravitating sources in all directions. Actual rocket ship experiments would need to be in our galaxy and in our solar system, just as far away from gravitating bodies as is practical (or near a gravitational “null” place, though the “null” may have much gravity in a “matter-plane” of the null so that a perpendicular axis to that plane should have a larger Bessler principle effect). While approximately in the “matter-plane”, if the rocket is heading perpendicular to (or not within) the matter-plane, there would be a physical difference or nonequivalence between the 1g rocket frame and the 1g earth frame. They would not be physically equivalent, because the frame closest to say the earth is able to detect the presence of the gravitons coming from the earth, without using translational inertial means (but it does use rotational inertial means of the Bessler principle). I also think that the greatest Bessler principle response with respect to different directions, in an accelerated rocket frame far out in space, should be approximately the same as the greatest Bessler principle response with respect to different directions, near that "same" non-accelerated "location" far out in space. More generally, I think that the separate components of the Bessler principle response should approximately be the same in the accelerated (rocket-accelerating) frame and inertial (rocket-not-accelerating). Though the linear translation responses are quite similar (between a 1g rocket situation and a 1g earth situation), the accelerated rocket doesn’t produce/emulate any actual gravity. From a Bessler principle viewpoint a 1g earth situation is non-equivalent to a 1g rocket situation.
Test for Vertical Axis in Free-fall. Practically, we could do the Bessler principle experiments in free-fall. I think we would be able using the Bessler principle to detect the vertical direction, whether we are in a free falling elevator in vacuum or better yet (to allow more time for testing) in a free-falling space ship orbiting the earth. In our orbiting space ship, we can rotate floating cylinders about earth vertical and earth horizontal axes. So as to make the directions more gravity appropriate, it would be best to do such experiments when the earth, sun, moon, and space ship are all on a common line. I claim that Bessler principle behavior/response will be observed for rotating about earth horizontal axes and not as much so for the earth vertical axes. Given the background gravity from distant galaxies in space or other bodies far away, there might be somewhat of a Bessler principle behavior/response for the vertical axis, but the behavior/response should be less than for an earth horizontal axis. This could be stated as yet one more test of the Bessler principle. The cylinders need to be given the same initial angular speed with respect to a "fixed" celestial star frame. The cylinders need to be rotated about their axes of rotational symmetry so that they all have the same low friction with respect to rotation. Again so as not to be confused by gravity from the sun or moon, the experiments might best be done at local noon or midnight, for the moon being new or full, with the sun, moon, earth center, and experiment all on approximately a single line. While in earth orbit, if small rotations of a floating cylinder about an earth vertical axis show less increase in angular speed than identical cylinders about horizontal axes, then this is evidence in favor of the Bessler principle and in principle allows the detection of the earth-vertical direction. If such are not observed, then this may be evidence against the Bessler principle (depending on what is actually observed) and does not in principle allow the detection of the earth-vertical direction.
Nonequivalence of Inertial and Gravitational Masses. Inertial mass is the mass associated with all the finest fundamental masses being present. Gravitational mass is the portion of the mass corresponding to the mass being pulled down by another mass. Inertial and gravitational masses are not equal because of gravitons absorbed on the way into gravitational masses. The inertial mass is greater. The differences are often very slight but gravitational mass is dependent on shape relative to the gravitons, because of absorptions of gravitons going into the gravitational mass not being available downstream (meaning at higher elevations with respect to the external source of gravity). It is a self-shadowing during reception of the gravitons. In conformity with prior experiments, for very small masses of the gravitational body there is nearly equality, since in practice there is very little absorption of gravitons on the way into them, so that downstream or higher elevation mass points are shadowed very little. -- I think Newton asked questions relative to this self-absorption idea when he wrote, "Whither a plate flat ways or edg ways is heaviest." The plate when positioned on its edge during weighing would weigh slightly less (because of more self-absorption of gravitons) than when positioned flat. I doubt that Newton was then addressing the well-understood idea that gravity decreases with increased radius from the center of the earth, so a plate on its edge could be at a greater elevation and thus weigh less. I think this is because at that time Newton was considering ways to make perpetual motion devices. Changes of elevation would not be reasonable candidates, but twisting sideways (to change the shadowing of gravity, keeping the same average elevation) might be a candidate, except for the idea that the effect is so slight that it probably is not measurable. For normal size objects, I doubt we can measure the differences between inertial and gravitational masses. I am speaking a little loosely because there are proportional factors involved, but Newton phrased the idea so as to pretty much account for those factors, as long as the centers of his plates are at the same elevation when they are weighed.
Practical measuring of the nonequivalence of inertial and gravitational masses may need inferences using separate bodies with one of the bodies being massive enough to provide absorption. For example, consider the total inertial mass of the earth and a satellite going around the earth in say geosynchronous and geostationary orbit. Both receive gravity from the sun. If the satellite ever goes through the light-shadow of the earth (say during vernal or autumnal equinox), it is likely going through a partial gravitational-shadow (meaning a shadow due to the partial absorption of gravity coming from the sun). Some gravitons coming from the sun are absorbed in the earth and thus not available to influence the satellite. This should cause slight deviations in the geosynchronous trajectory of the satellite. Have people tried to measure these slight deviations? If not, why not? I think these things should be considered, if we want precise models and tracking of satellites. These observations should provide much inferred information on the nonequivalence of inertial and gravitational masses for those total systems.
Nonequivalence of Inertial and Gravitating Masses. Gravitating mass is the portion of the mass that does the gravitating of another mass. Gravitating mass and inertial mass of the gravitating body are also not equal because of gravitons absorbed on the way out of the gravitating body. Gravitating mass is less than its inertial mass because of absorption of gravitons leaving it, which is a self-shadowing during formation of the gravitons to be observed elsewhere. They are nearly equal for very small gravitating bodies, since the very small bodies absorb very few gravitons on the way out of the bodies.
Failures of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Even the premises of Einstein's special theory of relativity were flawed. One flaw was that he assumed that Maxwell's equations were correct, when he should have assumed the more correct Hertz field equations. Also Einstein assumed a flawed basis for the velocity of light in his relativity. He assumed a physical equivalence of experimental results independent of the speed of the frame. Though Einstein didn't, we can speak of absolute velocity of a system relative to the preponderance of most-interacting masses being traveled through. The increased energy for cosmic rays comes out of that understanding. Cosmic rays traveling close to the speed of light do receive more attractive gravitons from their front than from their rear so thus their kinetic energy is increased. Einstein's special theory of relativity fails, as he apparently began to suspect the failure.
Getting rid of Einstein's relativity, doesn't mean that we need to get rid of E=mc2, since that formula was derived prior to an assumption of Einstein's relativity. For example, see the URL http://www.gsjournal.net/old/ajay/sharma3.pdf. That URL provides http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/ for Einstein's 27 Sep 1905 paper (translated into English) with some notes regarding it. The E_mc2 URL provides http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ for Einstein's 30 Jun 1905 paper (translated into English) with some notes regarding it.
The results of the many Bessler principle related tests should further establish many ideas put forth in this book. These ideas include a simple discrete yet intelligent basis of physics.
With respect to the preponderance of information from tests and observations available so far, I think that they are in favor of both the Bessler principle and rotating nuclear-ground-states. I will take these ideas as givens that should be in a theory of everything. That being said, there will still be many more tests that will need to be done and evidences that will need to be considered. We shall see what information the future will bring in.
Also based upon the total information available so far, physics must be properly based on very fine discrete entities, if it is to allow production as well as absorption of electric fields at the finest of levels.
Associated with the production and absorption of electric fields at the finest levels, many cherished conservation laws are doomed to failure as they are only approximately correct. The "laws" of conservation of mass-energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum are often useful but are generally invalid. The universe will never die a heat death associated with increasing entropy. Consistent with what Einstein wrote, physics might be properly based on fine discrete quantum entities, meaning that continuous forces and energy potentials are non-physical abstractions. They are often extremely useful engineering approximations though.
Gravity Absorption. The Bessler principle gives strong indications of gravity absorption, because it can be explained by separate pull-down impulses associated with absorption of the two separate electric field parts of the graviton. See Chapter 2 "GRAVITY BASED ON DISCRETE ELECTRIC FIELDS". Deviations from Gauss's law for electric fields would suggest deviations from Gauss's law for gravitational fields, which would suggest absorption of gravity. See the Appendix A discussion "A.1 Gauss's Law Failure".
Atomic Clock Abnormalities during Total Solar Eclipse. As another hint of gravity absorption, the URL http://scienceforums.com/topic/3402-atomic-clocks-not-stable/ indicates that "atomic clocks were out of sync during solar eclipses". One can see on GravitySummaryNews.txt some ideas to consider for these atomic clock timing problems during solar eclipses. Also, somewhat abrupt changes in gravity fluxes may have an undesirable effect on spins and thus nuclear magnetic moments through the Bessler principle.
Gravitational Variations on Earth. Other hints of gravity absorption would be due to variations of gravity across the earth's surface. Greater mass densities within the earth could account for greater absorption of gravity. See some prior comments in paragraph “Initial Evidence for Gravity Being Discrete” within section 1.1 “Gravity from Matter”.
Fine fundamental oppositely charged particles could serve as a basis for all physical forces. As I have shown how the gravitational force could be built upon the discrete electric force or fields associated with fine fundamental oppositely charged particles, one could similarly construct the strong and weak forces using the ultra-fine electric fields from such fundamental oppositely charged particles. All physics could be based upon the minute oppositely charged fundamental particles.
Self-interference of Electron with Itself. The electron interferes with itself. Consider Feynman's discussion of the double-slit experiment for electrons, pp. 1-3 of R. P. Feynman's The Theory of Fundamental Processes, 1962, 4th Printing 1975, W. A. Benjamin, Inc. He describes his theoretical results by associating complex amplitudes with the electron so that each electron can interfere with itself as it goes through the double-slit experiment. One can also consider the diffraction of particles passing through a slit on p. 2-2 of Vol. III of The Feynman Lectures on Physics Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands, 1965, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Also on pp. 1-4 to 1-11 of Vol. III, one can consider the double-slit electron thought experiment.
Alternative to Quantum Amplitude Formalism. If the electron were composed of a large number of fine oppositely charged fundamental particles, which are organized as a total system, then this might be an alternative viewpoint to the prevailing quantum formalism. Within the electron, there would be more negative charged fundamental particles than positive charged fundamental particles. Procedurally, we would go through the prior formalism but it would provide a different viewpoint as to what is actually going on. For example, in a theoretical electron double-slit experiment, a part of the fundamental particles would have gone through one of the slits. Measurement of which slit "the electron" went through would destroy the electron self-interference. The different portions of the electron may be able to look ahead and know what will happen before it actually happens. As strange as it may sound, it would appear as if the portions of the particles have some foresight. That would be quite like the situation with the graviton. The quantum mechanical wavefunction previously representing the complex probability density of the particle might be approximately replaced by the probability densities of fine oppositely-charged fundamental portions of the quantum particle. The square of the absolute value of the wavefunction would no longer represent the probability density of "the electron" being there, but instead the portion density of the electron being there. The formalisms differ in that previously total charge was associated with the presence of the particle itself, whereas now the individual components specify the amounts of individual finest charges. Also potentials were previously externally specified, whereas now potentials are internally specified by the presence of the finest particles given a discrete formulation of how the individual finest charges emit and absorb discrete electric fields.
The gravitational force of attraction between two electrons may be much less than we typically calculate according to their total mass, since all the excess negative charges contribute mass but they neither provide much capability of producing gravitons nor of absorbing gravitons. That is because both the production and absorption of gravitons requires opposite fundamental charges. The gravitational mass of an electron would likely be much less than its inertial mass, since the electron would contain many fewer fundamental positive charges required for absorbing gravitons. A graviton needs to be absorbed by a positive fundamental charge and a negative fundamental charge. The gravitating mass of an electron would likely also be much less than its inertial mass, since the electron would contain many fewer fundamental positive charges required for producing gravitons. A graviton needs to be produced by a positive fundamental charge and a negative fundamental charge. There is typically not much of an imbalance between inertial, gravitational, and gravitating masses because many electrons in neutral matter occur along with many protons.
Similarly, the gravitational force of attraction between two protons may be slightly less than we typically calculate. All the excess positive charges contribute inertial mass but they neither provide as much capability of producing gravitons nor provide as much capability of absorbing gravitons as the same amount of neutral matter. The gravitational mass of a proton would likely be slightly less than its inertial mass, since the proton would not contain as many fundamental negative charges required for absorbing gravitons as its fundamental positive charges.
The gravitating mass of a proton would likely also be slightly less than its inertial mass, since the proton would not contain as many fundamental negative charges required for producing gravitons as its fundamental positive charges.
Together, a neutral hydrogen atom formed from an electron and a proton should have approximately equal gravitating, gravitational, and inertial masses. With self-shielding considered, the inertial mass would be slightly greater than the gravitating and gravitational masses. I suppose that the gravitating and gravitational masses would be approximately equal, since I imagine that the outward shielding during the production of gravitons would be approximately equal to the inward shielding during the absorption of gravitons. If there is a difference, I don't currently know which mass would be greater. Consistent with prior laboratory experiments, I doubt that we can measure differences between the inertial masses and the gravitating or gravitational masses in the laboratory. I think we can get some related information about the absorption of gravity, when we consider celestial/astronomical/space-craft deviations associated with gravity being absorbed within large bodies.
Electric Field Composition? Is the electric field a discrete virtual wave of charge moving at the speed of light? Is the electric field a discrete virtual wave of charge difference moving at the speed of light (one type followed by the other type)? I suspect that an electric field is the former, since it should deliver a single asymmetric impulse as suggested by the Bessler principle. I could also guess that electric fields are waves of charges of the same type as the originating fundamental charge, so that initially (and then to continue the propagation) the wave is repulsive with respect to its origin so as to lend itself to outward propagation. The electric field would travel until it is absorbed by a fundamental charge. Upon absorption it would be an attractive impulse, if the absorbing fundamental charge and the originating charge for the discrete field are opposite in charge. Upon absorption it would be a repulsive impulse, if the absorbing fundamental charge and the originating charge for the discrete field are the same in charge. The electric field is definitely not a free fundamental charge moving at the normally-unattainable speed of light.
Graviton Composition? A graviton would be two of the electric field waves coming from opposite fundamental charges traveling in very close proximity.
Photon Composition? A photon should be a very large number of the discrete electric fields traveling together as a quantum group. There might be equal numbers of the opposite discrete electric fields in some photons.
If the electric field is a virtual wave of charge traveling at the speed of light, I suppose it would not radiate out many independent electric fields from the temporary charges in the wave, as they would not linger in a fixed location long enough to radiate much. A discrete electric field wave of virtual charges may only go out in essentially a single direction. I think that it does not branch out from every virtual charge temporarily present in the wave, which wave is traveling at the speed of light. I think there should be very little or no branching of the electric fields because of the approximate Gauss’s “law” for electric fields. A discrete electric field travels out in as nearly a single straight direction as the fine granularity of space allows.
Graviton from Photon? Would gravity originate from photons? I suspect that on rare occasion a graviton would originate from a photon. I say it is rare since a photon is energetically equivalent to very little mass, E/(c2). Fundamental charges momentarily appearing within a photon could allow on a very rare occasion some discrete opposite electric field pairs traveling together to be radiated, which would be a graviton. Just as a photon should be able to absorb a graviton on very rare occasion, a photon should be able to produce a graviton on very rare occasion. Since E=mc2, I suppose that a photon of a particular energy would (be able to assist in graviton production) radiate as many gravitons (per unit of time) as a mass equal to the photon’s energy divided by the square of the speed of light.
If string theory cannot predict the energy non-conservative Bessler principle, then this suggests that string theory is missing essential fine details. I suspect that string theory is going the wrong direction by needlessly requiring extra dimensions beyond the normal four dimensions. I think that the normal four dimensions should be sufficient for a theory of everything, as long as it is understood that there are quantum or intelligent connections between fundamental charges/prematter (even across distances that cannot be connected by a single photon), as illustrated by the Bessler principle. I suspect that discrete fundamental opposite charges should be the correct basis for physics rather than one dimensional strings in extra dimensions. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory for some references to string theory. With respect to theories of everything, according to strings or fundamental charges, I think that my theory based upon fundamental charges provides more important/essential predictions with respect to practical experiments, while making fewer assumptions than string theories. If the underlying physics really is discrete at its finest levels, then a truly discrete theory is needed for describing such physics. If a jumping off point for a string theory is a flawed theory of relativity, then the string theory is flawed at its inception.
See "APPENDIX A SOME MATHEMATICAL DETAILS", section “A.6 Unification Attempt for Electromagnetics-Strong-Weak-Gravity" for more discussion about a possible unification of the forces. The magnetic fields and the forces on them may be accounted for by the fundamental charges and the discrete electric fields coming from them, which were already needed for the electric part of electromagnetics. In particular the magnetic fields are manifestations of discrete electric fields coming from moving fundamental charges. I think that the strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces all come from the discrete impulses from electric fields coming from fundamental charges, since there is absorption by fundamental charges. Force is due to absorption. For example, an object absorbs gravity from an entity according to the amount of pull (cumulative attractive gravitational impulses) that the entity has on the object. For unification of the force carriers associated with matter, the types of matter are appropriately composed of finest fundamental opposite charges, acted upon and within by discrete electric fields coming from and absorbed by the finest fundamental opposite charges. There are just two types of finest fundamental charges and each has its own type of discrete electric fields coming from it. Both finest fundamental opposite charges have the same mass. Both types of finest fundamental opposite charges can absorb either type of the discrete electric fields. That is the simplicity of the “forces”. The complication of the forces comes with the particular dynamic arrangements of matter, the particular associations of the discrete electric fields, the interactions within matter arrangements, and the interactions between distant matter arrangements by means of the associated discrete electric fields. All these require much interrelated study.
Consistent with the preponderance of the best available information so far, the basis for all physical forces could be built upon finest fundamental oppositely charged particles. Light, electric fields, and gravitons could be composes of waves of temporarily appearing fundamental charged particles. These fundamental oppositely charged particles could be called spirit matter, to conform to the scriptures. Ordinary matter would be composed of large collections of these finest fundamental particles. A substitute for the complex quantum amplitude or wavefunction formalism might be "distributions" of the fundamental opposite particles which compose ordinary large groupings of matter.
Even if people didn’t believe in the Bessler principle, there should be great interest in finding a low cost way to build Orffyrean roller bearings. Shouldn’t ship builders be very interested in very-low-friction mechanical-roller-bearings, since the energy not being wasted on friction would provide extra propulsion? All the extra fuel savings would effectively mean that there would be extra money in someone’s pocket. Also, higher efficiency bearings would not need to be replaced as frequently. That would save on maintenance costs, while simultaneously meaning that there would be less “down-time” for such engines.
Many people like to drive fast. Shouldn’t the fast drivers be interested in ultra-low-friction mechanical-roller-bearings, since using such wonder bearings should provide more powerful and faster engines, because there would be less energy wasted on friction?
The benefits of using such wonder bearings do not end with the rather obvious things: more money, more power, and more speed. When we begin to consider the ramifications of the Bessler principle provided by the Orffyrean roller bearings, we be then begin to realize that it is not just more of those things but rather much-much-more of them, when used properly. The first people to build Orffyrean roller bearings would soon discover that they would obtain much-much-more than the obvious. They would discover that modern day Bessler wheels are possible and that such wheels provide strong evidence for the amazing Bessler principle.
I am hopeful that someone will build or rather grow the Orffyrean roller bearing. It could precipitate a great mechanical revolution, when someone discovers a low-cost environmentally-friendly means of producing such roller bearings. Testing or demonstrating the Bessler principle would then be a rather obvious thing, as we will be surrounded by much evidence of the principle, just as today we are surrounded by much evidence of electricity. We will be immersed in a sea of Bessler principle items, somewhat as the Internet increasingly surrounds us today with an ocean of information.
End Expensive Energy. We could declare a "war" on expensive energy. The Orffyrean roller bearing along with other Bessler principle devices should help with the war on expensive energy. This is a war worth fighting. If there could be a Manhattan Project to bring a war to an early end and if there could be an Apollo project to put a man on the moon, couldn't there be a Bessler project to benefit all our lives? The Bessler project would be to find a way to economically, and safely reinvent Bessler's Orffyrean roller bearing in an environmentally-friendly manner. The Bessler project wouldn't require big government funding. Hopefully government would allow experiments to be done in an environmentally safe manner. People investing in such an energy efficiency war might obtain great profits, even if competing groups come up with their own versions of the Orffyrean roller bearing. There would be great insatiable demand for such bearings. If only one group reinvents the bearing, such a group would have enormous economic advantage. Surely other groups seeing the great profits to be obtained would then come up with their own versions. Based upon hints from the Internet, some might have the lead on the development/redevelopment of the Orffyrean roller bearing.
Wealth to World. Reinventing the Orffyrean roller bearing should help bring great wealth to our world. It should bring great wealth to those reinventing the bearings, assuming the bearings can be built for low enough production costs. Initial costs per bearing would be more than costs per bearing associated with large rates of production. Low enough prices for safe bearings would also tend to bring wealth to those using the bearings safely.
Low Cost Energy. Energy would become dirt cheap with the Orffyrean roller bearing. It could be cheaper than dirt, as dirt could continually supply energy. We could melt (or greatly compact) dirt into well-balanced wheels that can steadily turn wheels and generate power, whether or not the wind is blowing. Melting the dirt would allow better transfer of angular momentum between the wheel and the rotating nuclear ground states within, but there is a great energy price to be paid to melt the dirt. Melting the dirt would make it rotationally new or sweet. Maybe it would be less expensive to just form cylinders from solid rocks after the fashion of Leedskalnin. Then one could rotate the rock cylinders, taking care not to rotate them too fast so as not to destroy their rotational sweetness. Maybe we should not waste the valuable dirt which could be quite useful in farming. Instead of melting dirt, we could use otherwise useless slag from the processing of ore. The slag could be poured into cylindrical shapes and provided axles, slightly after the fashion of Leedskalnin. Then the cooled slag could be used in perpetual energy production devices rather than being wasted. Dirt is extremely valuable for growing things so I would hope that we generally not restrict our agricultural capabilities by turning dirt into energy production devices. If we must use dirt, I would favor using dirt that was washed out to sea, but again I would favor reclaiming that dirt and using it to supplement out top soils.
Great Wealth Produced. In the race for the Orffyrean roller bearing, there should be much room for many inventors and producers to become multi-millionaires. As efficiency increases, all will win. Even the oil companies win with increasing efficiencies of production processes, which might make up for loss of sales of burning fuels. The unburnt fuels could still be sold at higher prices, when it is realized how valuable they actually are. The oil/gas will still be needed for producing treasured petrochemicals, when the new markets for them are understood in the backdrop of a rotational energy revolution. Previously the noble gases were almost a waste product. The oil/gas companies will now acquire lucrative steady new markets for valuable noble gases, when production commences for Papp engines. All productions can be done with greater efficiency so profits may be maintained. Oil company profits would likely be greatly increased if the oil companies put research dollars into production of Orffyrean roller bearings, so that they would stand to acquire greater fortunes, in the race for the Orffyrean roller bearing.
Small Teams May Reinvent Orffyrean Roller Bearing. Since Bessler by himself (with much help from God) was able to construct his bearings in the early 1700s, I suspect that a small team of a few determined individuals with access to the right equipment and materials should be able to construct early versions of the Orffyrean roller bearing. The few determined individuals might obtain great financial rewards for their persistence and careful attention to fine details. The cost of such bearings may initially be high, despite the great demand, because of high startup/research costs. Many startup companies, coming from small teams, could be formed in the highly lucrative business of satisfying a tremendous demand for many types of Orffyrean roller bearings. The bearings could vary in type because of size variations, shape variations, different loading requirements, steel qualities, lobe qualities, roller location tolerances/variations, safety characteristics, angular coverage from lobes rotating through lobe-holes, different intended applications, etc.
Bearing Production. Surely robots will be used in the production of these bearings. I suppose that the price for the bearings will greatly decrease as production increases. The earliest versions of the bearings should not be used where they might do harm. Poor quality control could cause disastrous locking up of the bearings. Dirty bearings or bearings with foreign materials accidentally introduced could cause disastrous locking up of the bearings. Large lobes from adjacent rollers must not collide, as that would wear off portions of lobe ends. As Bessler warned, the lobes must remain shadow boxers only. Still, the lobes must not be too small as that might allow slipping. There must especially be only pure rolling without any slipping, as slipping would cause adjacent rollers to come into conflict. As Bessler implied only the highest quality bearings should be sought. The quality and safety of such bearings need to be carefully studied and monitored by those producing the bearings. Rigorous testing of the bearings should be done before they may be used in situations where human safety is involved. Companies with poor safety records for their bearings could find that few might want their bearings. Bessler was apparently not aware of his own safety risks during production of his bearings. Modern companies are warned not to follow in Bessler's footsteps and fall victim to the Mad Hatter's disease associated with too much exposure to mercury vapor during growth of the surfaces of the Orffyrean roller bearings. It might not be sufficient to just have robots to produce the bearings. It might be necessary to also have other robots tend the construction robots so as to further reduce human exposure to the mercury vapor.
Return of Bessler Wheels. After we have constructed the Orffyrean roller bearings, we will be able to construct modern versions of the Bessler wheels. Such wheels will be modern examples of perpetual motion machines. Such machines will be capable of continuously producing energy by extraction of power from two-part gravitons. Hopefully we will be able to duplicate all the results of the wheels that Bessler showed, demonstrated, and allowed tests upon. That would mean that the Bessler wheels have returned, for the full benefit of this world.
Bearing Repair. According to Bessler’s comments, his bearing should “remain serviceable for many years” (AP08 pp. 297-298) but if anything goes wrong, “it could be put right within the hour.” I am thinking that Bessler was mostly correct in that the roller bearings can more easily be repaired than constructed from “scratch”. Building them from scratch requires precise parts, precise placement, formation material, formation constraints, bearing exercising, and bearing cleaning. As long as the intermediate cylinders of the bearings maintain their well separated angular positions (ideally all conceptually-averaged lobe-hole regions separated by at least a degree, with respect to the bearing center, from those of the adjacent intermediate cylinder) while they are still able to work, then their repair should only require formation material, bearing exercising, and bearing cleaning. That would allow the lobes to be quickly regrown to the fullest extent possible. Bessler suggested in coded language that the bearings could be repaired while they were being used. I think that he meant that a slight amount of formation mixture could be applied to or sprayed into their ends to repair the bearings, while they were being used. To control mercury contamination, the bearings should generally need to be removed to be repaired. Formation mixture should best be applied throughout the interior of the bearing during repair so that the interior is fully repaired. I would assume that many companies could specialize in safely repairing Orffyrean roller bearings. It is possible that each bearing by serial number could have associated with it a formation, use, and repair pedigree. The pedigrees could contain such information as dates with respect to compositions, logged activities, cleanliness of surroundings, maximum rotation rates, estimated number of cycles since formation or last repair, types of repair, ends of bearing that formation mixture applied to, and minimum-conceptually-averaged angular separations (available for lobes). Partially pedigreed bearings might only contain information from one or more prior repairs. Some companies could specialize in repairing damaged bearings, as long as the damage is not too extensive.
Assistance with Other Bessler Principle Projects. With the Orffyrean roller bearing, it will immediately assist other Bessler principle projects. If modern-day Papp engines have not yet been reinvented, then the Orffyrean roller bearings will assist in the construction of the modern day Papp engines. The Papp engine reinvention can proceed without the Orffyrean roller bearing, but reinventing the Orffyrean roller bearing will make the Papp engines more productive with respect to power, as less power will be wasted on friction and more power will be produced by the Bessler principle within rotating masses. The Orffyrean roller bearing will make turbines more powerful. The Orffyrean roller bearing will eventually make our vehicles more powerful or use much less fuel (or ordinary energy resources). In the future, we will have access to great power at very low cost.
We do not need to wait for the reinvention of the Orffyrean roller bearing to begin to produce much inexpensive energy using the Bessler principle. With Edward Leedskalnin's assistance, we can now reinvent the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. See section “9.2 Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders". Once the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders has been built or reinvented, that will mean that Leedskalnin's Sweet Sixteen has indeed returned to now provide benefit for the world. The whole purpose of Coral Castle or Rock Gate Park was a tribute and exposition for Leedskalnin's Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Once Leedskalnin's Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders has returned, we can begin to benefit from low cost energy, if we have not already begun to benefit from low cost energy. We would need to invent automatic governors so that the use of the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders will not be human operator intensive or expensive. Leedskalnin was able to do such prior to the coming of the computer age, but now having computers available increases our options. We will need to better understand the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders and how we can use variants of it to produce energy at rock bottom prices. We must determine what the sweet angular speeds are. We must not rotate our cylinders too rapidly about a horizontal axis so as not to destroy the rotational sweetness of the cylinders. With the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders being rebuilt, we can quickly begin to obtain the benefits of sustained low cost energy. Using the understood Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, we should be able to produce efficient variants of it.
Possibly the time may soon come when every hospital will have a Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders for perpetual emergency power. No hospital should be without some sort of perpetual emergency power.
There is much interplay between many of the Bessler principle devices. Progress with respect to one device can often mean progress with respect to other devices, as our knowledge and understanding about such things increase.
After we have conquered many of our energy problems, we will be able to solve a large number of energy-related problems that have been vexing our world.
Reduced Cost of Materials. Energy costs should begin to drop as the rotational energy era is more firmly established. Greatly decreased energy costs would have many economically beneficial impacts, including a decrease in costs of many raw materials, which materials often previously depended in part upon energy costs for their production. The situation should greatly change for extraction of elements and chemicals from the environment, because of the use of robotic processes and low energy costs. Large garbage dumps may become a thing of the past as they could serve as a readily available source of raw materials. Extracting minerals from sea water may become profitable using robots and plentiful energy.
Pure Drinking Water. There are many places in the world where there is water but it is not pure. New very-low-cost sources of energy can be used in the purification and transportation of water to where it is needed. We would not need to be dependent on gravity-fed piping from previously-existing sources of pure water. With the help of others, there will be many new possibilities/opportunities of providing pure water to needy people of this world.
Waters for Dry Lands. With much available low cost energy, we could obtain fresh-purified water from our oceans for use in our dry lands. We could gradually turn or return large portions of the Sahara into vast agricultural oases. The affected countries would need to decide how much of the Sahara they would like to make agriculturally productive. Such deserts as the Sahara and the Gobi should be allowed to blossom. The Empty Quarter in Arabia need not remain empty. We could return many portions of northern Africa back into the forests, which once were there, if the people there consider that to be advantageous. They may prefer orchards. They might extract salts from the soil and turn northern Africa into a vast agricultural region. For example, the salts sown by the Romans at the fall of Carthage could be removed with sufficiently available quantities of fresh water (from the Mediterranean Sea) and soil recovered from the oceans/seas. The land can be recovered, even if it had been built upon. Salt buildup due to years of irrigation in many parts of the world can be repaired by removal of salty water from such regions. Underground salt water could be replaced by fresh water, if desired. The inland seas of Asia (that have dried up) could be in part replenished, with either fresh or salt water, according to the desires of the people. There could be a goal of making them as fresh and clean as possible, but that is up to the people there. We should retain and protect many jungles in the world. The jungles and our oceans should be allowed to help clean and purify our atmosphere. In the deserts or areas with water overdraft, we can allow replenishment of prior underground fresh water aquifers, assuming that the underground has not lost its capacity to store or transfer pure water. Prior wells that previously went dry could be replenished with fresh water. Having waters go to the dry lands is suggested by Isaiah 35:6-7. Greater use of desalted sea water would tend to combat the rising of the ocean levels. More plant life on the land (assisted by the non-polluting energy from use of the Bessler principle) would tend to reduce carbon dioxide levels in our atmosphere and provide economically desirable means for combating global warming, without any need for specific legislation to combat the carbon dioxide levels.
Increase Food Production. With plentiful fresh water and power to work the land, we can increase food production especially in marginal or waste lands. The desolate wastelands can be made food productive. The deserts will blossom; see Isaiah 35:1 and Isaiah 51:3. If desired, the whole world can have greatly increased food production possibilities. Food production can be increased in already food productive places. For example, my daughter (in a food productive area) has used aquaponics for some home food production, using a relatively small space. With lower energy costs or nearly free energy costs, water pumping for such home food production will be much more affordable. Assuming the screw doesn't break and assuming the bearing keeps working, a perpetually running Archimedes screw powered by a Bessler wheel would mean that a water pump would almost never need to be replaced. With perpetual power systems, there could even be power available for such things as artificial lighting, temperature control, and humidity control for gardens. As we look to the future, with almost unimaginably great wealth available to all, there would not need to be any poor or starving people among us because of lack of resources, in all regions of the globe. Where previously many millions suffered in either extreme poverty or intellectual ignorance, the coming great wealth of energy and information (about correct physical premises) may remove such destitutions. If we turn to God and love our neighbors, greed will vanish and we will all be much happier. There is much reason to hope for a better future.
If much more food becomes available, then food would be less expensive. It might be less cost effective to use pesticides and chemicals, which are harmful to the environment, to increase food production. Organic food production may become more cost effective by not having to pay for pesticides and chemicals.
Salt could be produced from seawater, without having to depend upon energy sources such as wind, solar, and single-use fuel. The reverse osmosis process for concentrating salt water could simultaneously be used to purify water. With membranes that only let water go between sources of pure water and salty water, normally such membranes would cause water to go from the pure side to the salty water side, assuming both sides are at the same water pressure. With higher water pressure on the salty water side (sometimes caused by pumping salty water up to sufficiently high elevations), this would cause pure water to go from the salty water side to the pure water side.
Avoid Medieval Fuel Burning. We don't need to burn fuels to produce energy from them. We can save oil, coal and natural gas for other purposes, such as producing synthetic materials and manufacturing chemicals. They have great value for such purposes and so should be safeguarded rather than wasted. We should stop thinking of them as fossil fuels but rather as treasured petro-chemical resources. We should find that there is no need to dump gaseous pollutants into our atmosphere for the sole purpose of producing energy. Instead of carbon going into the atmosphere (in say carbon dioxide), the carbon should be going into a great variety of useful products. We need to progress beyond our medieval fuel burning mentality. Burning fuel is a one-time source of energy. After the Orffyrean roller bearing has been reinvented, burning of fuel will not compare well economically with continual power production using a modern day Bessler wheel or one of its many modern variants. Even without the Orffyrean roller bearing being reinvented, the Leedskalnin variants could be built with existing bearings. Lower energy costs should make glass production less expensive so that solar cooking would be even more preferable to any current burning of dried vegetation. I built myself a solar oven long ago. Many people will be able to have solar ovens, if they want one. The solar stove and the solar furnace that I built even longer ago were not as useful, as my solar oven. Steady electricity production from modern-day Bessler/Leedskalnin variants could allow cooking using such electricity, which would promote the growth of vegetation rather than it needing to be wastefully burned. Extra growth of vegetation can have many beneficial effects for the environment.
Local Power Less Subject to Disruption. The local production of plentiful power, with the sources not being large-scale connected should be more impervious to disruptions. This could avoid problems of brownouts and blackouts that have plagued large-scale connected power systems. Other entities requiring emergency or autonomous power supplies could easily have such supplies. Any devious plans for disruption or denial of large-scale services could be nearly automatically foiled by using non-connected self-sustaining power systems. The disconnections from power grids could be more local and more common, as the reliability of the local systems to generate sufficient power has been verified.
The coming of low cost energy will cause a variety of things to transition.
Fossil Materials Prices. According to the decrease in demand for fuel, the prices for fossil fuels should decrease until new markets for related materials are established. Somewhat compensating for the reduced prices for fossil fuels, will be the reduced costs in production and transportation of fossil fuels. Those reduced costs and new markets should somewhat help to maintain profits per unit for the oil/gas/coal companies, despite reduced fuel sales. Given the huge untapped energy-production-markets, the total profits should increase, if research capital is spent on developing the new rotational energy technologies associated with the Bessler principle (Orffyrean roller bearings, Papp engines, Leedskalnin devices, etc.). Eventually gasoline stations will be a part of history. For the sake of history, some people may want to run antique gasoline burning vehicles, but there would be steady costs associated with running them. Other people may want to put new Papp engines with Orffyrean roller bearings into such antique vehicles, as that would be a less costly way of keeping them running. An example of a new market for some of the oil/gas companies would be in the production of noble gas supplies for use in Papp engines. The oil/gas companies might, for a while, almost have a monopoly on the production of noble gases, which new profits would help them with the transition. Such noble gas supplies would become quite valuable, when it is realized what they are extremely useful for. The noble gas stores/supplies would be quite valuable for replenishing Papp engines. We should avoid wasting valuable helium on such things as simply blowing up balloons. While “gas” (or gasoline) stations would be closing, new gas stations for replenishment of Papp gas would be opening.
We may need to safeguard and protect our noble gas supplies and reserves as they would be in great demand for use in high-frequency spark driven Papp engines, which reuse the hydrogen and noble gases within a closed system, without any net chemical combustion. Ignoring the net energy-non-productive hydrogen associations and disassociations, the primary reactions should be the reactions of ordinary two-part gravitons with rotating matter. A small/fixed supply of the noble gases and a great demand for them would mean that their prices would rapidly increase. The oil/gas companies would be able to increase their profits through the production and controlled distribution of such expensive gases. They must not over-inflate their prices, as that might encourage new competitors to extract them directly from the atmosphere using automated processes, for example using liquefaction.
The land holdings of the oil/gas companies should also help them to get through the transition to the new rotational energy age. Previously seemingly worthless lands in desolate parts of the world should greatly increase in value, as there is a transition to the new rotational energy age. The value of some of their assets could drop somewhat but other assets will allow them to have large profits. Even if they only have the energy and mineral rights to some of those lands, the oil/gas companies could be extracting energy from such lands through the energetic gravitons that those lands are producing. Wouldn't that reasonably be part of the energy rights? They would be producing energy from gravitons obtained from the lands. That might also help them keep up profits during a transition to a new rotational energy age. Hopefully the oil/gas companies will not try to squelch such a transition, when they realize that they can still make large profits in the new rotational energy age.
Fighting the truth is futile in the long run. Many have long fought hard against various manifestations of the Bessler principle. People accepting what is coming will help them to prepare and make the best of the situations for the benefit of all concerned. Part of the key to not fighting the truth is through improved education.
Education Improvements. In the future, hopefully the schools and colleges will teach the truth about such things as: how the stars (including our sun) primarily obtain their power, how the most energetic cosmic rays increase in their energy, how many devices actually work using the Bessler principle, why the Bessler principle works, and how Edward Leedskalnin likely built his castle. If the Orffyrean roller bearing has not been reinvented yet or only recently reinvented, production engineering colleges should teach such things as the need for the coming Orffyrean roller bearing, the mathematics for constructing Orffyrean roller bearings, leading-edge production techniques for constructing Orffyrean roller bearings, and new quality control methods with respect to construction and repairing of Orffyrean roller bearings. For example, as suggested by Bessler's final figure in Apologia, automatic methods for inspection by lasers of lobe growth within Orffyrean roller bearings could be taught. Many new devices and phenomena can be studied in light of the Bessler principle. Techniques like using the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders need to be taught in the engineering schools, as well as the control systems for governing such. Prior books will need to be rewritten using knowledge of the Bessler principle rather than using prior faulty heuristics. That includes the correct principles regarding turbulence. Fundamental parameters related to the Bessler principle will need to be studied and many modelling studies will need to be made to better understand those parameters.
Return of Papp Engines. Papp engines will be used for many things. They will be used in cars and airplanes. They can be used where light-powerful engines need to be powered for very long times without consuming fuel. I suspect that the Papp engines will become the engines of choice in many vehicles. I suppose that Papp engines will be used to supply many remote power needs. The GEET reactors and the ED.L. methods should help contribute to a return of the Papp engines. It should become increasingly obvious that such things as Papp engines are possible, so fewer road blocks should be put in the way of their return.
Return of ED.L. Methods. Even with ordinary roller bearings there should be a modern return of the ED.L. methods and devices. The tests of the methods and their later demonstrations will stand as firm repeatable evidence for the Bessler principle, even before the Orffyrean roller bearing is reinvented. The Sweet Sixteen families of devices can be used as a continuous source of power for pumping water. I think Ed out of necessity (to keep his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders running) had to pump water (using water pumps from vehicles) to waste energy in a non-destructive manner. Without any fuel costs, the ED.L. methods may be used to provide vast amounts of purified water (using reverse osmosis for desalination of sea water) to places in the world that desperately need it. Artists could use the ED.L. techniques to make many sculptures in rock or showing off fountains, when the machines are not at work producing art. The ED.L. methods could be used to turn yin-yang cylinders. Even before the Papp engines return, the ED.L. methods could be used to generate much electrical/mechanical power without polluting our atmosphere with carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide. There would be essentially a zero carbon footprint. This would allow us to cost-effectively help fight global warming, without needing to resort to government imposed regulations.
New Markets for New Cost-Effective Products from Fossil Fuels. Instead of burning fuels we should use those fuels as raw materials required to satisfy a greater demand. The greater demand for these materials should be hastened by the greater availability of energy for the processing/production of those new materials that previously were not cost effective to produce. A boom in the robotics industry coupled with the new-rotational-energy revolution should produce a veritable cornucopia of new types of products out of the prior “fossil fuels. With unbounded production of energy, we must remove the mindsets of one-time burnings to turn fuel into food/energy. The oil/gas companies should continue to profit because of rapidly growing new markets for their materials that will become available because of the many new processing techniques that will now be possible, if the companies help develop the new technologies.
Carbon Credits. I think that the idea of carbon credits is not a sound or viable approach for managing carbon dioxide pollution. Still in the short term, for purpose of transitioning, any demonstrated source of producing extra energy, possibly using the Bessler principle, without producing carbon dioxide, could be credited with such non-production of carbon dioxide going into the atmosphere, when compared to producing a similar amount of energy, using burning of fuels. Part of the accounting problem is that the Bessler principle has intrinsically been a part of much of our prior energy production though it has not been recognized as such. Consider for example: turbines, machines, and massive wheels rotating about horizontal axes. Much of the prior Bessler principle energy production has gone into such things as fighting friction. Using fuel energy to fight friction would come at a cost of producing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These many complexities make carbon credits for Bessler principle production of energy a complicated thing. There may be a slight one time carbon cost of igniting gunpowder during the production of Orffyrean roller bearings, but it should be compensated for by not having fumes outgas from lubricants during the continued use of ordinary bearings. More importantly, the Orffyrean roller bearings should make very clear that extra energy is continually produced from the Bessler principle, without carbon dioxide continually being released into the atmosphere during the production.
ED.L. methods could also be used in some remote areas but where power is not available. There could be Sweet Sixteen vehicles with limited maximum speed but very large numbers of miles per gallon (mpg) of fuel. Tricycles or three-wheeled cars with Sweet Sixteen "engines" could have infinite number of mpg of fuel. Such could more easily be built after the Orffyrean roller bearing has been reinvented.
Improved Railroad Efficiency. The ED.L. methods could be used to increase the efficiency of railroads so that fuel would no longer be needed to power them. In other words, they could increase from transporting a ton of freight almost 500 miles using a gallon of fuel to transporting a ton of freight an infinite number of miles using a gallon of fuel. Without energy over-unity engines, I think that the railroads could not have previously gotten infinite fuel efficiencies, since they were often operating at angular speeds much faster than those associated with the "daughter" cylinders in the ED.L. Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. It caused much pitting and rusting in the wheels. For evidence of this, just take a look at an old railroad wheel. The main engines for the railroads can be restricted to operating at or just below sweet angular speeds. That would allow the trains to be as fast as before but the main engines could be sweetly energy efficient, even over-unity in their energy production. The massive railroad wheels, operating at angular speeds greater than the sweet angular speed, would still inefficiently transfer some angular momentum from the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states to their surrounding partly destroyed atomic lattice. It would just be associated with internal heating and further destruction of the lattice. I don't think that it would be realistic to slow down the angular speed of the railroad wheels (into a sweet angular speed range) by increasing the diameters of the wheels. They would just be too large. Some demonstration railroads (for the purposes of novelty and local limited transportation) could be restricted to sweet angular speeds, using new wheels that were previously not rapidly rotated.
Research Needed for Automatic Governors. There would need to be inventions of the appropriate automatic performance governors, so that they would work according to the ED.L. instructions without requiring a trained engineer to govern them. For a single Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, the automatic governors could come from desired specifications of power extraction from the "son" or smallest cylinder (that is more slowly rotating) according to the indirectly measured angular speed and angular acceleration of the "daughter” cylinder. The largest angular speeds somehow observed in the daughter cylinder would suggest the proper power extraction required by the son cylinder, so as to prevent the system from running away and become unstable or self-destructive. The smallest angular speeds somehow observed in the daughter cylinder would suggest little or no power extraction by the son cylinder, so as to prevent the system coming to a standstill. The daughter cylinder needs a chance to gently build up power without coming to a standstill and without rotating so rapidly that it destroys its own “sweetness”. A curve for intermediate situations would need to be specified. The automated response of such a feedback control system could be reviewed by experienced human experts, who are knowledgeable in the use of the ED.L. methods. Such automatic governors could be fuzzy logical control systems, with the gradual memberships for feedback specified by experts in the operation of the Sweet Sixteen family of wheels/cylinders. I suspect that Ed L. had a purely-mechanical automatic governor to do the controlling of how much power should be sent off to the energy wasteful water pumping. There would initially be a fuzzy threshold of input power required to get the device to properly work. Hopefully while the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders is properly operating, it would not fall below the fuzzy threshold until it is time to stop it.
With sufficient experience in automatic governors and power extraction, it may be possible to gently extract electrical power directly from a sweet-angular-speed-rotating massive daughter cylinder without the need for separate father, mother, and son cylinders. The smart electrical power extraction could play the role of the low-friction magnetic sprocket wheels and all the other cylinders. Time will tell if such modern shortcuts are possible, given inherent instabilities in the daughter cylinder at the nuclear-ground-state level, which would not be possible to directly monitor. Ed may have come up with the best practical-mechanical solution that can be little improved upon.
Less Expensive Shipping. Commercial ships could be adapted to use propulsion from ED.L. power sources. The fuel costs associated with transportation for commercial ships should begin to fall, as the ships become adapted to the new more cost effective power plants. Ships with massive propeller axles have in the past been partly and unknowingly making use of Bessler principle power sources. In the future, such massive axles must never be rotated faster than their maximum sweet angular speed, so as not to destroy their sweetness. I am thinking because of the presence of the propellers in the water that such massive propeller axles have not been rotated too rapidly and thus have maintained their rotational sweetness. That would have kept down the prior expense of shipping. Efficiencies in the past should help prepare us for greater efficiencies in the future.
Improved Plant Efficiencies. Wind turbines, water turbines, and any sort of power plant can increase their power production efficiency as much as they like by using Sweet Sixteen methods of increasing power production. That would apply to any sort of plant that uses mechanical rotations about horizontal axes, during the production of power. The Sweet Sixteen method just allows greater power to be produced for the same source energy cost, since it repetitively collects additional power from the energetic two-part gravitons.
Sweet ED.L. to Influence New Engines. The primary sweet ED.L. messages from Leedskalnin's little book should eventually influence the design and use of many new engines. I think that the main messages from Leedskalnin's little book are: the Bessler or ED.L. principle can be used with ordinary roller bearings; power usage must be gentle so as not to create conflicts; rotationally sweet cylinders/axles are needed; the fastest rotating or sweet daughter cylinder needs to rotate fast enough; rotationally sweet wheels/cylinders must never be rotated too rapidly about a horizontal axis; the daughter cylinder connected to the mother cylinder by very low friction needs to rotate 1.5 = 24/16 times faster than the mother or father cylinder; magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels was Leedskalnin’s low friction method of rotationally connecting the three primary cylinders (daughter, mother, and father); the daughter cylinder needs to have its sweet angular speed slowly approached; the fastest-rotating daughter wheel should especially not be rotated too fast, so as not to destroy its rotational sweetness; air friction in the daughter cylinder is much less than the air friction in its parent cylinders. With the dawning of the rotational energy age, these are standard ideas that may be used by the designers of many new engines, so as to improve their efficiencies. The idea of the ultra-low-friction magnetically-repulsive sprocket-interfaces of the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders is an important idea that new engine designers should be aware of for connecting massive cylinders with low friction but the interface is quite gentle so it can be easily damaged, if proper care is not taken.
Rotationally Sweet Axles. Prior to implementing such ideas in engines, it may be valuable to rotate axles at as high angular speeds as possible, while maintaining their rotational sweetness by never rotating them too fast. For example, when rotating axles are produced, I think that manufacturers ought not to naively skimp on production costs by simply providing iron axles. Though more expensive, I suspect that stainless steel axles may better preserve rotational sweetness at somewhat higher angular speeds than plain iron axles, because stainless steel tends to have better lattice connections. Doing such should tend to increase transportation efficiencies in the trucks, railcars, etc. that they are used in, as long as the rotational speeds are not so large that the rotational sweetness is destroyed. Those rotating sweet axles should also be as massive as possible to increase transportation efficiencies. It is not just a matter of one-time structural-support costs. It is a matter of generating more useful power (at somewhat higher angular speeds) by means of the Bessler principle over the lifetime of the axle. When there is greater recognition of such benefits, there should tend to be greater demand for the rotationally sweeter, more massive axles, for use in vehicles maintaining larger angular speeds. A greater demand should translate into customers quite willing to pay higher productions costs for the more beneficial axles. I am advocating the use of more massive axles neither for much stop and go traffic nor for rapid acceleration of vehicles, where in each situation the extra mass would be a hindrance, but even for such cases having greater rotational sweetness would be a benefit. Having stainless steel axles, instead of iron axles, should be somewhat less subject to pitting caused by loss of rotational sweetness at larger angular speeds.
How do we keep engine axles/cylinders rotationally-sweet? They must slowly approach and never exceed their maximum angular speed so as to preserve rotational sweetness. Larger radius sweet-wheels could be used to attain larger speed. Hard operating constraints should be adhered to for the sake of maintaining the rotationally sweet axles/cylinders. The rotationally sweet axles/cylinders could be mechanically connected to sacrificial wheels and axles that can exceed the rotational sweetness limits for purposes of allowing greater angular speed in the sacrificial wheels. If the customer is ever allowed to operate any engine at angular speeds beyond its sweet angular speed, there should be dire warnings on the front cover of the instruction manual that doing so even once could permanently decrease the efficiency of the engine. Since there would be customers who would violate the sweet angular speed and the approach to such an angular speed, I think it may be better to impose hard operating constraints, according to the understood operating instructions so as not to allow self-destruction of such engines.
After the Orffyrean roller bearings are reinvented, any device using such improved bearings would become even a more powerful device. The more powerful device would produce more energy per unit of time. Using the ED.L. methods with the Orffyrean roller bearings would produce more useful power than by just using ordinary less efficient bearings to carry out ED.L. methods. Less energy would be sent to frictional heating in the bearings. I also suppose that using the ED.L. methods along with the Orffyrean roller bearings would produce more useful and sustained power than by just using the Orffyrean roller bearings by themselves, without the ED.L. methods. Both rotational sweetness and rotational efficiency should be used together.
Return of Bessler Wheels. With the reinvention of the Orffyrean roller bearing, there will be many modern examples of the Bessler wheels. After the bearings have proven to be safe and dependable, they may be more visibly used in water pumps, hands-on scientific museums, Ferris wheels, other amusement park rides, self-powered fans, continually running wind turbines, novelty devices, and fun toys. They may be less visibly used in life rafts for emergency power, bearings for car/truck axles, bicycles, roller skates, "squirrel" cages for evaporative coolers, tumble dryers, ship propulsion systems, and all sorts of machinery. Again, they would make powerful ED.L. devices even more powerful. There may be a blurred boundary between motorized vehicles and vehicles without motors, since every vehicle containing Bessler wheels would be able to produce some power. The amount of power produced depends upon the angular speed and the mass of the wheel. The governments or the departments of motor vehicles would need to deal with the blurred situations. The rules with respect to bicycle racing may need to change. Many bicycle racing records could be broken, if Orffyrean roller bearings are allowed to be used and restrictions are not placed on amounts of rotating mass. Some artists may want to use the bearings to form theme sculptures in rock and/or metal possibly taking hints from structures formed at Rock Gate Park.
Early Theme Park. Rock Gate Park was in hindsight clearly an early theme park, with the theme being the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Visitors didn’t seem to realize the theme, even though Ed told thousands of them that he built it for his Sweet Sixteen.
With the returning of the Bessler wheel, there may not be as great a need to replicate the dangerous/expensive McKinley low friction demonstration, because the phenomena may by then be quite common knowledge. If low friction is demonstrated or studied, after the manner of the 1968 McKinley demonstration, it may be advantageous to do it in an enclosed environment so that the helium can be recovered and cooled down for later reuse. The helium recovery equipment should likely contain Orffyrean roller bearings for efficiency sake.
There will likely be attempts to recreate versions of many of Bessler's perpetual motion devices including the amazing and instructive Bessler pendula. Bessler clocks could be built prior to the Bessler pendula. It will become common knowledge that energy can be extracted from gravity using wheels rotating around horizontal axes. Evidence for such will be all around us and it will be taught in the schools.
Environmental Rankings of Energy Production Methods. Here are my current rough rankings of some expected major methods, from most environmentally friendly to least environmentally friendly with respect to producing energy:
· solid wheels rotating about horizontal axes using Orffyrean roller bearings (assuming mercury used in their production is not released into the environment)
· Papp engines preferably using Orffyrean roller bearings
· Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders preferably using Orffyrean roller bearings
· GEET reactors (assuming closed cycle or not breaking up nuclei)
· Papp gas plasma using horizontal magnetic fields (RF heating, no vacuum)
· Sweet Sixteen angular speed wind turbines
· Sweet Sixteen angular speed geothermal turbines (with gases returned to the ground)
· Sweet Sixteen angular speed hydroelectric turbines (not requiring large dams)
· working cold fusion methods
· solar collectors
· burning/using renewable combustible materials
· burning fossil fuels
· GEET reactors (assuming breaking up nuclei)
· fission nuclear reactors (assuming main radioactive contaminants are neutralized by rapid rotations).
The words "Sweet Sixteen angular speed" means that a maximum angular speed (about horizontal axes) is gradually approached and it never attains a greater angular speed after which there begins to be a degradation of the energy and angular momentum exchange properties between the rotating nuclear-ground-states and the surrounding lattice of the wheel, for that particular material.
My Old Science Book. I was looking at a discarded copy of the science book nearly identical to the copies that my wife and I had used in ninth grade (1967-1968) at McKinley Junior High School. It was Matter, Life, and Energy by W. B. Herron and N. P. Palmer (1967) published by Lyons and Carnahan, Inc. On p. 275 of AREA 4 “ENERGY’, it said, “… the famous law of conservation of energy: energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but only changed in form.” We might think such is correct in a gross sense, when propping up artificial potential energies and when not considering rotations of matter about horizontal axes. Still, we need to begin to understand that energy is never actually conserved, according to all the forces, when a finest fundamental charge either emits or absorbs a discrete electric field. On p. 369 of Chapter 22 “The nature of light”, it said, “Even though it was proved that Huygens’ ether does not exist, light is still thought of as traveling through space by means of waves.” To say that the Dirac sea does not exist because Huygens’ ether does not exist begs for a much closer look at the disproof, since the disproof argument is flawed. Sir Isaac Newton {saying “… that light consists of tiny particles, or corpuscles, that travel in a straight line.” (p.369)} and Christian Huygens, with his wave theory of light, were both right and both wrong. We begin to understand that light is composed of many discrete electric fields traveling (at the speed of light, in purest vacuum) in straight lines, as waves of finest spirit particles appearing and disappearing, as the discrete electric fields go across the Dirac sea, until the collective light encounters ordinary matter, with which it lingers as it interacts. Also on that p. 369, it said “Scientists find that many of the properties of light can be explained by referring to light as a transverse wave.” We need to begin to understand that such so-called electromagnetic waves are composed of many longitudinal waves of discrete electric fields traveling outward in concert, at the speed of light from the finest fundamental charges that gave them birth. The usual composite electric fields and the so-called magnetic fields are seemingly transverse manifestations of many discrete electric fields harmoniously traveling together in straight-line waves. Regarding the origins of the universe, p. 554 suggested that a decreasing density of galaxy favors the big bang theory (evolutionary theory) over the steady-state theory. I think that was a flawed argument against types of steady-state theories, when according to the generations of galaxy formation, it should be understood that galaxies originate from stars of prior galaxies. Thus, the galaxies would locally decrease in their densities until vast numbers of new galaxies begin to appear. The total instantaneous mass density covering very large numbers of galaxies would be approximately constant, which density (or mass/volume) would also be equal to the mass of the finest fundamental charge divided by the new space that comes forth when a discrete electric field is absorbed within starlight by a previously temporarily appearing finest fundamental charge.
My old science book didn’t give coverage to Einstein’s theories of relativity, with the exception of the equation E=mc2 on p. 488 and p. 492, which need not depend exclusively upon those theories and which also may have come from other people. I remember watching a supplementary film in my 9th grade science class about the special theory of relativity. I think after we consider Einstein’s words to Besso (see section 1.3), we should be more prepared to cast off that theory according to Einstein’s own words.
Hopefully after the reader has studied this book, Gravity-Wheel Unveiled, he/she will realize that many of our prior foundations concepts in science will need to transition to new foundation concepts.
Maybe one day a science or history teacher could say to a class, "Back in the early two thousands, people used to believe that total energy was a fixed amount that could not be changed because they mistakenly believed that all the forces were energy conservative." A student might then ask questions, "Wasn’t it obvious that energy was never conserved when a charge absorbs a discrete electric field, which is the basis of all forces? Couldn't the people see that energy conservation was not correct from the examples of such great rotational-energy-pioneers as Bessler, Tesla, Leedskalnin, Papp, Fleischmann, and Pantone?" The teacher might answer, "We well understand that energy is not conserved today, but those rotational-energy-pioneering individuals were almost completely ignored. The exceptions were just ignored, as being just that -- exceptions. Those individuals and their findings were sometimes labelled as unscientific, unrepeatable, and fraudulent exceptions, even if their results were actually quite repeatable. Their achievements were greatly suppressed by extremely biased reporting and teaching. The reporting/teaching of experimental results should have been completely free of political-scientific bias but it wasn’t. Consequently little was heard of what they did. There was almost no mentioning of nuclear-ground-states internally rotating about horizontal axes, having their internal rotational speed increased by two-part gravitons. It was a scientifically dark era for rotational energy. There was some attention paid to Tesla, since he invented many useful devices that often didn't seem to challenge the prevailing energy opinion, but many of his other more scientifically-challenging ideas and devices were just ignored or suppressed. Some attention was initially paid to Pons and Fleischmann until many rapid-unscholarly non-confirmations caused them to retreat across the Atlantic. The whole episode of rotational energy suppression (circa 1712-2011) was an unfortunate three century holdover from the Middle Ages that allowed unreasonable information suppression at all scientific levels. The suppression naturally found its way into miseducation of the ordinary people of all walks of life and of all levels of education. Yes, now by common examples of Bessler wheels and Papp engines we properly understand that energy is never conserved when a finest fundamental charge absorbs a discrete electric field, which is the most elementary basis of all the forces. Still, to speed up certain estimates, even today we often use the old conservation of energy theory for many useful engineering approximations, where we can neglect rotational energy production from two-part gravitons."
I (AEP) look forward to a future generation growing up with the Bessler principle and not being blinded by the historical errors of the past, with respect to ignoring the principle.
Time Standards. In the rotational energy age, with energy increasingly becoming almost a ubiquitous commodity, with much energy available, there would be increasingly-less incentive to use daylight saving time for a purpose of saving energy. I think in the rotational energy age we can expect to completely stop using daylight saving time. If safety is of concern with respect to retaining the daylight saving time, we will have much power available that may in part be used to provide safety. There should not be as much of a safety-constraint, with respect to retaining daylight saving time, as we previously had before the rotational energy age. Presumably daylight saving time, with its various problems, will become an anachronism.
Environmental Friendliness. I think we can expect in the future that the extra energy made possible by the Bessler principle, can help fill in needs associated with sustainable growth and practices. I gave an example above in 14.3 of using garbage dumps as a source for raw materials. It is best not to have waste in the first place but if we can't come up with better uses of the waste we can use the dumps/landfills as a "free" source for raw materials with much energy to process them coming from the Bessler principle. As a more explicit example, instead of considering old concrete and steel (from old buildings and freeways) as being waste, we can use these rotationally new wastes along with new concrete to produce large massive solid cylinders for producing energy using Leedskalnin's Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. As an example which I gave above in 14.4, using the Bessler principle via ED.L. methods can have essentially a zero carbon footprint. It should automatically reduce some greenhouse-gas emissions, allowing new plant-life to remove many existing greenhouse-gas pollutants from the atmosphere.
Great Prosperity. Great prosperity should come with more use of the Bessler principle. Its increased use will cause: greater energy to be available at lower cost, more food to be available at lower cost, more products to be available at lower cost, more new industries to be possible, and more prosperity associated with many new means of livelihood. We have had an industrial revolution, which has been continuing. We began a computer revolution, which is increasing and continuing to grow with many variations. We are beginning a rotational energy revolution, which will continue to grow in many ways, including in the local production of much energy, without the burden of “fuel” costs. The cost of the “fuel” of two-part gravitons is nearly free. There are costs of building the devices, which are able to use the free fuel of gravity. The rotational energy revolution will assist both the industrial and computer revolutions, since they all may be coupled together. There will be a plethora of product types, since we need not be held down as much by large production runs, according to prior production methods. Specialization will be encouraged in the future with lower energy costs and diversity of industries. Many designers, engineers of all types, builders, farmers, hydrologists, plumbers, artists, artisans, nuclear rotation specialists, simulation specialists, scientists, applied scientists, computer scientists, computer engineers, robot technicians, teachers, applied mathematicians, environmental designers, architects, machinists, mechanics, technicians, analysts, etc. will be needed in the future. The plenitude and diversity of energy can spill over to many different areas of employment, creating industries that couldn’t previously survive the energy costs. New power systems, of a great variety of types, should open up undreamt opportunities. There would also be many new opportunities for somewhat plain and simple lives “off the grid”. Still, with power, wealth, and opportunities comes responsibilities.
Proper Use of Power. Hopefully, as we the people of this world come to understand that acquisition of power is not such a difficult thing, we will attach greater importance to the proper use of power. If we have narrow, short-term motives regarding the use of power, it may be to our long-term or rather eternal detriment. If we can acquire wide-perspective long-term views for our use of power for the good of all (doing onto others, as we would have them do onto us); it should be to our near-term-and-long-term future benefit. The Golden Rule is taught in many religions including: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism.
God’s Restored Church. I am a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Church). My wife (Lindy) and I both became members of the Church in 1983. This restored Church of Jesus Christ might be considered as either a Christian or an Israeli or a Jewish Church. It is the Church for all the people of this world. The head of the Church is Jesus Christ, the Lord Jehovah or I Am (as was the case for His Church in the New and Old Testament times of the Bible), who is of the tribe of Judah, which is one of the tribes of Israel. His mother was of the tribe of Judah and the Jewish husband of His mother raised Him as his son and taught Him his trade. Jesus was and is a Jew and the rightful heir to King David, the king of all Israel. Jesus was and is of the house of Israel. The early Christians near and after the time of Jesus’ mortal ministry were often Jews. Some of the many new Gentile members of His Church might have been portions of lost or scattered Israel. Even if the new members were neither Jew nor lost Israel, the Gentiles were members of His Church, which might have been considered as a Jewish or an Israeli Church, since He as its head (until the falling away of the Church) was and is a Jew or an Israelite. Also see Romans 10:1; 11:7; Galatians 6:16; Ephesians 2:10-13; 1 Nephi 4:26; 20:1. If there had been no falling away (2 Thessalonians 2:3) of His Church, there would have been neither a need for the Protestant Reformation nor the Restoration. The early Church (until its destruction) was for all the people of this world. The Church was restored by God the Father and his Only Begotten Son in the flesh (Jesus Christ). See the first article of faith of the Church or see True to the Faith under Godhead. They are one in purpose and doctrine. We the people of this world are all spirit sons/daughters of God the Father. See for example Numbers 16:22 (27:16); Matthew 3:13-17; Matthew 5:48; Matthew 6:9, John 14:6-10; John 17:6-23; Acts 7:55-56; 1 Corinthians 8:6; Ephesians 4:6.
Loving Others. We Christians and Jews should love the Muslims or people of the religion of Islam enough to not show depictions of the prophet Muhammad. Freedom of speech is important but the responsibility of loving others is even more important. I am thankful that there is enough freedom of speech so that I can hope for open publications in print concerning the Bessler principle, without the messages being either ignored or symbolically coded or hidden in secret, as has hitherto often been the case. It has been a great struggle of at least three centuries for this information to come forth. It likely has actually been a protracted great struggle of many more than three centuries.
Faith. I am not aware of anyone who is offended by the Bessler principle. Many have opposed it because of their own faulty theoretical beliefs. Many people may not believe in it (because of much past-partial-or-incomplete information that they have received), but that is their choice. I hope that those who don’t believe in the principle will look for the preponderance of evidences and test results regarding the Bessler principle and then reconsider their beliefs. Their beliefs should be guided by actual evidences and experimental results. Faith is often times guided by the confirmations of small experiments and evidences. See Alma 32. Those, who firmly believe that perpetual motion devices are impossible, may want to learn lessons from my Bessler clock failed efforts (see "6.7 My Bessler Clock Attempt"), try to build their own (avoiding my many errors), and try to find out for themselves. The device appears to be quite tricky to build. People should not be so dead set against the Bessler principle, without considering more of the complete evidences and test results regarding it. Experiments in space might be easier but there may have been a faith gap not allowing such experiments to be done. Replicating the McKinley low-friction demonstration might be fairly straight forward but I haven’t done so because of expense, danger, and difficulty. Maybe I need greater faith. Maybe a very small version of it could be done safely at a much lower cost.
Love Instead of Suppression. I am trying to love others by loving the testable truth. If people reject the testable truth, the rejection of the testable truth hurts those people in the long run. We need freedom to speak the truth, but the truth demands proper behavior based on the understanding of that truth. The Muslims and especially the few violent Islamic extremists need to remember that the great battle or holy struggle is for eternal life, which demands proper-self-conduct, including proper conduct to strangers. If completely by the grace of God, we want to try to win the great battle of “practical work” in this life for eternal life or jihad, we need to be loving of others, including our enemies. I think that killing off strangers and innocent people is an extremely poor strategy to try to win such a jihad for eternal life. That would be neither a good nor a practical work. If we can’t show that we can get along well with others in this mortal state, we are not showing that we are ready to get along well with others in an immortal resurrected state. I think that the violent Islamic extremists are not being true to their own religion (by not following the Golden Rule) because there is a being (the devil) who is opposed to God, with the devil often pretending to be God, misleading many, and creating great contentions. In Apologia, Bessler makes it quite clear that the devil is his great enemy. The devil is the great enemy of Bessler’s invention, which subtle physically-non-contentious invention came from God. I think that every time a manifestation of the Bessler principle has come forth it has been opposed by the devil. For some examples, think of the suppressions of Bessler’s wheels, of Papp’s engines, of the GEET reactors, and of cold fusion. Papp kept back parts of his technology so it was automatically suppressed. Leedskalnin didn’t let his technology go forth so it was automatically suppressed, except in his little coded book (BEH) and in his symbolic Rock Gate Park. The truth about the shining sun has been suppressed by greatly-repeated erroneous-inadequate explanations. The initial suppression of cold fusion (according to it not supposedly being repeatable) is well known to many people but cold fusion has survived because there have been large amounts of repeatable evidence. Bessler’s demonstrated technology did not go forth except in his little coded book. Bessler may not have fully realized that his technology was automatically greatly suppressed, since he openly-symbolically provided his bearing specifications and he jubilantly-symbolically spoke of how to build his bearings. I think that he was trying to oppose the devil by allowing his bearing technology to go forth symbolically. Bessler’s technology was greatly suppressed, since Bessler’s symbols were too difficult for most people to unravel, without knowledge of his principle. There are many physical/symbolic parallels between attaining eternal life and using Bessler’s perpetual motion mobile, which the reader may want to carefully contemplate. The devil was opposed to the many practical working demonstrations of Bessler’s wheels, secretly having very low friction roller bearings, which bearings would have been for our future prosperity and knowledge. Bessler indicates in Apologia that the devil sent forth a great number of lies to stop or suppress the work. The rebellious devil and his multitudes of brother and sister fallen angels desire that we be poor or ignorant or contentious or fearful or in bondage or destroyed. They often seek to subtly misdirect or delay us a little, in this our memory-blind test, because we did not previously rebel against God’s plan, as they did. If we are suppressed, it is as if they are gloating, “See, we told you it wouldn’t work.”
Follow Golden Rule. If we are smart, we need to follow the Golden Rule for the future benefit of many including ourselves. I think that many people understand the idea of how, with total reliance upon God, to actually win the great battle of practical work for eternal life. The enemies should best be destroyed by love, so that they are no longer enemies but rather friends. I think Abraham Lincoln said something like this, "I destroy my enemies when I make them my friends." We Christians, Jews, Israelites, and Muslims need to unite in loving each other as well as all people, which includes loving people of all faiths. I suspect that there was not a person anywhere on this planet, in the last one or two thousand years, who was not a descendant of Abram/Abraham (the father of Ishmael, Isaac, Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah). I suspect that there was not a person anywhere on this planet, in the last one or two thousand years, who was not a descendant of Judah (the son of Jacob/Israel, the son of Isaac, the son of Abram/Abraham). I could make similar suppositions about some others. I think that everyone today on this world (with sufficient knowledge) could know that there exists a minimum M for a particular individual such that the individual could truthfully say that “Ishmael was one of my Mth great grandfathers.” I think that there would similarly exist a particular minimum N (dependent on each living individual today) with respect to Judah so that the individual could truthfully say that “Judah was one of my Nth great grandfathers.” We are all relatives of each other. We should try to love others as we love members of our families. I invite you to extend the hand of friendship and love to any of your distant relatives, to whom you might think they are a little different or to whom you previously may have had some unkind feelings toward. When we interact with someone else, we might want to especially focus on the many things that we share in common, rather than contentiously focusing on our differences. We can appreciate our differences. We can show our love for others by serving them or by providing “practical work” for them. 'Some extremists have used the term jihad to refer exclusively to “holy war,” but the word actually means “practical work,” as opposed to “mere” prayer and scripture study' (pp. 47-48 jihad, pp. 42-49 April 2018 Ensign “Understanding Islam” by Daniel C. Peterson, https://www.lds.org/ensign/2018/04/understanding-islam?lang=eng). Consider https://www.justserve.org/ as an example to just give service to others. We don’t need to travel to the other side of the world to provide service. We can help our neighbor. Consider Mosiah 2:17 for the importance of service. As we see in the Orffyrean roller bearing, we can provide local service where we are and in many-small-important ways help lift the burdens of those around us. I am trying to serve the people of this planet by showing various paths toward very low cost rotational energy with many beneficial practical-working-ramifications.
Our Possible Far-Future Inheritance. Hopefully we should expect in the far future to inherit all things by being joint heirs with Christ. How could matter, which continually sends forth energetic penetrating gravitons in all directions toward such distant realms of the universe, not be jointly held in common? How could the furthest traveling gravitons and the far traveling photons not be cooperatively held in common? There is no need to fight over a photon nor a graviton nor even a million square miles of land on an earth, when an infinite number of them will be coming forth in eternity, from within the bounds of this forever-spreading-outward galaxy, without even counting the numbers within the bounds of myriads of other forever-spreading-outward galaxies. It would not be at all reasonable to fight over such increasing things. How could the light-speed waves of appearing-and-disappearing finest fundamental-charged-particles or spirit matter not be shared by all who are able to inherit God's kingdom? How could the “new” finest-fundamental-charges formed not be held in common? Should we not desire to be joint heirs of all the shared infinite matter that has yet to come forth? How could the hydrogen atoms and other matter formed from them not be cooperatively held in common? How could the furthest-traveling cosmic rays, as they begin and eventually end their cosmic careers across vast distances (often much longer than our current longest sensor distances), not be jointly held in common? There is neither need to fight over a cosmic ray nor a hydrogen atom, when an infinite number of them will be coming forth. What is the slight wealth of a mountain of gold compared to worlds without end, increasing number-wise beyond any finite bound? When I taught in the nursery at church, I noted to myself that sharing is an important concept that needs to be acquired or adhered to for the benefit of all. I think that each galaxy (consisting of a multitude of stars) should become a multitude of galaxies, with this process continuing forever. I think that we should neither be bound by ancient incorrect constraints of conservation of mass-energy nor be bound by the notion of conservation of space. The unusual non-conservation ideas conform to: evidence of non-conservation of energy-mass according to the Bessler principle, evidence of vast amounts of dark matter being out in space, and evidence of dark energy being out in space. The universe’s great organization and structure, including the myriads of galaxies, is explained by its dependence on God.
For clues about our relationship to God and our possible far-future inheritance, see Romans 8:16-17 and Doctrine and Covenants 84:35-38. The extent of our possible future inheritance should become clearer to us, when we begin to understand the ever-increasingly-expansive nature of the actual cosmology and especially when we begin to understand our relationship to God. We need to understand: our relationship to God, our immortal Heavenly Father, who was unable to die for us; and our relationship to his Only Begotten Son in the flesh, who was able to die for us and who did die for us, according to his infinite-total-eternal-sacrifice of love. Consider Jacob 4:11; Mosiah 15:2-4; Alma 34:10; Alma 34:14; John 3:16-17; 1 John 4:19.
Eternal Life. Ordinary matter in eternity has infinite matter-offspring within its first generation (and within every future generation) and an unbounded number of future generations. Ordinary matter has a type of eternal life. Should we not also seek eternal life with the help of God? Should we not avail ourselves of the opportunities that God desires/provides for us? New matter seemingly harkens to the “voice” of the graviton, “Come ye children of the light and have eternal life.” Should we not similarly harken to the words of God regarding eternal life? There is plenty of room for growth and increase in our infinite everywhere-increasing-expanding universe.
Three Witnesses. You have Bessler’s words. You have Leedskalnin’s words. You have my words. You have three witnesses of the Bessler/ED.L. principle. Consider 2 Corinthians 13:1; 2 Nephi 11:3. Those words speak also of Christ. The principle speaks of Christ. All things bear continual testimony of Jesus Christ. Many experiments and observations provide further evidence of the Bessler principle. As the Bessler principle provides evidence, all finest fundamental charges (or spirit-matter particles) know of past and future things.
The ED.L. methods may become commonly demonstrated and used even before the Orffyrean roller bearing is reinvented. The Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders will be able to produce much inexpensive energy. It is a matter of time before the Orffyrean roller bearing is reinvented, likely with the assistance of containing robots to handle the more dangerous portions of their production. Then modern day versions of Bessler's wheels will be available and become plentiful. Plentiful inexpensive energy will be available. Such inexpensive energy will prepare the way for: many inexpensive raw materials, pure water extracted from the oceans for dry lands, increased food production, deserts blossoming, reduced burning of fuels, reduced carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere by burning so as to help combat global warming, greater amounts of plant life on the earth, reduced pollution, and improved education. Papp engines may be desired for many situations. The prices of noble gases should increase according to greatly increased demand. The Bessler wheels, the Bessler pendula, the Bessler clocks, and the Sweet Sixteen families of cylinders will serve as visible proof of the Bessler principle. With more use of the Bessler principle, there should be greater prosperity. We would be wise to share the wealth and power with others. Hopefully, as we hearken to God for help, we should eventually inherit all things. As ordinary matter has a type of eternal life, should we not harken to God regarding eternal life?
Experiment More Important Than Rationale. Any reasoning why gravity is weak and attractive is less important than the observations that gravity is weak and attractive. Any reasoning why there is a Bessler principle is less important than the observation that there is a Bessler principle. Still, I have tried to give underlying reasons why such things occur, as best as I could figure them out.
Gravity Properties. Even if we don't fully know reasons why, we can measure that gravity is weak and attractive. We can measure some attenuation of gravity, by the gravity going through massive bodies. There is a measured Bessler principle, even if we don't fully know reasons why there is a Bessler principle.
The Hidden Principle. The Bessler principle or Orffyreus's principle could have been called the ED.L. principle or the stone mason principle or the yin-yang principle, depending upon the origin and use of the idea. There might have been other uses of the idea/principle that we only have hints of today. For example, see 1 Nephi 16:28-29; Ether 3:4; Genesis 6:16 "awindow" (An alternate translation from the Hebrew.) "tsohar; some rabbis believed it was a precious stone that shone in the ark." If I had to guess which of those variously-named versions of the principle was the first or most ancient, I might guess that the stone mason principle might have been the most ancient, since it might have been associated with the building of the pyramids in Egypt. Having an ancient version of the principle is consistent with the principle being used even more anciently. If these ancient ideas/principles were told to others, often times those others would simply just not believe the ideas. That automatically helped add to the suppression or non-propagation of the ideas.
The ideas/principles could sometimes survive in coded form, until people with enough faith in the ideas (such as Bessler, Leedskalnin, Papp, the providers of the 1968 McKinley low friction demonstration, Pantone, and Collins) would come along. The faithful people could either help the ideas to continue to propagate or make the ideas productive. Bessler read a newspaper report that "a thing to be prized more than a ton of gold would be the invention of a Wheel which could turn of its own accord" p. 28 of PM97. Whoever wrote that report helped to inspire or to urge Bessler in his quest for the secret of perpetual motion. The report put Bessler on the correct “track”. Bessler eventually succeeded in his quest with help from God. He was able to construct such a wheel, as was written of in the report. Bessler understood that as a minimum, to attain perpetual motion, he needed very low mechanical friction, but having attained that very difficult task (with God's help) he learned that it was all that he needed. God through gravity supplied everything else that was needed to produce a wheel that could "turn of its own accord" exactly as was written in the newspaper report. Did the faithful reporter for that newspaper report understand or learn of the 1712 Gera-wheel repercussion of that report?
Why Sun-Powered-by-Hot-Fusion Myth? Why did many people support the myth that the sun operated on hot fusion, when it went completely against the observed photon temperature facts? I think that the short answer was, because physics had been greatly misdirected, I think that many people could not imagine any other possible source of power. I think that many could neither imagine rotating nuclear-ground-states nor especially could they imagine any reason how the nuclear-ground-states could preferentially weakly-or-incrementally acquire greater internal angular speed. Cold fusion with great internal angular speed was similarly initially dismissed, since the physics was misdirected and there was a lack of imagination about preferential rotations of nuclear-ground-states. The power in the sun was incorrectly labelled as hot fusion, while some actual rotationally hot fusion upon the earth (though translationally cold) was popularly considered as completely impossible to be a type of fusion.
No Thermal Equilibrium at Sun Edges. It is correct that the temperatures associated with only slight translation motion of the atmospheric atoms or nuclei should be smallest, when furthest from the sun or where there was the greatest exposure to the ultra-cold 3°K background temperature of space. But the photons that were produced there or furthest from the sun were amazingly associated with ultra-high temperatures because there the nuclear-ground-states were internally rotating extremely rapidly about horizontal axes. The large energy photons were not due to collisions between separate nuclei, since such collisions were the least likely at such furthest atmospheric fringes. Rather the large energy photons were mainly due to negatively-charged electrons being struck, when they attractively encountered the positively-charged rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states. I think there is also weaker radiation from rotations of nuclear magnetic moments. Having more than one temperature associated with such atoms or nuclei did not seem consistent with prior physical understanding. Normally, from experiences on the earth, temperatures were typically associated with a single thermal equilibrium (i.e. there was a zeroth law of thermodynamics), but with the rarity of matter at the edges of the sun, the two modes of motion were definitely not in thermal equilibrium. Motion of one mode had little effect upon the motion of the other mode. The low temperature associated with translation was not in thermal equilibrium with the ultra-high temperature associated with rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. Such things were beyond the realm of common earthly experience. With no common equilibrium temperature in the solar corona, the zeroth law of thermodynamics (in that case) could not survive the steady gradual onslaught of the two-part gravitons, as nearly every absorbed graviton slightly increased the rotational speed of the nuclear-ground-states. Many experiences on the earth (captured in so-called laws) did not translate well to understandings at the edges of the sun's atmosphere or even within the photosphere, where there was much interference.
The lack of understanding about such extreme situations on the sun may have helped propagate the myth that the sun was somehow powered by hot fusion. The question, "What else could it be?" was asked and incorrectly answered. I think that such misunderstanding was ultimately due to physics having gone the wrong way for centuries. A fundamental physical principle can’t be ignored or suppressed for centuries without there being large consequences.
Physics Took Wrong Turn. Much thinking has been constrained, as physics took a wrong turn about 300 years ago with the suppression of the Bessler wheel and continued denial that it went the wrong way, despite related evidence making itself known over time. See PM97 for much detailed information on the Bessler wheels. Correct conclusions about the Bessler wheel hung in the balance, from 1712 until Bessler's death in 1745. Those were the many long years in which either the Bessler wheels or other of Bessler's perpetual motion devices were allowed, by Bessler, to work. Both scientists in favor of Bessler's wheel and in opposition to Bessler's wheel almost seemed to be waiting for Bessler's wheel to be either sold or revealed. Newton publically kept quiet about the wheel, apparently because the inner working of Bessler's wheels might easily have been revealed either directly by Bessler revealing it or indirectly by Bessler's secret being made available by his selling his wheel. It was a time of great scientific importance, yet with suppression, the science turned and was misdirected onto the wrong path. How could that have happened? That is how could a whole science have been misdirected onto an erroneous path? Many were trying to be so very careful. How could it happen?
Eventually, with Bessler's death, there appeared no possibility that the Bessler wheels would ever turn again. Bessler was never able to sell one of his expensive, 100,000 thalers wheels to one of the many interested buyers. Possibly Bessler figured that 100,000 thalers was a bargain compared to a ton of gold, which was his viewed worth of his invention. Still, if he never let the invention go forth, the invention itself could not “be prized more than a ton of gold” p. 28 of PM97. I also think that Bessler chose such a large price for the one time sale, since I think he figured he wouldn't get a second sale when the word became known that the invention was essentially “only” his special very-low friction steel roller bearings, allowing gravity to assist all matter in his rotating wheels. I think he misunderstood the economics of the situation and I think he underestimated the difficulty that others would have in replicating his bearings, even if he were later to provide full instructions for producing the bearings, after he sold one of his wheels. Any buyer surely would have understood that it mattered little what was used within the wheel as long as it had well-connected mass (was rotationally sweet using Ed’s language), was well balanced, and destroyed by friction very little rotational kinetic energy. Any buyer would have understood that the secret was in the two extremely low friction mechanical roller bearings, which in that physical regime would allow the Bessler principle to be easily manifest. Actually producing the bearings by his special growing process was the difficult thing then and even now. Nowadays if one tried to produce bearings without using robots (to be safe), one might become as mad as a mad hatter. Some said that Bessler was mad. Why might Bessler have been mad? Bessler might have been exposed to mercury vapor as he (Orffyreus) grew his bearing surfaces of steel orbs and orb holes, using likely mixtures of fine gunpowder balls, mercury, and finely ground ferromagnetic meteorites-and-iron.
In hindsight, I think that Bessler should have asked for a much lower price for his wheel. He could have auctioned off one of his wheels with long enough pauses to allow bids to come in from distant countries. Then Bessler could have charged people a reasonable amount, if they wanted detailed hands-on instructions on building his wheels (or actually producing his bearings). In hindsight, making some money would have been better than his not making any money from the sale of his very expensive wheel. It may be understandable that Bessler didn't make the best business decisions on his bearings, after he had surely breathed in unhealthy amounts of mercury vapor during production of his low-friction bearings. I think that the situation was more complicated than that, as evidenced by Apologia. Bessler may have been rightfully more concerned about his standing before God and his support from God than he was in maximizing his acquired money. Still, I think it is sad that the Bessler wheels stopped turning and the world lost a truly great invention. We still (in 2019) don't have anything like such bearings today, in common use. His bearings were pure rolling-without-slipping of the finest-steel. The tiny steel lobes rolled without slipping within their steel lobe-holes maintaining that rolling contact for about 25°. Somewhat like the planets, the intermediate rollers kept rolling "forever" along their pre-established paths without the “slightest” deviation. That curious situation simultaneously both kept the rollers from interfering with each other and provided marvelous mechanical support. The marvelous mechanical support would allow the mechanical rotation about a horizontal axis of extremely massive wheels, using relatively tiny bearings.
Without continued evidence to the contrary (by continued turning of Bessler's wheels), laws of physics were then insisted upon that there could theoretically never be a gravity-powered perpetual-motion machine or rather any sort of perpetual motion machine. The evidences were subtly rejected and the scholars closed their ranks to advocate against perpetual motion machines from many limited “theoretical” viewpoints. See paragraph "Incorrect Assumptions in Traditional Conservative Analysis" within section "A.3 Energy Non-Conservation" of Appendix A. There was insistence that there could be no sort of Maxwell's demon. Interestingly enough in hindsight, with knowledge that the Bessler principle actually works, the two-part graviton (or the pair of fundamental opposite absorbing charges that can absorb the graviton) acts within rotating matter as a curiously smart sort of a rotational Maxwell's demon. See Chapter 12 "MATTER INTELLIGENCE". The earlier part of "it" (or the matter it works upon) knows what will happen and the latter part of "it" knows what previously happened and responds accordingly. It could be considered a total quantum process with information either traveling faster than the speed of light or information flowing backward in time. If information can travel faster than the speed of light, then I think that means that energy can travel faster than the speed of light. These would be special quantum connected flows of information and energy. Still, these exceptional flows appear to occur in all matter.
The evidence provided by Bessler that had been long observed, tested, and demonstrated was almost effectively written out of existence or rather almost entirely written out of scientific history or memory. The purging process was assisted by the unproven idea that the Bessler wheel was purely due to fraud. Lies were told and propagated, which after his arrest had the effect of making it nearly impossible for Bessler to sell his wheel. Many would rather believe the unfounded lies (and believe energy conservation theory) than the many evidences, tests, and certificates regarding the Bessler wheels themselves. Karl, the Landgrave of Hesse Kassel, “knew” that Bessler's Hesse Kassel wheel was a true invention, as he had seen the interior of the wheel while it worked, but he would not reveal to others what his saw according to his oath that he had made to Bessler. See pp. 39 and 168 of PM97. I suppose that Karl had seen eight weights each sliding along its wire, which had the “appearance” of making the wheel rotate. See Fig. 31. The ends of all the wires were connected to the interior surfaces of the outer edge boards of the wheel. I suspect that Karl saw each weight in its turn gently sliding to one end of the wire (as the weight went up in elevation) and then pick up speed as it came down in elevation until it slammed into the end of the wire. The eye couldn't help being attracted to the weights as they appeared to propel the wheel. The visible arrangement was so simple that a carpenter boy could have built it. What Karl couldn't see or understand was (1) the interior rollers on each of the bearings carrying an extremely heavy load with very little friction because of the perfect pure rolling without slipping alignment of lobes and lobe-holes on all the surfaces of the bearings, and (2) a vast number of rotating nuclear-ground-states picking up rotational kinetic energy from the two-part gravitons. Actually all the rotating mass of Bessler's rotating wheel at Hesse-Kassel caused the wheel to rotate faster, until the rotational power that was acquired became equal to the power lost primarily to friction. The sliding weights contributed to the acquired rotational kinetic energy by their internally-rotating nuclear-ground-states.
When applied to matter, gravity was simply yet incorrectly assumed by many people to just be a single force (the negative gradient of a supposed conservative continuous potential). Such an assumption was approximately correct according to many approximate measurements. The more-exact possibility that gravity was a two-part discrete entity was not considered by very many people, except possibly for a few individuals like J. E. E. Bessler and likely some stone masons. As we see on p. 225 of PM97, Bessler wrote "An anvil receives many blows." Almost no one (except apparently Bessler) asked the question, "Must energy be conserved during each of gravity's two downward absorption blows?" There were actually two separate energy-non-conservative absorptions for each discrete portion of gravity. Who else considered such an idea? Conservation of energy laws were propped up (based upon an assumed physical continuum), as most of the ordinary evidence then fit the laws quite well. The many prior Bessler wheel exceptions were utterly ignored. Energy-non-conservative absorptions of discrete electric fields were also later completely left out of Maxwell's equations. See Appendix A. Only the more obvious source portions of the electric fields were given treatment. Continuous foundations of physics reigned nearly supreme (except until the quantum appeared), when it really should have had a completely discrete foundation, without any assumptions using continuous energy potentials.
A purely discrete foundation (with a "knowing" two-part discrete graviton) would have allowed for a possibility of a Bessler wheel. But who (other than Bessler) would have guessed that the lowly discrete graviton could be so amazingly smart? Many seemed to incorrectly assume that matter and things springing forth from matter were completely stupid, purely following rigid physical laws, devoid of intelligent feedback. What evidence was there that ordinary matter was so smart? Such stupid-matter assumptions were incorrectly made despite much evidence of there being much intelligence in the world around us. Maybe it takes an act of faith to consider the ideas that gravity can be so smart and quantum connected. Possibly other than the implied intelligence of gravity or matter, discrete gravity can apparently be qualitatively explained with relatively few assumptions.
Gravity is qualitatively explained with relatively few assumptions. The straight forward assumptions regarding gravity are primarily: greater masses are composed of organized collections of finest fundamental opposite charges (each with the same size of mass), finest fundamental charges radiate discrete electric fields in straight lines (in non-rotating inertial systems) at the vacuum speed of light according to their source type of fundamental charge, discrete electric fields are absorbed by fundamental charges, the very weakest electric fields favors attractive absorptions over repulsive absorptions, an ultra-weak graviton of gravity is composed of two discrete electric fields from opposite charges traveling together as a discrete quantum soliton, and both the two discrete electric fields of a graviton must be attractively absorbed by opposite fundamental charges from which they originated. Both absorptions need not be simultaneous. Such assumptions about the graviton qualitatively account for the weakness of attractive gravity. These assumptions along with fundamental parameters and configurations of solutions of fundamental matter lend themselves to simulations, though full simulations could be computationally extremely intensive.
These assumptions about gravity provide a Bessler principle. The Bessler principle accounts for many phenomena that would be very difficult to explain without such a principle.
With a further assumption that the speed of light in vacuum is with respect to the preponderance of surrounding matter (that the radiation interacts with), this allows a somewhat simple explanation for the most energetic cosmic rays, because particles preferentially absorb attractive gravitons in front rather than behind. Gravity is a very special type of little interacting light. That cosmic ray explanation would suggest a truly infinite universe, which idea is consistent with the scriptures. Gravity interacts with very little matter as it goes across the Dirac sea, until both its electric field parts are absorbed, though not necessarily at the same time.
The idea of masses being composed of finest fundamental charges is consistent with the scriptures. The finest fundamental charges could be considered as spirit matter.
Evidence is available that the graviton is absorbed, which strongly suggests that it is discrete.
The idea that electric fields are absorbed (and therefore likely discrete) may be tested by a proposed experiment (in Appendix A) to see if Gauss's law actually holds under such conditions. There may be other experiments that can test out the concept of the weakest electric fields being preferentially attractively absorbed.
If one believes in the scriptures and if the symbols of God relating to gravity seem appropriate, then I suppose there is somewhat little else that needs to be truly assumed for the basis of gravity. Maybe the "extra" assumptions might be that the weakest electric fields favor attractive absorptions over repulsive absorptions, and that the two discrete electric fields of a graviton must both be absorbed for the graviton to be absorbed. Those extra assumptions help account for the weakness of gravity, which weakness or great rarity is also symbolic.
Because such ideas in aggregate about gravity suggest a Bessler principle, and because the Bessler principle would appear to be quite testable by experiments, this would seem to leave little in doubt about the nature of gravity, assuming that the experiments verify the Bessler principle. Is there another theory that predicts the experimentally testable Bessler principle? There is none other theory that I am aware of.
Evidences and Tests. I have suggested many evidences and tests of the Bessler principle. They, so far, have given much support to the Bessler principle and thus the implied idea of two-part gravitons. I suppose that results of future tests will continue to provide greater support for the Bessler principle. Many old unexplained or only partially explained situations will need to be reconsidered in light of the Bessler principle.
New Simulations. As part of the reconsideration of new situations, new calculations and simulation models will need to be constructed or modified that properly account for the Bessler principle.
Reasons Replacing Heuristics. Actual reasons should now be provided for many prior heuristic formulas. For example, puzzles associated with such things as wind shear, tornados, and turbulence dependent on attitude should now be both unraveled and endowed with rational explanations based upon the Bessler principle. Prior phenomenological studies, formulas, calculations, and predictions should now be better understood by means of first principles. If possible, we should avoid unexplained shallow modeling based just upon the histories of situations, which histories are devoid of any real understanding about what was actually going on. This is the way for reason to progress with respect to such situations. If phenomenology is kept, there should be better organization of the phenomenology, if not understood reasons behind the phenomenology.
Engineering Approximations. Often the failures of the prior physics without the Bessler principle are only slight. For example, one can often prop up fictitious potential energies that allow a total energy (of kinetic energy and potential energy) to approximately be conserved or rather remain nearly constant. Such approximations are quite useful for many practical applications. They can lend themselves to quick calculations. While often practical or useful as engineering principles requiring skill or proper judgment in their use, such an idea as conservation of energy should not be assumed to be a foundation principle.
I don't think that Einstein knew about the Bessler principle. If he did, that would have been another reason for considering giving up his own theory of gravity. I suspect that he did not know about the Bessler principle before his 1954 letter to Besso. Reading between the lines, he seemed to only briefly suggest the possibility of a non-continuous basis for gravity in his letter. As far as I know, he did not go into specific details about such a non-continuous basis for gravity.
Review by Experiment. Scientists can and should provide extra review of this book by first courageously doing one of the many proposed tests (or at least checking out the correctness or incorrectness of one of the many listed evidences) and then (if appropriate) bravely reporting the actual observations/results. Again, physics is supposed to be an experimental science. We need to bring experiment back to it without ignoring our complete observations, so as to test or enquire about truly significant questions. We should not seek to hide discrepancies between observations and the prior best means of explanation. Rather we should seek to make any such discrepancies well known, so that better means of explanation can be properly considered. I can't say that I moved the science forward much by my failed Bessler clock experiments, but having at least tried, I now realize many things that I can do better to lower friction and produce more relative power from the Bessler principle in such a Bessler clock. Maybe others can benefit from the comments that I made, so someone can later build a successful twenty-first century Bessler clock, if one hasn’t previously been built.
The idea of perpetual motion has received abundant persecution in the past. Sometimes the truth receives great suppression, according to the prevailing understanding of things. The truth can receive great suppression bordering on persecution, not because it is wrong. Rather the truth can receive great suppression either because many can't see its correctness or because they refuse to consider the full evidence(s) regarding the situation. If the Bessler principle is correct, this would almost imply that such a thing as perpetual motion exists, which perpetual motion can be gravity powered. The Bessler principle effectively means that, with low enough rotational friction, gravity-powered perpetual motion is possible.
Avoiding Evidence about Bessler Principle. Some people might understandably be skeptical about the Bessler principle, if these skeptics refuse to do relevant experiments and if these skeptics pay no attention to observations related to the phenomena. Then those skeptics might only maintain their skepticism by continuing to ignore tests and evidences related to the phenomena. If people refuse to do the experiments and don't consider evidences related to the Bessler principle, it can only be concluded that they do not consider it very important to find out the truth about the subject. That might suggest that their minds are already made up without there being any need to consider the evidence. People can keep blinders on and consider that the only evidences for the Bessler principle are the evidences brought forth by Bessler and then quickly dismiss such evidences as simply due to fraud on Bessler's part. If such people are shallow students of the subject, they can assume such a self-consistent viewpoint, but they would be ignoring the preponderance of the evidence(s) about the subject. They would be especially presumptive, as there appear to be a multitude of manifestations of the Bessler principle.
If there actually is a Bessler principle and if there is an experimental path to an very-low-friction mechanical bearing as brought out in this book, then that should conform with the large amount of prior evidence for the Bessler wheel to indicate that there really were valid non-fraudulent Bessler wheels invented in the early 1700s. I think that the situation would be quickly resolved, if someone is able to construct Orffyrean roller bearings after the construction manner specified in this book. There would be little importance in actually viewing inside a Bessler-like wheel, constructed using Orffyrean roller bearings. A solid lattice-sweet wheel would work perfectly well as a Bessler wheel since Bessler wrote (see on p. 225 of PM97), "It revolves, but without other wheels inside or outside, and without weights, wind or springs." and he wrote (see on p. 226 of PM97), "I ... cast aside the mantle that conceals my wheel. But he shall be thwarted in his desires." The observer would only see a rotating wheel, and fail to observe the vast multitudes of sub-microscopic internally-rotating nuclear-ground-states rotating within. The observer would fail to see the rotating nuclear-ground-states picking up additional rotational kinetic energy from the vast numbers of two-part gravitons being absorbed. The coverings of Bessler's wheels concealed nothing of viewable substance that would have kept the wheels turning if it had it not been that overall friction was greatly reduced. The coverings did conceal inner noisy distractions placed there by Bessler as an added layer of protection. The wheel coverings also served to reduce wind friction.
Reasons for Prior Perpetual Motion Being Rare. The difficulty of the experiments/tests (mainly greatly fighting rotational friction) provides an explanation of why we have not seen more examples of perpetual motion. One would neither just stumble upon an Orffyrean roller bearing being built with great danger/precision nor just stumble upon a Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders being built with great effort and need for proper procedures. I think that although Bessler was extremely well prepared, Bessler got special help from God in a dream. That allowed him to take the difficult and somewhat dangerous steps in building his roller bearing. Also, I think that Leedskalnin got help. Because of the little coded clock, I suspect that Leedskalnin was aware of the ancient Sweet Eight family of cylinders before he made his improvement of doubling the number of magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth.
Nonetheless, often where there is very low rotational friction, we often see curious effects, as was brought out many times in this book. The curious effects provide clues toward perpetual motion devices.
Here are possible priorities for studying the Bessler principle. The priorities are attempted suggestions with respect to getting the most information about (or benefit from) the Bessler principle with the least difficulty.
(1) Assuming flights are available, test for the Bessler principle under “weightless” conditions either while orbiting in space or less-preferably during special parabolic airplane flights. A rotationally symmetric pen could be carried into space or on the flight. Rotate the edge-marked pen so that its symmetry-and-rotational axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by the earth, moon, and sun. Does it increase in angular speed relative to the centers of those bodies? The parabolic airplane flights are less preferable, since they greatly limit the observation time.
(2) Build a Bessler clock to directly test out the idea of a perpetual motion device. The higher friction mistakes that I made should be avoided. The race is on to produce the first Bessler clock of this century. The winner might tap into the scientific instruments market or the toy market. One might consider ideas from the URL, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULy0vly9A2c “Top 10 Perpetual Motion Machines for 2014”, where “# 7 Ball and Pendulum” appears to be a Bessler clock attempt. One should observe that if it were a Bessler clock, then it was not being shown in the correct amplitude regime, since the amplitude was observed to decrease. Their rolling ball on top seemed to have significant mass relative to their low-air-friction pendulum-ball below. I suspect that the Bessler clock will need to be much smaller in size so that the angular speed of any balls on top would be greater.
(3) Construct Leedskalnin's Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders (with a rotationally-new daughter cylinder) and use them according to Leedskalnin's coded instructions in his coded little book, which I decoded in “APPENDIX D ED.L.’S LITTLE BOOK”. Properly using the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, implies that there has been a de facto determination of a sweet angular speed for the solid material used for the daughter cylinder. The determination comes by adherence to Ed Leedskalnin's operating heuristics. Mastering the use of the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders will provide great amounts of energy without any fuel costs. It can be used for fuel-less stationary-engine power-production and later for fuel-less power-production for trains. Any large mass rotating rapidly about a horizontal axis should not have a rapid change in axis direction so as not to create troublesome forces. Since trains do make gradual turns, it may be best to initially investigate the power production by the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, using axes that do not change directions. That is initially for each cylinder, only turning about a single axis would be allowed (not turning of the axis itself). After the effectively stationary case has been mastered, then the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders could be attempted for the use of power for a train (meaning as an engine for a train) making slight and gradual turns.
(4) To obtain greater efficiencies, add more rotating mass to either flywheels or train wheels or axles rotating about horizontal axes. There could also be more train wheels per railroad car with each added rotating wheel of comparable mass and friction capabilities, as the other prior wheels. In the case of trains, their efficiency could be measured by seeing if there is improvement in their mpg of fuel for moving a ton of freight (or miles per unit of otherwise supplied energy for moving a ton of freight for fuel-less trains).
(5) Perform experiments to replicate the Bessler wheel-like observations associated with the 1968 McKinley low friction demonstration. I have given it a lower priority because of the expense, danger, and difficulty in doing the experiments. If a smaller version might be done, then the priority should be raised. I am thinking that a small version of the McKinley low-friction demonstration might be less expensive, less dangerous, and possibly less difficult. One might use a cylindrical magnet with the head of a thin nail somehow glued or attached to an end of the cylindrical magnet. The point of the nail could extend beyond the insulated region. Maybe the point could be bent with a side of the nail and point painted to show rotations. We must watch out for glues failing at such very low temperature situations. It would be best to not depend upon glue.
(6) Safely build/grow the very low-friction Orffyrean roller bearings according to instructions that I have provided by decoding Bessler's little book. The use of such bearings should create observations similar to those observed with Bessler's original wheels. The priority of growing the low-friction Orffyrean roller bearings could be boosted up, if people acknowledge the Bessler principle as factual (for example by successes in any of the higher priority studies), since using such bearings would have a great effect on many other experiments/studies/devices/projects/inventions/engines. The bearings should have great economic effects. I have initially given it a low priority because of the expense, danger, and difficulty in growing the bearings. There is very little margin of error when building/growing full nine-intermediate-cylinders versions of the Orffyrean roller bearings. Full versions of the Orffyrean roller bearings will provide much information on the rotational transfer properties within materials, using Bessler pendulums, which use Orffyrean roller bearings.
Simpler Versions First? Though I am not actually recommending it since it would produce inferior bearings, people might initially attempt simpler versions of the Orffyrean roller bearings, before tackling the full version. For initial demonstrations or proof of concept purposes, one might first build Orffyrean roller bearings with only eight or fewer intermediate rollers instead of the maximum possible of nine intermediate rollers (for which the radius of each intermediate cylinder is half the radius of the central cylinder). All the rollers would be the same size, as the full version. Doing such would ease the building specifications, since there would be much more room between intermediate rollers. Using a calculator, without much regard to how many significant digits should be kept, I did some calculations. Instead of about one degree of separation from the center or (360° - 9*2*arcsine(1/3))/9 = 1.057558731° initially between adjacent pairs of the equally spaced nine intermediate rollers, there would be (360° - 8*2*arcsine(1/3))/8 = 6.057558731° of separation initially between adjacent pairs of the equally spaced eight intermediate rollers. There are other possibilities for even less strict building specifications. Seven equally spaced intermediate rollers would mean (360° - 7*2*arcsine(1/3))/7 = 12.48613016° of separation initially between adjacent pairs of the seven intermediate rollers. Six equally spaced intermediate rollers would mean (360° - 6*2*arcsine(1/3))/6 = 21.05755873° of separation initially between adjacent pairs of the six intermediate rollers. Five equally spaced intermediate rollers would mean (360° - 5*2*arcsine(1/3))/5 = 33.05755873° of separation initially between adjacent pairs of the five intermediate rollers. In general, see "A.9 Roller Bearing Mathematics", paragraph "Angular Extent of Intermediate Cylinders" which shows that the average or ideal angular gap for lobe growth would be (360° - 2I*arcsine(1/3))/I.
Given fewer intermediate rollers, similar calculations for the thickness of the spacer plates can be done as for the case of nine intermediate rollers. If I is the number of intermediate rollers, then the thickness of the spacer plates would be t = R(3(2-2cos(360°/I)).5 - 2). See Eq. A.55 near paragraph “Thickness of Separation Plates” within “A.9 Roller Bearing Mathematics”.
For I intermediate rollers, the total estimated relative angle for rolling without slipping would be 2ψ = 2arccos(2/((3(2-2cos(360°/I)).5))) according to Eq. A.56 near paragraph “Estimate of Rolling-without-slipping Angle” within “A.9 Roller Bearing Mathematics”. Such calculations assume that the lobe growth would continue until lobes just collide. Since that is usually done for only I=9, the calculations for I<9 might be ignored.
Having fewer than nine intermediate rollers could cause additional problems, if the lobes were allowed to grow too large, as compared to the size of the intermediate rollers. Such large lobes also might cause problems with respect to self-repairing of the bearings.
What are implications of using smaller values for I? Having the intermediate rollers equally spaced with much more room, would mean that there would not be any reasonable danger of normal lobes growing so much that the lobes of one intermediate roller colliding with the lobes of another intermediate roller. Having fewer intermediate rollers would allow some information to be collected regarding the growth rates of lobes to just under half a degree without danger of the lobes from adjacent rollers colliding. Having only eight intermediate rollers would not have as great mechanical benefits as nine intermediate rollers but they should be low-friction-bearings capable of providing initial demonstrations of the Bessler principle for rotating objects that are not too massive. Having fewer intermediate rollers, would not support as massive loads.
Another possibility (mentioned previously in Chapter 9 section “Roller Bearing Cylinder Geometry”) was to give the intermediate cylinders the same radius as the central cylinder. In that case there could be at most five intermediate cylinders. Six intermediate rollers would leave no space for growth of lobes and would not allow the intermediate roller to rotate at all, since (360° - 6*2*arcsine(1/2))/6 = (360° - 6*60°)/6 = 0° of separation initially between adjacent pairs of the six intermediate rollers means pure friction. Five equally spaced intermediate rollers would mean (360° - 5*2*arcsine(1/2))/5 = (360° - 5*60°)/5 = 12° of separation initially between adjacent pairs of the five intermediate rollers. Taking that approach would allow for more rapid transfer of surface patterns but the final geometry is mechanically less favorable than when having the central cylinder twice the radius of an intermediate cylinder. Bessler wrote (see on p. 225 of PM97), “Saturn, Mars and Jupiter are ready to join in any battle.” which I think in part referred to that necessary mechanical advantage.
Rather than using equal radii for the intermediate and central cylinders, I think (for questionable purposes of collecting extra information) it would be better to use more than five intermediate cylinders for cases in which the radius of each intermediate cylinder is half the radius of the central cylinder. Nine such intermediate cylinders would be best, with respect to studying the most important problem and with respect to providing the most mechanical support. With I=9, I think it is best to grow the lobes until some lobes just rub. Then, during the cleaning, we should wear away any just rubbing so that there will be very low mechanical friction.
(7) Build a Papp engine using Papp gas (chemically nonreactive hydrogen and noble gases) and internal reflective surfaces of any spark chamber. Eventually the Papp engine should become the typical engine of choice. It should typically be much lighter than the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. It should allow greater changes in directions than the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The Papp engine to be the most useful would require the use of the Orffyrean roller bearing. If safety is a concern, stringent controls must be placed on the quality of the Orffyrean roller bearings and on the input power to the Papp engine, so that it not explode. The Papp engine would be a perpetual source of power in earth’s gravity. With a shortage of Orffyrean roller bearings, ordinary bearings could be used to keep the pistons from touching the walls so that no lubrication would be needed between the pistons and the walls. Orffyrean roller bearings should be used elsewhere to suppress friction where there are the greatest needs.
Papp Engine Space Probe. I am guessing that far out in space, with the background gravity present, the Papp engine would serve as a perpetual source of power, until it runs out of Papp gas. Some of the photons produced could be leaked outside the Papp engine by a transparent window into the external hermetically sealed vessel containing Papp gas and then out through a transparent window in an exterior wall. That could provide an unmanned space probe with continual photon propulsion that should keep working for a very long time. Photons could be separately produced using the power of the Papp engine. A light space craft with continual production of much photon propulsion should slowly approach the speed of light until it runs into something. It could send back imagery and other data taken. A course parallel to the galactic axis would provide views of the galaxy from another perspective. Like a cosmic ray, a space craft approaching the speed of light should also receive more energetic gravitons in front of it than behind it until it runs into something and is destroyed (or the space craft turns itself around so it can decelerate using produced photons).
Other Experiments. Other Bessler principle related experiments should be done where practical or informative. The above possible priority order was not meant to restrict experiments and studies. It was only given to somewhat provide a likely ordering of beneficial information relative to apparent experimental difficulty. If space flights and weightless flights are not available, its priority should be lowered.
Building the low-friction Orffyrean roller bearing despite the dangers, difficulties, and costs associated with it, may be the experiment with the greatest payoff. Even if there did not exist a Bessler principle, it would have great importance with respect to bearing efficiency. Replacing ordinary bearings that have died can be a “costly” operation. Repairing the very long lasting Orffyrean roller bearings is much less costly than initial construction of them. Producing/selling full versions of Orffyrean roller bearings would create a new class of very low friction bearings capable of carrying very large loads without burning out for reasonable angular speeds. Building the low-friction Orffyrean roller bearing would save money by not wasting energy. If it works properly, it should also provide very low maintenance possibilities. Coupled with the Bessler principle it would have great energy production payoffs.
Any priority ordering for such experiments is not done to restrict the consideration of the many other phenomena that can be explained, if there is a Bessler principle. In particular one should continue to consider among many other phenomena: ultra-high temperatures associated with the edges of the solar corona, snowflake formation (avoiding vertical magnetic fields), nighttime radiation from the sky/atmosphere, cloud phenomena, thunder cloud phenomena, hail, ball lightning, jet engine power, temperature dependence on attitude in Ranque tubes, wind shear, turbulence, tornado formation, explanation of temperatures of other planets, meteor energy, power of novae, suppression of sideways Bose-Einstein condensation, unusual behavior of liquid helium, and a vast array of cold fusion related observations. Any studies regarding such things should continue with a mind open to the possibility that they may be most easily explained by invoking the Bessler principle during the modeling of the phenomena. A Bessler principle explanation would be better than leaving the phenomena unexplained or poorly explained. I think that an acceptance of a Bessler principle would put some rhyme and reason to many ad hoc explanations, corresponding to many phenomena.
Hybrid Power Generating Devices. Here is an example of a hybrid device that could be built for purposes of mechanically efficient power production from gravity. I think that with Orffyrean roller bearings, we could build an efficient Papp engine with a flywheel/axle rotating about a horizontal axis. Such Papp engines could be built with restrictions, where reasonable, of the angular speeds of their flywheel materials to always be less than or equal to their sweet Leedskalnin angular speeds about horizontal axes. Those Leedskalnin (or sweet) angular speeds would be the ones that are large enough to produce sustained power (if slowly approached) but not so large that they begin to destroy the lattice structure for purposes of rotational communication. At such angular speeds, there should be good communication of rotational kinetic energy between the lattice and the nuclei, so that the nuclei not rotate destructively too fast. Probably stainless steel should be used, since I suspect that it has strong lattice structure, when it attains a large Leedskalnin angular speed, yet at a lower angular speed it has better communication of rotational kinetic energy with the nuclear-ground-states. The lowest angular speeds for sufficient rotational energy production are preferred with respect to maintaining rotational sweetness. There could be gearing up in frequency, using Orffyrean roller bearings and possibly magnetically repulsive sprocket wheel fixed gear connections (as long as there are no rapid changes in angular speed), to provide very low friction mechanical connections. Such devices could be relatively lightweight perpetual providers of power from gravity, without any consumption of ordinary fuel.
Many connections have been implied between God and science in this book.
Most Scientific Information in Fewest Words. On p. 1-2 of Volume 1 of The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1963) Feynman considered that in the event of a cataclysm destroying all scientific knowledge except for one sentence, what statement could be passed down to future generations providing the most information in the fewest words? He thought it would be the words, "... all things are made of atoms -- little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another." While that is extremely informative, I think we need to somehow augment the statement with information about spirit matter. See Doctrine and Covenants 131:7-8 which reads, "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." Verse seven (which ends at the first semicolon) has 27 words. I think that a more informative combined sentence than Feynman's 32 words, would be the following 32 words, "All things, including perpetually-moving atoms, are composed of fine perpetually-moving, perpetually radiating, equally-massive spirit-matter, which are oppositely attractive, repulsive when the same, and all repulsive when too close." Even without a cataclysm, I think that such knowledge could help clarify and solve many of the problems that the scientific community has had to deal with or has not dealt with. As we draw closer and closer to the things of God, I think we clarify our scientific understandings. I think that such scientific clarifications help us to solve our scientific and engineering problems.
Evidences of God. There were many things in this book that though approached on a scientific basis strongly suggest that there is a God for the evidences to make sense. I leave the reader, the student, and the scientist to analyze such evidences. That I write that there are many physical evidences that speak of things related to God may cause some of the strongest unspoken criticisms of this book. The words of some critics (who neither consider evidence nor do tests) will eventually bear mute testimony, as compared to the results of the courageous experimenters and observers who are actually willing to test out and/or record their observations regarding the foundations of physics.
Evidences of God in Nature. There have been many natural phenomena in this book that have implicitly spoken about the things of God. Some of those things that have spoken of things of God include: the formation of the graviton, the absorption of the graviton, symbols of the graviton, intelligence in matter, the universally expanding type of cosmology suggested by the experimental evidence from cosmic rays, great organization observed throughout the universe, non-conservation of energy, “new” matter from light typically caused by graviton absorptions, expansion of space itself commensurate with formation of new matter, eternal power sources for/from stars, the idea of there being fundamental spirit types of matter which are equal and opposite in charge, the choice of obedient-finest-fundamental-spirit-matter being condensed into matter rather than into antimatter, the quantum nature of absorptions of electric fields, and eternal family-like organizations of new fundamental matter. The creation of new spirit matter is not the creation-out-of-nothing sort of evidence of God but rather the creation of new spirit matter is the creation-by-new-organization sort of evidence of God. The reader is referred to the scriptures for further study or more detailed exploration of these ideas. For example, see the alternate translation from the Hebrew of the word "created" within Genesis 1:1 namely "shaped, fashioned, created; always divine activity;" Also see similar words in Moses 2:1. Also see Abraham 4:1 which reads, "And then the Lord said: Let us go down. And they went down at the beginning, and they, that is the Gods, organized and formed the heavens and the earth." The word “Gods” in Abraham 4:1 should not imply that there is not one God all of one purpose. See John 10:34; Psalm 82:6; Isaiah 41:23; John 17:11; John 17:20-26; Genesis 1:26-27. If the cosmic ray data is suggestive that the universe is infinite in all directions, then an infinite-expanding, growing-in-mass, organized-universe speaks much of help from God.
There is evidence of God in all things. Consider the end of Helaman 8:24. Again consider the end of Alma 30:44 that we considered in Appendix section C.1 “All Things Denote God”. Also consider Moses 6:63.
Miracles When No Friction or Contention. The inquiring student may also find that Bessler's symbolic writings denote many connections with the things of God. As a slight connection, notice that the "miraculous" Bessler's principle more obviously occurs when there is little or no friction for rotation, while another sort of miracle occurs when there is no contention, as we repeatedly see in 4 Nephi. Friction is a physical type of contention.
Intelligence Concentrations. With the understanding that there is intelligence in all matter (as implied by the Bessler principle), it would be a small step that there exists concentrations of intelligence on the earth. It would be another step to consider that there can exist even greater concentrations of intelligence associated with God.
Restoration after Falling Away. Science and religion were once considered to be unified. Much later on there was a separation so as to adhere to scientific truth, when religious truth seemed to have failed. Prior to that there had been a falling away from both religious and scientific truth. As evidence that there had been a predicted falling away from religious truth, culminating in the scientific-and-religious so-called Dark Ages, consider 2 Thessalonians 2:3. After the falling away, there would of necessity need to be at some point a restoration of religious truth by God. The restoration of the religious portion of truth by God would be more difficult, though not impossible, if the scientific portion of truth could be somehow suppressed.
Toward Scientific Truth Restoration. On the scientific side of things, the restoration of truth has often not gone completely well with religious things sometimes considered as irrelevant or given little or no credit for contributions to science. In the last 300 years, despite many scientific successes, complete supposed-scientific-truth has gone amiss or taken a major wrong turn. I think it had problems in large part because it had left out or ignored some important religious related truth. So called "science" somehow discarded a scientific foundation principle associated with the many cases of turning Bessler's turners. Apparently the many observed/tested turnings were supposedly due to some other hidden source of power, but never violating conservation of energy. Greater and more stringent tests were applied that should have completely cast out the ideas of cheating by means of hidden “ordinary” sources of power. A 54 day test should have completely excluded ordinary sources of hidden power such as from springs or internally raised weights.
Scientific truth and religious truth are very much related, since they are interdependent facets of the same truth. Bessler was a stalwart proponent of both religious and scientific truth, but he was trying to make money from his invention. He had labored greatly to bring forth the invention and wanted to be compensated for his arduous efforts. Bessler knew that God was the real source of his invention. Bessler didn't disclose the full truth openly about his invention for the protection of his own invention. Bessler may have correctly figured that, since God showed him the truth, God could show the truth to others. He may have also been convinced that the truth would go forth because of his 1717 symbolic proclamations of how his bearings were made, of how his bearings were operated, and of how his wheels worked. He may have underestimated the ability of people to understand his symbolic specifications or symbolically encoded ideas for so many years. See near the beginning of Bessler’s little book parable where on p. 295 of AP08 it shows “fruits to burst forth with redoubled bounty … 1717 …Christ is risen”, with that “1717” chiastically matching up with the “XLVII” located just after the end of the little book parable found in section XLVI of his first part of Apologia. Yes, Bessler may have had much fun with his symbols, including his chiasms, but there were extremely important and serious matters underlying all his great efforts. Hopefully as each year passes we will have more of the scientific and religious understanding that he asked of us.
Ed L. showed some humor in his distracting-revealing “moralistic” pontifications but underneath his strange words were serious subjects regarding God and this universe. I suppose he expected that his A Book in Every Home would eventually reveal important messages that would one day be available, known, and understood in every home.
Scientific Suppression. I think “science” made a historically grave error by in time almost completely discarding information about Bessler's wheels turning. The many turnings were naively attributed by some to fraud by Bessler, with no further serious thought given to the subject. This disregarding and the forced "scientific" denial of the possibility of perpetual motion devices set science on an erroneous path, almost swearing allegiance to an incorrect standard named conservation of energy. The allegiance to conservation of energy permeates much of our thinking even today. It will take much effort to root out 300 years of error from our thinking. Many modern-day-educated-yet-ill-informed people ascribed the whole episode as a hoax, therefore giving the subject the least thought possible. It is very difficult to correct for 300 years of false education. In hindsight, one can see that a fundamental principle that Bessler showed in his wonderfully-low-friction wheels could be greatly ordinarily suppressed by nearly-ubiquitous friction at every common test. One can understand how there could be truly great suppression of the friction-masked Bessler principle. Energy at every usual turn has typically been bled away by the arch-enemy called Friction. Nevertheless I think that the time has come for the extraordinary Bessler principle (or the stone mason principle or the yin-yang principle or the ED.L. principle) to come out of hiding. That would not help it come out of hiding, until experiments are done to show that such is possible. The greatly suppressed principle could be known as the principle by which gravity can power perpetual motion. It might be best for now to just call the principle by the name most associated with its application or historical setting. Nonetheless it is a single greatly suppressed principle, which will come out of hiding as it is unmasked. Much of the need for unmasking comes because of its own quirks.
Repetition. If I have been a little repetitive of my words in this book, please forgive my zeal in trying to eradicate at least 300 years of greatly repetitive errors. Sometimes we need to approach the truth from different perspectives or points of view to more fully consider the underlying truth. Views from different perspectives or of different phenomena often entail repetitions, especially when there are common underlying explanations. I have tried to provide different viewpoints with respect to experiments and with respect to the collections of evidence. I have tried to provide as many historical viewpoints as I reasonably could. I have tried to provide different coded symbolic viewpoints, hopefully correctly decoding the symbolic viewpoints, as best as I could. With respect to the Bessler principle, these decoded things have included physical symbols, literary symbols, and puzzle symbols. The subject related to perpetual motion has for centuries been in need of much open informed discussion, without the withholding or suppression of facts.
Remove Suppression of Truth about Energy Non-conservation. Today, we can help root out the error about conservation of energy, when we seriously consider that energy is never conserved, when a discrete fundamental charge absorbs a discrete electric field. Also, logic dictates that whenever a finest fundamental charge originally emits one or more discrete electric field(s), energy is never conserved in such a process. The most fundamental processes, of absorption and emission of discrete electric fields, are never energy conservative. Our continuous engineering approximation-assumptions on a macroscopic scale, though very often useful, are explicitly incorrect. Denial of truth (regarding evidence of Bessler's many wheels turning) was an extremely poor path in the seventeen hundreds for obtaining scientific truth.
Truth Restoration. In the April 2014 General Conference talk, "Let Your Faith Show", by then Elder Russell M. Nelson, of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, said, “Whether truth emerges from a scientific laboratory or through revelation, all truth emanates from God.” The actual truth is known to omniscient God. Surely, as knowledge of scientific truth and religious truth approach the correct truth; they will each approach that truth known to God. We need to prepare for a reuniting of religious and scientific truth, if we are to hold to the idea that there is a correct truth. There may be many viewpoints or perceptions of that truth but there is a correct truth behind our limited observations.
Center of Universe. For example, some people interested in religion once considered the earth as the center of the universe. Then some people interested in science wisely considered the sun as the center of the universe, since the earth rotates around the sun. When our sun was discovered to be a part of a galaxy (the Milky Way) the center of the universe was considered to have changed scientifically and has been continuing to change, as our observations have increased in range. If the universe is actually truly infinite in all directions, as suggested by both the cosmic ray information and as suggested by the scriptures, the concept of an absolute center of the universe would have little meaning. Any particular point would be as good as any other particular point for the center of the universe.
On an infinite integer number line there are infinitely many numbers on both sides of any particular integer. One could construct a mapping to argue that there are equally many integers on each side of any particular integer. One might say that any integer could be considered as a center or that there is no absolute center. One could consider the number labeled zero as the "center" of a number line as a convention. Still, a relabeling or shifting of all the numbers according to a different reference would change such a conventional center. So too would any definition of a center of the universe be somewhat arbitrary. It might be practically quite useful locally but it would also be somewhat arbitrary. It could be according to some "local" center of mass, which could take us back to the earth, sun, and galaxy centers or even other centers.
Unification of Science and Religion. When we eventually have perfect agreement between science and religion, there should be perfect agreement between scientific theory, scientific experiment, and the scriptures. The scriptures contain messages from God. We will not begin to have a full unification, as long as either the writings about doing experiments are ignored or the utility of performing experiments is ignored or the experiments are not performed or the results of those experiments that are performed are ignored. Regarding experiments, we must read, consider, do, and ponder.
Second Witnesses. A Book in Every Home is a New World second encoded-little-book-witness of the Bessler principle which provides more information about the Bessler principle beyond that found in Orffyreus's Old World encoded-little-book-witness of the Bessler principle. Both those little books may be decoded using the decoding key of the Bessler principle. Both of those little books speak of doing particular experiments regarding different devices. Both little books reinforce and complement the messages of the other little book. Both little books addressed things of God and our universe. The little book second-witness situation might remind us of the second book witness of Jesus Christ. The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ is a New World testament of Jesus Christ (both in its older and newer parts), which provides more New World information about Jesus Christ beyond that found in "The Holy Bible", which is an Old World testament of Jesus Christ, for both its older and newer parts. Both these Old and New World testaments of the Lord speak of doing many particular experiments. Both these testaments of the Lord, Jesus Christ, reinforce and complement the messages of the other.
Complementary Unions from Matter. Matter can only produce gravitons by complementary unions of discretely opposite electric fields from discrete fundamental opposite charges. For each graviton coming from matter, only a single discrete electric field and only a single other discrete opposite electric field are bound together in a discrete graviton. Many of the continual discrete gravitons will eventually pull down on opposite discrete fundamental charges within starlight and consequently matter will by such processes have unbounded eternal increase of new matter.
Man-made Versus Natural Law. Man-made physical law (perceived physics) can be much different than the actual natural law. Man-made physical law need neither be based upon truth nor be based upon eternal physical correctness. Man-made physical law should attempt to be as correct as possible.
Proper Moral Basis of Law. All "legal" law should properly have a moral basis. If a man-made law is immoral or is opposed to the things of God, it will tend to lead to the decay or destruction of the society or government that upholds or supports such an immoral law.
Consistency of Laws with Eternal Laws. If the physical laws of man (or claimed physics) do not properly model the actual eternal laws of nature, the actual eternal laws of nature still stand independent of the incorrect physical laws of man. The understood physical laws according to man cannot take precedence over or overrule the actual eternal laws of nature. Similarly, if the governing laws of man are not consistent with the actual eternal laws of God, then the actual eternal laws of God still stand independent of the incorrect governing laws of man. The governing laws of man cannot take precedence or overrule the actual eternal laws of God.
Consequences of Inconsistent Governing Law. Any man-made governing law that is inconsistent with eternal truth is a recipe for serious unresolved problems that will appear sooner or later. Man-made governing laws, which are contrary to the laws of God, lead toward destruction. Consider Mosiah 29:27.
The Living Graviton. I suspect that the living graviton is the primary way of eternal life for new eternal matter to come forth from the light. The graviton arises again (or a multitude of new gravitons come forth) from the new eternal matter. The graviton is a very-special simple-attractive light. With many parallels, the graviton is a physical symbol which may denote the living Christ. For more information please study physical observations, experimental results, the scriptures, and The Living Christ: The Testimony of the Apostles: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1 Jan 2000 (see as examples https://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/36035_000_25_livingchrist.pdf or https://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/images/gospel-library/manual/34591/34591_000_APP_04-livingChrist.pdf).
Don't Deny Truth. One can deny evidence provided by the two-part graviton, the rotational increasing wheel, and the everywhere-expanding-increasing infinite universe. If one denies the truth, given the supporting evidences of the truth, one remains in darkness. One should consider the truth according to the preponderance of evidence and embrace it for one's own lasting benefit.
Symbolic Graviton. Again, the existence of the two-part graviton and its workings may remind us symbolically of Jesus Christ. Section 11.4 and once again part of Appendix C (section C.1) made mention of many things associated with the graviton. We should especially note: the graviton having a marvelous origin, matter following its perfect path, the graviton possibly causing rotating matter to turn more according to the prior rotating of the matter, the graviton having a total sacrifice in its marvelous-intelligent death, the graviton possibly originating new matter (and new space) which new matter would help perpetually radiate new gravitons, and the gravitons thereby making possible infinite eternal increases of matter (and space). The graviton makes a total or entire knowing-self-sacrifice of both its halves. The graviton contains symbols: of having a marvelous birth of the Lord, of following God's perfect path, of turning to God through repentance (made possible because of the Lord's self-sacrifice), of having a total sacrifice in the marvelous atonement-death of the Lord, of thereby providing the resurrection of all mortals, and of thereby making possible infinite eternal living families (and infinite eternal homes). Section 11.4 made mention that even in the death of the marvelous two-part graviton it denotes God through aspects of coming unto Christ such as: proclaiming the gospel, perfecting the saints, redeeming the dead, and taking care of the poor or needy through lifting their burdens.
The words of Einstein to Besso about “castle in the air” remind me of some of the words of Lehi’s dream. Please consider 1 Nephi 8:26; 8:31; 8:33. Also see 1 Nephi 11:35-36 and 12:18.
Partial Ignoring. I think I have a few important words of Newton on my side regarding gravity. I also think I have a few important words of Einstein on my side regarding gravity. I have many words of Bessler and Leedskalnin on my side regarding gravity. Though I have many favorable words from these people, I suppose some scientists will ignore my theory (as my theory is a spiritual/discrete approach rather than a continuous structures approach) and will ignore my religious bias, though I think my religious bias completes the understanding of what is actually going on in the physics. I think that leaving God out of the "picture" helped cause physical-theory to take the wrong turn 300 years ago. Faith in God and God's miracles (according to higher laws) was replaced by a misguided belief in energy conservation devoid of the possibility of such God-given miracles as perpetual motion.
God was implicit in Bessler's chiastic Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE, as Bessler simultaneously strongly defended his faith and his perpetual motion mobile. One may be able to see that in the title of his book. We should remember that it was God who gave Bessler his perpetual motion mobile, by showing him which way he might proceed (to allow success) in his quest for perpetual motion or of a wheel that would turn by itself. Bessler was explicitly helped in his quest by revelation in a dream from God, because of his faith and great perseverance.
I have been explicitly helped by God, with respect to the gravity-wheel on many occasions, because of my faith and perseverance. Consider James 1:5-6. I hope that those scientists, who firmly believe in energy conservation, do not ignore my many proposed tests regarding gravity and the wheel. Once more, physics is supposed to be an experimental science, which is quite consistent with Galileo's seminal experiments regarding gravity (and the wheel). One must do the full or complete experiments temporally and spiritually, if one wants to learn of the results of the experiments. Consider Moroni 10 and Alma 32. As we learn from the Bessler principle, there is not a great difference between the temporal and the spiritual. They may be considered to be both spiritual, when viewed from the finest perspective of the finest fundamental-charged-particles or rather spirit-matter. Consider Doctrine and Covenants 29:31-32 that there were separate creations, first spiritual and second temporal in the beginning, then later first temporal and second spiritual. Consider Doctrine and Covenants 29:34-35 that all things unto God are spiritual. God gave no temporal commandments unto man, only spiritual commandments (all for man's benefit, meaning all the commandments are for the benefit of men and women).
Also, I suspect that a spiritual/discrete theoretical approach can be supplemented by many ultra-fine detail simulations (comparing simulation results with experimental results) to better understand the correctness of the finest-fundamental-matter modeling-parameters. The spiritual/discrete theory may not be ignored, if it is approached by improved calculations. The calculations can initially be necessary discrete/spiritual modifications of approximate continuous theory calculations, as I gave an example calculation in section “3.2 Example Bessler Principle Calculation”.
Testimonies of some Truth Restorations by God. I want to bear my testimonies of some restoration of truth events by God. If people do not want to see my testimonies of such things, they can skip to the beginning of the next section, 15.5 or “Energy Perspective”.
I was a December-born 14-year-old boy, when I was shown (with help from God) in the spring of 1968, the truth about what actually happens during rotations about horizontal axes with very low friction. This knowledge provided by God served as a common hidden decoding key so that I could later translate or decode two old little-coded-books about wheels rotating about horizontal axes. One little book was from the Old World and one was from the New World. We may now read those decoded books, with similar and complementary messages. Each decoded book explains a completely different device.
That restoration of truth event, with the help of God, reminds me of a more important event where another December-born 14 year-old-boy, Joseph Smith, Jun., did ask God (by prayer according to the directions in James 1:5) in the spring of 1820, which church he should join. He was given an unexpected answer from God the Father and His Son Jesus Christ. The fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ along with His Church needed to be restored by God to the earth after the destruction of the Church of Jesus Christ (including the deaths of all the apostles, save John who will tarry until the Lord comes), which destruction had caused the Dark Ages. The Protestant Reformation would have not been necessary, if there had been no falling away. Because there was a falling away (see 2 Thessalonians 2:3), there needed to be a Reformation. The Reformation then prepared the way for the later Restoration by God of His Church. With the Restoration in the last days of both the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ and the Church of Jesus Christ, more truth could later come forth or be restored. When the boy was older, with assistance from God, Joseph Smith was able to translate at least two ancient books; one was from the New World and another one was from the Old World. We may now read those translated ancient scriptures, with similar and complementary messages.
The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ is the word of God. I have read it many times and I continue to read, study, and apply it for my own spiritual benefit. The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ contains important messages from God to all the people of this world in these last days. The abridged messages were generally not available to the people in former times, since the original ancient book was anciently written or abridged specifically for us now. An alternate portion had to be translated from a small original abridgement/record written by ancient prophets. The alternate translation was to foil a plot by the adversary to stop the work by tempting a retranslation of the stolen translation, called the “Book of Lehi”. The “Book of Lehi” was not retranslated.
All things denote that there is a God. Even matter and gravity bear testimony of God and so do I. We see symbolic messages coming forth about God in God’s gravity. There is a miraculous birth and a miraculous death of each two part graviton. Come unto me and follow my perfect path. Turn ye more unto me according to your prior turning unto me. Come ye children of the light and have eternal life. “The weak things of the world shall come forth and break down the mighty and strong …” (Doctrine and Covenants 1:19). I also bear my testimony that life does not end in death. Our spirits come out of our bodies when we die. We can then look forward to our later resurrections in this infinite everywhere-expanding universe, because of the complete sacrificial atonement and death of our Lord Jesus Christ, followed by His resurrection. Jesus is the Christ, the Only Begotten of our immortal Heavenly Father, the Savior of the world. I declare that and all nature declares that also.
There is a non-disprovability of the existence of the spiritual world. There is a provability of the existence of God. See Moroni 10:3-5 and 10:29. Science and religion both depend upon the experimental method. I give these testimonies in the name of Jesus Christ. Amen.
Energy Can Come from Work. I have heard it said that energy can’t be created by doing work. Hopefully after one has studied this book that it will be realized that new energy can in the process be created by doing work. I would hope that people understand that we can do work to rotate a wheel about a horizontal axis, whereupon the Bessler principle provides new continued rotational kinetic energy from such continued rotations. Doing work can be quite a valuable thing. Consider hymn #252 “Put Your Shoulder to the Wheel” of Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1985 (https://www.lds.org/music/text/hymns/put-your-shoulder-to-the-wheel?lang=eng). There is a Bessler principle which does work, which wondrously allows perpetual motion in many forms. We may need to do much hard work to be able to see many manifestations of the Bessler principle or to see perpetual motion to come forth in many forms.
Suppression of Energy Non-conservative Principle. I think that the most essential or primary message of this book has been "scientifically" suppressed for three centuries. Why has the message been so harshly suppressed? I think that it is fundamentally because the message indirectly speaks of things of God. Implicit in many of the miracles found in the scriptures there is an apparent understanding of energy non-conservation associated with many of the things of God. Consider as an example the wickedness of the people causing the Lord to rain brimstone and fire out of heaven upon Sodom and Gomorrah, see Genesis 19:7; 19:13; 19:24. Also consider the dividing of the Red Sea so that the children of Israel went through it on dry ground between walls of water, see Exodus 14:21-22. Also consider the ascension of Jesus Christ into heaven, see Luke 24:51; John 3:13; 6:62; 20:17; Acts 1:11; 3 Nephi 11:12; 26:15. A case of easing of burdens upon people's shoulders may be seen in Mosiah 24:14. In Bessler's Apologia, he was simultaneously defending (apologetically) his principle, his God, and his very-low-friction perpetual-motion invention.
Bessler's Energy Non-conservative Principle. The most-essential-yet-hidden message of Bessler's Apologia was I think his energy-non-conservative decoding principle, which spoke of things of God. This message has long been put down "scientifically" by some, despite much evidence from three centuries ago and despite much evidence since then. An often-useful-yet-incomplete conservation-of-energy mentality was propped up in place of Bessler's most essential message. Many take it as a fundamental or foundation belief that energy is conserved, yet it is the exception that experimentally disproves the general rule. There are multitudes of exceptions to conservation-of-energy, when one seriously studies the Bessler principle. Without the primary message of Bessler's energy non-conservative principle, Bessler's important, secondary very-low-friction-bearing message would have less importance.
Secondary Low Friction Invention Message. The secondary message of Bessler's Apologia I think was that it was possible to build a practical very low friction mechanical bearing, with friction so low that it allowed the Bessler principle to be easily manifest. This was also an important hidden yet visible message within Bessler's Apologia little book proper. I think that the first ideas about the invention originally came to Bessler from hints. These hints were followed by Bessler's extraordinarily great persistence. His great persistence was followed by revelation from God to Bessler in the form of a strangely invigorating dream. See my guess about his dream in the long paragraph “Bearing Formation Dream” within “APPENDIX B ORFFYREUS’S LITTLE BOOK”, section “B.4 A Translation/Decoding of Bessler's Little Book”. Following the message of the dream from God, lead the greatly persistent Bessler to obtain his very-low-friction bearing invention. I think that it was amazing that Bessler was able to construct his constraint end-plates so precisely in the early 1700s, which allowed him to construct his very-low-friction bearing invention.
Havoc upon Thermodynamics. The Bessler principle means that each absorbed graviton often slightly increases the rotation of the internally rotating nuclear-ground-states in an energy non-conservative manner. As gravity and rotating nuclear-ground-states are present all over the universe, the tenaciously-widespread, energy-non-conservative Bessler-principle plays havoc upon thermodynamics, at its very core. With energy never actually being conserved, the first law of thermodynamics cannot survive the onslaught of the two-part gravitons. The first law of thermodynamics cannot even survive the onslaught of the absorption of discrete electric fields but the evidence for such is much more subtle, for those who believe in conservative continuous-electromagnetic-potentials. With a destruction of the first law of thermodynamics, its dependent second law of thermodynamics cannot survive the siege. Even the idea of a temperature or thermal equilibrium, associated with the zeroth law of thermodynamics cannot survive unscathed because of the Bessler principle. One could try to ameliorate the situation by having separate yet interacting rotational and translational temperatures, but it would at best be a patch-up job, riddled with holes. Still, we often can and should use engineering approximations, for practicality's sake, within the understood contextual backdrop of the complete situation.
Other Energy Non-conservative Exceptions. Once one begins to understand that conservation of energy is not the general rule, one can begin to understand other exceptions beyond the many exceptions supplied by the Bessler principle. One can begin to understand the energy non-conservative absorption of electric fields, the fully energy-non-conservative absorption of gravitons, the energy non-conservative source of energy for cosmic rays, and the energy non-conservative source of "new" matter.
Here is an example of a reason for my writing this book. See "Reasons for This Book" within section 0.3 of the “FOREWORD”. Wikipedia asked for answers to the problems of the solar corona and the most energetic cosmic rays. See "Coronal heating problem" within http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_corona and "Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray" within http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_cosmic_ray. I thought the actual answers to those problems were reasonably simple. I provided my answers to these problems and provided my Internet references. Some editors there removed my solutions. It would seem that only references in print counted. My referenced words on the Internet were thus easily blocked or suppressed. I have written this book in part to hopefully provide a printed reference so that the apparent truth (according to the preponderance of evidences) can be stated without the message being so easily blocked and suppressed, as the message has hitherto been easily blocked and suppressed over the last three centuries. I am thinking that to make this book freely available, I can provide pdf versions of it, but that would require people who want printed copies to print their own copies. Maybe after this book is printed, my simple solutions can then be mentioned without being easily removed, assuming “proper” reference can then be given to the solutions. I have also written this book as a somewhat complete work, since it appears that only providing small portions of the story in isolation are more easily dismissed. My providing the findings in this book should allow other mysteries to be solved. Maybe I can provide some examples.
Some Previously Unsolved Problems in Physics. Let us see if now armed with some of the findings from this book we can make some comments so that we will see that some of the unsolved problems in physics are not as difficult as we might otherwise think. We may be able to solve some of the "List of unsolved problems in physics" as I found in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics. Hopefully the list of unsolved problems in physics will grow smaller with time. Solutions should appear when a fundamental portion of physics becomes known or in particular when physical properties of the discrete two-part graviton are known. If one understands the correct physics, then a number of unsolved problems should just vanish, as their solutions should be somewhat simple or at least simpler than no solution. Other problems besides those mentioned in that list would also be solved. I shook my head when I saw part of a list of solved problems, as I considered that some solutions were incorrect, but if others are content with those solutions, I won't currently present arguments against any of those solutions.
I will mainly concentrate on some previously unsolved problems in physics. I will provide solutions or comments toward a solution. Others may want to revisit solutions to some other previously solved problems. I will also include some thoughts on parity conservation violation and CP violations, even if such supposed violations are not currently recognized as being problems needing to be solved. We should not suppose that we are fully doing an experiment, when we are only partially invoking the conditions demanded by the proper testing of the symmetry in question. If one is concerned about weak things, I think it is wrong to automatically assume the equivalence between the magnetic fields formed in charge neutral bodies of negative charges traveling in one direction and of positive charges traveling in the opposite direction, even though they may have a similar effect on a compass needle. I think that there may be no symmetry violation, if we “fully” invoke the conditions of the CP symmetry being studied.
Is the theory of cosmic inflation correct? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation) There is continued cosmic inflation. There was no Big Bang. There was no “early” universe (after a hypothetical Big Bang) or rather the universe is infinitely old. There is no restriction of cosmic inflation to a hypothesized early universe. See section "11.2 Cosmology".
Great Spreading Away. As we look out in space to the ever more ancient situations viewed from ever further away, there seems to be everywhere a great spreading apart or flowing away. There appears everywhere to be a great flowing away because of the steady increase of new matter and new space in all portions of the universe. It would be incorrect to attribute those observations to a single great cosmic explosion. It would be better to attribute it to a steady ongoing explosion that everywhere occurs and will forever occur perpetually. Again consider “spreadeth out the heavens” found in in Job 9:8. Among various related scriptures, again consider "worlds without number have I created" found in Moses 1:33.
There is no evidence that there exists a cosmic curtain or sphere, beyond which there is no matter. All evidence points to matter being present in all directions as far out as one considers/probes. The cosmic rays make extremely-long-distance and extremely-long-ago-time probes, for searches for such a hypothetical cosmic curtain. The single Big Bang theory needs to be widely acknowledged as being incorrect.
Why is the distant universe so homogeneous, when the Big Bang theory seems to predict larger measurable anisotropies of the night sky than those observed? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_problem) If there had been no Big Bang in the first place, there would not be a horizon problem with there not being anisotropies left over from a non-existent Big Bang.
If there had been no Big Bang, then one might still ask the question, "Why is there is so much uniformity in the night sky?"
There are the same sorts of processes going on across the infinite universe. Such processes include the uniform production of cold fundamental opposite charges out in space often by energetic gravitons pulling down on temporarily available opposite fundamental charges in starlight. As hydrogen atoms are formed from sufficient collections of fundamental opposite charges, their motion and the rotations of their nuclear magnetic moments would be somewhat uniform. While starlight could collide with the hydrogen atoms and the rotating nuclear-ground-states to slightly raise their temperature, there could be somewhat thermal equilibrium out in such cold and dark hydrogen atoms. As the background direction of the gravitons is somewhat random, there would be only slight preferential growth in the angular speeds of the rotating nuclear-ground-states, by the Bessler principle and by rare interactions of the hydrogen atoms in space. The rotations of the nuclear magnetic moments of the hydrogen nuclei could help produce the same electromagnetic background microwave radiation that could also help prevent the hydrogen atom translations and nuclear-ground-state rotations from having larger temperatures. Thus, there would be a cold uniform background temperature of space with a uniform background microwave radiation.
Also the construction of galaxies, the growth of galaxies, and the eventual spreading out of galaxies to form new galaxies all speak of things related to God. In such things, there is consistency and order carried out according to the ways of God. See C.2 Kolob's Location Discussion for some galaxy insights.
Is the universe heading towards a Big Freeze, a Big Rip, a Big Crunch or a Big Bounce? Or is it part of an infinitely recurring cyclic model? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe) None of those things will occur. The universe will keep expanding with a steady state sort of production of new matter and new space, as it continues to expand forever and have perpetual growth. See section "11.2 Cosmology".
Can gravitational waves be detected experimentally? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave) Yes, with qualifications. I saw apparent breakthroughs on this subject while I was working on this book, but I thought that I should leave in a discussion concerning gravitational waves to try to help people better consider what the results really mean. The graviton is itself a discrete gravitational wave moving through space. Evidence for the discrete nature of gravity can come from measurements of gravity partial shadows and from measurements in favor of the Bessler principle. Such observations go against there being any curvature of spacetime produced by massive objects. There would thus not be any waves/ripples in any hypothesized curvature of spacetime, if there is no curved geometry of spacetime in the first place. There could not be shadows of the geometry of spacetime but gravitational shadows are measurable and can be observed. With gravitons being discrete and themselves measurable (en masse), waves or groupings of such discrete gravitons or rather such gravitational waves could be measured but they often can be in the form of shadow-waves. There could also be ripples or waves of the discrete gravitons from sources of mass that are periodically-rapidly coming toward and going away from an observer. Those waves would be due to the periodic stacking up or thinning out of the discrete gravitons, not due to a propagation of structures of space-time. One should well remember Einstein’s unpopular 1954 words to Besso regarding the subject of contiguous structures (quoted in section 1.3 during the same year as Allais’ observation during a total solar eclipse). Einstein was prepared to give up contiguous structures as the basis of physics, which meant he was prepared to give up his own theories of relativity.
Examples of Measuring Gravitational Waves. Edges of partial gravity shadows can be measured during total solar eclipses. The effect of partial gravity shadows can be measured for the purpose of correcting the slightly miscalculated path of satellites (that happen to go through partial-gravity-shadows, as may sometimes occur each night with respect to the effect of the sun's partial-gravity-shadows on satellites going through the partial-gravity-shadows caused by attenuation in the earth). Without rotations to produce either shadowing or periodic stacking/thinning, I don’t think that there would be much of a gravitational wave produced by a supposed “black hole” gobbling up another black hole, assuming the black holes somehow exist. Without rotations to produce either shadowing or periodic stacking/thinning, there would typically not be much of a gravitational wave produced by a neutron star gobbling up another neutron star. If the geometry were nearly end-on with no rotation for say two neutron stars, they could produce a gravitational wave in the form of a larger gravitational shadow forming (as one body shadowed the other) and then slightly diminishing as the matter spread out. In side consideration with no rotations, there might be a slight increase in gravity self-absorption as two neutron stars combine head on, if they don’t fragment. For the more likely rotating geometries, there could be a periodic gravitational “wave” produced by a rotating binary star system, associated with absorption blips, as one passes directly in front of the other. Some of the gravity coming from the further star could periodically be occluded by the nearer star. When not providing shadowing for a rotating binary of large masses, each coming toward and going away would produce rhythmic increases and decreases of the gravity from its particular mass. Because of the time delays of the gravitons from the further away mass, the waves from identical masses would not necessarily cause their periodic gravity waves to “cancel” out (in the case of no shadowing), unless they were extremely close to each other (which could make shadowing more likely).
It might be much easier or more predictable to measure gravity shadowing within our solar system. That way we would better understand the geometric situations with respect to particular temporal occlusions of gravity. If gravitational partial shadows can be measured and if objects that do the shadowing can be “moved” so as to cast a moving partial shadow beam behind them, then this suggests evidence for gravitational waves. For say a gravity-shadowing-body rotating around another gravity-source-body, the idea of a gravity-partial-shadow, along with the idea of the speed of gravity, would create periodic outward spreading arcs of gravity shadows or in essence waves of partially missing gravity.
Why is there far more matter than antimatter in the observable universe? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry) The most energetic cosmic rays originate extremely far away, without any evidence of any directions being preferentially excluded. This provides evidence that there are not regions of antimatter in such distant portions of the infinite universe that are beyond our usual "observable" universe. The formation of matter rather than antimatter from the fundamental opposite charges is apparently an infinitely long-ago established convention chosen by God, which convention has always been adhered to. "I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering." as we see in Isaiah 50:3. The obedient matter comes forth after its own kind (typically according to both ancestry and neighbors). The obedient finest fundamental matter (or spirit matter, which came forth by God) obediently condenses only into the form of organized matter according to the well-known choice by God. Having such a long established convention on this subject would have great practical importance. There would not be great contentious destructions or rather annihilations across the universe. God can go across the universe without there being contentious destructions or rather annihilations. In 4 Nephi 1, the term "no contention(s)" was used four times (in verses: 2, 13, 15, and 18). Also see Genesis 1:1-2; Moses 2:1-2; Abraham 4:1-2; 2 Nephi 26:32; Mosiah 2:32; 3 Nephi 11:29. Contention often leads to problems/conflicts. Consider Mosiah 7:25; Alma 2:5; 50:25; 50:38-40; 51:9; Helaman 1:2-4; 3 Nephi 2:11. By divine design, there has apparently been an infinitely-long-ago-established convention/commandment, for the obedient spirit particles to form themselves into matter rather than antimatter. I think that the convention has always existed and will forever exist. The convention provides uniformity without contention across the entire infinite everywhere-expanding-increasing universe. If according to the Bessler principle the finest fundamental portions of matter can know both the past and future, it would seem reasonable that the finest matter (or spirit matter) can know the long established convention and will of God. There is much evidence in the scriptures that matter can know the will of God.
What is dark matter? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter) I think that large amounts of dark matter exist in the observable universe in the main forms of fundamental opposite charges and hydrogen atoms condensed from them. The fundamental opposite charges often come from pairs of the fundamental opposite charges (temporarily appearing in the discrete waves called starlight) being pulled down by the energetic two-part gravitons and remaining. A graviton can also pull down on a previously existing fundamental charge and a fundamental opposite charge temporarily appearing in light. Electric fields coming from fundamental charges can pull down on or push away on fundamental charges temporarily appearing in light. Many fundamental opposite charges would be used to form each hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atoms, along with a slight amount of other atoms that happen to have been previously produced elsewhere from hydrogen atoms, could serve to partly block starlight coming from far away. That is why it is dark at night.
Charge Imbalance Corrections. We don’t need to worry about the universe becoming out of balance with respect to having too many of just one fundamental charge type. If there ever is a slight imbalance, that would create more of the other type in the next generation in a distributive manner. For example if there were too many finest positive fundamental charges out in space, then they could send forth electric fields that might more often pull down attractively on fundamental negative charges temporarily appearing in light, which would cause more finest negative charges to come into being. I am assuming that for the weakest fields that attraction is more likely than repulsion. Also if there is any slight finest charge imbalance, a graviton could pull down on that extra existing finest-fundamental charge and its opposite charge temporarily in starlight, which would also tend to remove the imbalance. Thus any slight imbalance could automatically tend to correct itself.
Dark Matter Reducing Light from Galaxies. Within galaxies there would be much starlight and gravity. Thus, especially within galaxies there can be new dark matter (including much hydrogen) formed that in part blocks some of the light going forth from such galaxy centers.
Dark Matter Particles. If one were to say that dark matter is primarily composed of “unknown” subatomic particle(s), that particle or those particles would be the two finest fundamental oppositely charged particles (or in other words spirit matter), which compose all matter. I am not sure if we should define dark matter so. I don’t know what the ratio (by mass) is, of existing spirit matter to existing hydrogen, far out in space. I don’t know what the ratio (by spirit particle masses) of a single hydrogen atom is to a single spirit matter particle, though I suspect that it is a very large even integer. I would think that the finest fundamental oppositely charged particles (spirit matter) would not block light, so in that sense the blocking portion of dark matter would be primarily ordinary hydrogen. The finest fundamental oppositely charged particles would be “unobserved” and in that sense “dark”. All the dark matter has great influence on its surroundings by producing many discrete-electric-fields and many greatly-penetrating discrete-gravitational-fields after pairs of electric fields are combined. Should we consider, as a portion of the dark matter, the many particles waiting to be given energy to come forth even temporarily? My guess is not but I think they are there waiting to come forth. If not given energy, they don’t radiate electric fields, they don’t produce gravitons, and they don’t take up space. Still, I think that they are there in the ever present Dirac sea, helping to guide the electric fields and gravitons that sail in “straightest” lines across the sea. If the spirit particles are given energy temporarily, I think that they can temporarily radiate electric fields and thus gravitons may come from them. Light may produce or help produce gravitons. The spirit particles of the sea (found in light) may temporarily be considered as “dark” matter, which doesn’t block radiation.
What is the cause of the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy) The universe is expanding at an accelerated rate because it is an infinite universe that is expanding essentially "everywhere". New matter associated with new space is discretely coming into being nearly everywhere. "Local" somewhat "linear" expansion everywhere means that distant locations accelerate away. With new fundamental opposite charges and with their new space also coming into being often out in space, this would cause an expansive pressure on the space, which also automatically keeps matter and space in a cosmic balance. The gravity from distant galaxies roughly balance-out directionally, so as to prevent gravity from causing the universe to shrink. Adjustments can be made by God causing extra galaxies, in particular regions to come forth, so as to have extra matter, light, space, and sources of gravity to come forth from those regions, to keep things in balance across the infinite universe.
What if the new space is formed within an object? Does it increase the size of the object? I think effectively not. I suspect that the new space jiggles around slightly to adjust itself and the object will eventually leave that portion of space anyway. The new space is discretely a very small and weak influence, so even over a very long time, new spaces arising within an object do not cause the object to expand.
What is the shape of the universe? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_Universe) Comic ray data suggests that the universe is infinite in all directions. An infinite universe would be consistent with the scriptures. The universe is everywhere expanding so it should be considered as open. Specifically trying to associate a shape with an entity that is infinite in all directions is pointless. The infinite universe is infinitely massive and will continue to be so. Locally light travels in "vacuum" at its constant speed with respect to the preponderance of surrounding matter. The most energetic cosmic rays are nearly speed-of-light probes for considering the shape of the universe. Those cosmic ray probes are "isotropic" yet discrete. I think that these most energetic yet isotropic probes passively probe the universe at much longer distances than are usually associated with our largest range sensors. One could say that the shape of the universe is the shape of an infinite radius sphere centered about our galaxy, but another object such as a cube with infinite sides centered about our galaxy would do just as well. See section "10.5 Size of Universe". Maybe we should just not consider the shape of the universe, since it doesn’t matter.
Does nature have more than four spacetime dimensions? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_dimensions#Additional_dimensions) I think that there are just three spatial "dimensions" and one time "dimension". As all things are connected in their origins, this may suggest that things are still quantum connected, like an infinite-size living-connected entity. The Bessler principle suggests some experimental evidence of information apparently flowing faster than the speed of light according to quantum connections. The information flowing faster than the speed of light doesn't require that there be extra dimensions. With space itself spreading outward, the three spatial "dimensions" spread out locally and thus also spread out on a universal scale. The three spatial "dimensions" are discrete and growing. These spatial "dimensions" are not continuous. The idea of relativistic spacetime needs to be discarded along with the rest of Einstein's theories of relativity predicated upon continuous structures. Einstein himself was quite prepared for such a discarding, according to his own words. Since the spatial "dimensions" are discrete and since the motion of electric fields seems to be a discrete sort of motion, I would assume that the time "dimension" is also discrete. One could assume that the time "quantization" possibly being on the order of the time it takes an electric field to travel across the space associated with a finest fundamental charge. The smallest discrete time interval might be inversely associated with the formation rates of the electric fields in the finest fundamental charges. The quantized time might thus limit the frequency for which a fundamental charge outputs discrete electric fields. Though space effectively spreads out with the discrete insertion of “new” fundamental finest charges, I suppose that, with its passage, time neither spreads outward nor spreads inward. The production rate of discrete electric fields in each fundamental charge should be a constant across the universe.
Are there non-local phenomena in quantum physics? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality) Yes. Because of the Bessler principle, the individual absorptions of gravitons often can serve as simple examples of non-local quantum phenomena. The phenomena may be non-local (meaning not local), since both absorptions within a graviton are separate in space, since both absorptions within a graviton must occur or not occur, and especially when both absorption events within a graviton are so far away that they cannot be connected by a single electric field or two electric fields in series. During absorptions of a two-part graviton, some information may sometimes flow faster than the speed of light, while other information apparently needs to flow backwards in time. Each possible absorption effectively knows what will (or won't) happen with the other possibly-spatially separate absorption, whether earlier or later. The latter absorption is already prepared to consistently absorb or not absorb according to what happened at the earlier event and so is able to match its absorption to the former. The earlier absorption knows that the other later absorption will or won't succeed and so is able to match the earlier absorption to what will later happen. I suppose that we can't just take one single perspective, since both perspectives simultaneously seem to be required. The absorptions must be in perfect agreement. It is a total quantum phenomena governed by information that may travel faster than the speed of light. From the perspective of the later absorption, it is governed by having knowledge of what happened earlier in time. From the perspective of the earlier absorption, it is also governed by having knowledge of what will happen later in time. That could involve information flowing backward in time. It can be an example of non-local quantum phenomena.
Graviton Penetrating by Coordination of Its Absorptions. Either both absorption parts of gravity must occur or neither absorption part must occur for a graviton to be absorbed. Otherwise gravity would be less weak than it is. The graviton must have the great penetration capabilities that gravity is known to have. The nearly correct standard formula for gravity (Gauss’s law for gravity) assumes that there are no absorptions of gravity. If a single one of the potential absorptions (earlier or later parts of gravity) indirectly governed both absorptions (with little consideration of the other), then I think that the penetration of previously formed gravity would be more comparable to the relatively little penetration of a single electric field, but that just doesn't happen. Though less penetrating than gravity, there is much penetration of the single electric fields because there is only slight absorption of the electric fields. The nearly correct standard formula (Gauss’s law for electric fields) doesn’t assume any absorption of discrete electric fields, but electric fields are typically not measured, when there is a very large amount of neutral matter between the source charge producing the electric fields and the places where the electric fields are measured. Consider the suggested tests of failures of Gauss’s law for electric fields (that may be found in section A.1 of Appendix A).
Space-like Separations. Here are some space-like-separation details that may on rare occasion apply to a two-part electric-field-absorption event corresponding to a graviton being absorbed. What might a space-like separation of events mean? If a single electric field (or two in series) would not have sufficient time to travel at the maximum speed of light between two events, then the two events could be considered to be space-like separated events.
Example of Space-like Separation of Graviton Absorptions. In a two-part quantum graviton, there would be sufficient time to connect two absorption events by the two quantum-connected electric fields each somewhat traveling together at the speed of light. Because of the spatial offset between the two discrete electric fields within a graviton, that is why a graviton may on rare occasion connect two absorption events but a single electric field (or two electric fields in series) may not be able to connect the two absorption events. There would especially be insufficient time for a single electric field to travel from the latter absorption to the earlier absorption, to convey to the earlier event the information that the latter absorption will successfully occur, unless the electric field could somehow go backward in time, but even such an unlikely case would not be enough time. There would not be a Bessler principle, if both the downward absorption events were simultaneous.
Absorption Coordination. There would not be a Bessler principle, if there were not a cooperative coordination for the absorption of gravitons, including rare cases of space-like separated absorption events. (Again, space-like separated events can't be connected by a single electric field or two electric fields in series.) Otherwise one independently-operating electric field would be relatively easily absorbed, then the other independently-operating electric field would be relatively easily absorbed, and thus previously formed gravity would be about as penetrating as the electric field. But it is difficult to measure the penetration or absorption of gravity. I think that gravity penetrates through matter much more readily than solitary-uncoordinated electric fields.
Spatial Separation. There would not be a Bessler principle, if the two discrete electric field absorptions within a graviton were not often spatially separated. I think that, the spatial separation and leveraging according to the Bessler principle cannot occur as easily unless there is often a spatial separation (albeit slight) within the graviton itself. The spatial separation of the absorption events and the coordination of the absorption events can at times cause the two absorptions associate with the Bessler principle to be non-local. The absorption events don’t need to be space-like separated but when they are space-like separated this causes the separate absorptions to be non-local.
Why is gravity such a weak force? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problem) Gravity is so weak since it is composed of two discrete electric fields acting as a single quantum unit. See the analysis in Chapter 2 "GRAVITY BASED ON DISCRETE ELECTRIC FIELDS". Also see the preceding "Locality" discussion. There are five formation constraints and five absorption constraints for gravity. There are two absorption constraints for the ordinary unpaired electric fields. Gravity is weaker than an ordinary discrete electric field roughly because gravity has eight extra constraints. Gravity is very rare in its birth (formation) and requires coordinated absorptions of both its parts in its death (destruction).
Did particles that carry "magnetic charge" exist in some past, higher energy epoch? If so, do any remain today? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopole) Magnetic fields are a manifestation of discrete electric fields; hence there are no magnetic monopoles. For example, moving charges produce discrete electric fields coming from different locations with time, which combined discrete electric fields may be interpreted, as having a magnetic field. There would be no possibility of monopoles ever existing anytime in the past. There was no Big Bang and there was no past, higher energy epoch. There are no more magnetic monopoles than there are end sources of rainbows. More exactly a rainbow can apparently end at a place where there are no droplets. Rainbows are nearly local phenomena. Magnetic fields are nearly local phenomena, consisting of many discrete electric fields passing by near the same location. A “discrete” magnetic field can similarly in-principle end if there is locally sufficient absorption of the electric fields composing the magnetic field (or the electric fields composing the so called magnetic field were previously absorbed). That doesn't mean that there exist magnetic monopoles. Magnetic fields are not a fundamental physical characteristic.
Is the proton a fundamentally stable particle? Or does it have a finite lifetime as predicted by some extensions to the standard model? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_decay) See the "Coronal Heating Problem" below which suggests that even under extreme rotations the proton is stable. If it had a finite albeit extremely long decay time, such extreme internal angular speeds should accelerate its decay. As there is no evidence that we lose protons in the far edges of the solar atmosphere due to decay, this suggests that the isolated proton is a completely stable elementary particle. It would not decay in a finite amount of time. If an electron does not come along to cause a photon to carry away rotational kinetic energy from such an extremely rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state in the solar corona, there may be some electromagnetic energy broadcast outward by the rotating proton because of rotation of its nuclear magnetic moment. That could prevent the proton from being rotationally ripped apart by the Bessler principle in the most extreme cases of internal angular speed. There would then be equilibrium between the energy received by the Bessler principle and the electromagnetic energy broadcast away by the rapid rotation of the proton's nuclear magnetic moment. I suspect that typically an electron does come along to remove energy from the extremely-rapidly rotating proton, which requires new rotational energy to then be built up again by the Bessler principle.
Neutron Decay Acceleration. The free neutron is known to not be stable. The GEET reactors provide evidence that the decay of the neutron is greatly accelerated because of rapid internal rotations. Also see the above paragraph "No Neutrons Should Be Observed" located within sub-section "GEET Reactors" of section “8.1 Devices Dependent upon Bessler Principle". Also see the above paragraph "Neutron Decay Rates" located within the section "Devices to Reduce Radioactivity" within that same section “8.1 Devices Dependent upon Bessler Principle".
Though the proton is stable, this would not prevent a proton or a neutron in say a resurrected being to quickly travel extremely great distances, according to the will of God. One might say that the universe is quantum connected.
Why do the accretion discs surrounding certain astronomical objects, such as the nuclei of active galaxies, emit relativistic jets along their polar axes? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_disc) As an overview explanation, I think that the power for these jets comes from the Bessler principle. Matter within the jets is within clear windows of the vertical-narrow magnetic poles. While the matter escapes in the jets, it is propelled outward by many photons, until its speed is relativistic, meaning nearly the speed of light.
Use of Bessler Principle. A very massive rotating stellar body down within the rotating accretion disc causes many nuclear-ground-states to initially internally rotate. Many rotating nuclear-ground-states (including near the equator and near the polar axis) rotate nearly about horizontal axes parallel to the polar axis. The internally and externally rotating nuclear-ground-states acquire greater internal rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle because of their internal rotation. The greater the internal rotation of the nuclear-ground-states means the greater is the internal rotational kinetic energy that is produced by the Bessler principle. This can cause the nuclei to rotate quite rapidly and in part cause the stellar body to rotate more rapidly. Friction to slow down a very rapidly rotating stellar body could come from the accretion disc, but power to increase the angular speed could come from the Bessler principle. A rapidly rotating stellar body can throw some material outward. With the help of some photon acceleration or propulsion, such thrown-outward matter can then be propelled outward into the accretion disc so as to prevent the massive accretion disc from being gobbled up by the gravity of the rapidly rotating stellar body within.
Forming Magnetic Strings within Stellar Bodies from Rotating Nuclei. Forming magnetic strings is one of the first parts of forming magnetic poles deep inside a rotating stellar body within an accretion disc. A rotating stellar body tends to cause the nuclei within the body to initially rotate. A rotating positively charged nucleus causes a magnetic dipole to be formed. Recall Fig. 47 where a prevailing magnetic field caused the rotating nucleus to align its orientation with respect to the prevailing field. That situation can be somewhat opposite in a rotating stellar body, in that it is the many magnetic dipoles themselves that generate the local-prevailing-aligning magnetic field, rather than an externally imposed magnetic field. Many rapidly rotating nuclei can be rotating and aligned in the same direction. They often stay with stability in such configurations, since tiny north magnetic poles are attracted to tiny south magnetic poles of the next rotating nuclei in a string. The nuclear magnetic dipoles are powerfully attracted to nearest neighbors in the string but repelled by Coulomb repulsion between the positive nuclei. Electrons can shield the repulsion of the nuclei.
Magnetic Sheets. Adjacent strings can be attractively offset (in the direction of the rotational axes by half the distance between the centers of the nuclei) from their neighboring strings to form sheets of magnets. See the small sheet example in Fig. 78 where I only drew three rotating nuclei (magnetic dipoles) in the middle horizontal string, and I only drew two rotating nuclei in each adjacent offset string. The magnetic strings may become very long, if conditions are not too disruptive. Magnetic sheets could contain many strings.
Fig. 78. Strings and sheets of magnetic dipoles of rotating positive nuclei.
Stacked Magnetic Sheets. The magnetic sheets can reside next to other sheets in a balanced configuration that is stable attractive, if one sheet is offset in the direction of the rotational axes by half the distance between the centers of the nuclei, in the direction of the magnetic axis. The sheets and the proximity of the sheets can cause their neighbors to have similar internal angular velocities. The stacked sheets can form huge powerful "solid" magnets. The net effect of all the magnetic dipoles is to create huge magnetic fields with very far away "returning" external magnetic fields that are in the opposite direction as the guiding fields of Fig. 47. The local guiding/aligning magnetic fields are in the same direction. It is the leakage current situation "to the maximum" by totally replacing the previously-guiding or aligning magnetic fields in Fig. 47 by the guiding fields shown in in Fig. 78. The “returning” magnetic fields were not shown in Fig. 47, unless they were say part of a giant torus. A giant torus is not the present case in the rotating stellar bodies.
In Fig. 79, the angular velocity of the rotating positive nucleus causes a magnetic dipole. That magnetic dipole along with many other similarly aligned rotating nuclei cause powerful-central-aligning magnetic fields and far-away "returning" magnetic field. Fig. 79 shows the far-away opposite-returning external-magnetic-fields, since it is the rotating nuclei themselves that are creating the most far-away returning external-magnetic-fields. Fig. 79 only shows one magnetic dipole (considered to be within a string or sheet) created by its internal rotation but it is understood (as for example according to Fig. 78) that there are many “attached” dipoles so that there is no reversing of the magnetic dipole direction relative to the shown most-external or far-away magnetic fields. The far-away magnetic fields in Fig 79 are not the guiding magnetic fields for the nuclei. With their many attached magnetic dipoles we could say that the magnetic fields don't locally return. Rather they take a very long path to "return", meaning following the arrows of the magnetic fields. The many magnetic dipoles create the powerful external magnetic fields that go out the polar axes of the rotating stellar body. The magnetic dipoles don't switch or reverse their directions because they are firmly attracted/attached to the many attached neighbors of their long strings and sheets. The dipoles all rotate individually and collectively according to Fig. 79 so that the angular velocities and local magnetic fields all point in a common direction, which is also in the direction of the central magnetic field. These strong induced magnetic fields create the very strong locally-vertically-outward magnetic poles at the rotational poles of the stellar bodies. The magnetic poles create windows of visibility to photons (located at the rotational poles of the stellar body), somewhat like the strong locally-vertically-outward-magnetic-fields in the sunspots on our very-slowly-rotating sun, but much more powerful and much narrower. The strong vertical-magnetic-fields provide a long narrow window of "visibility" at each pole, which extends outward through the poles of the accretion disc.
Fig. 79. Central and far-away "returning" magnetic fields.
Solid Magnetic Material. Large portions of the interior (especially near the equator or on the polar axis) can be filled with solid portions of magnetic material often aligned parallel to the polar axes. It would be like a solid sort of rotationally-high temperature material. It would translationally be low in temperature so as to maintain its structure. The large angular speeds of the materials acquire more energy by the Bessler principle, especially away from the poles, where they receive more gravitons perpendicular to the polar axis. The poles could be somewhat flattened because of the large angular speed. One might wonder how such a curious material can survive thermally. It would need to have excess energy somehow removed from it so that the energy not accumulate.
Removal of Excess Energy. Photons (of visible light for example) can somewhat quickly carry away extra energy produced within the body by the Bessler principle. With the regular arrangement of the nuclei, photons can proceed out in polar directions toward the polar-regions of the rotating stellar body. Unlike the sun where the bases of the sunspots are colder than the surrounding photosphere, the bases of the magnetic poles on the polar axes of these stellar bodies can be at a very high temperature (rotationally and radiantly). Each base can effectively be at a high temperature due to all the radiation proceeding forth from the solid magnetic material.
Narrow Strong Polar Vertical-Magnetic-Fields. Because of horizontal rotating nuclear-ground-states caused by the Bessler principle, there can be some disconnected-curved arrangements of the solid portions of the magnetic material. If there were no disruptions of the straight lines of magnetic materials, that would cause the magnetic fields to be stronger. The disruptions can be away from the equator and away from the polar axis. Such arrangements can disrupt other photons heading parallel to the polar axis (but far from the polar axis). There is little disruption of photons and magnetic fields on the polar axis. The magnetic material there (carrying photons and magnetic fields) can be straight-parallel to the direction of the polar axis. This allows the magnetic poles on the polar axes to be “narrow” and extremely strong. Many photons come out at the base of the visible-window poles by the photons coming out from the polar interior.
Radiation Produced. The Bessler principle causes vast amounts of power/energy to be produced in the stellar bodies. Because of all the energy produced, much radiation in the form of energetic photons/radiation is produced within the rotating stellar body. For example, electrons coming into contact with rotating nuclear-ground-states emit radiation (photons). The radiation is prohibited from going directly/completely out through the cooler-temperature, somewhat-insulating accretion disc composed of matter rotating around the central massive body. Radiation causes particles to gain translational speed. Collisions and reactions of nuclei/atoms/ions can give off more radiation. Collisions and reactions of a few collisions of a few rapidly moving neutral atoms at the base of the magnetic poles give off some extra radiation there. Reflected radiation also escapes out the poles. Much radiation can directly go out through those windows of visibility located at each pole. The photon radiation, traveling at the speed of light, goes out through the narrow windows of visibility located at the magnetic poles of the stellar body.
Matter "Jet" Propulsion in Magnetic Pole Windows. Neutral atoms can wander into the base of the magnetic poles. Some rapidly-moving extremely-energetic ions may also be formed near the base of the magnetic pole windows that are moving outward along the polar direction, so the accretion disc will not absorb them. They can have a good initial start. Any horizontal motion to the side of the magnetic field poles causes the ions to bend back within the magnetic field pole. The tiny ions are exposed to the flux of much outward radiation. The ions can on rare occasion recapture an electron. Either the nuclei within the ions (for example a proton of an ionized hydrogen atom) or the ions/atoms are struck many times by relativistic photons. The striking tends to remove electrons to make the atoms into ions or into bare nuclei. The nuclei/ions/atoms increase in their outward speed, according to the relativistic photon propulsion. Ions moving parallel to the magnetic fields are not bent by the magnetic fields. Ions by "electrostatic" repulsion can occasionally push ahead slower ions so as to encourage them to almost proceed en masse. If far enough away from the gravitational pull from the stellar body, the much photon radiation traveling at the speed of light especially accelerates the already-rapidly-moving polar-direction nuclei present in a pole window. By the many strikes eventually the nuclei attain relativistic speeds. The nuclei thus receive much photon propulsion over a long time. I think that is the likely origin of the relativistic jets coming from poles of accretion discs.
Production of Various Photon Energies. Greater angular speeds and greater mass nuclei within the stellar bodies can create various photon energies. Stellar bodies with hydrogen in the interiors of the polar magnetic materials might cause visible or weaker photons, when negative electrons attractively-interact with rotating positive nuclear-ground-states. A rotating proton can throw an electron at another proton which can on occasion create a neutron (plus a photon and a neutrino). The neutron could have up to on the order of 15 minutes (for a case of a nonrotating neutron coming from the accretion disc) to travel before the neutron decays. It might in that small time react with a nucleus to form a larger nucleus. For example, a neutron can combine with a proton to form stable deuterium and a lattice hole (plus a gamma ray). Other reactions can create more massive stable nuclei.
Stellar bodies with more massive
nuclei in the interiors of the polar magnetic materials can create gamma rays, when rotating
nuclear-ground-states interact with neighboring rotating nuclear-ground-states
(according to either group-offset-magnetically-corrected variants of compressed-rotational-shielded
(CRS) fusion or CRS interactions), creating infrared or more
energetic photons in the process. See
the discussion on CRS fusion in my 1993 paper, "Some Thoughts on a Simple
Mechanism for the 2H + 2H à
4He Cold Fusion Reaction".
The CRS interactions could be other nuclear interactions not necessarily
going to fusion but fusion would be a possibility. Stellar bodies with massive nuclei in the
interiors of the polar magnetic materials can create x-rays, when electrons interact with
rotating nuclear-ground-states and these struck electrons, if not directly
creating x-rays, are thrown upon other massive nuclei to create x-rays. I assume that if a type of fusion does
actually occur, then compression within the magnetic solid would cause any
formed “hole” to "float" outward or upward. The photons or x-rays or gamma rays could
head out toward the poles or proceed out in other available directions, while
carrying away energy. The regular
lattice rotating nuclei of the solid magnetic material could help guide the
radiations to their polar exits. There
may be progressions of production of various photon energies (infrared photons,
visible light, gamma rays from lighter nuclei, x-rays from heavier nuclei, and
gamma rays from still heavier nuclei) according to the progress of nuclear
chemistry within the stellar bodies.
Gamma rays could also come from failed CRS fusion reactions.
A Few Extra Gamma Rays in Jets. For the case of higher temperatures near the base of the magnetic polar windows, some of the nuclei could happen to collide within the polar windows of visibility. A few extra gamma rays could then be produced with the only unblocked exit being out through the narrow magnetic polar window. Jets of relativistic particles, the few extra gamma rays, and the interior produced photons could come out the polar window.
Changes in Angular Speed of Stellar Bodies. A slowly rotating stellar body could have its speed either increased or decreased by matter falling in from the accretion disc. Power to increase the angular speed of the stellar body could come from the Bessler principle. Effective friction to slow down a rapidly rotating stellar body could also come by matter falling in from an accretion disc. What actually occurs depends upon the particular situations.
Why is the sun's corona (atmosphere layer) so much hotter than the sun's surface? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona#Coronal_heating_problem) One can refer back to sub-section "Solar Corona Explained" within section “5.1 Atmospheric or Orbital Phenomena". One also can refer back to section “4.4 Sun Power". The large energy photons produced in the solar corona are not somehow magically formed from lower energy photons coming from the sun's surface. The large energy photons coming from the solar corona neither somehow get their energy from the lower energy photons on the sun's surface nor somehow get their energy from any energetic materials on the sun's surface. Both the solar corona and the sun's surface separately obtain their energies from the same common energy source of the Bessler principle. The observed difference is that on the sun's surface, with the large densities of nuclei in the plasmas, there are interactions between the magnetic moments of the nuclei so that they cannot acquire as rapid angular speed about horizontal axes, as they can in the solar corona. The power productivity, according to the Bessler principle, is limited on the sun's surface by their nuclei having smaller angular speeds about horizontal axes. It is a limitation due to a type of friction. In the solar corona there is very little interaction with other nuclei. At the extreme edges of the sun's atmosphere, there is very little friction interfering with rotations about horizontal axes. In those isolated edge locations, the nuclear-ground-states can acquire extremely large angular speeds about internal horizontal axes by the Bessler principle. Thus, they can acquire especially large internal rotational kinetic energies. When an attracted electron comes along and interacts with the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state, a large energy photon can be produced, which carries away a portion of the extremely great rotational kinetic energy of the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state. That is why the photons from the sun's corona are typically individually much more energetic than the photons coming from the sun's surface, even though both obtain their energy from the same Bessler principle source of energy.
There is no reason to suppose that the relatively small kinetic energies for translation of sparse nuclei at the far edges of the solar atmosphere are in thermal equilibrium with their extremely-energetic internal-rotational kinetic-energies. Except for some slight magnetic radiation transfer between a few nuclei, except for rare events of a photon from one hitting another nucleus, and except for the rare case of one slowly moving positive nucleus nearly striking another positive or repulsive nucleus (so that their magnetic moments interfere), there is no direct mode of transfer of energy between these two situations, so the two kinetic energies need not be in thermal equilibrium with each other. A tiny rotating particle essentially out by itself in space cannot directly transfer much of its internal rotational kinetic energy to its translational kinetic energy, though it on very rare occasion can transfer some radiation to some other nucleus far away. Recoil momentum when liberating a large photon may effectively transfer a slight amount of rotational kinetic energy to its own translational kinetic energy (and some kinetic energy to the electron that produced the photon). A tiny rotating particle nearly out by itself in space can only very rarely transfer its small translational kinetic energy to part of the rotational kinetic energy of another. That is why there is no thermal equilibrium between the translational and rotational situations associated with the low density solar corona.
How do these short-duration high-intensity bursts originate? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray_burst) Two ideas for gamma ray bursts are: the motion of streams of gamma rays and (more likely) the rupturing of surfaces and interiors of rapidly rotating neutron stars.
Rupturing of Rapidly Rotating Neutron Stars. Much power is produced within a rapidly rotating neutron star because of the Bessler principle. That produced power needs to somehow be manifest and be given off. The Bessler principle can cause the neutron star to increase in its angular speed. The nuclear magnetic moments of the neutrons could be all aligned. A rotating neutron star, with a magnetic moment not on the rotational axis, can give off much magnetic radiation. The giving off of magnetic radiation can cause a neutron star to decrease in angular speed, especially in the presence of some external friction. Changes in the angular speed of a neutron star can alter its shape. An alteration of its shape may cause the interior and surface to rupture. Such a rupture can produce a burst of gamma rays. That is each rupture can give off a large sudden flux of gamma rays associated with movement of nucleons relative to other nucleons.
Motion of Streams of Gamma Rays. See the above paragraphs regarding "Origin of Accretion Disc Jets" or information above about quasars within section "11.2 Cosmology" for sufficiently energetic special sources capable of producing the narrowest beams of gamma rays. The beams would be pointing in some particular direction. The Bessler principle produces much power which in part (under special circumstances) causes beams of gamma rays to come out the magnetic rotational poles. The beams can change their direction slightly with time. Beams from pulsars emitting gamma rays can especially change their directions rapidly with time. See some discussion about pulsars with the discussion about "Supernovae" below. More importantly the gravitating objects that a beam points toward are typically moving. As a beam goes by many moving stars with moving "gravity fields" surrounding each star, the beams will receive some changes in directions. Gravity pulls down on the radiations so as to make their paths curve slightly. Slight changes by some stars are magnified by greater changes downstream by the gravity of other stars. From a viewpoint very far away, near the earth, we could only observe short bursts of these high-intensity radiations, as the gamma ray beam rapidly sweeps by us or has been previously swept so rapidly that it is now apparently chopped up.
The locations of bursts furthest away will change even more so. When the bursts are subject to the gravity of other stars, this will cause the burst-beam directions to change even more so. By the time the beam gets to a far-away location its path will be greatly changing with time causing there to be only short bursts of gamma rays to be received at any particular distant location. The beam could wander back but that would tend to be very unlikely given continually changing conditions in the vast space in between. One can roughly think of a wiggling end of a loose fire hose. If one gets hit with a spray of water it can be just for a short burst, as the water stream may wander somewhere else. The originating stream of gamma rays in some distant location was often attractively buffeted by different newly encountered locally intense sources of gravity provided by many stars.
What is the exact mechanism by which an implosion of a dying star becomes an explosion? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova) The exact mechanism (that most needs to be spoken about) is the Bessler principle. It is the secret of where the main portion of the energy comes from, during a supernova. Other details are somewhat more obvious or ordinary. Prior to an implosion, the Bessler principle can greatly increase in the energy filling and bloating of stars having sufficient (but not too much) mass because nuclear ground states rapidly rotate about horizontal axes. Consider, for example, helium nuclei rapidly rotating about horizontal axes, causing great internal energy to be acquired and causing the star to greatly expand against gravity until unsustainable. Deuterium could be previously formed by energetic electrons thrown at a proton to create a neutron which combines with another proton, releasing the binding energy during formation. Similarly helium-3 and stable helium-4 could be previously produced, releasing binding energy as each was formed. Though not strictly justified, the larger mass nuclei such as helium-4 or larger nuclei popularly are typically considered to compose a “dying” star, since it is running out of fuel for nuclear fusion. An implosion of say a dying star or say a red helium giant would rapidly increase gravity subjected to the matter. Gravity near the center of an imploding star does not cancel out but can also greatly contribute to the Bessler principle, though if the nuclei rotate little, then there will not be much of a Bessler principle effect for such nuclei. Prior matter with internal angular momentum would after implosion sometimes contribute to greater rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes by the Bessler principle. That increases internal rotational kinetic energy. Electrons struck by the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states increases the heating of the material. Heating will also increase as gravity pulls materials downward faster. Heating will increase as there are a few exothermic nuclear fusion reactions, but that is not much of a sustained source of energy during an implosion, since with the violence of the explosion there are also many endothermic nuclear reactions as some light nuclei are ripped apart. They can have rapid rotations about horizontal axes, while they are colliding with other nuclei.
I think what is typically left out of previous analyses are the many great contributions of the Bessler principle. Any increased internal angular speed of nuclear-ground-states about horizontal axes by the Bessler principle will provide extra internal rotational kinetic energy. Rapid internal rotations about horizontal axes especially provide extra internal rotational kinetic energy. It is definitely not a zero sum energy game. As electrons interact with rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states, the extra energy in the internally rotating nuclear-ground-states can be transmitted by photons and electrons outward from the internal rotating nuclear-ground-states. The nuclear magnetic moments of the rotating nuclei can also transmit energy outward by rotating magnetic dipole radiation. Extra heating would increase the translation motion of nuclei. Extra heating and the follow on interaction of moving magnetic dipoles can also cause initially rotationally stationary nuclear-ground-states to internally rotate with greater internal angular speed and thus extra energy often is then produced by the Bessler principle.
Continued Explosive Effects. If we combine these many things, given that there is a Bessler principle, this says that the rotations about horizontal axes would further increase. With an increase in the rotations about horizontal axes, this would cause even more of an increase of rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle. Electrons interacting with the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states would produce extremely energetic photons and extremely energetic electrons. If these extremely energetic photons and electrons strike nuclei this could further increase their translation motion or internal angular speed. Nuclei with nuclear magnetic moments (such as protons which are the nuclei within ordinary hydrogen atoms) rapidly going near other nuclei with nuclear magnetic moments would often cause many participating nuclei to rotate more rapidly about horizontal axes. Doing so by the Bessler principle would cause much more internal rotational kinetic energy to be acquired by the Bessler principle. The greater the angular speed about horizontal axes means that greater angular speed would then be produced about horizontal axes by the Bessler principle. The greater the translational speed of the nuclei increases the probability of nuclear reactions and in particular a very few exothermic hot fusion reactions associated with the combination of the lighter nuclei. Many of those hot fusion reactions would be unlikely to give the great energies involved. Eventually some of the nuclei could be endothermically either combined or ripped apart because of all the great energy present. Also, energetic electrons can penetrate nuclei including protons (creating neutrons and neutrinos) and lead to various nuclear reactions in a large-gravity large-pressure environment. We would have a cyclical process that would become ever more explosive as it proceeds because of the mechanism of the Bessler principle predominately. A phenomenal explosion or a supernova could be the result. Yes, hot fusion can in part contribute to the explosion but to leave out the Bessler principle is to leave out the most energy productive part of the story. Analyses of other situations can be done. One just needs to remember to include the Bessler principle in such analyses.
Formation of Massive Elements. How might massive elements and neutron stars be formed during a supernova? The great energy or power in a supernova is sufficient to rip many nuclei apart to their constituent nucleons (i.e. protons and neutrons). With great gravity, great pressure, protons, electrons, and great energy, many protons (given proper conditions) can absorb electrons to form neutrons and neutrinos. This allows the neutrons to condense and magnetically primarily align by their nuclear magnetic moments according to compact magnetic sheets and solids. See Fig. 78 but the neutrons are not positively charged. Outer materials would be thrown outward by the great kinetic energies and photon energies involved, allowing the remaining portions the possibility of condensing. The solid magnetic materials may or may not fully form under the explosive situations. Under proper conditions extremely large nucleon elements can form. Potential elements with too many neutrons can beta decay and repulsively-charge-rupture to form stable nuclei, often still with very many nucleons. Energetically stable nuclei could survive. Under other proper conditions of very large collections and enough gravity, neutron stars can form near the centers of the novae, because of the much pressure and much gravity allowing the solid magnetic material of neutrons to form. A neutron star might be considered as the ultimate extremely massive element or nucleus. A neutron star is mainly held together by gravity. It would have very few protons so as not to be ripped apart by electric repulsion of the same positive charges.
Formation of Neutron Stars. The polar axis and the magnetic axis need not be the same (if formed during novae), which can allow for such things as pulsars and magnetars. The polar axis comes from some "conservation" of much angular momentum, which is not an absolute law given that the Bessler principle is an important exception. The magnetic axis could be according to the preponderance of the directions of the total nuclear magnetic moments of the neutrons, as the magnetically solid neutron star is attractively formed under conditions of great gravity and great pressure.
Pulsars could emit different types of photons (visible, x-rays, gamma rays), according to (1) the angle between the magnetic and the polar axis, (2) the angular speed about the polar axis, and (3) the mass of the star. They could release power generated by the Bessler principle. They would also broadcast the magnetic radiations that are being produced by the rotating pulsar. That magnetic radiation could also be received as radio waves. That magnetic radiation broadcast into space could constitute a sort of friction, though much supplied power is provided by the Bessler principle. I would think that the Bessler principle would cause a rapidly rotating neutron star to increase in angular speed, until it is in balance with rotational friction associated with the situation. Any accretion disc could also serve as friction, unless the pulsar was rotating so slowly that a colliding particle from the accretion disc provides more angular momentum than is removed by its collisions. I suppose that any radiation (removing excess power generated by the Bessler principle) would come out gap lines parallel to the magnetic axis. See Fig. 78 but where: (1) the nuclei are much closer, (2) the nuclei are neutrons without any net positive charge, and (3) the magnetic dipoles are inherent in the charge-neutral neutrons.
Supernova by Rotating Merging. The merger of a pair of rotating massive stars would provide wonderfully great opportunities for the Bessler principle to be manifest by the output of phenomenal amounts of radiation in such supernova. There could be initially large amounts of rotations about horizontal axes. The Bessler principle would allow the rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes to greatly increase in the spectacular process.
Why is it that some cosmic rays appear to possess energies that are impossibly high, given that there are no sufficiently energetic cosmic ray sources near the earth? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_cosmic_ ray) See the Chapter 10 "COSMIC RAYS EXPLAINED" for a discussion of the production of the most energetic cosmic rays. The source of gravitons is nearly "isotropic" out in "open" space, far away from galaxies because the universe is infinite in all directions. When nearer to galaxies, there would be some biases, which biases tend to average out for extended motion of the most energetic cosmic rays. The faster a particle travels, the greater is the preferential absorption of attractive gravitons from the front (compared to from the rear) and thus the faster/closer to the speed of light the particle travels. That is because gravitons travel at the greatest speed of light with respect to the preponderance of local most-interacting matter (which may be the pre-matter Dirac sea), not with respect to a single cosmic ray. The local matter especially includes the fundamental particles that have not yet permanently come forth from the sea, since I think that the gravitons themselves are composed of the temporary appearances of such fundamental charges that travel upon that sea of pre-matter. Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are thus formed in truly cosmic-size “accelerators”. The faster that the cosmic rays go means that more kinetic energy is acquired, until eventually the cosmic rays collide with something. Given these situations, using those cosmic-size accelerators, the acquired energies of cosmic rays are not impossibly high but rather are reasonably expected.
What is the origin of magnetar magnetic field? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar#Magnetic_field) See the nuclear-magnetic-moments comments about formation of strong magnetic fields within part of the discussion above in "Origin of Accretion Disc Jets". Also see the magnetar related comments in the paragraph “Formation of Neutron Stars” within the prior discussion “Supernovae”. Within the magnetar, I suppose that the nuclear-magnetic-moments are not primarily induced by the Bessler principle (from the rotation of the stellar body and from the effect of gravity on local horizontal rotating positive nuclear-ground-states within the body, though that does provide power for rotation). In the magnetars, I think that the solid structure of the magnetic material is not broken up by the local effects of gravity and the Bessler principle. Instead, I think that there can be a pure alignment of the nuclear magnetic moments of the neutrons themselves within the compact solid nuclear-magnetic-material. The nuclear-magnetic-moments of the neutrons are essentially all aligned with the magnetic axis in the neutron star (for the magnetar). This can produce very strong external magnetic fields, as long as (1) rotational speed of the neutron star is not too great (so as not to disrupt the magnetic fields by the rotating nuclear-ground-states with the positive (and negative) portions well embedded, which could counter the nuclear magnetic moments of the neutrons), and (2) there is no accretion disc to absorb the groupings of discrete electric fields (from rotating discrete fundamental charges) coming out from within the magnetar that constitute the penetrating so-called magnetic fields.
The arrangement of the solid nuclear-magnetic-material is like Fig. 78 but much denser. Because of some repulsion of magnetic poles, across magnetic sheets, it may not be a close packing of the neutrons themselves, which would allow small gaps for lines parallel to the magnetic axis, which would allow excess radiant power to be removed from the neutron star. If that repulsion, across sheets, of the solid magnetic material is overcome by cumulative gravity and the strong nuclear forces so that it becomes a close packing of the “spherical” neutrons, then I think that there would be smaller gaps for lines parallel to the magnetic axis, which would still allow excess radiant power (produced by the Bessler principle) to be removed from the neutron star. Radiation may be produced at the places where internally rotating neutrons rub against other internally rotating neutrons. I have not proven, for close-packed spherical neutrons, that there exist any gaps for lines parallel to the magnetic axis, so this may be taken to be a mathematical conjecture. The radiation gaps would be relevant to the above discussions of pulsars.
Why is space roar six times louder than expected? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_roar) Though radio signals from radio galaxies have been detected before, the "space roar" sounds six times louder than predicted. With an infinite universe there is an infinite source of radio galaxies, albeit extremely far away. The infinitely many expanding radar signals are partly blocked by infinite amounts of new matter, stars, galaxies, etc. so that all the radio signals fortunately do not eventually get here. Also, photons and electromagnetic radiation are reflected or absorbed by hydrogen atoms out in space. Photon energy can go to such things as energy-wasteful random velocity "walking" the hydrogen atoms and causing the protons within to rotate. Rotating protons with their nuclear magnetic moments can emit magnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation. I suspect that the added effect of the Bessler principle with respect to radiation from hydrogen (out in space) has not been properly considered. Rotating protons within hydrogen atoms can have their frequency and energy increased by attractive pulls from two-part gravitons, according to the Bessler principle. Out in open space far from galaxies there is roughly a constant background of gravitons that is roughly discretely isotropic. Also because of the absorption of discrete gravitons, the protons can be slightly changed in translational speed in a random velocity "walking" sort of fashion. Because of the energy-wasteful random walking, the increase in translational speed is typically not much (unless they eventually might become extremely-rare particular cosmic rays, which happened to begin their journeys from such extremely slow speeds) so that the hydrogen atoms do not become translationally high in speed/temperature. Much translational motion could cause the protons within hydrogen to rotate when hydrogen atoms collide, but the speed is low and collisions are not frequent. More importantly, with respect to space roar, the absorption of discrete gravitons (by the Bessler principle) can cause the protons to be increased in angular speed, providing greater frequency and energy radiations. They can become higher with respect to rotational temperature. The frequency and energy of the protons do not continue to increase primarily because of the friction associated with emission of magnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation. The evidence for that friction is that the background of space is very cold and not rotationally very hot, which would produce high temperatures if the Bessler principle were to allow the protons to continue to increase in angular speed. There is somewhat of a balance between the increase in the rotational kinetic energy of the protons due to the Bessler principle and the friction-like decrease of the rotational kinetic energy of the protons due to the emission of magnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation. The extra electromagnetic radiation could be considered as radiation from the widespread cosmos. Such frequency-increased radiations could contribute to widespread background space roar, until eventually such radiation is absorbed. Someone could do simulations or calculations to see if extra distant red-shifted sources of photons/radiation for space roar account for six times the previously predicted value, which previously predicted value did not assume an infinite universe and especially did not assume the Bessler principle.
Gravity Pulling Down. As is the case with gravity pulling down to increase space roar, gravity can also pull down on light often changing the energy and frequency, while leaving finest fundamental opposite charges in its wake. Gravity can pull down on moving matter, increasing its speed, as is the case with cosmic rays. Can gravity pull down on gravity? I suspect that it can do so on very rare occasions, since gravity is a very special simple form of light. I suspect that a graviton can on very rare occasion pull down on another graviton (from the front or side but not from the back), with a possible result of one graviton surviving though possibly slightly shifted, while leaving behind a stationary pair of fundamental opposite charges in its wake. The surviving graviton could eventually pull down on a stationary pair of fundamental opposite charges. For example, the surviving graviton could eventually pull down on a photon of starlight, leaving another stationary pair of fundamental opposite charges in its wake. I suspect that it would be highly unlikely for two gravitons to by themselves form two pairs of stationary fundamental opposite charges. A single graviton pulling down on a graviton is an extremely unlikely event by itself, so a dual pulling down of gravitons pulling down each other might (if at all possible) seem to have a probability according to the product of the individual probabilities. Could a graviton pull down on one fine fundamental charged particle temporarily in starlight and another already existing fine fundamental charged particle of the opposite charge? I suppose that could easily happen. There would tend to not be much of a charge imbalance of fundamental charges of one type since the opposite charge situation would be equally likely to occur and since the production of charges changes every generation. The productions of the finest fundamental charges (or spirit-matter) help address part of the idea of the origin of matter in the cosmos which will in part be discussed next.
What is the nature of the nuclear force that binds protons and neutrons into stable nuclei and rare isotopes? What is the origin of the elements in the cosmos? What are the nuclear reactions that drive stars and stellar explosions? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_astrophysics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars) All forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear) are based upon the electric field emission and absorption from discrete fundamental charges. See Chapter 13 "FORCE UNIFICATION". Elements are produced by a variety of means such as: formation of finest fundamental charges by gravitons pulling on light then condensing of fine fundamental charges to form hydrogen (needed for other later reactions), some exothermic nuclear fusion within stars over long periods of time, rare exothermic and even rarer endothermic nuclear fusion during stellar explosions, fission with beta decay of large collections of magnetically solid neutrons during stellar explosions (see the prior discussion of "Supernovae"), a type of CRS fusion within rapidly rotating stellar bodies (see the paragraph after "Production of Various Photon Energies" within "Origin of Accretion Disc Jets" discussion above), nuclear reactions during collisions of nuclei by relativistic jets striking other nuclei (see "Origin of Accretion Disc Jets" discussion above), and nuclear reactions during secondary collisions of nuclei following interactions between cosmic rays and matter. I suspect that the most massive stable nuclei and rare isotopes are formed by breakup of larger collections of magnetically attractive solid collections of neutrons during novae, when there is plenty of energy, matter, and pressure (but likely not so stable as to form a neutron star). Nuclear reactions are not the primary drivers for stars and creating great releases of energy during stellar explosions. Rather the Bessler principle is the primary driver with respect to energy production in such cases. See the paragraph "Star Lifetime" in section “11.2 Cosmology" and again see the discussion of "Supernovae" above. As I think Edward Leedskalnin well understood, the nuclear reactions are important (and should not be ignored) but are secondary with respect to great energy production in stars using his principle. In section “D.6 Extra Analysis of Symbols" see paragraphs "Symbolic Entrance Fee Marker", "Sun Power at Entrance", and "Sun Pyramids".
What is the solution to the Schrodinger's equation for the hydrogen atom in arbitrary electric and magnetic fields? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_atom) This is somewhat a mathematical question that ignores some of the most underlying physics. The potentials used in exact solutions to the Schrodinger's equation are continuous approximations of the actual situations. The assumed "electrostatic" potentials don't physically exist but are approximations used to model the actual discrete dynamic situations. The continuous magnetic fields are mathematical approximations of the actual discrete electric fields (which compose the actual magnetic fields) arising from moving fundamental charges. The actual electric fields are discrete. Arbitrary electric and so-called magnetic fields for the hydrogen atom could require discrete numerical calculations or approximate simulations or continuous approximations. Possibly-useful exact solutions to the Schrodinger's equation for the hydrogen atom in arbitrary assumed continuous electric and magnetic fields would nonetheless explicitly be approximations of the actual discrete situations.
What causes the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoluminescence) These are some of my thoughts on the subject. Ultrasound waves can regularly enlarge and constrict the bubbles. The ultrasound at times creates a sudden vacuum that allows the nuclear-ground-states to rotate more freely, without as much interference. That means that, when the bubbles expand the pressure gets less. Then, there is greater opportunity for the rotating nuclear-ground-states to acquire additional angular speed about horizontal axes by the Bessler principle. When the cavities constrict and pressure increases within bubbles, some of the vaporous molecules are hit by other molecules. Sometimes there is interference between magnetic moments causing internal nuclear rotations. Also on rare occasion, the constriction causes any photons within the cavity to be more likely to strike and cause extra rotations of molecules and rotating nuclear-ground-states within. During the expansions, the rotating molecules (and nuclear-ground-states within) are able to acquire additional rotational kinetic energy by the Bessler principle, if they were rotating in part about horizontal axes. During follow-on constrictions, there is more squeezing including squeezing (by collisions) of the electron wavefunctions towards the rotating nuclear-ground-states within. This increases the chances of the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states to rotationally strike encroaching electrons. The struck electrons cause photons of higher energy to be produced or sonoluminescence. The effect should be reduced/enhanced with strong vertical/horizontal magnetic fields, which would prevent/enhance the rotating nuclear-ground-states according to rotational kinetic energy via the Bessler principle. To enhance the chance of a photon internally reflecting inside a bubble, there would need to be a small grazing angle. Any photon internally reflecting inside constricting bubbles should increase the energies of the reflected photons. Expanding bubbles should decrease the energies of any internally reflecting photon.
Is it possible to make a theoretical model to describe the statistics of a turbulent flow (in particular, its internal structures)? Also, under what conditions do smooth solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations exist? Alfvénic turbulence in the solar wind and the turbulence in solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and magnetospheric substorms are major unsolved problems in space plasma physics. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence) To really understand turbulence, its statistics, and its growth (especially for rotations about horizontal axes), one must understand the Bessler principle. The Bessler principle is fundamental with respect to turbulence and its instabilities. The Bessler principle is the ignored yet persistent hidden source of energy often required to produce and maintain turbulence that otherwise would remain unexplained. If the physical evidence demands energy non-conservation, then modeling the phenomena using energy conservative theory is quite inappropriate. I am hoping that scientists carefully study the Bessler principle and do experimental tests of it, so that they can begin to really understand turbulence from correct first principles. Predictable models are a step in the right direction but it is better to have accurate models well understood according to first principles. Many scientists appear to be quite eager to understand turbulence. Thus, I would hope that they apply that same eagerness to doing the proposed tests on the Bessler principle so that they can more fully understand it, if they really want to more fully understand turbulence and its many ramifications.
Fluid Rotation. Let us consider some cases that I think imply rotations of fluids about axes. Consider the article “Walls of Water” by Dana Mackenzie pp. 86-89 of Scientific American July 2013 Volume 309, Number 1. Notice that for the smoke-ring case of an “attracting Lagrangian coherent structure” there are often rotations about horizontal axes. Such rotations might encourage greater angular speed acquisition by the Bessler principle. Closer to the centers of rotation there could be greater speed, which would be associated with lower pressure. The lower pressure would be considered to be attractive. If there are two water currents flowing in opposite directions, with one current above the other in elevation, then that could cause rotations about horizontal axes at their boundaries. I am guessing that was the cause of the attracting Lagrangian coherent structure mentioned in the article, which rapidly carried a “tiger tail” of oil along the surface of the Gulf in 2010. Thus the rapid motion of the oil slick (160 kilometers in one day) might be attributed to the Bessler principle. Notice also that for cases of “repelling Lagrangian coherent structures” there were apparently currents at the same elevation traveling in opposite directions, which would tend to promote rotations about vertical axes at the boundaries. Such rotations about vertical axes would tend to inhibit further angular speed acquisition by the Bessler principle. That would partly explain the “walls of water” or “transport barriers” spoken of in the article or rather why the structures are repelling instead of attractive. I might call them more rotationally-stationary walls of water. With the minimal contributions by the Bessler principle because of little rotational motion, then prior theory might be adequate to study the motion of the fluid. Still, we should pay careful attention to rotations about horizontal and vertical axes in our discussions.
Modify Navier-Stokes Equations. We should include the Bessler principle in our theory, if we want to have more nearly correct theory and understanding. The Navier-Stokes equations should be modified to include the Bessler principle so that solutions are more realistic motions of the fluids, especially when the rotations are about horizontal axes. During attempted derivations of the Navier-Stokes equations, we should neither assume conservation of angular momentum nor assume conservation of energy. According to the prior rotational motion, the Bessler principle provides sources for both angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy. The sources can only be somewhat ignored when there are not rotations about horizontal axes. The sources can never be fully ignored, since there are varying intensities of gravitons coming from all directions.
Arrow of Time. Why did the universe have such low entropy in the past, resulting in the distinction between past and future and the second law of thermodynamics? Why are CP violations observed in certain weak force decays, but not elsewhere? Are CP violations somehow a product of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, or are they a separate arrow of time? Are there exceptions to the principle of causality? Is there a single possible past? Is the present moment physically distinct from the past and future or is it merely an emergent property of consciousness? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(arrow_of_time)) The second law of thermodynamics is generally not valid. The universe is not constrained by this artificial "law". As energy is not conserved in the universe (energy can be increased and decreased), the second law of thermodynamics needs not hold. Order can be increased in “closed” systems. Order can be increased in “closed” systems, since no system can keep out gravity. Increased order means entropy is decreased. Entropy can be decreased in “closed” systems. Low entropy is not just a thing of the past. Entropy can be decreased in the “universe” as new cold matter is induced to come from the Dirac sea and as large amounts of energy is produced from stars using the Bessler principle. The Bessler principle is a common modern day type of Maxwell's demon which causes the second law of thermodynamics to be just a second approximation of thermodynamics, which need not always hold. If one unreasonably excludes all rotations about horizontal axes, then it would tend to hold fairly well. The Bessler principle demon itself amazingly does not in its decision-making-intelligence cause the entropy of the universe to increase. This modern-day Maxwell's demon is highly intelligent yet is neither wasteful nor inefficient in its intelligent decision making. See Chapter 12 "MATTER INTELLIGENCE". The total effect of the Bessler principle is to decrease entropy causing greater rotation to come from a less rotating situation. Greater order comes out of less ordered situations by this modern-day Maxwell's demon.
Despite failure of the second law of thermodynamics because of the Bessler principle, one should not be surprised that there is an arrow of time, since all fundamental “forces”, which are based upon the absorption of discrete electric fields, have an arrow of time in them automatically. The discrete electric fields only travel forward in time. A discrete electric field can travel backwards but it is traveling forward in time not backwards in time.
The Bessler principle may suggest some non-causal situations. The first absorbed electric field seems to know what will happen with the second later-absorbed electric field so that behavior of the second absorbed electric field might non-causally affect the earlier first absorption. The second absorbed electric field seems to know what happened in the earlier first absorption so as to guarantee that it will behave similarly. If these things were not so, this would not allow the Bessler principle to work. The Bessler principle suggests some unusual connections between past and future effectively violating causality. The later absorption or non-absorption decision apparently causing the earlier absorption or non-absorption decision would seem to be a violation of causality. The earlier absorption or non-absorption decision causing the later absorption or non-absorption decision would seem to be a violation of a type of causality, especially when the decision events are space-like separated. Events are space-like separated when they cannot be connected by a single discrete electric field or a series of discrete electric fields. In one of these curious situations, there would seem to be a violation of causality of some type. I think that events in the future can be influenced by multiple events in the past, when time-like separations are considered, which might not violate causality. Time-like separations of events mean that the events can potentially be connected by one or a series of discrete electric fields. Since I suspect that multiple gravitons can be very closely absorbed by two-rotating finest fundamental charges, I further suspect that one of those nearby secondary absorption events in the future can seem to influence multiple primary absorption events in the past. The absorption events could have time-like separations.
I think there is a single possible past, but the past can know the future with absolute certainty. The Bessler principle is an example of that. The future can know the past. The Bessler principle is also an example of that. People have moral agency. They are free to choose and act for themselves. For example, see 2 Nephi 2:27; 10:23; Mosiah 5:8; Doctrine and Covenants 29:35-36; 101:78. People are free to make moral choices. God knows how they (we) will choose. God knows both the past and the future. That allows the atonement to apply both to the past and to the future. Still, no one could be resurrected until after the atonement was made.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation for references to CP violations. Regarding the CP (Charge Parity) violations, I think that there may have been a lack of experimentally complete CP-symmetry (Charge conjugation Parity symmetry), when we use magnetic fields. The magnetic fields are not primal. The electric fields are primal. I suppose the ordinary magnetic fields have a handedness or charge parity associated with them. The handedness or charge parity depends upon which type of finest fundamental charge is moving to create the magnetic fields. In our experiments we are using matter (not antimatter) to generate the magnetic fields so I suspect that there might not be CP violations, if we somehow could try to do more complete CP-symmetric experiments. Maybe we just didn't do the experiments quite right, when we don't fully exchange both types of matter (C for charge, meaning replace matter by its opposite charges and replace antimatter by its opposite charges) and parity (P for parity meaning replace by the oppositely mirrored situation). My guess is that there are no actual CP violations, if we properly account for the use of handed matter-generated magnetic fields.
One should keep in mind that there are completely different physical electric fields between a magnetic field formed by external rotations of positive charges (say protons moving while keeping the same number of negative charges stationary) and between the hitherto "same" magnetic field formed by external rotations of negative charges in the opposite external rotational path (say by electrons moving while keeping the same number of positive charges stationary). We previously called them the "same" magnetic field (since they are generated by the same so-called "current") but from a discrete electric field perspective they are greatly different physical situations. I suspect that if one could take experiments supposedly demonstrating CP violations and in the previously considered CP-symmetric case replace the magnetic fields by the magnetic field created by the opposite charges with the opposite parity (those opposite charges moving in the opposite direction) that then there would no longer be CP violations. We just can't do the experiments half-way when we are testing for CP violations.
I'm not completely sure how to do such full experiments but maybe someone could figure out a way to do such. Maybe we could somehow spin a positively-charged disk below a net negatively-charged stationary disk/grid, containing extra electrons on the side nearest the positively-charged disk missing electrons, to create the greatly physically different but previously so-called "same" magnetic field. There would be no charge imbalance, since for a partly-internally mobile capacitor, it should not have net external so-called static electric fields. Doing that substitution might be a "poor man's" substitute for the impossible situation of using completely opposite matter-exchanged-with-antimatter materials, with the antimatter rotating in the opposite direction to demand CP-symmetry on that imposed-magnetic-field portion of the experiment. We must be very concerned with complete parity and charge, when we form our magnetic fields during any CP violations experiments. All gross previously labeled magnetic fields are not equivalent with respect to CP-symmetry. The difference in those "same" magnetic fields may be a weak effect but if we are testing for supposedly weak CP violations in weak processes, we must properly address such concerns.
Composition of Antimatter. If there are no CP violations, I would guess that antimatter is the mirror image of matter, after the finest fundamental opposite charges are replaced by their finest fundamental opposite charges. That might somewhat also explain why they form photons, when the matter and antimatter annihilate each other. They attractively symmetrically run into each other with great vigor (with "electrostatic" attraction and with attraction by opposing "magnetic" poles to align them for destruction), as each completely undoes the other's mirror symmetric parity structure.
For some imagery, think of curling your interlocking close together four fingers, from each hand, with one thumb up and one thumb down. Then back off the interlocking so that just the ends of the four fingers touch the tips of the other four fingers. Each thumb represents the "same" type of magnetic pole. Those "same" magnetic poles act somewhat like having the same magnetic fields but have different handedness and the magnetic fields are composed of different types of electric fields. The matter and antimatter, having lost all their internal kinetic or structural energy, send each other's finest fundamental opposite charges back to the Dirac sea. The liberated great energy is sent off as photons, as those finest fundamental opposite charges are composed of pure light (somewhat thinking E=mc2 but thinking of electric field sources rather than thinking of oscillating light sources) each collided fundamental pair of opposite charges being its respective "point" source of waves of finest fundamental charge type. All the colliding sources could be directed both in the direction of the collision and in the opposite direction of the collision for each opposite opposing fundamental particle, forming two large "quantum" arrangements of opposite-pointing speed-of-light-wave photons.
This is a guess. Instead of each finest fundamental particle normally sending out electric fields in "random" directions (being made manifest as ordinary outgoing discrete electric fields), the last discrete electric fields might be sent out in directions parallel to the directions of impact during the annihilation. The directions of the great photons could be in the directions of the ends of the four fingers, which also show the directions of the velocities at impact of individual finest fundamental opposite charges just prior to annihilation.
Meaning of C. Previously C has sometimes meant charge conjugation or transformation of a particle into its antiparticle. Those things could have had different meanings. If there is actually a parity transformation associated with transformation of a particle into its antiparticle, then such a C would not mean purely replacing the finest fundamental charges by their opposite finest fundamental charges, during a transformation from a particle to its antiparticle. I suppose that C should properly mean exchange the finest fundamental charges.
Rationale for Predominance of Matter in Universe. Any CP violations (if there are any, which I doubt there are any) are not what causes our universe to be matter dominated. See the above discussion "Baryon Asymmetry". We should not place our faith in any supposedly weak-CP-violations to explain why our universe is matter dominated. We should properly place our faith in God.
One might see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt-60 and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics) (or more specifically http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation) for references to parity conservations violations. Would we get the opposite result in the beta decay of cobalt-60, if we use the same supposed magnetic field but generated by the opposite motion of protons moving in the opposite direction to the electrons that previously were used to create the magnetic field? I would guess that we would get similar results, though not exactly quite the same. We really ought to do the experiments to find out for sure. It is essentially the same-supposed generating "current" but the supposedly-same magnetic field is physically much different. In the usual case, the magnetic field is formed by the discrete electric fields coming forth in straight lines from the moving negative electrons, with each electron composed of an excess of negative fine fundamental charges. In the non-standard case, the magnetic field is formed by the physically different discrete electric fields coming forth in straight lines from the oppositely moving positive protons, with each proton composed with an excess of positive fine fundamental charges. I'm not sure how we deal with the magnetic moments of the moving protons, when we create the emulating supposedly-same magnetic field. I suppose to first order we might try to ignore them. The electrons also have a spin associated with them.
Maybe more importantly with respect to tests of parity conservation violations, we should alter the experiment by only changing the parity or handedness of the magnetic field by moving the electrons in the opposite direction, without changing the charges of those electrons (to protons). We normally think of such an altered magnetic field as being opposite the prior magnetic field, since it is only the direction of the “current” that is reversed, but if the situation is viewed by a mirror we could think of it as parity changed, without being charge exchanged.
I think that some of the conservation "laws" are backwards from what we might have thought.
Parity. I suppose that there would still be parity conservation violation, when the experiments are done “correctly”. Maybe it wouldn’t be quite as much though. Should we consider as part of the process the absorption of discrete electric fields or discrete gravitational fields? With very little ground-state rotation, the absorption of relatively few discrete field absorptions can cause a rotational handedness to change, though the occurrence is quite unlikely. Once the rotational handedness is altered, the Bessler principle can cause the effect to be amplified. It would be a very fine effect and it should also occur with antimatter. I think that it should be ignored, especially if we can't come up with a way to experimentally measure such a very fine effect. Since the effect depends on particular fine circumstances and it doesn’t concern the internal structure of matter, it may not be of much importance.
Charge Conjugation Parity. I suppose that there is no charge conjugation parity conservation violation, when the experiments are done correctly, unless we were to consider as part of the process the absorption of discrete electric fields or discrete gravitational fields. We probably should ignore such fine external things.
Momentum. Momentum is never conserved when a discrete electric field is absorbed by a fine fundamental charge. Space is not uniform or the same with respect to translation. Space is granular. Momentum of a pair of finest fundamental opposite charges is not conserved when the two electric fields, of a graviton, are absorbed by the pair. In the absence of absorptions we might typically have conservation of momentum but in this universe we cannot physically separate out such cases. There is an extra discretely "isotropic" background of discrete gravitons throughout the universe and it is this background that causes the momentum of the cosmic rays to not be conserved but rather to continue to increase in momentum.
Angular Momentum. Angular momentum is almost never conserved when a discrete electric field is absorbed by a fine fundamental charge. It would for example be conserved for a reference point along the line of the discrete electric field. Space is not isotropic about any point because of the granularity of space. Angular momentum of a pair of fine fundamental opposite charges is typically not conserved when the two electric fields, of a graviton, are absorbed by the pair. One should consider the example of the Bessler principle not conserving angular momentum but rather to increase angular momentum. In the absence of absorptions we might typically have conservation of angular momentum but in this universe we cannot physically separate out such cases.
Energy. Kinetic energy is almost never conserved when a discrete electric field is absorbed by a fine fundamental charge. In the frame of the initial finest fundamental charge, kinetic energy is never conserved when the fundamental charge absorbs a discrete electric field. It would seem that time is not uniform. Space is not the same with respect to translations in time. Electric fields appear discretely. Space is not static. Space is dynamic with time. Space is not conserved. New matter and new space appear discretely. The “new” matter might not be actually be new if it had been awaiting a prior eternity for sufficient energy to come forth. Matter is not conserved. Energy of a pair of fine fundamental opposite charges is typically not conserved when the two electric fields, of a graviton, are absorbed by the pair. One should consider the example of the Bessler principle not conserving energy but rather to increase energy. In the absence of absorptions we might typically have conservation of energy but in this universe we cannot physically separate out such cases. There is an extra discretely "isotropic" background of discrete gravitons throughout the universe and it is this background that causes the kinetic energy of the cosmic rays to not be conserved. They acquire greater and greater kinetic energy, until they eventually collide with something. Mass-energy is not conserved. New finest fundamental charges (new matter) appear when starlight absorbs gravitons. Potential energy is a useful but failed attempt to cover up the idea that energy is not conserved.
Charge. Charge is not conserved. For example, if a two part graviton first pulls down on a temporarily appearing charge in light and then on a finest fundamental opposite charge that already exists, then charge would not be conserved with only a new first charge coming forth. If we don’t look too closely or analyze things too carefully, it would appear that approximately charge tends to be roughly conserved, but I think we ought to be careful with analysis. Matter is not conserved when a “new” charge comes forth, since matter always comes along with charge.
Sometimes Called Quantum Chaos. Is there a preferred interpretation of quantum mechanics? How does the quantum description of reality, which includes elements such as the superposition of states and wavefunction collapse or quantum decoherence, give rise to the reality we perceive? Another way of stating this is the Measurement problem – what constitutes a "measurement" which causes the wave function to collapse into a definite state? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics) I am guessing that the so-called wavefunctions should approximately describe the presence and absence of the fine fundamental opposite charges. This is slightly different than the usual Copenhagen interpretation of the wavefunction. The two fine types of fundamental charges provide a physical reason for the fine wavefunction calculations and give rationale for the wave-particle duality, when it is actually particles at the finest of levels, which particles are not subject to "normal" viewing. The fine most fundamental normal particles act somewhat as waves with total gross quantum particle effects. The fineness of the most fundamental particles allow for nearly perfect superposition of states, as long as no two of the most fundamental particles occupy the same space at the same time. It is not perfect superposition of states but there is plenty of maneuvering room.
That there is a fine particle level is hinted at by the ideas that there is a quantum ground state to a nucleus but that quantized nuclear-ground-state can in principle have a near continuum of velocities and angular velocities associated with it. The larger quantum states that we normally associate with quantum mechanics are built upon an extremely fine quantization foundation. I think that God precisely knows these finest details without their being determined from any explicit measurement by man. At the finest quantum levels two-part gravitons can cause rotating nuclear-ground-states to increase in angular speed by the finest increments, much finer than the normal quantization. Along comes an electron and it is violently struck by a rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state and a huge quantum photon is produced whose huge total energy was seemingly unquantized in its particular value. Yes, there are large quantum effects in explicit measurements but the underlying physics is quantized at a much finer level. Though Einstein was greatly criticized for it, I think that he was quite correct in saying that God does not play dice with the world. The finest quantized-discrete variables unknown or hidden to man are known to omniscient God. The potentials used in quantum mechanical calculations are gross artificial approximations of much finer physical processes. I don't think that the wavefunction actually collapses. I think that it is just that the approximate gross quantum state, during the measurement process, changes to another gross quantum state. A prior “wave” may with a measurement act as a gross particle but before, during, and after the measurement there remain "waves" of fine fundamental oppositely charged particles.
Are there physical phenomena, such as black holes or wavefunction collapse, which irrevocably destroy information about their prior states? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_information) No. There are no point singularities in curved spacetime since gravity is discrete rather than continuous at its most fundamental level. Finest fundamental charges though almost-a-point are associated with a volume. Black holes, if they exist, can be undone or rather destroyed. They would primarily be an artifact of continuous approximations of the actual discrete situations. A one way event horizon is a gross and incorrect continuous approximation of the actual discrete situation. One might even argue that a black hole (if it exists) could destroy itself because of the nature of the two-part gravitons (partially shielded by matter) and the energy and angular momentum unstable Bessler principle in particular, so there would not actually exist an impenetrable event horizon that information cannot escape from. During an observed measurement of a quantum event, the most complete information is retained without a wavefunction completely collapsing. The fine fundamental opposite charges have their dynamic locations before, during, and after a quantum measurement but the fullest extent of this complete information (though available to God, as God "knowest all things", see John 16:30) is usually not available to man by means of gross quantum measurements alone. It is almost as if a sort of information veil covers the actual complete information available to God. With the Bessler principle we may have a glimpsing or slight unveiling of that complete information. As an example or suggestion of the more complete information, God can show to man every particle of the earth, as God did in Moses 1:27. Also consider John 15:26; 16:30; 2 Nephi 2:24; 9:20; Words of Mormon 1:7; Alma 7:13; 26:35; Mormon 8:17; Ether 3:25-26; Moroni 7:22; 10:5; Moses 1:6; 1:35; 7:67. In Moses 1:27, I don’t know whether “particle” meant combined particle or finest fundamental spirit particle or something else, but if omniscient God could know and show “all things”, I would assume that God could know and show all the finest fundamental spirit-matter-particles of the earth. There is little or no time constraint on God’s knowledge. Consider Psalms 147:5; Acts 15:18; 1 Nephi 9:6; 2 Nephi 27:10; Moroni 7:22; Abraham 2:8.
"Grand Unification Theory". Is there a theory which explains the values of all fundamental physical constants? Is there a theory which explains why the gauge groups of the standard model are as they are, why observed space-time has 3 spatial dimensions and 1 dimension of time, and why all laws of physics are as they are? Do "fundamental physical constants" vary over time? Are there fundamental particles that have not yet been observed and if so which ones are they and what are their properties? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_everything) I have tried to provide direction toward a discrete theory of everything. Before we can figure out the fundamental ordinary constants from such a theory, we would need to determine the most fundamental constants for such a theory. I think that such most fundamental constants would not change with time. For example, the magnitude of charge of a finest most-fundamental charge would not change with time. I unfortunately don't know what it is. In magnitude it is a very tiny portion of the magnitude of the known charge of an electron. It is the magnitude of the measured (excess) charge of an electron times the reciprocal of a large integer. General relativity or gravitation theory will need to be discarded (as Einstein began to suspect) since it is a flawed theory built upon continuous structures. It neither allows for gravitational absorption nor for the Bessler principle. It incorrectly assumes that gravity is a manifestation of the curvature of space-time, when gravity at its finest level is actually a discrete or discontinuous entity traveling in discrete space-time. I think it is a discrete wave of the fundamental electric fields coming from two opposite fundamental charges. I think it is a discrete two-part wave of finest fundamental charges in space which travels in time. All the forces (gravity, electromagnetic, weak, and strong) should be modelled as waves of the fundamental opposite charges which travel in time. The waves are not composed of actual charges moving but rather waves of finest fundamental charges appearing and disappearing. Discrete electric fields come from and are absorbed by such finest fundamental charges. I think that all forces (gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear) are explained by emissions and absorptions of such discrete electric fields. See Chapter 13 "FORCE UNIFICATION". Also see near the end of Appendix A “A.6 Unification Attempt for Electromagnetics-Strong-Weak-Gravity”. I suppose that in our discrete modeling of everything we can assume fundamental physical constants, and parameters. Then we can see if that sufficiently well allows us to predict what happens.
Continuous gauge transformations will eventually need to be discarded as they are only flawed continuous approximations of the underlying discrete physics. For example, there are not actually energy conservative continuous potential energies. They are a faulty approximation of convenience. With the understanding that discrete electric fields are absorbed by fundamental charges, there is no underlying conservation of energy. Maxwell's (or better yet Hertz’s) equations neglected to include weak absorption terms. But there is a force on a charge when in an electric field. Only the tiny portion that is absorbed creates the “force” but the “field” depletion effect accumulates with many absorptions.
I don't think that it is necessary to invent new dimensions for a successful discrete theory of everything, as is typically done with string theory. Our current three spatial "dimensions" should be discrete to a very fine level, comparable to the sizes of the finest fundamental charges. I am guessing that the time "dimension" is likely also discrete, with finest size on the order of the time for a discrete electric field to go out from a finest fundamental charge (to the radius of its volume). I do think that there is faster than light information flow between quantum-connected discrete-intelligent fundamental charges, since they serve as a basis for all things present and to come forth. I suppose that we will need the knowledge of God to fully realize a complete discrete theory of everything. Until then, I suppose that we can make much progress in understanding things by using improving discrete models. The finest fundamental charges appear to have some of that knowledge of God, for them to properly behave according to the Bessler principle.
We especially need to include the ignored Bessler principle in our discrete models, if we want our models of things to be more complete, for much practical understanding of how things really work. I think that a unification of electric and magnetic forces will not be more fully completed until it is realized that (1) the Hertz field equations are more accurate than the Maxwell equations, (2) the electric fields are understood to be discrete in coming from finest fundamental charges, (3) absorption of the electric fields by finest fundamental charges should be included, and (4) the magnetic fields are realized to be an approximate artifact associated with the discrete electric fields, coming from moving charges. Gravity will not be unified with the other forces until it is realized (1) that the smallest portion of gravity is discrete, (2) that such a discrete graviton is composed of a quantum pair of discrete electric fields traveling together from two opposite fundamental charges, and (3) that the graviton is attractively absorbed, when each of its discrete electric fields are absorbed by a finest fundamental charge opposite the one from which it originated.
The gravitational constant, G, is not an absolute constant since it depends upon slight amounts of gravity-shielding by intermediate matter. For gravitational attraction between neutral collections of particles, G would be slightly smaller (because of shielding) than a value for the masses somehow without any shielding. That is since some of the gravitons are absorbed in say the first body (before they can get to the second body) and other gravitons that are not absorbed in the first body are absorbed in the second body before they can potentially be exposed to other portions of the matter in the second body. For gravitational attraction between charged masses, G would be slightly smaller than the corresponding value for neutral matter of the same total mass. Why is that? Given the same shape and density to control self-absorptions, that is because there would be fewer gravitons produced from a source charged mass than from the same total mass of neutral matter. In the charged case, there would be fewer pairs of opposite fundamental charges to produce gravitons than for the neutral mass. Also there would be fewer opportunities for absorbing gravitons in a charged mass than for absorbing gravitons in the same neutral mass. In the charged case, there would be fewer pairs of opposite fundamental charges for absorbing gravitons than for the neutral mass. For the charged cases, those were theoretical comments only, as I don't know of any practical way to carry out such experiments, since the effects of the charges would overwhelm the weak gravity effects. Because of the Bessler principle, there might be a tricky way of separating the charged and neutral situations, but I wouldn't recommend it, unless the Orffyrean roller bearing has been reinvented. For many practical purposes G may be considered as a constant, but it should be remembered that with shielding by matter it is actually not constant. The value of G decreases slightly, as shielding of gravitons by matter increases.
In an expanding infinite universe, the speed of light, measured with respect to a local frame of reference, can greatly change, if we consider what its value was extremely far away and very long ago. To avoid such problems, we could only consider its value relative to “local” frames of reference.
Violations of Conservation Laws. There are many violations of conservation laws, which might be traditionally associated with particular assumed “symmetries”. I think that there is not as much symmetry as we have traditionally been taught. For real world use of discrete forces, we do not actually have conservation of matter, space, charge, parity, energy, momentum, and angular momentum. I have tried to make these things clear within this book. See the prior discussions within “Parity Conservation Violation?” within 15.6, for example. We do not have conservation laws of those things on a fine scale. Their non-conservation may or may not spill over to big effects on a large scale. Often on a macroscopic scale we can assume conservation of some of these things, but we just need to be aware of situations where those things are not conserved. If our discussions were to exclude situations where discrete forces interact with matter, such as discrete electric fields or discrete gravitational fields interacting with matter, then we might have more conservation, but then we might also be talking about less practical situations.
A theory of everything can’t be built upon symmetries that are often being broken at a fine level. A theory of everything needs to include everything and not just apply in the absence of discrete forces.
I have tried to provide comments or solution insights for a variety of previously unsolved problems in physics. If people think I haven't made enough proper comments given the powerful probing tool of the Bessler principle that is now available to us, I would hope that others fill in the details that I left out. I have mentioned solutions to other problems in this book. Such other solutions include the formation/absorption of gravity, the formation of new fundamental matter, and the Bessler principle allowing explanations of a great variety of physical situations. It is easy to imagine that there are other “unsolved” problems that may now be solved, using these discrete tools.
In this book, I have tried to provide a variety of different perspectives. In particular I have tried to unveil various things including but not limited to: gravity, Bessler's wheels, Bessler's Orffyrean roller bearings, Papp's engines, GEET reactors, the wheel, Coral Castle, cold fusion, fire, cosmic rays, and physics. As we partly unveil one thing, it helps unveil other things. These unveiled things provide different perspectives with respect to a variety of situations, some without reasonable prior explanations.
Universe. I think the things in this book should lead us to a different perspective of our universe. That is it is different compared to the universe often thought to begin according to a Big Bang. In particular, I think that the things in this book lead to considering an infinite expanding universe, in which energy is definitely not conserved. In this infinite expanding universe, I think that matter, light, gravity, space, and God have fundamental interdependent roles.
In an infinite expanding living universe, all gravity that is produced eventually will be absorbed. Eventually either a graviton of gravity may just pull straight “down” on nonrotating matter or the graviton of gravity may pull straight “down” on rotating matter to often provide extra rotational kinetic energy or the graviton of gravity may form a new fundamental matter pair or the graviton may form one new finest fundamental charge, while pulling “down” on a previously existing finest fundamental charge. Any new matter will in turn perpetually help radiate gravity forever. The energetic two-part gravitons fill the universe with their glory. Any new matter comes along with new space. Nothing goes unused in this infinite living universe. Not even gravity is wasted. Gravity eventually completely serves its purpose. Infinite growth of matter is possible on an eternal cosmic scale within this infinite everywhere-expanding living universe. Furthermore the mothering and fathering finest-fundamental-charges are valuable infinite-eternal-sources of two part gravitons forever.
The turner will continue to turn in this eternal living universe and we can help it to turn. As we adhere to the words of eternal life (see John 5:39), we will better understand this eternal living universe and more effectively live in this living universe. One might want to reconsider my brief 24 October 2010 paragraph entitled, "Gravity and the Living Universe" (within my profile found at https://www.mormon.org/me/2QZ5/Alden which site was made available by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). Each day, even if we face trials and struggles, I hope that we constantly turn to those things of God that provide the most lasting happiness. Since I wrote that 24 Oct 2010 paragraph, I have considered that beside the means of photon propulsion for the spreading out of the galaxies, it can more importantly occur by means of new space forming during the formation of new matter and by means of the selective absorption of gravity, according to the will of God. Consider Isaiah 51:13; 51:16, 2 Nephi 8:13; 8:16.
Some would have us think that people are the cause of the world's woes. I hope, as we realize that the turner can actually be turned, that we consider that educated, thoughtful, helpful people are not only the solutions to this world's woes, but they like a bright beacon of possibilities point out a gloriously happy future in this infinite eternal living universe.
Great Falsehood. A great physical falsehood in various forms has been repeated seemingly ad infinitum for the last 300 years. Perpetual motion (including gravity-powered perpetual motion) has been stated as impossible with apparently greater verity. Energy was considered (on the whole) to be conserved with increasingly greater surety. Some people considered that the universe would eventually die a heat death with greater certainty, because of the second law of thermodynamics.
Truth Will Prevail. I have tried to expose various forms of the falsehood by proposing many experiments and tests. I believe that the results of those many experiments/tests will remove/destroy that great falsehood. The great falsehood should have been removed with previously existing tests and observations. I have provided understandings of various devices that should quicken the pace of the removal of the great falsehood. I believe that the God-given Bessler principle will come out of hiding and play more obvious parts. It is my hope that the truth, which should prevail with time, will prevail more quickly. We will understand that the universe will never die a heat death; energy is never purely conserved as the most fundamental “forces” are applied, and gravity-powered perpetual-motion devices are possible, after appropriate effort is expended in building them. I believe that I have provided instructions for constructing two main variants of practical perpetual motion devices, according to the decoding of two little books, with each book concerning one of these old devices. I am not saying that it will be easy to construct these devices. A third variant of a perpetual motion device is after the manner of the McKinley low friction demonstration. It is not very practical for power production, since it requires liquid helium temperatures for the bearing to be ultra-low friction. I think it was a proof-of-concept device that served its purpose and should continue to serve its purpose.
Long Unreported Bessler Principle Message. The subject of the Bessler principle has been quite underreported in the last 300 years. I think that the news media and the scientific community have both contributed to the underreporting of the subject. The complete facts have long been suppressed in our education so as to strengthen the prevailing opinion of energy being conserved. Two authors, at least, have spoken about the Bessler principle in coded form but it is high time for the principle to be plainly spoken of, without the use of coded messages. Without hiding or self-hiding according to the Bessler principle, I am hopeful that this book will help to propagate the underlying root ideas regarding the principle. I have attempted to help remove the extreme biases and prejudices, surrounding the subject of gravity-powered perpetual motion. I hope that I have expounded sufficiently well so that fewer people will believe the implied falsehood that could be stated, “The sun is clearly powered by hot fusion and its power source has nothing to do with gravity-powered perpetual motion.” In reality, the power source of the sun has nearly everything to do with gravity-powered perpetual motion. I am sure that Edward Leedskalnin would support my position on the sun’s power, given some of his writings in A Book in Every Home and many symbols that he left behind. We need the principle governing the actual power source, for the sun, better used for thoughtful production of power here upon the earth.
Green Energy Solutions from Gravity. If we follow the decoded instructions from the little coded books, I am convinced that we will have many “green” solutions to our energy woes. We will have available to us the repetitive production of unlimited amounts of energy from gravity: (1) without using any fuel, (2) without production of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and (3) without needing to follow the nuclear fission option. We will be able to avoid all the implied environmentally degrading effects of the normal alternatives. We will not need to tear up our environment in search of nonrenewable energy productive materials. We will be able to “clean up” the environment from many prior ill effects. In particular, by sufficiently rapid rotations typically about horizontal axes, we will be able to neutralize any desired prior radioactive nuclear wastes. In completely renewable fashion, we will have abundant supplies of very inexpensive energy. It is only fair that the nuclear fission option be avoided in “deference” to the “greater intelligence” associated with the Bessler principle. As suggested above (near “Formation of Massive Elements” within the discussion of "Supernovae"), fissile nuclei should have primarily received their great energies because of the Bessler principle occurring long ago within supernovae. The correct Bessler principle power source of the sun will be available on this earth to be used with wisdom. With love in our hearts for God and with love for all people as for ourselves, with the pure love that God has for us, given that we are all related, we can use these perpetually bounteous energy-gifts from God for the benefit and happiness of all humanity. With love in our hearts, while using the gift of the Bessler principle, we can all become rich. There would be no poor among us. Our distant relatives, who were previously poor, would no longer be poor. I hope that the human family will progress beyond its myopic prior understandings, regarding expensive and environmentally-unfriendly energy production.
Cold Fusion Option? We may eventually not need to use any cold fusion option for energy production, though I think that currently many should continue to explore it for scientific or practical reasons. Cold fusion or CANR or LENR or GANE could potentially provide a vast amount of energy but it is finite (for nuclear reactions, though not finite for nuclear effects) and it may require slight changes in the environment (for nuclear reactions). It could remove from the environment slight amounts of deuterium assuming the reaction 2H + 2H à 4He + 23.8 MeV + further energy from the Bessler principle. I think that purely using the Bessler principle would constitute “greener” means of energy production. If the considered “nuclear effects” in GANE are sustained production of heat from rotating nuclear ground states, without nuclear reactions, then such would be “green” and would surely be using the Bessler principle. Here is a restricted example of what might be possible.
Heat after Death. I recall a particular case where much energy in the form of heat continued to be produced long after the equipment was turned off (so called heat-after-death). Consider http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTnucleartra.pdf as an example reference to it. The evidence was that 100 grams of palladium caused 36 liters of water to evaporate over 10 days. Some could say that the evidence is merely anecdotal, since Mizuno could not get a repetition of his evidence, but I would hope that no one lightly treats the Bessler principle as merely anecdotal. My opinion is that Mizuno initially created a balance of enough rapidly rotating nuclear ground states of helium and/or deuterium and/or palladium, which internally rotated about horizontal axes. Thus initially there would have been strong local horizontal magnetic fields near the palladium surface (initially due to the vertical cathode current) and later because of the rotations of the nuclear-ground-states about horizontal axes, enhanced by the Bessler principle. One could somewhat think of Fig. 78 and Fig. 47 for local collections of rotating nuclear ground states of helium or deuterium or palladium. I think that Mizuno had large pressures, large temperatures, large surface horizontal magnetic fields, and heavy water prior to turning off his cathode.
Apparently Mizuno maintained the attitude of his cell after turning off current to his cathode. Continued internally rotating nuclei (supplemented with power from the Bessler principle) could help maintain horizontal magnetic fields even after his equipment was shut off. If one can induce the Pd nuclei to begin to rotate internally more rapidly about a horizontal axis because of the Bessler principle and because of the strong horizontal magnetic fields, then I suspect that if temperatures are not too large we could have stable situations, with the nuclei not rotating too fast because of the presence of the other palladium nuclei in the surrounding lattice. The surroundings would tend to moderate the internal rotations as long as the temperature is not too large. Here is a word of caution related to temperatures becoming too large. If there is ever evidence of an impending explosion (say by growth of a rumbling sound), then any local strong horizontal magnetic fields would need to be quickly stopped and quickly replaced by strong vertical magnetic fields to abort an explosion.
Ideas for Sustained Power Production. I am guessing that continued high temperature palladium nuclei in the presence of strong steady horizontal magnetic fields is the portion of the situations that is the most long term stable in sustained power production by the Bessler principle. Thus, that is the part that I would think should be studied for being the most likely to be fruitful power-wise. Has anyone exposed palladium (Pd) nuclei to strong horizontal magnetic fields for extended times at particular large temperatures and eventually (well prior to the Pd melting) slowly cover/immerse the Pd in a liquid (such as ordinary water) to keep the temperature from becoming too high, while maintaining the strong horizontal magnetic field? I would assume that the same geometry of the magnetic fields to the lattice should be maintained. The long times at larger temperatures might be necessary to begin to induce the nuclei to internally rotate about horizontal axes. I think that such related studies are still in their infancy and so would require much further careful study. The strong horizontal magnetic fields could be supplied by a strong permanent magnet, which would not increase the input power.
Large Pressures and Heavy Water Less Important. I would suspect that the large pressures and the heavy water are less important things to study, for purposes of sustained power production relative to power input, without using nuclear fusion. As evidence that heavy water is not necessary (for sustained power after current is turned off), Mizuno cooled his cell using water. I am making the assumption that nearly all the original heavy water in the cell was evaporated and was replaced by ordinary water, which he used to cool off his hot cell. Ordinary water can carry away excess heat generated by the Bessler principle. I also doubt that an additional large pressure would be helpful. As evidence that higher pressure is not necessary, Mizuno did not have external high pressure after the current was turned off to his Pd cathode but the Pd continued to produce sustained power for 10 days. Due to interference, higher pressures may tend to inhibit rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes. One could use higher pressures and heavy water but I suspect that, without the cathode running, one should put greatest study/emphasis on Pd exposed to strong horizontal magnetic fields at high temperature.
Rotational Stability. One doesn’t want the Pd nuclei to rotate so rapidly that they are ripped apart by fission. Instead of Pd, one could use, for example, titanium (Ti) or chromium (Cr) or iron (Fe) or nickel (Ni) or zinc (Zn), since they like Pd don’t have much nuclear magnetic moments. Those five substitute nuclei are symmetrically located about the very stable iron (Fe) nuclei. Iron has essentially the maximum nuclear binding energy per nucleon. One wouldn’t want to prohibit the rotation of nuclei about horizontal axes except where safety is concerned. A large nuclear magnetic moment might inhibit such rotations. We would want the nuclei to internally rotate much faster than the stationary strong lattice. For the same angular speed, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn are less likely to be rotationally ripped apart since they are much lighter than Pd.
If say a strong carbon-alloy stainless steel is not used, I might otherwise favor using Ti because it is the lightest and strongest of the others, especially if it doesn’t contain any of the isotopes 22Ti47 and 22Ti49 since those isotopes are the only isotopes of Ti, which have nuclear magnetic moments. Ordinary Ti having all its natural isotopes may be more beneficial (from a safety standpoint), since the two isotopes with nuclear magnetic moments may provide some local internal rotational moderation, which might help prevent the Ti from going rotationally and dangerously out of control.
Strong Stainless Steel Alloys. Strong alloys of stainless steel containing lighter C, Ti, and Cr might be considered. I don’t know if having Ni and Zn in the alloy would be beneficial but having some variation of the nuclei might make the material less subject to going rotationally out of control.
Some Techniques. If rumbling is ever heard, it would be best to quickly rotate the magnet from a horizontal to a vertical magnetic field and preferably quickly surround the metal with a cold liquid. We should with time learn the operational parameters so that the metal/alloy stays away from explosive situations. With respect to temperature and especially with respect to strength of horizontal magnetic fields, we might during initial studies either approach energy production from the less-powerful energy productive “side” or be prepared for the possibility of explosions. We might initially try to see, if temperatures increase “by themselves” when the metal is held for a long time in the presence of a strong horizontal magnetic field, without being immersed in a liquid to cool it off. If results are poor, we could also heat the metal to see, if this induces greater rotations of nuclei about horizontal axes. Such rotations could be recognized by greater temperature in the metal than the supplied temperature. If temperatures are too high, we could slowly immerse it in a liquid or slowly remove the magnet.
Alternate Rotation Induction Methods. Alternate methods of initially inducing rotations of nuclei in the metal might simply involve physically rotating the metal about a horizontal axis. Any axis of rotation should best be parallel to an external horizontal magnetic field. More precisely, I think we would get the best extra rotations or heating results, when the angular velocity of the rotated metal is in the same direction as the external horizontal magnetic field lines. See Fig. 47 and Fig. 44. Recall Leedskalnin’s words of his book, “A Book in Every Home”, on page 5 concerning “red face”. One can see how I translate that situation in my Appendix D. If the metal loses its rotational sweetness because of the extreme heating event and things behave differently afterwards, then we could say that Leedskalnin warned us, assuming we understand what he was talking about. The goal would be to maintain power production, with long term stability and usefulness. We should avoid great or extreme heating events, if possible, which extreme heating events would be caused by nuclei rotating quite rapidly about horizontal axes. Could loss of rotational sweetness be the more complete reason why Mizuno never got a repetition of the phenomena, at least from that particular Pd cathode, which previously worked? A strong stainless steel may be somewhat resilient to extreme heating events, by the lattice later partly re-forming. The rotation and extra induced rotation of the nuclei would tend to (in small part) create external magnetic fields counter to the initial external magnetic fields. See Fig. 47. One could initially rapidly spin the metal and place it in the enhancing magnetic field to see if this helps the temperature to increase.
I am thinking that instead of using the Bessler principle to cause water to get hot and to extract mechanical power from the hot water (while hoping that the metal is somehow able to retain rotational sweetness); it might be simpler and more efficient to directly produce rotational mechanical power from the Bessler principle, using Leedskalnin’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, after abiding by his energy production rules (and using Orffyrean roller bearings if they are available). If anyone finds different energy production rules from what I found by interpretation of Ed’s little book, then they should publish their different findings.
GEET Reactor Option? I think that using the GEET reactor would serve to help wean us from fossil fuels. Because powerful GEET reactors can rip apart nuclei, I think that they would tend to be less “green” and so eventually should be avoided. If the GEET reactors could be used in closed cycles, then that would ensure that there is no ripping apart of nuclei. After the Orffyrean roller bearing is reinvented, then the GEET reactors could be combined with Tesla turbines so as to allow the GEET reactors to have cold gases input into them. Such improved efficiency might help them to have closed cycles.
I think that in the future we will use the Papp engines as the powerful local producers of much “green” energy.
No Free Lunch. There is a common expression, “There is no free lunch.” How might that apply to free energy coming from the rotational energy revolution? It takes work and sacrifice for that energy to come forth. It surely takes complete and total sacrifices by gravitons for the new rotational energy to come forth. The rotating-wheel engines (Bessler wheels, railroad wheels, Stirling engines, and Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders) can require much effort to rotate them so more rotational energy can come forth. The Papp engines require energetic sparks for more energy to be produced than was initially expended. GEET reactors, cold fusion, and fire require rotations for greater rotations to be grown. There is no free lunch, though if we ignore the tiny rotational “workers” working and the complete self-sacrifice of each graviton, it might appear that there are free lunches. Much effort must be provided for the free energy lunches to be made available. If we ignore the gravitons’ two-part total sacrifices, we get more energy out than we put in.
No Free Lunch Cosmic Rays. Even for cosmic rays, it requires much motion, much time, and asymmetric self-sacrifices by many gravitons for greater motion of the particles to be produced. The cosmic rays are not “free lunch” energy, unless you consider the discretely isotropic background source of gravitons to be a free source of power. It all depends upon your conceptual viewpoint. A conceptual viewpoint is not a relative viewpoint. The relative or relativistic viewpoint is “broken”, if there exists a “local” frame, within which gravitons going in all directions have a particular speed.
Leedskalnin in his decoded book made the point that there locally exists a nonrotating frame, within which all gravitons travel in straight lines. See paragraphs “Correctly Non-rotating”, “Definition of Rotationally-Right Non-rotating Object”, and “Rotationally Right Versus Rotationally Wrong” within “External Rotational Political Views” within “D.4 A Translation of ED.L.'s Little Book” of Appendix D. Leedskalnin may have also been addressing the point that there is a locally unique frame in which all gravitons have the same speed, but I did not bring out that point in my translation of his book. Perhaps I should have, to give Leedskalnin more credit, since it fits well with respect to the cosmic rays situation. I just cut short the decoding of Ed’s little book. Ed was a deep thinker so I am guessing that he also figured out the actual gravitational-power-source for cosmic rays.
In hindsight, it was not a sound argument that gravity could be diluted to infinitesimally small precision. It was not a sound argument that variations in the space-time continuum could be diluted to infinitesimally small precision. It is much more reasonable that gravity has a discrete basis and that there is effectively a decrease in gravity as one proceeds outward from a particular body, by there being fewer such entities (per small fixed volume or crossing a small fixed area perpendicular to the direction from the origin for a fixed time) as measured while the entities proceed outward. The measuring is approximately proportional to the force of gravity on a small test particle, given that the large origin body is well separated from other bodies. Rather than no absorption, it is more reasonable that the gravitational force on any test particle comes from a diminution of the discrete entities of gravity.
I think that the locally translationally unique (discrete gravitons traveling at a constant speed) and the nonrotating frame (in which gravitons travel in straight lines) does away with relativity as far as gravity is concerned.
There are locally important absolutes. Relativity with respect to light is “broken” since the propagation of light actually depends upon the preponderances of their interactions with their surroundings. Since there are differences between the interactions of light and gravity with their surroundings, we should not assume that the frame absolutes are the same regarding gravitons and photons.
Existence of Perpetual Motion Machines? We could in self-consistent fashion say that there are no perpetual motion machines, unless they are provided an external source of power. But if we are allowed a “free” source of power through the two separate pull-downs of each graviton, then we may say that there are perpetual motion machines. One just needs to use low enough friction so that one may see such machines. I have provided a great many ways in this book so that one may see such perpetual motion machines, if one is bold enough to actually look for them.
Why Few Practical Perpetual Motion Devices? Why have there so far not been more practical perpetual motion devices powered by two-part gravitons? I think that there are two main reasons. (1) It is usually quite difficult to reduce friction sufficiently for rotations about horizontal axes so that the Bessler principle may be readily observed so as to produce a perpetual motion device. The secret to such devices is thus automatically very well protected. (2) Those with knowledge of such perpetual motion devices have typically retained control over such devices. If they have not simply withheld information, they have hidden important information about the device. One can think of Bessler, Leedskalnin, and Papp. The “ancestral” devices to the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders may have had a long history of being hidden by those who knew about them. Recall from Fig. 70 that Leedskalnin’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders had 24, 24, and 16 magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth. I suspect that the device, which I could call the Sweet Eight family of cylinders, may have been one of those ancestral devices. From Appendix D (D.6 Extra Analysis of Symbols), I indicated that the Sweet Eight solution would have had 12, 12, and 8 magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth. Leedskalnin clearly preferred his Sweet Sixteen solution to the Sweet Eight solution even though both had the same angular speed increase for the daughter wheel (12/8 = 24/16). I suspect that the Sweet Sixteen, with twice as many teeth, was more responsive than the Sweet Eight and that the Sweet Sixteen was much less likely for the magnetic teeth to rub/collide.
Outlier Rejections. If this book has done nothing else, I would hope that it will cause more careful concern about the rejection of outliers as anomalous. Some have taught that an anomalous data point should be clearly rejected, if one obtains an initially strange measurement but many repetitions of the measurement confirm a more “normal” value. We must be extremely careful about casting out such initial outlier measurements. Why might that be so?
We could, for example, take a brand new iron wheel and rapidly rotate it about a horizontal axis, as Leedskalnin suggests. We might see it get hot on its face upon its first time and behave nearly identically with repeated experiments, yet differently than the initial result. We must not throw out or reject the initial data as some sort of a fluke or anomaly. We must consider that somehow, by rotating an iron wheel “too rapidly” about a horizontal axis, doing such can internally damage the wheel, making it unfit for repeated experiments. Its sweetness or the lattice connections with the nuclear ground states may have been permanently altered by the overly rapid rotations of the nuclei about horizontal axes. Guided by the words of Leedskalnin, to properly repeat the initial experiment, we must perform the same experiment on another brand new iron wheel, to observe that “anomalous” initial behavior once again.
As another example regarding rejection of outliers, we must not reject the large amount of data collected about Bessler’s wheels, as obviously due to deception or fraud. Bessler was arrested but he was never actually charged with anything after the examination. See p. 168 of PM97. If he had been charged with something then Karl could have testified in his behalf, since he saw the interior of the working wheel. See p. 39 of PM97. The many evidences for the Bessler wheels were allowed to slip into obscurity. The Bessler wheels were effectively later rejected without reason. I am convinced that, if we want to see a repetition of the data coming from Bessler’s wheels, we must first produce the very-low-friction steel bearings capable of supporting massive wheels by pure rolling without slipping and without any lubrication. We must first reconstruct versions of the Orffyrean roller bearings for the Bessler wheels to reappear. If we want to see the wonder wheels, we must first produce the wonder bearings.
Translation Quality. It was somewhat hard for me at times to decode/translate the coded little books. I suppose that others will likely spot things that I failed to notice. At least I have made attempts that others may choose to consider, as they further decode/translate the little books. I suspect that, when we have actually produced the properly-working old devices behind the little books (Orffyrean roller bearing and Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders), then such devices, through their reinventions, will suggest that we have attained a sufficiently good quality for the translations for their intended practical purposes.
Full Versions? Did Bessler construct full versions of his Orffyrean roller bearing, with nine intermediate rollers surrounding the central roller? I think that he did so for all his wheels, including his three most massive/famous versions of his wheel (Draschwitz, Merseburg, and Kassel). It seems to me that he somewhat quickly built his initial successful version of his bearing(s) prior to building his small Gera wheel. See pp. 29-31 of PM97. The apparent speed for the construction of his first roller bearing prior to the Gera wheel might be explained, if he previously explored the mathematics for nine intermediate rollers/cylinders and if he had previously been able to construct all the primary cylinders in the bearing. He just didn’t know how to grow the lobes and lobe holes (while keeping the intermediate cylinders separated) until he had received his strangely invigorating dream from God. Building versions of his bearings with less than nine intermediate rollers would have given Bessler information on lobe growth rates (with less danger of lobes interfering) that could have helped during later building of full versions of his bearings. Still, Bessler wouldn’t need much growth rate information, if he always ran them until they just began to interfere. He wouldn’t need much growth rate information, if during repairing he always used formation material until there was interference. He wouldn’t have needed to do the additional calculations if he only used nine intermediate rollers/cylinders. Using nine intermediate cylinders in each roller bearing and allowing lobes to grow to the greatest extent possible, would have given the best bearings possible. The Gera wheel wasn’t very massive but it was the most rapid in angular speed. It needed to have excellent roller bearings. The extra angular speed in the Gera wheel may have been due to its small radius, which kept down friction between the wheel and the air. I think that he had more time for the construction of the bearings for his most massive wheels. I don’t think he needed that extra time to develop an improved roller bearing. According to his bearing specification and the small diameter of his Kassel bearings, I think that his large-and-massive Kassel wheel, with its extended 54 day trial used full versions of his bearings, with nine intermediate cylinders. We may get more clues when we construct modern day versions of his bearings and try to replicate the many observations/tests associated with Bessler’s wheels.
Little Book Expansions. I think that both the little coded books, if fully expanded or allowed to grow completely, would absorb this book, Gravity-Wheel Unveiled. They both had universal sorts of perspectives. I on purpose limited or cut off their expansions to reasonable/practical amounts, which I thought were available within the contextual/historical backgrounds of the books, though I often used some more modern language. Others may want to provide greater expansions of those translated/decoded little books.
Resolving Further Questions. There are questions that I didn’t completely resolve in the translations of the little books. For example, I couldn’t completely figure out how Bessler constructed his thin angular-constraint spacer plates so accurately and what Bessler made his angular-constraint spacer plates out of, though I suspected that they were made of iron. Did he repeatedly hot-roll his iron spacer plates, with smaller amounts of rolling, until they were just the right thickness, according to his calculations? Did he preassemble the intermediate cylinders and spacer plates about the central axle roller/cylinder, repeating the hot rolling until he got it right? Maybe more study of the chiastic structures from Apologia will provide more answers to any further questions. What will be found in further chiastic analyses of Apologia? I am not sure.
Rotations. Besides internal rotations of matter, other rotations are beneficial for many things including: using crop rotations, using food storage rotations, using rotations of water in aquaponics, using rotational grazing, using sustainable practices, designing bearings, taking turns, reusing water, and recycling. Actual internal rotations of the smallest portions of matter about horizontal axes, using the Bessler principle, allow matter to increase in their rotational properties. The rotational increases are specially observed, when friction is sufficiently low per amount of rotating mass and when rotational speed is great enough, but not so great so as to do damage to the rotating mass. Care must be taken, when doing all these rotational things. There may be repeated rotational uses of the Bessler principle that we have only had hints of.
Stones Shining in Darkness. The brother of Jared melted sixteen small stones out of a rock. The stones were white and clear, even as transparent glass. See Ether 3:1. After being given hints by the Lord in Ether 2:23-25, the brother of Jared formed each stone and then asked the Lord to touch the stones so that they would shine forth in darkness, as we see in Ether 3:4-5. In Ether 3:6 the Lord touched them so that later in Ether 6:2 the stones did give light to the eight vessels. I suspect that the Lord may have only touched each stone once to prepare it, since the Lord “touched the stones one by one with his finger.” I wondered if the Lord touched each stone, so as to form a nearly horizontal axis, with respect to each stone (or at least to cause all the nuclear magnetic moments in a stone to be aligned, according to the obedience of the moments to God). Very near those words in Ether 3 are the words “Jesus Christ” in Ether 3:14, which I consider to be the chiastic center of a large chiasm for the entire Book of Ether. That chiasm has a huge number of levels. On one counting, I counted 105 chiastic levels, but someone else could easily find a different number, since it is a little tricky counting them. Ether was chiastic to many levels in part because of the many chiastic ancestral references within Ether.
Experimental Ideas for Producing Shining Stones. Can we nowadays prepare stones that would weakly shine forth in darkness, using our knowledge of the energy non-conservative Bessler principle? Some glasses can have slight metallic impurities. Could the nuclear magnetic moments of silicon, sodium, and aluminum be sufficient, assuming that they are all aligned? Those atoms can be found in some glasses. Only a tiny portion, 4.70%, of silicon (0/42 = 0, -.5553/43 = -.01291) nuclei have slight nuclear magnetic moments. In this paragraph, using numbers from CRC B-247 to B-263, after the name of elements, I am putting in parentheses the ratio of the nuclear magnetic moment to the number of nucleons for the isotope of an element that is most abundant. For silicon, I showed the ratios for the two most abundant isotopes. The total number of nucleons for an isotope is the sum of its number of neutrons and its number of protons. Are there some precious stones that contain metallic impurities, with atoms of impurity having large nuclear magnetic moments? Some light atoms (mainly metals) with large nuclear magnetic moments are: hydrogen (+2.79278/1 = +2.79278), lithium (+3.2564/10 = +.32564), beryllium (-1.1776/13 = -.090585), boron (+2.6885/16 = +.16803), fluorine (+2.6288/28 = +.093886), sodium (+2.2175/34 = +.065221), aluminum (+3.6414/40 = +.091035), scandium (+4.7564/66 = +.072067), vanadium (+5.149/74 = +.06958), and manganese (±3.444/80 = ±.04305). The ratios are in units of nuclear magnetons per nucleon. The metal cobalt (+4.649/86 = +.05406) has a large nuclear magnetic moment. What would happen if we applied a strong horizontal magnetic field to a glass stone containing some fine impurities of cobalt? We should mark on the glass stone the axial ends created by the applied field. Would that cause the prepared glass stone to shine forth in darkness, with nearly all the nuclear magnetic moments all pointing in a single common horizontal direction? For a previously prepared glass stone to provide greatest illumination, would we need to orient the stone, in darkness, so that it faces in the horizontal direction of the earth’s somewhat geographic north-pole meaning it faces in the horizontal direction of the earth’s magnetic-south-pole?
Keeping Fig. 44, Fig. 45, and Fig. 47 in mind, I would suspect that greater illumination would be provided by the rotating nuclear ground states of say cobalt, if the north-magnetic-pole end of a stone were somewhat closer to the geographic north, meaning closer to the earth’s magnetic-south-pole. A magnetic glass stone, confined to a ledge by an enclosing net, in a rocking vessel might tend to automatically align itself like a compass, so as to provide nearly maximum illumination in the darkness.
If prior to preparation a stone has a north-magnetic-pole end, maybe that end should be placed facing north (or more accurately toward the earth’s south-magnetic-pole) and the preparing magnetic field should cause a temporary strong-local strengthening of the predominate magnetic field of the earth. Might the initialization process be done in a GEET reactor according to the usual “burn in” process in the special case of glass magnetic central rods of a GEET reactor? Would there need to be a heating of the stone (close to its melting point) during the initialization process so that the lattice tend to keep the nuclear magnetic moments pointing in the same direction? Those are just some ideas for more discussion/experimentation.
Any glass stones perpetually shining forth in darkness could be considered a type of a perpetual motion machine, since it continually supplies energetic photons, though the energy does come from an energetic source of gravity. These are energy non-conservative ideas but that is what the energy producing Bessler principle is all about. I think that we should not dismiss such ideas or say they are impossible based on energy conservation.
Rotating nuclear-ground-states in the clear stone or rod could pick up slightly greater internal rotational kinetic energy by the Bessler principle. An electron colliding with a rotating nuclear-ground-state could cause the accelerated electron to produce a photon, which might be visible, especially when in dark surroundings. As weak sources of photons, the sources would be most apparent in darkness, if the combined sources were allowed to continue outward through a clear “glass” or precious stone. If the nuclear magnetic moments are not all aligned the same way, then only the ones aligned “correctly”, both with respect to the prevailing magnetic field and with respect to the horizontal direction, would be effective in producing light. For a stone to be brightest in darkness, all the nuclei with large nuclear magnetic moments would need to have their magnetic dipoles all pointing in the same direction and they all should best be pointing in the same nearly horizontal magnetic direction. I suspect that the nuclei with the largest positive nuclear magnetic moments per mass would be the most effective. If the magnetic dipoles in the nuclei are not all aligned in the some direction, then even if some are partly aligned according to a horizontal magnetic field, there would be reduced light produced relative to them all being aligned horizontally and light productive. If they are not all aligned the same, would there also tend to be more magnetic and rotational interference with other nuclear magnetic dipoles? I might guess so. Vessels traveling the Pacific from say China to Tehuantepec would be within about 40 degrees “latitude” of the magnetic equator, assuming a magnetic south pole effectively located at Hudson Bay. That would allow the magnetic glass rocks to often be nearly horizontal and effectively use the Bessler principle. I suspect that the Jaredite vessels (Ether 6:2-12) traveled roughly that route. The actual route would have depended upon furious winds (Ether 2:24-25; 6:5-11), mountain waves, tempests, rains, and ocean currents. I should make some comments somewhat related to vessels traveling from China.
Note on China. I am
speculating that China could have been settled very early (about 2700 B.C. see
p. 226 of SC81 for a Jaredite starting date
estimate) by some of the Jaredites, who had stayed behind and not gone across
the great sea. Some of the older or more
independent children of the Jaredite families might have been old enough to
remain rather than traveling with their families across the ocean. According to Ether 2:5, the Jaredites went
“into that quarter where there never had man been.” I suspect (as suggested by Ether 2:1) they
left the eastern edge of the valley containing the Tigris and went north down into
the valley containing the Diyala (F3 of Map 2 of the Bible or see the Gazetteer
on p. 818), which river source then went for a while northeast up toward the
vast inland waters beyond the Zagros Mountains and the Elburz Mountains. The Caspian Sea remains today. It is easy to imagine that the Caspian Sea
had been combined with the Aral Sea. I
would think that the climate would not be as cold along the southern edge of
the vast inland sea. The Jaredites could
have taken much time on their journey.
With enough time many children could have grown up. Here were some time consuming things. According to Ether 2:6, they built barges to
“cross many waters, being directed continually by the hand of the Lord.” They went “beyond the sea in the wilderness”
(Ether 2:7). I suppose that “the sea in
the wilderness” was left over from the flood at the time of Noah (Genesis
6:17-8:14). I suspect that the Gobi Desert
was then part of an inland sea instead of a desert as it is now. I suppose that the sea of the Gobi was connected
with water of the Tarim Pendi (Tarim Basin).
I am guessing that, after the flood, the sea of the Gobi might have been
connected by water to the Caspian Sea.
According to Ether 2:13, “the Lord did bring Jared and his brethren
forth even to that great sea which divideth the lands.” I suppose that the great sea was the Pacific
Ocean. A mountain might have been moved
by faith during that time (Ether 12:30; Matthew 17:20; Jacob 4:6) if not
later. Plausibly moving a mountain
during their journey might have helped them proceed more easily. After reaching the great sea, then four more
years passed (Ether 2:13-14) before instructions were given by the Lord to
build particular barges (Ether 2:15-17) to go to a choice land. Then after building the fully-enclosed
vessels or barges, some means for lighting them were needed (Ether 2:18 –Ether
3:4). I don’t think we should assume
that all the Jaredites were equally faithful.
If some people had chosen to remain behind rather than enter into the cramped,
fully-enclosed non-propelled vessels or barges and if those remaining people
did not have much-if-any written records, then they might have later developed
their own written language. The
Jaredites carried written records with them across that great sea. Consider Ether 1:2-5; 3:22; 4:1; 8:9; 6:30;
15:33. Now we return to discuss more ideas
related to stones shining in darkness.
Since hydrogen had such a large positive ratio of its nuclear magnetic moment (+2.79278 nuclear magnetons) to the number of its nucleons (one), then it might produce more light in darkness, if somehow many hydrogen nuclei were used in a clear material. A clear-strong and glass-like “plastic” might produce much light in otherwise darkness, if it were properly prepared by prior very-strong horizontal magnetic fields and sufficient heating, and if the formed magnetic plastic were strong enough to hold the magnetic dipole nuclei in a common direction relative to the other magnetic dipoles. It might be a perpetual light source, if the magnetic dipole nuclei were kept horizontal. It could be in the shape of a rod or some other shape. If it were a magnetic ball free to roll/rotate on a flat horizontal surface, would it work best at the magnetic equator? I think so. It might need some coaxing/adjusting to get it to be at the correct attitude.
Physically Different Magnetic Fields. If need be, one might keep in mind that there are physically two major different types of preparing magnetic fields even though they can both make a compass point in the same direction. Those preparing magnetic fields can be produced either by the usual motion of negative charges or by the unusual opposite motion of positive charges. It would be simplest to try the usual magnetic fields first. I suspect that it should not matter much which magnetic field is used, so I suppose that the most convenient one should be tried first.
Motors Using Magnetic Bearings. If one can somehow create stable magnetically repulsive bearings operating with very low net friction, then one can use wheels held by such bearings as motors to produce much rotational kinetic energy by the Bessler principle. I was thinking that one might, in principle, create a rotor with many magnetic poles of one type facing outward to its housing and with the housing having many magnetic poles of that same one type facing inward to the rotor. The housing and the rotor would be magnetically repulsive. Axial motion could be prevented by repulsive magnets on each axial end. That would prevent any axial drift. One would need to be concerned with stray external magnetic fields when building such a magnetic bearing. I don’t precisely know how one could construct such a magnetic bearing. Maybe such magnetic bearings could be assembled in sections.
Energy Productive Magnetic Motor. As a clue or a different approach to that idea of a magnetic bearing, consider the energy producing magnetic motor built by Muammer Yildiz. See the video at URL, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHW6b1aFPfU “Motor powered with neodymium rare earth magnets” (20 Apr 2010, 7 Aug 2012) for a demonstration of the motor rotating about a horizontal axis. Also see the URL, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk2s8fHSP9k “Free Energy Generator, Working Patent! Muammer Yildiz Magnet Motor, Detail design!!!” (4 Jun 2017) for more details. The magnets for the motor were assembled in sections. The problem of stray external magnetic fields appears to be sufficiently solved. I would hope that people increase the mass of the rotors or use two magnetic motors with a more massive wheel in the portion of the rotor that is between two such magnetic motors. Any extra mass on a rotor would increase power production by the Bessler principle. Any extra rotating mass should not be so large in mass that it causes motor friction or rubbing within the motor. Any wheel in between two motors should be of the smallest possible radius to keep air friction small. Any rotor must not be composed of material that had previously been rotated too rapidly about a horizontal axis. One would need to somehow remove sufficient power produced so that the rotor never rotate too rapidly.
Perpetual Motion Devices. Regarding that magnetic motor, I saw adamant comments that one can’t produce perpetual motion devices but I think that such entrenched conclusions will need to be reevaluated, as more data is collected. I think that the sun could be considered as essentially a power producing perpetual motion body. The sun produces nearly all its power by the Bessler principle, according to nuclei internally rotating about somewhat horizontal axes. How many perpetual motion devices will need to be produced before people begin to believe in perpetual motion devices?
Energy Conserved or Not Conserved? I think that the people of this world will need to wake up and decide whether they want to believe in the more complete evidences or in an outdated idea of energy being conserved. I think it is somewhat funny that people believing in energy being conserved need to invent/use artificial potential energies to keep up the masquerade of energy being conserved (in cases which avoid rotations about horizontal axes). For the sake of convenience/expediency, I am not opposed to using the fictional idea of energy being conserved to assist in many limited studies and approximations, whenever rotations about horizontal axes can be ignored. Energy is never actually conserved, when a discrete electric field is quickly absorbed during a fundamental process that creates a sudden local impulse on the finest fundamental charge absorbing that discrete field. If such absorptions are the most fundamental sources of all “forces”, then that means that energy is never perfectly conserved during the production of all forces.
Counting from, upon Zero. Some computer languages start at zero for ease of the counting of offsets. The first chapter (FORWORD) of this book starts at chapter number zero in part to suggest the importance of the energetic nuclear-ground-state itself. The zeros of the nuclear-ground-states have in the past often been ignored. Cold fusion nuclear-reactions can proceed incrementally by much miniscule progress from one nuclear-ground-state to a slightly greater rotating nuclear-ground-state, because of the Bessler principle. In the fusion of deuterium by cold fusion, there is eventually a slight-energetic-yet-nuclear transition from two rapidly internally-rotating nuclear-ground-states of deuterium to a rapidly internally-rotating nuclear-ground-state of helium four, rotating about a horizontal axis. A very large amount of energy is released in tiny increments as rapidly internally-rotating nuclear-ground-states decrease in angular speed primarily by the external interaction of rotating positive charges (protons) with the negative charges (electrons). The “zero” energy state of nuclear-ground-states is also paramount in many ordinary types of phenomena, both because there can be variations of internal nuclear rotations from the absolute zero of no rotation of the nuclear-ground-state and because the Bessler principle allows increases in the rotational energy of the nuclear-ground-state.
Peer-Review? Some people may complain that my book was not peer-reviewed. I did ask many people for comments but yes it has not gone through a formal peer-review process. I have responded to what comments that I was given by those who were willing to give me feedback. I would have gladly asked for comments and address concerns from any reasonable peers, who were willing to seriously consider the subject. Yet, who are the established experts, in this “new” science, who would in unbiased fashion select unbiased peers to do the reviewing? I have seen people reluctant to discuss the situation in the light of reason. Maybe they didn’t want facts, evidences, and reason to get in the way of their long established training. Maybe many established people would much rather ignore me and my ideas.
I have proposed a large number of tests that can be done. Many tests can be quite difficult but some may be simple. Given some simple tests, it has been a little puzzling to me that there seems to be a long history of either experiments somehow not being done or results somehow not being reported. This suggests a great unfair bias.
Rotate Cylinder in Space. For example, I am thinking that it would have been relatively simple for an astronaut (while orbiting the earth in space) to take a new coin (or more appropriately a smooth-compact previously-unrotated cylinder, with its diameter equal to its length, as we see in Appendix A.8 “Minimum Cylinder Surface”) and rotate it about its internal axis of symmetry (say at approximately a satellite tumbling rate or much less) in the plane of the earth-sun-moon, with that cylinder/coin’s rotational axis of symmetry perpendicular to the plane, so that the cylinder axis would be horizontal with respect to each body. Then a video could be taken of the result to see if the angular speed changes. A line could be drawn on each viewing face from an edge line to the middle of both coin/cylinder faces so that it would be easy to see how fast that it is rotating. The effect increases with increased angular speed but decreases with having more friction, including air friction within a space ship. Were people so sure of the result that they did not even dare to do the experiment, so as not to look ridiculous in the eyes of their peers, who had the same formal misleading/biased training?
Given a long history of seemingly unexplainable satellite tumbling, wouldn’t the first thing be trying to simulate tumbling of a smooth cylinder within a spacecraft? It would be better to do the experiment outside the space ship, where there is greatly reduced friction relative to the air within the space ship. Would a positive result be somewhat anticlimactic in that it would merely show just another case of an artificial satellite rotating out of control at an ever faster angular speed? Still, wouldn’t it have been better to at least do some sort of the experiment, even if it had to be within the space ship? I suppose conservation of angular momentum has been so ingrained into our thinking that almost no one considered the possibility of it increasing under special conditions out in space. I suppose that there would often have been an increase in tumbling, if the coin/cylinder were merely rotated about its axis of rotational symmetry for the axis being somewhat “horizontal” with respect to just the earth for near earth orbits. Did anyone consider doing such simpler versions of the experiment? Did anyone actually do such simpler experiments? If so, what were the results to such experiments? I think that a conceptual paradigm needed to first be overcome before people would consider doing even such simple experiments. If people tried a simple version within a spacecraft containing air, they might have been successful showing the Bessler principle, given knowledge of the success in air of the McKinley low friction demonstration. I suppose that the ultra-low-friction bearing of the McKinley demonstration was also comparable if not quite as good as the ultra-low friction “bearing” of floating out in space. Still, one could well argue that the gravity for the McKinley demonstration was greater than for the cylinder floating and rotating out in space.
As a word of caution, the entity rotated about a horizontal axis, out in space, must not have been previously rotated rapidly about an axis (especially not rotated rapidly about a horizontal axis) so that it not lose many of its rotating nuclei connections within its surrounding atomic lattice. If the entity is to remain the most rotationally responsive, the entity needs to be “sweet”, to use Leedskalnin’s word, when we do the experiment.
Not Peer-Reviewed. As I said above, some people may complain about my book not being formally peer-reviewed, but such a review process in the hands of the biased or prejudiced can throw out that which should not be thrown out. I could respond to related criticism with, “Let’s just begin to do the proposed experiments instead of complaining about any lack of a formal peer-reviewing of my book.” I will leave the real peer-reviewing of my book in the hands of the follow on experimenters, who I hope may do the often very-difficult experiments that I have plentifully provided in this book. The subject has had more than enough biased suppression over the centuries. The subject comes with its “own” built in suppression. Having an innate friction-masked, slow-angular-speed-masked, non-sweetness-masked, non-material-presence-masked, non-gravity-presence-masked, vertical-axis-masked principle requires that one first physically unmask the principle to properly test the principle. One is required to take away all the physical suppressions, if one wants to more clearly see the miracle of the principle of perpetual motion being possible by gravity powering. The important message needs to not be formally blocked or delayed. Blocking would satisfy the demands of those set on destroying the message, without the message being given a chance to state its case to reasonable seekers of truth. Again given the long history of seemingly unexplainable satellite tumbling, wouldn’t one of the very first things be, as suggested above, to try to crudely simulate increased tumbling of a smooth cylinder within an environmentally constrained orbiting spacecraft laboratory?
The subject of the Bessler principle does enough or gets enough “self-suppression” on its own without needing to go to any peer-reviewers. Would we have Collins’ books if they had to go through a peer-review process? I doubt it. Would we have Bessler’s and Leedskalnin’s little books, if they had gone through peer-reviews? We likely would not have the little books in their coded forms and maybe not have them in their decoded forms, if they had to go through formal peer-reviews. Reviewers could have easily said that the coded little books were obviously erroneous, since they didn’t make any sense. Reviewers could say that the decoded little books are clearly erroneous, according to well verified standard theory, or that the decoded books should only be published after what they claim has been fully demonstrated. That would be close to saying that a new theory can’t be published until it has been fully demonstrated in all experiments. How are people supposed to learn of the experiments, if the theory with proposed experiments can’t be published? If others are allowed to publish theories without even suggesting experiments to test their theories, I should not be automatically penalized for abundantly suggesting experiments for testing my discrete theory. Still, I understand that I am fighting against well-entrenched ideas whose boundaries have been little explored. If I had not seen what I had seen with my own eyes at McKinley Junior High School or if I had not heard with my own ears what my own brother curiously said, then my belief may have been lacking. But I did see with my own eyes, I did hear with my own ears, and I did receive from God many things according to my faith. After many years, I eventually followed up on those things and I found abundant further evidence. I suppose I could say that someone could look for anti-proof by trying to replicate the conditions of the difficult McKinley low friction demonstration to see if such Bessler-wheel-like results are not observed under such conditions.
If academia wants to ignore what I have written because it wasn’t officially peer-reviewed, then that is to the great intellectual loss of academia. Again the real reviewing will be with the doing of my many suggested experiments and the study of the results found. Academia can come up with all sorts of theories that can’t be tested. My discrete theory may seem a little strange yet simple, when compared to other theories, but at least I am providing many tests that can be done. Rather than concentrating on its strangeness, we should carefully consider ways to do suggested tests or make observations related to my discrete theory.
Lacking Mathematical Descriptors. Another criticism of this book may be that I have not had enough mathematical expressions. The thought may be that it can’t be a real theory if it is not described well mathematically. I would address the criticism in a few parts.
(1) What is more important, the theory or the experiment? I think that there should be greater priority in addressing the experimental concerns. I think that the “proof” of these subjects comes according to the results of the experiment. Experiment beats theory every time. This book lives or dies according to the results of experiments and observations. The proof is not according to the elegance of the theory but according to the beauty of the experimental results and observations. My book is replete with observations and expected experimental results. To put down my theory, one must show that both the observations and expected experimental results are completely “less than” what I stated. I guessed some things in this book. If I guessed wrong for say 10% of the things, please don’t use that to ignore the 90% of the things that I got right. Please note what I got wrong, but also please note things that I got right.
(2) I have attempted to provide some simple approximate discrete mathematical examples. See Section 3.1 (increase in angular speed from implicit calculations behind the micro illustrations of Fig. 25, Fig. 26, and Fig. 27 for delayed upper pull down), Section 3.2 (more explicit calculations associated with Fig. 28), Section 4.2 Car Power (verbal calculation showing frictional forces typically increase as the square of the speed), Section 8.1 “Papp Engines” (Internal Kinetic Energy Production Approximate Calculations), Section 10.4 “Perpetual Motions” (“No Preferred Rotational Direction for Cosmic Rays” calculation), Section A.1 “Gauss’s Law Failure” (“How Thick Based on Thin Wall Assumption?”), Section A.5 “Decrease in Car Kinetic Energy" (rough mostly continuous calculation that mpg for highway driving should decrease according to the reciprocal of the square of the operating speed), and Section A.6 unified discrete theory (from equations A.30, A.31, A.53, and A.54). I used some non-discrete symbols in A.30 and A.31 though I tried to indicate that discrete calculations need to be done. I was not aware of discrete symbols that could compactly show how the calculations should be done so I “borrowed” from the continuous symbols, with the understanding that the actual calculations must be explicitly discrete. Maybe I could just use straight lines for electric fields and capture cross-sections for the electric fields, with the understanding that both parts of a graviton must satisfy capture or else neither discrete electric field could be captured. If the theory is explicitly discrete, since I think that the underlying physical basis is discrete, then it would not be fair to charge that the subject is lacking because it is not couched in continuous mathematical expressions. Yes, many of the underlying theoretical parameters/ideas have not yet been fully specified. That makes it difficult to capture parts of it in concrete mathematical expressions. For example, how does one completely specify mathematically a discrete electric field traveling at the speed of light in a “straight” line, as a wave of discrete finest fundamental charges appearing and disappearing? What governs the rate at which they appear and disappear? Can more than one finest fundamental charge appear in a discrete electric field, at one time? I did speak about how one might, in ignorance of the full situations, go about modeling or simulating some of the most basic properties of the theory. I gave some approximate examples with those things in mind. Were my examples perfect? No. Those building detailed models and simulations would be expected to include things according to the discussions but inclusion of those details in the simple examples might make the examples more opaque or not so simple. For example, in an actual simulation, a pair of finest fundamental opposite charges would not be constrained to perfectly rotate on a circle (centered about their center of mass) at opposite ends of a diameter. There would be obvious deviations, which would greatly complicate the analytic description of the simulation and would take away from the simple ideas that I was trying to communicate, using simple approximate mathematical expressions. The things that happen further on explicitly depend upon the discrete results of what happened previously. That creates an extremely complicated analytic description. In my simple circular description (associated with Fig. 28) I was inherently assuming that the discrete separate blows by the two-part graviton caused a tiniest perturbation of the circular motion of the two opposite finest fundamental charges about their center of mass. An actual discrete simulation is much more difficult to describe analytically, since it depends on the effect of discrete impulses that previously occurred.
(3) I did attempt to somewhat relegate some more detailed mathematical discussions to Appendix A where it seemed reasonable to do so. Again, I had some difficulty expressing some discrete ideas, given that many of the standard or normal mathematical tools/symbols are based on contiguous things. A discrete theory should not be ignored due to any current unavailability of compact-discrete mathematical notation. If other people are aware of more appropriate discrete mathematical notation, I would hope that they share this information with others. Could people who do speed of light ray tracing have some effective symbols/notation? We could initially approximate the situation using the emission of discrete electric rays from finest fundamental charges, along with discrete absorption cross-sections by other finest fundamental charges. The absorption cross-sections would not be fixed because they must effectively look-ahead and look-behind time-wise for absorption information in the rest of the graviton. That is the case, since either both of the electric fields of a graviton are absorbed or neither are absorbed.
(4) I did try to provide continuous mathematical descriptors with respect to the Orffyrean bearing discrete technology. In a world of discrete atoms such descriptors are understood to be explicitly approximate. See within “9.1 Low Friction Orffyrean Roller Bearing” the subsection “Roller Bearing Cylinder Geometry” for calculating the average angular spacing between adjacent pairs of the intermediate smooth-roller-bearing cylinders of (360° - 9*2*arcsine(1/3))/9 or about 1.057558731°, which is about twice the approximate maximum extent of lobe growth of .52878°. See in “B.3 Some Little Book Analysis” the calculation of the ideal thickness of the spacer plates, t = C – 2R = R(3{2 – 2cos(40°)}.5 – 2) ≈ R(.05212086). See in “B.3 Some Little Book Analysis” the calculation/estimate of the relative rotation angle, 2ψ = 2*arccos(R/{R + (t/2)}) = 2*arccos(2R/{2R + t}) = 2*arccos(2/{2 + (3{2 – 2cos(40°)}.5 – 2)}) = 2*arccos(2/{3{2 – 2cos(40°)}.5}) ≈ 25.88186°. These mathematical expressions are not a description of the Bessler principle but use of them, according to Bessler’s decoded instructions, should be the means of causing the Bessler principle to be manifest.
(5) The mathematics/geometry of Leedskalnin’s digital Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders are not a description of the Bessler principle but their use should be the means of causing the Bessler principle to be manifest, as long as Leedskalnin’s decoded instructions are followed.
Complaints of Reliance on God. Some may complain that in part I rely too much upon things of God for explanations and so I don’t have a real theory. Maybe they think I am partitioning what I don’t know according to vague attributions regarding God. I have used things from God to fill in what I considered to be big holes, but I have tried to provide reasons to give credence for so filling in things. I have faith in God and I am thankful that I can learn more from the scriptures. Though I am suggesting a theory of everything, I am not saying that I know everything, since I don’t know many things. I think that it is necessary that people implement my calculations of the Bessler principle, which should provide important necessary changes to standard calculations. People are welcome to complain about my theory, if they want to, especially after they have done the necessary modifications to the standard calculations, models, and simulations. They need to do that to better account for a fundamental yet-often-hitherto-greatly-ignored physical principle. They need to compare new understanding/calculations with old understanding/calculations. People also are especially welcome to complain about my theory after they have done some portion of the tests and observations that I have addressed. I think that the calculations, tests, and observations provide powerful evidences in favor of God.
Which Came First? Which came first, the chicken or the egg? What came first, matter or light? Which came first, a preceding infinite everywhere-expanding universe or some other following infinite everywhere-expanding universe? Who came first, a Father who is God or a Son of God who is God? Such questions touch upon infinities going backward in time without end or rather without beginning. I think that we can only hope to answer such questions on particular case by case bases. The answers could change, according to specific situations.
My high school physics teacher, Mr. Blissembach, encouraged us to discuss, by role playing opposite perspectives, whether light was ultimately composed of waves or particles. I was not very sure what to say, when I was role playing. I think that I did not fully appreciate the discussion. I am currently thinking that on a finest level it is the appearance and disappearance of finest fundamental particles (spirit matter). I suppose one might counter that point by saying, “Surely there are quantum connections between some of such particles, which allow “straight line” waves of discrete electric fields to so propagate”. Maybe there are still things that need to be discussed with respect to the subject.
Then Mr. Blissembach seemed to want us to think about light (or other waves) forever bouncing back and forth. I think that I didn’t fully understand the importance of the considerations at the time. Now I think that back and forth reflections of light would be an energy non-conservative process (imparting about twice the photon’s outward momentum with each reflection from a moving wall). Consider how, with degrading momenta, corresponding to a tracked photon, the situation could be applied in the Papp engine to deliver approximately many times twice the middle value of the instances of outward momenta to an outward moving piston. Maybe our physics teacher wanted us to carefully think about other implications of such back and forth repeated processes (such as energy conservation and preservation of historical messages, without any reflections or with very little reflecting). Total momentum being conserved during a single reflection suggests that, for its many reflections from a retreating piston, that delivered momentum is about twice many times greater than the photon’s momentum (which momentum of a photon is proportional to the photon’s energy) suggesting that total energy is greatly not conserved. One misses that analysis, if one does analysis purely from a conservation of energy mind-set. We need to carefully consider the Bessler principle and other energy non-conservative ideas.
No Bessler Principle? Are skeptical people going to say that there is certainly no Bessler principle? I think that such a falsehood would be similar to saying these many falsehoods: there is no cold fusion, the sun gets its power from hot fusion, there is no strange turbulence about horizontal axes, there are never any satellites tumbling out of control, the Earth is frozen because its surrounding average temperature is three degrees Kelvin, CSX can’t possibly be getting nearly 500 mpg for moving a ton of freight, car mpg goes down by 1/(speed^2) since wind frictional forces increase by (speed^2), hang gliders can’t get sucked up into clouds, snowflakes can’t be so well formed, GEET reactors can’t work, etc. Should people deny the truth and the evidence behind it? People need to carefully consider what things they believe in and what evidence there is for many things. I am thinking that if people are reasonable, then they will believe in the Bessler principle (as the simplest solution to much unusual data) and not deny it. Then there should be no denial of the possibility that gravity can be a source of power for perpetual motion.
Some Conclusions. With the decoding of Bessler’s little book, the rotational energy revolution can continue with the building of the Orffyrean roller bearing. The Orffyrean roller bearings would be the start of many new internal energy productive devices that would not consume single-use fuel. The rotational energy revolution doesn’t need to wait for the Orffyrean roller bearing being built. With the decoding of Ed’s little book, the rotational energy revolution now can progress with the building of the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. But we don’t need to wait for it to be built. We can continue the revolution with the knowledge of Bessler’s principle by using such things as Papp engines, GEET reactors, improved railroad cars, improved turbines, improved efficiency magnetic-motors, and modified Skunkworks “fusion”” but to not seek hot fusion (but rather to seek rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states to produce energy in similar ways, as energy is produced on the sun). Reusable “fuel” composed of mixtures of hydrogen gas and noble gases can be used in Papp engines. That will likely cause the price of the noble gases to rapidly rise. More fully using the Bessler principle will produce energy productive systems that are more reliable, more economical, more weatherproof, and more environmentally friendly.
The rotational energy revolution has begun upon our acquiring an understanding that we have been getting much energy from the Bessler principle. This energy includes such important sources as from the sun and from our upper atmosphere. The rotational energy revolution will continue as we obtain greater power from the Bessler principle.
Decoding Disproof? I have decoded (or attempted to decode) a coded little book from the Old World (see Appendix B), a coded little book from the New World (see Appendix D), and a coded little clock (see D.6 Extra Analysis of Symbols where it shows the clock with “NEWCOMB” below and with “BAYSE” above) suggesting ancient stone mason roots spanning both the New World and the Old World. All three appear to be associated with their own particular gravitationally-powered perpetual-motion devices. Will the world prove me wrong by building them and by showing that they do not work? Will the world prove me wrong by replicating the McKinley low friction demonstration and by showing that it does not work?
I think that, using their principle, I have decoded and published the main ideas behind the primary inventions of Bessler and Leedskalnin respectively published long ago in 1717 and 1936. I think that those inventions need to be clearly acknowledged to their credit. I think that eventually, after their devices have been successfully built and used, according to their properly decoded instructions, those inventors will unofficially and belatedly be given full credit for their inventions and the implications associated with their inventions. I am not the inventor of those inventions but I figure that I am a translator/decoder regarding those inventions. Others may want to patent their improved/modern methods of manufacture (and repairing in the case of the Orffyrean roller bearings) for those inventions. Until then they may want to keep their improvements as trade secrets.
I Might Invest. Assuming my wife agrees, I might be willing to invest a little bit of money in an Orffyrean roller bearing startup company. I also might even be willing to invest a little bit of money in a startup company for building Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Such companies could go broke because of the technical, political, legal, and startup difficulties that they would face. Still some companies might instead provide large returns on investments in this rotational energy era. Because of robotic automation both to reduce costs and to reduce safety issues, and because of seemingly boundless demand for Orffyrean roller bearings (for reasonable prices), then there could be large returns on some investments. It probably would not be a good idea to invest in a company building Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders unless they can repetitively demonstrate their successes with the same device. That might tend to verify that they had adequately dealt with the lattice sweetness concerns. Orffyrean roller bearing companies should show the ends of their bearings before, during, and after any demonstration. Normally the ends of the bearings would somehow be covered as much as possible, to keep out dirt while maintaining very low friction. Video cameras could help show the ends that people might have a difficult time seeing. Video cameras could even show the inner-side views of those bearing ends, if mirror probes are used. Those Orffyrean roller bearing companies should show the increased angular speed on plain-journal-marked cylinders. Companies producing Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders should state the composition of the demonstrated daughter cylinder, its maximum prior angular speed, and the composition of its axle. They should also provide good views of the magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels, the journal-marked-plain cylinders, and the bearings. They might also state the composition of the other cylinders and their axles or at least provide their performance specifications. Companies would need to make it clear that they are properly addressing safety concerns. Companies should try to make it clear that they are not just demonstrating products that other companies produced, for the purpose of collecting money, without any desire to return money to investors and without any intention of producing devices. Companies would need to answer questions about their production facilities, methods, and engraved/secure serial labels of their products. Companies could provide tours of their facilities. People should to be very careful and cautious, when investing in new devices.
A Parting Comment. By not considering that nuclear-ground-states can rotate somewhat and by not considering the possibility that such rotating nuclear-ground-states can have their angular speed about a horizontal axis increased by absorbing two-part gravitons, those ignored things caused physical theory to be limited figuratively like restraining cords “wrapped around an axle”. That kept the axle of physical theory from properly turning and prevented an understanding of how many things actually work. We need to cut the cords of false rotational assumptions that bound physical theory and thus have somewhat bound experimentation and inventions.
Comments and New Results. If others have comments or new results, they would be welcome to send them to the author at AldenEugenePark@gmail.com. If others send comments, they should specify whether or not they would want their comments to be posted on the Internet (at say my current Internet site of http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/, which at some point is likely to go away, after I move many things to https://gravity-wheel.neocities.org). I am not promising that I will post them. I would prefer not to do any posting unless it is quite significant. I might put my and other people’s comments on my Internet site in say a text file (like http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/GravityWheelUnveiledComments.txt which file is not there yet). If I made errors or a book of mine needs correction, then I could make the correction, giving credit to any sole contributor, assuming that credit is desired. People providing comments could specify whether or not they want their email addresses posted on the global Internet. Comments without necessarily providing email addresses may be posted on a variety of topics, for example at http://www.besslerwheel.com/forum/ within the BesslerWheel.com Discussion Board. If people are having difficulty getting experimental results or observations published with respect to gravity and the Bessler principle, they could try publishing on the Internet either on discussion groups or on their own Internet sites. People could self-publish. I have put (or published) many things on the Internet. Publishing and discussion, about gravity-powered perpetual-motion entities, have been severely restricted over the last three hundred years, because of lack of vision, understanding, and working examples.
Free Help. As God has freely given to me much help about Bessler-principle related things, I might be able to provide free help/consultation for Bessler-principle-related projects. I might especially provide free help/consultation after those wanting help have first tried to study messages from this book. If people don’t believe the Bessler principle, then small demonstrations of the McKinley low-friction demonstration could serve as visible “proofs” of the Bessler principle, which could serve as incentives for developing both the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders and the Orffyrean roller bearing. In this book I have tried to provide answers regarding various Bessler-principle related questions. I am hoping that I have explained things well enough in sufficient detail so that people don’t need to ask me many questions. I am hoping that people don’t need my help to figure out Bessler-principle related things but if they do get stuck turning the turner, I can try to help them out. I am quite interested that the turner be turned. We greatly need rational discussion of results relative to expectations, information sharing of experimental results, new energy-production inventions/systems, new ways of doing calculations/estimates/models/simulations, and modern teaching about such things. We need those things, if we are to have a renaissance with respect to them and escape the mechanical Middle Ages surrounding the friction-filled medieval-mechanical-engineering for rotary motion about horizontal axes, which hitherto has not allowed the almost-taboo-subject of perpetual motion powered by gravity.
Summaries were provided throughout this book at the end of each chapter (except 0), at the end of each appendix, at the end of the section, “11.2 Cosmology”, and at the end of the section, “C.2 Kolob's Location Discussion”. A final book summary will be provided after the following chapter summary.
Chapter 15 Summary of “AFTER WORD”. Physics or natural philosophy took a wrong turn 300 years ago by casting away information about Bessler's wheels. Gravity is explained with relatively few assumptions. Many experiments have been given that need to be done or redone to test out ideas related to gravity. Much of the prior understanding of physics may need to be considered as valuable engineering approximations to be used with proper judgment. There are evidences of God in nature. We may be at the beginning of a merger of truth from science and truth from religion. Many previously unsolved problems in physics should be solved, if we just provide the right physical understandings to their solutions. We especially need to consider physical understandings with respect to the Bessler principle.
Book Summary of Gravity-Wheel Unveiled. Here is a long summary of some things covered in this book. Gravity anomalies observed during total solar eclipses provide evidence of weak absorption (within the moon) of gravitons coming from the sun. Since a graviton is so weakly absorbed, its range is finite albeit often ultra-long. To provide such long range, either all or none of its two parts are absorbed in a quantum process. Gravity is simply explained, as being composed of two discrete electric fields, from opposite finest fundamental charges, traveling precisely together in the same direction (with possible small space and time offsets) at the speed of light. This explanation provides a Bessler principle of continual power production from gravity. This principle is due to the space-and-time-separated attractive absorptions of the two-discrete electric-field parts of gravitons, when absorbed by opposite fundamental charged particles rotating about each other. Usually the lower elevation fundamental charge first attractively absorbs "downward" an electric field of a graviton. After that, the higher elevation fundamental charge continues to rotate for a little while, until it also attractively absorbs "downward" the other electric field of the graviton. These two-time-and-space-separated downward pulls often provide a net torque, on the two equally-massive finest fundamental charges, that increases their angular speed about their center of mass. The Bessler principle is a fundamental mechanical property of all wheels rotating about horizontal axes. The principle may not be noticed due to friction removing the obtained energy. The principle may also not be noticed due to small angular speeds of the matter about horizontal axes. The principle may also not be noticed due to poor angular connections between the nuclei and the lattice, caused by prior excessive angular speeds for rotations about horizontal axes. The principle may also not be noticed due to having insufficient mass/matter available, causing a dilution of its effects. For example, the effects arising from massive railroad wheels rotating about horizontal axes may be more noticeable than a “few” rotating nuclear-ground-states in the upper atmosphere. The principle may also not be noticed if the angular speed is about a vertical axis.
Bessler Principle Implications/Evidences. The Bessler principle provides the basis for explaining a large number of phenomena, including how the sun actually produces its power, why this earth is not a frozen ice ball, and how various curious energy-productive-devices actually worked. The Bessler principle may be tested, observed, and beneficially used to extract power from abundant sources of two-part gravitons. The vast preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Bessler principle is correct. Many further tests have been proposed for the Bessler principle, with the expectation that the preponderance of them will further confirm its correctness. The correctness of the Bessler principle means that conservation of energy is not a correct foundation principle and means that all matter has intelligence.
Cosmic Rays. Far out in open space, a somewhat isotropic universal discrete distribution of gravitons provides increased energy for the most energetic cosmic rays, preferentially absorbing more attractive gravitons in front rather than from behind.
Gravity Matter Space. With the assistance of energetic two-part gravitons, much new matter (and its associated new space) is being produced in this continually-expanding infinite-size universe, as fundamental opposite charges in starlight are pulled down by the opposite parts of gravitons. The ultra-long-yet-finite range gravity has universal importance in an infinite-size growing universe.
Inventions. Information is given with respect to various inventions. Information is given for reinventing Papp engines using hydrogen (along with rotationally productive/moderating noble gases), with its greatest ratio of nuclear magnetic moment to moment of inertia. Internal photon reflections are essential to reinventing the Papp engine. The reinvention of the Papp engine allows the possibility of the Bessler principle providing one-stroke engines using photon power. Information is given, from a decoding of Johann Ernst Elias Orffyreus/Bessler's little book, for reinventing the very-low-friction Orffyrean roller bearings by an asymmetric steel-surface-growing type of process. Bessler gave many bearing specifications in his final figure of his book, Apologia. For example, the surface lobes within Bessler’s bearings maintained pure rolling-without-slipping contact with their lobe-holes for about 25 degrees of relative rotation before lifting off. One needs to carefully follow Bessler’s specifications and his formation-and-use rules to produce/repair his very-low-friction roller bearings. Though repair of his bearings during use is quite remarkable, for modern-day mercury-safety purposes, we should typically not exercise that option. The bearings should be repaired but not while being used. These newer/older inventions (Papp engine and Orffyrean roller bearing) should be combined, when they have both been reinvented, so as to produce a better Papp engine. The Orffyrean roller bearing should be able to make many devices much more effective. Its use should include new rotational devices to neutralize radioactive material/wastes. People might currently consider doing experiments to make better use of the explained GEET reactors and Tesla turbines to save on fuel costs. Cold fusion related approaches may provide other alternatives for power production. The Bessler principle provides a basis for explanation of fire and many explosions. Strong enough vertical magnetic fields should suppress fire and explosions. New rotational energy sources should be provided by devices associated with the Bessler principle. Lower energy prices would then increase productivity and prosperity (assuming people share their good fortunes with others, since not sharing with our needy distant relatives could be to our long-term detriment). This book talks about constructing a variety of gravity assisted devices some of which likely had ancient origins. Consider yin-yang cylinders and the Sweet Eight family of cylinders. We should properly conclude that a new rotational energy age has begun.
Physics. Many tests have been suggested for scientists and interested individuals to do. One can test for the slight failure of Gauss's law for electric fields. Absorptions of discrete electric fields and gravitational fields mean that the electric and gravitational forces are not energy conservative. Such tests should also be supportive of the Bessler principle, the nature of the graviton, rotating nuclear-ground-states, and related ideas that have been put forth in this book. These ideas include a simple discrete basis of physics. The physical basis could be built upon finest fundamental oppositely charged particles each radiating their associated electric fields. An attempt has been made to unify the forces. The electric forces are caused by absorptions of the discrete electric fields. The absorption or sink terms for the electric fields were previously left out of Maxwell's and Hertz's equations, which were continuous approximations of the actual discrete situations. The gravitational forces are caused by absorptions of the discrete gravitational fields. The absorption or sink terms for gravity were previously left out of equations for gravity. Because of absorption of discrete gravitational fields, Gauss's law fails for gravity. Light and electric fields might be composed of waves (traveling at the speed of light) of temporarily appearing fundamental charged particles. Light is composed of many electric fields traveling together as a quantum packet. The findings in this book may provide solutions to many previously unsolved problems in physics.
Things of God. The finest fundamental oppositely charged particles could be called spirit matter to conform to the scriptures. We have overlooked many common miracles. There are many natural phenomena that denote things of God. Attempts have been made to locate various things related to wheels. The turner needs to be turned. We can all contribute to this turning of the turner.
Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders. The decoding of Edward Leedskalnin's little book, A Book in Every Home, should make possible the practical extraction of energy from gravity by the Bessler principle even before the Orffyrean roller bearing is reinvented, if one obeys Ed’s rules and instructions for its use. The Leedskalnin device (the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders) makes use of very low-friction sprocket-wheels of 24 and 16 magnetically-repulsive teeth. Wheels must not be rotated too rapidly about horizontal axes, if we are not to destroy the wheels' lattice sweetness properties. That is especially important in the daughter cylinder, which has an angular speed of 24/16 = 1.5 times greater than the angular speed of the father or mother cylinder. The significant energy increase factor of 2.25 is the square of that angular speedup factor. The Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders has 24, 24, and 16 magnetically-repulsive teeth respectively for the father, mother, and daughter cylinders. The relative cylinder axial lengths were Lf = 2Lm = 4Ld; the relative cylinder radii were Rf = Rm = 2Rd; the relative angular speeds were 24ωf = 24ωm = 16ωd. Despite its more rapid rotational speed, the much smaller daughter cylinder had very low outermost air-frictional-force relative to either or even both of its “parent” cylinders combined {Fd = (9/64)Fm = (9/128)Ff = (3/64)(Fm + Ff)}. The outermost air-frictional-torque on the daughter cylinder was even smaller relative to those torques on the parent cylinders {Td = (9/128)Tm = (9/256)Tf = (3/128)(Tm + Tf)}. The outermost air-frictional-forces and torques, for the daughter cylinder, were small relative to the corresponding ones for the mother cylinder and/or the father cylinder. The “self-hidden” Bessler principle in a variety of forms throughout history appears to have been repeatedly found and lost. Ed suggests that the principle was known to people who anciently used the yin-yang symbol. Ed also suggests from his words and his pyramid symbols that it was also known to those who built the pyramids. I think that Edward Leedskalnin’s expression “ED.L.” both represented Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity and compactly symbolized Ed’s energy production system in his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Sweet Eight Family of Cylinders. I think that Ed preferred the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders to the Sweet Eight family of cylinders. The Sweet Eight family of cylinders had half the number of magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth, for every cylinder. Thus the Sweet Eight family of cylinders had 12, 12, and 8 magnetically-repulsive sprocket teeth respectively for the father, mother, and daughter cylinders. It was easier to build. I think that it was the ancient device corresponding to the decoding of the little coded clock. It had the same angular speed increase factor for its daughter wheel, as the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders (12/8 = 24/16 = 1.5). I think that the coded clock was also a compact representation of the stone mason principle.
Gauss's Law for Electric Fields. Consider Gauss's law as an example of the prior theoretical absence of absorption terms for the electric fields. In simple form Gauss's law for electric fields says that the total amount of charge (Q) located within a containing surface is the surface integral (meaning sum over the surface) of the outward surface-normal electric-field-intensity (E) times the small area portions of the surface (dS). The outward-normal electric-field-intensity is the portion of the electric field coming directly out of the surface. See Gauss's law for electric fields in Eq. A.1. The proportionality constant called the permittivity constant, e0, is about 8.85*10-12 in SI units. The total electric field intensity as shown in Eq. A.2 is measured for some location according to the total force of electricity (F) on some small test charge divided by that small test charge (q). The direction of that total vector added E for a positive test charge is in the same direction as the total electric force on the positive test charge. The direction of E for a small negative test charge would be the opposite direction from the total electric force on the small negative test charge. Both types of the test charges give the same total electric field, E, since their force direction reverses when the sign of their test charge changes.
(A.1)
(A.2) E = F/q
The use of a single total electric field, E, in Eq. A.1 and Eq. A.2 ignores the subtle possibility that there may be separate portions of the electric field, coming from separate opposite charges, so as to contribute to the total electric field. For right now we will just continue to be merrily oblivious of such possibilities and assume that there is only a single total electric field, E.
Test Gauss's Law Failure for Electric Fields. According to Gauss's law, the surface integral is proportional to the total amount of charge (Q) located within a containing surface. The result is supposedly completely independent of the amount of neutral matter surrounding the charge, with the charge and neutral surrounding matter both within the containing surface. In other words, Gauss's law amazingly claims that there is absolutely no absorption of the electric fields by neutral matter, even though the electric field interacts with both types of charges within neutral matter, as evidenced by forces upon both types of charges. Such an amazing claim needs to be substantiated within measured limits. Those electric fields supposedly go on forever, without any possibility of them ever being stopped by absorption. If it is true, it provides unbounded evidence that electric fields are not absorbed in neutral matter. If it is false, it provides measured evidence that electric fields are discretely absorbed in neutral matter.
Since this is such a strong claim that electric fields go on forever without any possibility of them ever being absorbed, I think that we need to do more careful experiments to test the validity of this claim. The claim is that there is no absorption to all levels of precision of measuring the electric fields. What has been the smallest or finest level to which we have substantiated such a claim? Surely we can’t claim that Gauss’s law is correct for all levels of precision, without actually measuring the validity of the law to all levels of precision.
I think that inserting much neutral matter between source charges and where the electric fields are measured will show that there is actually absorption of electric fields by neutral matter. Gauss's law may be useful, but I think that more careful experiments will show that Gauss's law is not quite correct. I think that electric fields are actually absorbed by neutral matter, just as electric fields act upon both positive and negative charges within neutral matter. Wouldn’t it make sense that a slight portion of the electric field is absorbed according to the slight portion of the electric field that interacts with the charges within neutral matter? Are we going to just accept as a completely verified fact the claim that there is utterly no absorption of electric fields, without even stating the experimental limits of the validity of the claim? If not, it would appear that the science cannot make a claim that it is an experimental science. I challenge the experimentalists to actually state the measurement bounds for which the claim that Gauss’s law is correct. It is quite insufficient to claim that the law holds, without stating the experimental bounds for the correctness of its measurements.
An Experimental Setup. Though not likely practical, here is an experimental setup shown in Fig. 80. Insert a charge within a large radius mass of neutral matter, which also has an inner radius. Once the charge is placed inside, then plug the opening with the same non-conducting neutral matter. The plug could be tapered so that it doesn’t go into the sphere within the inner radius of the sphere. Does the measured electric field beyond a large neutral matter exterior radius adhere to Gauss's law? If not, this is evidence of actual absorption of electric fields within neutral matter. There should be no difference in the electric fields according to the presence or absence of the intermediate neutral material, according to the law. A non-conducting material should be used for the neutral material, to prevent charges from moving within the sphere and avoiding their electric fields being absorbed. The area on the surface of a sphere is 4pr2, as was stated near Fig. 2. According to Gauss's law, the magnitude of the electric field outside the sphere at a radius r of a sphere centered about the charge Q should be E according to Eq. A.3. If the value measured is less than that E, then this is an indication that Gauss's law for electricity does not quite hold, when there is enough neutral shielding matter placed about a charge. Such a failure of Gauss's law would indicate that there is absorption of the electric fields in neutral matter.
Fig. 80. Testing of Gauss’s law using much intermediate matter.
(A.3) E = Q/(4pe0r2)
After a failure in Gauss’s law, I suppose that someone might complain that there was a lack of the neutral matter actually being neutral. To guard against such complaints, one could switch the interior charge type to see if there is an increase in the electric field outside the sphere. I doubt that there would be an increase in the electric field for the other type of enclosed charged.
That is the test could be repeated with the opposite charge –Q for the interior to see if neutral matter can also absorb its electric fields. I suppose that the tests will eventually show that both types of electric fields are absorbed in neutral matter. We will need to begin to measure, quantify, and model the amount of absorption of electric fields in neutral matter.
In hindsight (after absorption has been demonstrated by the failure of Gauss’s law), shouldn't it have been obvious that if an electric field intensity (of either type, according to the interior charge type) interacts with charges of both charge types, that some portion of that electric field should be absorbed? Then, since neutral matter is composed of a balance between positive and negative charges, shouldn't there reasonably be absorption of some electric fields within neutral matter? How could we have missed that?
If the value measured is E, according to Eq. A.3, then this is an indication that Gauss's law for electricity holds for that value of electric field for that amount of intermediate neutral matter. Would it continue to hold as an arbitrarily large amount of intermediate neutral material is available for absorption? Is there a slight reduction of the electric field, below the predicted value, as more intermediate neutral material is introduced? For any particular amount of intermediate neutral matter, would not a larger charge on the source side allow a larger/more measurable value of the electric field on the other side?
Some people might say that for a great thickness of the intermediate wall that electric fields are too small to be measured accurately. I would maintain that, if the fields can be accurately measured for the case of no intervening neutral material, then there is approximately sufficient accuracy to measure the electric fields, when there is intervening neutral material. Does the insertion of the plug measurably reduce the electric field on the other side? I doubt it. It may be experimentally simpler to use simple intermediate walls of neutral material, than to use spheres. Conceptually and approximately we can think of spheres with radii according to the shortest distance from the center of the charge to a side of the wall, since the surfaces of the conceptual spheres would locally be planar near a tangent point. We just need to be careful on our measurements.
How Thick Based on Thin Wall Assumption? How thick (t) would a wall need to be (or
what would be the difference in radii of the outer and inner spheres) to
measure the effect of Gauss's law not being correct? Based on an assumption of a thin wall (which
it will not be) let us form a crude estimate of an effective thickness. To keep the calculations simple we will incorrectly assume that
straight lines don’t go through multiple nuclei. We will form the crude estimate based on the
area of the
nuclei (projected to the area side of a box) needed to block essentially all straight
lines. For straight lines perpendicular
to the area side of a box, we have volume = t*area. The (mass of the box) = density*volume =
density*t*area. The number of nuclei in
the box is the (mass of the box)/m = density*t*area/m, where m = mass of atom
or nucleus. The total area of all the
possibly nuclei =
Evaluation of Thickness. Now R = radius of nucleus = r0*A(1/3), where A = mass number of nucleus (12 for carbon, 16 for oxygen, 27 for aluminum, 40 for calcium, 56 for iron). In Robley D. Evans' book, The Atomic Nucleus (1972) (McGraw-Hill Book Company) p. 30 it shows r0 for the nuclear-force radii being (1.5 +- 0.1)*10-13 cm and it shows r0 for the electromagnetic radii being (1.2 +- 0.1)*10-13 cm. In Amos deShalit and Herman Feshbach's book, Theoretical Nuclear Physics Volume 1: Nuclear Structure (1974) (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) p. 7 it shows r0 for the nuclear-force radii being (1.12)*10-13 cm. I will just use that number associated with calcium (Ca) to form an under estimate of t, but maybe a non-metallic compound like limestone or CaCO3 could be used in practice. The density for Ca is about 1.55gr/(cm3) (p. B-8 CRC). The mass of Ca is m=40.08gr/(6.022*1023) so using r0 of (1.12)*10-13 cm means that t = m / (density*pR2) = (40.08gr/(6.022*1023)) / ( ((1.55gr/(cm3))*p(r0*40(1/3))2) =(40.08cm/(6.022*1023)) / ( 1.55*p( (1.12*10-13)*( 40(1/3) ) )2) = t would be about 93.2cm.
On p. F-1 CRC it indicates that limestone has a density of 1.3 to 1.4 gr/(cm3) which is close to the density of calcium. One could do more detailed calculations for limestone (having three types of nuclei/atoms, calcium, carbon and oxygen). That would give t = ( (m for Ca) + (m for C) + 3*(m for O) ) / ( (density of limestone)*p*((R for Ca)2 + (R for C)2 + 3*(R for O)2) ) = (40.08 + 12.01 + 3*16.00)cm/(6.022*(1023)*1.35*p*( (1.12*(10-13)*40(1/3))2 + (1.12*(10-13)*12(1/3))2 + 3*(1.12*(10-13)*16(1/3))2 ) ) = 86.8cm. As can be seen, I used an intermediate density of limestone of 1.35gr/(cm3) in that calculation. We could have just ignored the more detailed calculation, as all these calculations are underestimations of the thickness for complete field blockage.
We might approximately say that measured electric field strength should be decreased, as evidence of the failure of Gauss's law, if a meter thick limestone wall is placed between a strong charge and its detector. Is there some measured blockage by neutral matter, given Gauss's law predicts no blockage of the electric fields? I suspect that some blockage or absorption of the electric fields would be measured using a meter thick limestone wall. If a thicker wall were available, it might be preferable for such experiments. The thickness might also be even more of an underestimate, as it is not clear how well nuclei can block the electric fields. An alternative to using more nuclei (with a greater thickness) would be to use nuclei with large values of A = mass number of nucleus in such experiments to create more blockage opportunities of the electric fields. If absorption of the electric fields is observed for smaller thicknesses, then that would be evidence of Gauss's law failing for electric fields.
Energy Not Conserved With Discrete Electric Fields. If Gauss's law for electric fields is found not to hold because of absorption of the electric fields within neutral matter, this is evidence that energy is not actually conserved. The absorption of the electric field is an indicator that the electric field entity is actually discrete. If a charge absorbs a discrete electric field, it provides an impulse associated with a “momentary force” as suggested by Eq. A.2. The impulse is either attractive or repulsive depending upon the absorbing charge relative to the electric field. Such an impulse would be an indication that kinetic energy (that is energy of motion) is locally not being conserved. One of the foundation principles of the old physics evaporates, as the discrete electric field is itself absorbed, Gauss's law is understood to be invalid, and energy is understood to not be conserved during the discrete absorption. Energy is never conserved as each discrete electric field is absorbed. The notion of potential energy is an artificial construct that approximately propped up the failed conservation of energy law. The idea of a potential energy is extremely useful in many cases, but fails completely, for example, when the Bessler principle enters the discussion. The field absorption and its automatically associated non-conservation of energy with respect to electric fields would translate into the absorption and non-conservation of energy of gravitational fields, if the gravitational fields were composed of pairs of opposite electric fields traveling together. Energy not being conserved would destroy the laws of thermodynamics. This would mean that, though such "laws" are often quite useful as engineering principles or heuristics, they would have greatly reduced general applicability. One would need to use them only with special or careful consideration (for example ignoring deviations due to rotations of matter about horizontal axes), for their approximate predictions to be valid.
Why Gauss's Law Is Nearly Correct? Though Gauss's law will be shown (I think) to not be quite correct, we should ask why it was to very good approximation often correct? I think that the answer is that the actual electric fields, coming from the fine fundamental charges, travel in straight lines. There tends to be little likelihood that an electric field will run into fine fundamental matter and be finally absorbed. Most of the volume within atoms is "empty" space except for tiny nuclei and even smaller “electrons”. To excellent approximation very many of the discrete electric fields are not absorbed and that is I think why we have had Gauss's law for electric fields around with us for so long. It may not be quite right but it is often a pretty good approximation.
Gravitational Field Intensity. In isolation from other forces, the total vector added gravitational field intensity as shown in Eq. A.4 could in principle be statically measured for some location according to the total gravitational force (F) on some test mass divided by the amount of mass of that test mass (m). The direction of g for a test mass is in the same direction, as the force on the test mass. It is pointing "inward", as it is directly proportional to an attractive force. See Fig. 81 as an example of that inward direction of the force. In Fig. 81, the gravitational force (F) and the proportional gravitational field (g) both point inward, only differing in magnitude by the test mass, m. The direction of gravitational field, g, for a test mass (m) at a distance of R from a "single" mass (M) would be in the direction going from the test mass, m, to the gravitating mass, M, that originates the gravitational field, with a value according to Eq. A.5. The negative sign in Eq. A.5 attempts to indicate that the gravitational field direction is inward or toward the mass, M. For simplicity, I left out the outward unit vector pointing away from M in Eq. A.5 or the negative sign represents a negative unit vector. The proportionality constant, G, is the gravitational constant or about 6.67*10-11 in SI units.
(A.4) g = F/m
Fig. 81. Gravitational force points inward toward gravitating mass.
(A.5) g = -GM/(R2)
Nearly Zero Total Gravitational Field Was Somewhat Ignored. Note that this formalism might ignore situations in which there is a total or vector added gravitational field intensity coming from many sources that add up to nearly zero, according to total null measurements. The gravitational fields from many surrounding galaxies could thus, on a total gravitational basis, be ignored by the standard formalism. On a graviton basis the nearly "zero" total gravitational fields from very distant galaxies should certainly not be ignored, as they have great importance with respect to formation of new matter and with respect to the Bessler principle causing greater rotations. Though nearly zero for their total gravitational field intensities over time, a nearly isotropic inward distribution of discrete gravitons from very distant galaxies is also of great importance with respect to the acceleration of cosmic rays (or particles) so that they acquire very large kinetic energies. All these important gravitational-field implications associated with so-called nearly-zero gravitational fields have been ignored, possibly since they dealt with ordinarily ignored absolutes and since we previously had few tools for measuring such gravitational effects. We had previously gone "overboard" with respect to relativity and ignored important absolutes.
Gauss's Law for Gravitational Fields. Consider Gauss's law for gravitational fields, as another example of the old theoretical absence of absorption terms for the gravitational fields. In simple form Gauss's law for gravitational fields is the surface integral (meaning sum over the containing surface) of the outward surface normal component of the gravitational field intensity (g) times the small area portion of the surface (dS). The outward normal component of the gravitational field intensity is the portion of the gravitational field coming directly out of the surface. See Gauss's law for gravitational fields in Eq. A.6. The proportionality constant called the gravitational constant, G, is again about 6.67*10-11 in SI units. Since the gravitational fields from a mass generally point attractively inward toward that mass (again see Fig. 81), the outward normal components of the inward g through the surface about the mass (M) are generally negative. That is why the total surface integral in Gauss's law for gravitation produces the negative of the total mass (M) contained within the surface. If there actually were slight absorption of gravity (which I think is the case), then this version of Gauss's law would be slightly in error. I think that the discrete gravitational fields have a beginning (or source) in matter and eventually they will have an ending (or sink), when they are eventually absorbed.
(A.6)
Energy Not Conserved, with Discrete Gravity Fields. Energy is not locally conserved when a discrete graviton is absorbed in matter, as there would be a local change of velocity of the matter that absorbs the graviton. The absorption of gravity is something that can be separately tested. Keep in mind that the so-called gravitational potential is an approximate non-physical artifact of convenience for partially propping up a failed conservation of energy law. The gravitational potential can be a very useful engineering tool, when neither concerned with gravity absorptions nor internal rotations of matter. Also, if a graviton were absorbed by fundamental matter made temporarily available by the passage of a photon of starlight, then that could be another important consequence of non-conservation of energy. The important consequence is that fine new fundamental matter remains after the passage of the photon. A non-conservation of energy is also associated with each of the two absorptions of the two separate parts of the discrete graviton.
Here are some notes about approximations present within the standard field equations, for those who are interested.
Approximations in Maxwell's Field Equations. Eq. A.1 is the integral form of one of the Maxwell linearized field equations, which equation shows the sources for electric fields. That equation is an approximation since it only includes the source terms for the electric fields. The actual weak sink/absorption terms were not included, though any above measured deviations would suggest the form of the absorptions of tiny capture cross sections by the fundamental charges, when either of the two fundamental types of electric fields travels in straight lines, until the discrete field is captured by one of the fundamental charges. The information that there are actually two types of electric fields (each type coming from is fundamental charge type), stems from knowledge that there is a Bessler principle. What can "appear" to be electric field sinks in Eq. A.1 are only new source terms for opposite charges that upon improper superposition of the two actual electric field types might somewhat appear to be sink terms.
While those equations are often useful for rapid engineering approximations the actual situation is fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. That electric-field-source-only equation is thus a further approximation of the actual situation since that equation, Eq. A.1, is of a continuous field form. If that equation is to be a more realistic model, it needs to not only discretely model the neglected actual electric field sink terms, but it also needs to discretely model the actual two-electric-field, discrete sources. To be more realistic it needs to show the dynamic progress of the separate discrete electric field parts coming from the opposite fundamental charges or particles. I think that the other Maxwell's field equations are mainly approximate manifestations of actual sources of the electric fields. For example, the so-called magnetic fields appearing in the field equations are manifestations of the speed-of-light-moving electric fields coming from moving fundamental charges. I think that the Maxwell equations are not as accurate as the Hertz field equations. As a clue, Dirac seemed to place greater reliance upon the Hertz equations than the Maxwell equations.
Approximations in Hertz's Field Equations. Eq. A.1 is also the integral form of the sources for electric fields for Hertz's field equations. In differential form Hertz's field equations are Maxwell's field equations after the partial time derivatives are replaced by total time derivatives. Though I think that Hertz's field equations are more accurate than Maxwell's field equations, since they can explain things like the Marinov motor (see the “BIBLIOGRAPHY AND NOTES”), Hertz's field equations are still approximations of the actual situation. The Hertz equations also neglect the discrete absorption electric field terms (the sink terms) and those Hertz equations are continuous approximations of the actual discrete situation. Hertz's equations contain the source electric field term but that source electric field term also needs to be discrete. Within Heretical Verities: Mathematical Themes in Physical Description (1986) by Thomas E. Phipps, Jr., Chapter 4 "Hertzian Electromagnetism", Section 5 "Hertz's Equations", p. 131, it reads, “Maxwell's equations are a noninvariant special case of Hertz's invariant equations.” On that page, after showing Hertz's equations, Phipps referred to them as, "the Galilean invariant equations that Hertz published in 1892."
Traditional Energy Conservation Analysis. Let us consider some traditional energy conservation analysis. As we introduce the traditional analysis, the reader might look for analysis holes or consider where the holes might be in the traditional conservation of energy analysis.
Conditional Conservation of Energy. A "force vector field" F is traditionally said to be conservative if it is the negative spatial gradient of some potential, V, according to Eq. A.7, which potential is independent of time, meaning it does not depend upon time. If such a potential does not exist, we can't say that the force field is energy conservative. One should also very carefully consider what the force is operating on.
(A.7)
Work Done. The work done on a particle in moving it along a path from an initial point to a final point is the line integral of the force vectors dotted into the infinitesimal displacement vectors along the path, according to Eq. A.8. The dot product between two vectors is the product of the lengths of the two vectors times the cosine of the angle in between them. The dot product was used in Eq. A.1 and Eq. A.6.
(A.8) work done =
Zero Work Imparted by Conservative Force over Closed Path. The work done by a conservative force, F, as a particle is moved along a closed path is shown in Eq. A.9 is by Stokes' theorem the integral over the surface bounded by that curve of the curl of F. That surface integral is zero since by Eq. A.10 the curl of F is zero. That is because of Eq. A.10, the curl of the gradient is zero, wherein we used Eq. A.7 for the conservative force F. The total work done by the force on such a particle moved about a closed path would be zero for such a conservative force F.
(A.9)
(A.10)
Incorrect Assumptions in Traditional Conservative Analysis. Could the reader spot any flaws in the traditional energy conservative analysis? I think that there may be four somewhat-overlapping incorrect-assumptions associated with applying traditional energy conservation analysis to either the electric field or the gravitational field. The first assumption may be the primary assumption that needs correction.
(1) The electric and gravitational force fields are actually discrete so they are thus never the negative gradient of some differentiable potential, V. To be differentiable it must be very "smooth" and continuous at the very finest of levels. A discrete field is discontinuous at the very finest levels. It is present at some locations and then it is absent at other locations. It may be said to be inherently quantized. As matter at the finest levels is inherently quantized, it seems reasonable in retrospect that the fields coming from them should be inherently quantized. The fields are discontinuous at the finest levels. The traditional conservative force analysis cannot be applied, since the basic force field assumptions are not met. The traditional assumption is especially incorrect for the discrete gravitational field which actually has two discrete force parts (for each discrete graviton).
(2) In the traditional energy conservation analysis, the particle (that was moved along a closed path) was implicitly assumed to be so small that it could not be divided any finer. I think that there was an implicit assumption that the particle being moved cannot receive/impart any rotational kinetic energy in the process or that any rotational kinetic energy that the particle receives is negligible. The particle is assumed to serve as neither an energy source nor an energy sink. This assumption is incorrect for the smallest neutral matter particles and is incorrect for the smallest divisible normal charged particles. The smallest neutral collection of matter must consist of a pair of opposite fundamental charges. The internal forces (electric or gravitational) would surely not act collectively and simultaneously on multiple discrete internal charges. The electric force would act upon just particular fundamental discrete charges. The gravitational force would act differently (or even not act at all) upon individual fundamental discrete charges. For the electric field, rotational kinetic energy may be imparted to smallest particles. For the gravitational force and because of the possibility of non-simultaneous interaction by gravity within each pair, rotational kinetic energy may be imparted to the smallest neutral particle pairs. Small particles would be repositories of rotational kinetic energy.
(3) There may be a third incorrect assumption associated with the traditional energy conservation analysis for the electric field and the gravitational field. The traditional analysis assumes that there is no time dependence of the potential which generates the forces. The potential function V, whose gradient is the force, only depends continuously on space and not on time. The electric field actually propagates at the speed of light, as may be verified using radar. The gravitational field likely also propagates at the speed of light. There are often two time and space separated parts for the attractive force impulses within each graviton. Even for so-called static potential situations, the force provided by the fields is never actually the gradient of any spatial function, not depending on time.
(4) The fields are traditionally assumed to not be absorbed but rather just keep going on and on. Though that may appear to be approximately correct, the actual form of such destroyed fields does not allow energy to be conserved. Kinetic energy changes discontinuously because of each absorption.
Non-conservative Electric and Gravitational Forces. The electric and gravitational forces would be energy conservative, if those traditional assumptions were met, but, as they are not met, they cannot be said to be energy conservative. For many practical situations the electric forces are approximately energy conservative, but one must be careful, when it is simply assumed to be energy conservative without regard to the detailed assumptions.
Non-conservative Electric Force. The traditional continuity assumptions for electric fields may be somewhat better assumptions when the field intensities are high. At high field intensities the approximation that the electric fields are continuous is a better assumption. If the electric fields appear to be approximately continuous, then to better approximation they may appear to be better conserved, and to better approximation the fields are energy conservative. A charge in front of the high intensity electric is less able to just discontinuously "dodge" out of the way of the electric fields (since if one discrete electric field misses the charge, there are many other neighboring discrete electric fields that can cause a discrete field to be absorbed). Also, with high electric field intensities, losing only one discrete electric field out of many available can be a somewhat reasonable approximation of not losing electric field strength. At low electric field intensities, losing one discrete electric field, out of only a few available, is a poor approximation of maintaining electric field strength. That means with very low electric field intensities, losing one discrete electric field out of a few can be a large change in the remaining electric fields. At low electric field intensities, a charge might miss absorbing the few electric fields that are coming upon it, by somehow "dodging" around them. The dodging may be especially problematic for the repulsive electric field absorptions. This idea would need to be put to experimental testing.
Possibly Test Strength of Attractive Versus Repulsive Forces for Weak Electric Fields and Test Charges. Eq. A.2 and Eq. A.3 may not obey Gauss's law but there may be an additional failure that might be tested for the situation of extremely weak electric fields or very small test charges. Given that gravity is attractive only and assuming that gravity is dependent upon electric fields, this would suggest the possibility of testing for a difference in the magnitude of attractive forces versus repulsive forces for the very weakest electric fields and for the very weakest test charges. It may or may not be possible in practice to test for such an asymmetry in the forces, but I mention it in case someone has a way to measure such a difference. Since such tests may be near the limits of measurability, people may only want to do such tests after they are sure that there is an electric field basis for gravity. An asymmetry in those forces would be verified if under the weakest conditions (small charges and larger distances) the magnitude of the repulsive forces between the same sign charges is found to be less than the magnitude of the attractive forces between the opposite sign charges.
Possibly Test for Repulsion Weaker than Attraction. For low electric field intensities, is the repulsive electric force (in magnitude) slightly weaker than the attractive electric force (in magnitude)? I suspect that for low intensities, the electric force of repulsion will eventually be shown to be weaker than the electric force of attraction. I suspect that one might be able to test for such asymmetry between attraction and repulsion in the weakest intensities situations associated with the tests for the failure of Gauss's law for the electric force, when shielding by neutral matter is present. One might guess that it is based on a slight "dodging" out of the way by the charge for the case of repulsion or an "anti-dodging" for the case of attraction. There may be some sort of a local look-ahead capability associated with possible absorption. The Bessler principle suggests that there is a local look-ahead capability associated with absorption. It may be the electric field that actually does the dodging or anti-dodging at the finest levels because of the granularity of choice in the temporary appearance and disappearance of fundamental charges within the propagating "discrete" electric field wave. Strong electric fields may not be able to side-step much, because of the presence of nearby other electric fields. Ignoring the reason, we can still try to do tests of the behavior of the weak electric fields. If, in the cases of weakest detectable electric fields, opposite charges are attracted more than the same charges are repelled, then weak attraction is stronger in magnitude than weak repulsion. If, in the cases of weakest detectable electric fields, opposite charges are not attracted more than the same charges are repelled, then weak attraction is not shown to be stronger in magnitude than weak repulsion.
Gravity Is Attractive. Gravity, which we well know by experiment to be attractive, should also by theory be attractive, since I think that it is the weakest electric force. Only very rarely does gravity interact with matter. I think that the attractions in such extremely weak interactions must be favored over repulsion. Both absorptions essentially never have any neighboring electric fields positioned just right so as to force two unstable repulsive absorptions. The gravity interactive force looks ahead to the second absorption and looks behind to the first absorption. It is a total quantum event.
Non-conservative Gravitational Force. The gravitational force (which likely has an electric force basis) can be very much energy non-conservative especially when the gravitational force is applied to matter with large rotational speed about internal horizontal axes. We must invoke the Bessler principle as discussed in Chapters 3 through 9, if we want to understand the acquisition of power associated with the Bessler principle.
Approximations. Despite prior reasons, we may say that crudely or approximately, with respect to total pulls down on the centers of finest opposite charge pairs, the gravitational force is somewhat conservative of translational kinetic energy. That is roughly in agreement with traditional analysis. Because of the separate times of pulls down on individual opposite charges, we may say that, with respect to internal rotations of the charge pairs about their centers, gravity is non-conservative for rotational kinetic energy. Unless the separate times of pulls down on opposite finest charges are ignored, there is no reconciliation with prior traditional analysis, for internal rotational kinetic energy.
Here are some formulas in Eq. A.11, Eq. A.12, and Eq. A.13 for converting between degrees in some temperature scales. The 5/9 factor comes from 100/180. The freezing point of water at 32 degrees Fahrenheit for one atmosphere of pressure is the same temperature as 0 degrees Celsius for one atmosphere of pressure. The boiling point of water at 212 degrees Fahrenheit for one atmosphere of pressure is the same temperature as 100 degrees Celsius for one atmosphere of pressure. The Eq. A.13 is obtained by substituting Eq. A.11 into Eq. A.12. These formulas assume thermal equilibrium is possible and attained according to the zeroth law of thermodynamics. They need not apply in temperature-ambiguous situations, where there are separate internal-rotational and external-translational temperatures.
(A.11) °Celsius = (°Fahrenheit - 32)(5/9)
(A.12) °Kelvin = °Celsius + 273.15
(A.13) °Kelvin = 273.15 + (°Fahrenheit - 32)(5/9)
In section “4.2 Car Power", within the paragraph "Expected Plummeting MPG with Speed", I indicated that "According to this frictional force expectation, car mpg for highway driving should decrease according to the reciprocal of the square of the operating speed (or the reciprocal of the kinetic energy)." I want to give somewhat of a justification of that statement or rather without there being a Bessler principle why we would expect the car mpg to decrease according to the reciprocal of the square of the operating speed. I showed in section “4.2 Car Power", within the paragraph "Increased Friction" that the frictional force by air on the car is typically proportional to the square to the car's speed (v). That is the form of Eq. A.14. Suppose that the total frictional force (F) on the car is of the form of Eq. A.14, where M is the mass of the car, and where k is a constant of proportionality.
(A.14) F = M(dv/dt) = -kv2
The kinetic energy of the car for translation is (1/2)Mv2. The time derivative of the kinetic energy as in Eq. A.15 is the rate of change of kinetic energy per unit of time, where the Eq. A.14 is used. I am somewhat imagining cycles of the kinetic energy being lost to friction followed by replenishment of the lost energy from an engine, which engine consumes energetic fuel.
(A.15) d((1/2)Mv2)/dt = Mv(dv/dt) = vF = v(-kv2) = -kv3
That shows that the loss of energy per unit time is proportional to the cube of the car speed. If such frictional forces are the dominant means of loss of kinetic energy, then kinetic energy loss per unit time would be according to the cube of the car's speed. That loss of energy per unit of time would be proportional to gallons/t or rather the number of gallons of energetic fuel consumed per amount of time (t). The number of miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed (i.e. mpg) is shown in Eq. A.16 where k1 is another constant of proportionality. The number of miles traveled by a car is distance = vt or the car's speed multiplied by the travel time. Thus by Eq. A.16 and without the Bessler principle operating, we would expect that car mpg should decrease proportionally according to the reciprocal of the square of the operating speed of the car (or the reciprocal of the car's kinetic energy = (1/2)Mv2). The primary reason that we don't see such a rapid falling off of mpg with respect to driving speeds is because there actually is a Bessler principle busily operating within our cars. We often just take such data for granted, as that is just what is observed.
(A.16) mpg = distance/gallons = vt/gallons = v(2k1/(Mv3)) = 2k1/(Mv2)
If mpg actually decreased as rapidly as indicated in Eq. A.16, we would see many more economy-minded people driving much more slowly. We don't see this happening much. To save precious time, we often see many people anxious to drive at the largest allowed speeds on the freeways, with apparently little concern for any extra loss of mpg associated with the larger driving speeds. Yes, we can buy more gasoline but buying more time is a completely different matter. I am not the typical driver, as I often drive on the freeways at a slower speed than I could legally travel at. I often follow well behind other vehicles that are also driving slower, so that I do not impede vehicle flow on multi-lane freeways. When I drive on the freeways at lower speeds than the speed limit, I do so for reasons of safety rather than for reasons of fuel economy. Time is extremely precious but life is even more precious. The driver needs to make such balanced choices according to their decisions.
When I drive in town the requirement to brake makes things different. I often try to time my driving (for purposes of fuel efficiency and safety) so as to not lose all my kinetic energy to my brakes, so that I still have some speed prior to traffic lights turning green. Based on the situation, this may require me to sometimes brake ahead of time, when approaching a red traffic light (but without being an obstruction to traffic flow), so as to possibly conserve some kinetic energy and to preserve my safety options. I don't see the need to accelerate up to a red traffic light and then to slam on my brakes. It requires a balanced analysis of the situation. Often such tradeoffs actually saves precious time, as I do not need to restart from zero kinetic/rotation-kinetic energy and zero production of additional rotational kinetic energy from the Bessler principle. I also like to accelerate as slowly as the situation allows, milking more energy from the Bessler principle relative to the energy produced purely by the car engine (that is sans Bessler principle, assuming we could somehow conceptually separate such).
Unification Overview. I thought I would write down an approximate attempt regarding unification of the strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces. For all the forces, there should be just two types of discrete electric fields coming from their corresponding opposite fundamental charges. These opposite fundamental charges are much smaller than the fundamental charge that is commonly spoken of (or about 1.602*10-19C). This speaks of a very fine basis of matter, but I don't know the value of the finest fundamental charge. Both discrete electric fields, coming from opposite fundamental charges, would travel in straight lines until absorbed in either type of fundamental charge by direct capture. The absorption process creates the forces. Either there would be attractive or repulsive impulses, depending upon whether the absorbing charges were opposite or the same with respect to the charges that had previously given the discrete electric fields their origin. There would be no actual magnetic fields or rather they would be a manifestation of the discrete electric fields coming from moving fundamental charges. The strong and weak forces would be different regimes of the interactions associated with either many-briefly or a few of the discrete electric fields being transferred. The weak forces (manifest in types of neutrinos) would have many fewer discrete electric fields than the photon but not as few as with the graviton. The forces interface with various combined states of matter, with all the matter composed of particular amounts of the opposite fundamental charges. Two opposite discrete electric fields traveling together would be a graviton of gravity. I think that a challenge is merging electromagnetics with gravity, so that is where I will currently direct some effort.
Electromagnetic Plan. I will start with the linearized Maxwell's equations in differential form and replace them with the more accurate Hertz field equations. Then I will split out the component discrete electric fields and then add absorption to the Gauss's law for electric fields. It would not be best to use a continuous formalism, when the fundamental things are inherently discrete, but I thought I would do so anyway as a compact approximation and for somewhat historical reasons. The continuous version of the discrete entities may be analytically intractable or wrong, so it should be understood that at some point we should use fine simulations to model the situations. Chapter 2 "GRAVITY BASED ON DISCRETE ELECTRIC FIELDS" and Chapter 3 "BESSLER’S PRINCIPLE" assumed the discrete electric fields approach for dealing with the discrete graviton, which allowed the discrete graviton to be discussed and the calculations be made for the Bessler principle.
Maxwell's Equations. The Eqs. A.17, A.18, A.19, and A.20 show a simple version for Maxwell's linearized equations in differential form, using SI units. One can see electromagnetics books for background discussions.
(A.17)
(A.18)
(A.19)
(A.20)
Hertz's Equations. The Eqs. A.21, A.22, A.23, and A.24 show a simple version for Hertz's equations in differential form. One changes the partial derivatives with respect to time to total derivatives with respect to time in going from Maxwell's equations to Hertz's equations. I am not going to transform them to another relative frame, as the relative assumption process often ignores important absolutes of translation and rotation. You can consider Thomas E. Phipps' transformations, but keep in mind that important "background" matter in each frame should not be ignored during relative frame analysis. In another frame, there are still the same fundamental charges, until new ones are often created as pairs of opposite fundamental charges. In another frame there are the same discrete electric fields, until new ones are created or new ones are absorbed. I think there are preferred frames according to the preponderance of interacting matter, with respect to both translations and rotations. I won't now argue about the details, as I will just defer the situation to the origin of the most energetic cosmic rays for translations and to the Bessler principle for rotations. Both processes exploit absolutes. There is locally a preferred frame with respect to translations. It is locally the frame, within which the discrete electric fields travel at their maximum speed of light. I said "discrete electric fields" instead of light since a photon of light is a large quantum collection of electric fields, which can be slowed down in a medium. There is locally a preferred frame with respect to rotations. It is locally the frame, within which the discrete electric fields travel in straight lines.
(A.21)
(A.22)
(A.23)
(A.24)
Parts of Electric Fields. I think that the so-called electrostatic forces on the charges are really due to the net absorptions of discrete electric fields by the fundamental charges. See Eq. A.2 for the usual situation, but we need to begin to think that the forces are momentum impulses associated with absorption of the discrete electric fields, which fields travel outward in straight lines (in a locally absolute, non-rotating system) at the maximum speed of light. I think we really should break up the electric field E into its veiled fundamental parts, as stated in Eq. A.25. The discrete field vectors, E+ and E-, each show the actual way that the field is traveling. They each travel outward and discretely "point" outward from the fundamental charge that gave them origin. The E+ travels outward from the prior position of the positive fundamental charge that gave it origin. The E- travels outward from the prior position of the negative fundamental charge that gave it origin. I am going from the usual continuous representation to a discrete representation, but I am ignoring various subtleties in doing so. Continuous and discrete spaces obviously don't match. Sizes and units also don't match. It is understood that there sometimes might be enough of the discrete Es, as a function of space and time, so that the previously assumed continuous E fields may serve as an approximation of the discrete situation. We would need to include all the discrete electric fields on the right hand side of Eq. A.25. Each of the discrete electric field vectors are taken to have a motion of the maximum speed of light, to show their path in space and time. Their unit direction is in the direction in which they are moving. Proportionality factors would be needed in the compared simulation spaces so that units can be the same.
(A.25)
Parts of Charge Densities.
Similarly the charge densities,
(A.26)
Gauss Electric Field Parts. We could just substitute Eqs. A.25 and A.26 into the Gauss's law for electric fields, Eqs. A.21 or A.17, to get Eq. A.27. From our understanding of gravity and the propagation of electromagnetic radiation out in free space, we understand that the underlying entities actually travel in straight lines but Eq. A.27 doesn't convey that idea for charges with different signs. Consider again Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, and Fig. 12, where in Fig. 10 and Fig. 12 recall that I was showing the old circles radiating outward at the speed of light that were there prior to moving a charge to new location. To clarify the propagation situation, we really need to break it up so that the discrete fields more obviously travel in their straight lines. So now we can break up the Gauss's law for electric fields, Eqs. A.17 or A.21 into their separate fundamental parts without absorption, as in Eqs. A.28 and A.29. We can do the breakout because of our understanding of how the electric fields arise. That somewhat clarifies the propagations or help the formulas to be somewhat more consistent with our understandings.
(A.27)
(A.28)
(A.29)
Gauss Electric Field Sources/Sinks. But now we need to add in the left out absorptions, as I poorly attempted to do in Eqs. A.30 and A.31. The equations don't show the explicit time and space dependence but should show such. The absorptions are constrained to occur for matchups of the previously existing discrete electric fields for each discrete charge density. The equations attempt to show that absorption of a discrete electric field occurs whenever the discrete electric field coincides with a fundamental charge. The continuous portions of the formulas are not adequate to state the discrete relationships, but I am writing them anyway, as they in tiny part suggest what is going on, though not very well. The discrete absorptions create discrete impulses. Many discrete impulses may be considered as a "force".
(A.30)
(A.31)
Capture of Discrete Electric Fields. The delta functions are governed by the es. The delta functions are 0 or 1. The delta functions are used to specify whether or not there is an overlap and thus a capturing or absorption of a discrete electric field by a fundamental charge. The delta functions are 0 when there is no overlap thus avoiding absorption and 1 when there is overlap causing absorption of the discrete electric field. The e’s govern the discrete electric field capture cross sections. The Es specify directions of motion of their electric fields for particular locations and times. The Es discretely move at the constant maximum speed of light in nearly undeviating directions. We should not assume that the e’s are pure constants. Our knowledge, of so-called electrostatics, suggests that for close or large electric fields (without anything else to do extra absorption in between) all the e’s are basically the same constant value. I like to think of mobile fundamental charges not being able to side-step being repulsively captured so that electrostatic repulsion and attraction forces are essentially the same. It may actually be a case of the dense fields not able to slightly side-step the fundamental charges. After the electric fields are weaker, I think that there is a favoring of attractive forces so then e-- = e++ < e+- = e-+. In the limit of the least intense electric fields associated with quantized gravity, I think that the attractive portion completely dominates the repulsive portion (so effectively e-- = e++ = 0). Since the situation is actually discrete and the absorptions need not be symmetric with respect to the electric fields, the continuous divergence is not adequate in Eqs. A.30 and A.31 for describing what is discretely going on. Tiny balls or rather tiny off-and-on-again fundamental-charge-sized balls, moving at the maximum speed of light, with capture cross sections attached to the fundamental charges, might be more descriptive of the absorptions.
Parts of Magnetic Fields. I will continue the process of breaking out the equations, but I am a little hesitant about putting explicit absorption terms in the magnetic divergence equation, Eqs. A.18 or A.22, as I figure that the discrete electric fields are the only real discrete fields. I think that the artificial magnetic fields can be effectively produced or absorbed, as they travel outward in straight lines at the greatest speed of light, because it is actually the electric fields that are produced or absorbed. The magnetic fields are somewhat a superfluous or additional cosmetic descriptive to the electric fields, just as a derivative (or function showing the slopes) is somewhat a superfluous or extra cosmetic description of a function. It doesn't contain any new information. It is just a different way to look at the existing information. I think that the magnetic fields are often formed from the presence of the discrete electric fields proceeding outward from moving fundamental charges. Discrete electric fields, E+ and E-, are needed to create approximately the magnetic fields, B+ and B-, which are associated with motion of their respectively labelled fine fundamental charges. Those approximate magnetic fields are created and absorbed, as their constituent discrete electric fields (coming from the moving charges) are created and absorbed. All those constituent electric fields may need to be absorbed for the magnetic fields to be absorbed, which can in part account for the sometimes great penetration properties of the so-called static magnetic fields. Just as there is nothing actually static about the so-called static electric fields, there is nothing actually static about the so-called static magnetic fields. Eq. A.32 shows the separate portions of the magnetic fields respectively originally due to the separate motions of positive and negative fundamental charges. Previously in the old theory we often spoke of a single type of magnetic field due to an electric current. We didn't care much whether it was the motion of positive charges going one way or negative charges going the other way as long as a particular current was produced. Now there is a distinction in the magnetic fields whether the field was obtained by the motion of positive or negative fundamental charges. Both magnetic fields may cause a compass needle to deflect the same way, but there is a big difference in the type of fundamental discrete fields that cause the magnetic fields.
(A.32)
Gauss Magnetic Field Parts. Inserting Eq. A.32 into Gauss's law for magnetic fields, Eqs. A.18 or A.22 gives Eq. A.33. Breaking up Eq. A.33 into the separate parts would be Eqs. A.34 and A.35. I think it is fair to break up the equation into two separate equations, since they are caused by motions of completely distinct physical entities. We again note that the continuous mathematics is only a crude approximation of the discrete fields actually requiring a discrete mathematics or simulation.
(A.33)
(A.34)
(A.35)
Gauss Magnetic Field Sources/Sinks. Going ahead to add absorption to Eqs. A.34 and A.35 results in Eqs. A.36 and A.37, if one wants to show explicit absorption instead of implicit absorption of the electric fields. The delta function of the fundamental charges with the discrete magnetic fields tries to show that the discrete absorption of the discrete magnetic fields only occurs where there is overlap between the two. Though it may appear so, when a compass needle is caused to point north, there is not actually a constant magnetic field hanging out in space. There are actually discrete E radiations that go outward from multiple moving charge sources within the earth that behave like a constant magnetic field. I will shortly assume that approximately b+- = b++ = b-- = b-+ = 0 and ignore the magnetic fields, since I think that fundamentally the magnetic fields are actually artificial or for convenience. They might be absorbed as the constituent actual outward flowing E+ and/or E- fields are absorbed. At some point we should just remove all the magnetic fields and let the discrete electric fields describe the actual physical situations for all the forces. I think that the magnetic fields are an artificial-convenient-historical holdover. The magnetic fields are very convenient for summarizing information. Though they describe useful phenomena, they are not fundamental by themselves but rather I think that they are a composite of the fundamental discrete electric fields, E+ and E-. I have a problem with units in Eqs. A.36 and A.37 requiring a scale factor that I left out but we shouldn’t even try to describe such discrete situations using a continuous formula anyway, so I am not worrying about units of something that I will zero out anyway.
(A.36)
(A.37)
Ampere's Law. I am continuing with breaking out of the Hertz version of Ampere's law, shown in Eq. A.23. See Eq. A.38 for a break out of the current density according to the motion of the fundamental charges (+ and -). We get Eq. A.39 from Eq. A.23 by substituting using Eqs. A.32, A.38, and A.25. We break out A.39 into the fundamental or constituent portions shown in Eqs. A.40 and A.41. What was my rationale for such a breakout? I was thinking we consider the physical situation for just one fundamental charge type at a time. These equations don't show the proper absorption-discrete-temporal relationships.
(A.38)
(A.39)
(A.40)
(A.41)
Faraday's Law. I am continuing with breaking out of the Hertz version of Faraday's law, shown in Eq. A.24. We get Eq. A.42 from Eq. A.24 by substituting using Eqs. A.25 and A.32. Considering just one fundamental charge type at a time, we could break out A.42 into the fundamental or constituent portions shown in Eqs. A.43 and A.44. These equations don't show the proper absorption-discrete-temporal relationships. Even if I am not correctly breaking out these equations correctly and the above Ampere's law equations, it shouldn't matter much, since I will below ignore the magnetic portions.
(A.42)
(A.43)
(A.44)
Photon Basis. If we know the approximate charge densities, the current densities, and the electric fields, we will know the approximate “divergences” and “curls” of the magnetic fields. Similarly, if we know the charge densities, the approximate current densities, and the magnetic fields, we will know the approximate “divergences” and “curls” of the electric fields. The equations allow almost a translation from one to the other, if they were continuous, but they are not continuous. That almost translation is partly why we could consider the magnetic portions, as being essentially artificial or cosmetic versions of the electric fields. A discrete photon of light seems to have both electric and magnetic fields but I think that the carriers or constituents of both the normal “transverse” fields are the two types of the actual longitudinal-flowing discrete-electric-fields. There are very many of the discrete electric fields in each discrete photon. Normally in theoretically continuous wave propagation the electric fields are orthogonal or perpendicular to the magnetic fields and both are perpendicular to the motion of the wave. I am not here repeating the usual derivations of the continuous Hertzian wave motion in the supposed absence of charge densities. The discrete actual basis of the photon and the underlying longitudinal motion, of the E+ and E- actual electric fields, resolves the apparent discrepancy of transverse fields somehow having only longitudinal motion. I think it was because we previously didn't understand that the actual carriers of the fields were the two types of actual longitudinal electric fields.
There are fundamentally no actual transverse electric fields and no actual transverse magnetic fields in the photon or the electromagnetic waves. Both those continuous field types are artificial extraneous constructs that may be formed from actual underlying E+ and E- discrete electric fields that each longitudinally propagate from their own discrete finest fundamental charges. That mostly resolves the riddle of supposedly transverse waves for having longitudinal motion. Those transverse waves were not the most fundamental constituents. It doesn’t resolve how photons stay together but I suppose that temporary fundamental charges may temporarily emit very-short-range discrete electric fields that can provide some attraction. Another more likely possibility is that there can be unified quantum solutions to the photons that cause their discrete electric fields to stay together in similar fashion to how the discrete electric fields of the graviton stay together. Detailed discrete calculations or simulations may be needed for more study. The transverse waves were only a misunderstood manifestation of the actual-separate longitudinal-discrete electric fields. I am here neither going through complicated discrete simulations nor going through complicated discrete calculations as “proof” of these things, so my statements may be taken as conjectures. One might imagine the discrete electric fields coming from a variety of moving charges, to come up with their own “proofs”. As an example, if one could somehow imagine a positive (or a negative) fundamental charge of just one type somehow moved up and down, it might produce partial “photons” of a “single” type of electric field. Would one need background discrete fields coming from opposite fundamental charges to join with those electric fields to make stable photons? I think that ordinary positive charges (protons) or ordinary negative charges (electrons) contain both fundamental charge types, though with an excess of one type.
The normal combined electric and combined magnetic "fields" may have many practical applications but they are not the most fundamental entities.
Arrangements. I was wondering if there could be loose pairings or loose groupings of discrete electric fields to produce the penetrating magnetic fields. Maybe after a pull or pushed absorption of a discrete electric field there is a new electric field continuing out the opposite side of the fundamental charge. Would there be a slight delay associated with the new field? Such an absorption or non-absorption might be slightly like the attractive pull-downs of electric fields by gravitons in photons, with the electric fields in the photons continuing but displaced. I am not sure of the arrangements of electric fields composing the magnetic fields that allow them to penetrate so much. I am not sure of the arrangements of electric fields composing the neutrinos/antineutrinos that allow them to penetrate so much. I am not sure of the exact soliton solutions of the photons that allow them to continue on as an entire quantum arrangement. Maybe others can figure out or learn about such things.
Force Breakout. Now,
consider the collective total normal electromagnetic force on a charge in Eq.
A.45. Eq. A.46 shows the breakup of a
normal charge into its fundamental charges.
Note that q+ and q- are both nonnegative. Eq. A.47 shows the forces or impulses of
momentum on the individual portions of the indicated fundamental charges. Eq. A.48 is found by substituting into Eq.
A.45 using Eq. A.47, Eq. A.46, Eq. A.25, and Eq. A.32. The “
(A.45)
(A.46)
(A.47)
(A.48)
(A.49)
(A.50)
Impulses by Absorption.
Recall Eq. A.30, Eq. A.31, Eq. A.36, and Eq. A.37, which approximate
equations I am repeating, for the “divergences” of the Es and Bs broken
out. If the charge density is computed
over the volume
(A.30 repeat)
(A.31 repeat)
(A.36 repeat)
(A.37 repeat)
(A.51)
(A.52)
Simplification of Forces. I think that the first portions, of the forces in Eq. A.49 and Eq. A.50 on a fundamental charge, depend upon absorption by the charge. I think that the second portions of the forces in Eq. A.49 and Eq. A.50 on a charge moving in a magnetic field, depend upon absorption but I will ignore it so as not to double count that portion of the force. It is experimentally difficult to verify the slight loss of some of the magnetic field, since a new source magnetic field is introduced by the motion of the charge, as was brought out in Ampere's law. It seems reasonable that for there to be a force there must be some sort of a reaction or a discrete absorption. I think that the reactions are fundamentally absorptions or electric field captures. Again, I think that we could totally ignore the magnetic fields, if we fully treat the discrete electric field production from earlier moving fundamental charges and later absorption of the discrete electric fields. These forces are not any sort of continuous forces but rather momentum impulses. There is one impulse associated with each discrete absorption. Since, I set all the b’s to zero, namely, b++ = b-+ = b+- = b-- = 0, Eq. A.51 and Eq. A.52 simplify to Eq. A.53 and Eq. A.54 so that the magnetic forces are not double counted. One might be able to verify the somewhat conventional magnetic force behaviors, using sufficiently detailed simulations, after averaging out many impulses that create the old forces. The full situation in Eq. A.53 and Eq. A.54 is the accumulation of the momentum impulses applied to the masses of the respective fundamental charges. The masses of the fundamental opposite charges are assumed to be equal. The charges of the fundamental opposite charges are assumed to be equal but opposite. Making those assumptions, makes gravity and the Bessler principle reasonably well balanced. Any continuous potential that we may choose are strictly not physical, as it is the discrete electric fields that are the actual physical entities. Though inherently flawed, potentials can sometimes be used with care, to arrive at approximate engineering solutions to some problems, for some cases of much missing information. The approximate Hertz's equations and the even more approximate Maxwell's equations can be used with caution as engineering approximations where much of the details are missing, but it should be understood that they are quite flawed. After taking out some flaws and extraneous information, I think that the surviving four equations are Eq. A.53, Eq. A.54, Eq. A.30, and Eq. A.31. We should keep in mind that the approximate divergences in Eq. A.30 and Eq. A.31 need to be replaced by simulations that allow for production of vast numbers of "almost isotropic" outgoing discrete electric fields originating from the discrete charge densities, while absorbing only incoming electric fields according to their capture cross sections. The capture cross sections within the e’s depend upon the incoming discrete electric fields. The Es within Eq. A.53 and Eq. A.54 are understood to be those absorbed by the fundamental charges that the forces or rather impulses are calculated upon. I included the delta functions explicitly to try to clarify the situation. It is all rather unwieldy. It requires great amounts of time and space dependent information for vast numbers of fundamental charges and the discrete electric fields coming from or being absorbed by the fundamental charges. The completely correct situation needs the knowledge of God, knowing the exact fundamental charge locations with time and the exact discrete electric fields with time. As a limited example of this type of complete knowledge, a man (Moses) was shown by God all the particles of this earth, see Moses 1:27.
(A.53)
(A.54)
(A.30 repeat)
(A.31 repeat)
Some Unification Subtleties. There are some subtleties that somehow need to be put into the calculations such as (1) the fundamental charges effectively somewhat avoiding absorptions of locally-mobile repulsive-weak electric-fields, as if the fundamental charges or fields know what might happen otherwise, (2) the fundamental charges effectively somewhat seeking absorptions of locally-mobile attractive-weak electric-fields, as if the fundamental charges or fields know what might happen otherwise, (3) the mobile fundamental charges or fields in the ultra-weak gravity situation apparently knowing what will happen with the other fundamental charges or fields with respect to absorption, (4) variation of the electric-field absorption values according to strength of electric fields, and (5) absorption slight-time-delays of the discrete fields, associated with the slower motion of the fields traveling at the maximum speed of light in the frame of the most “interacting” material. I think it is hard to put such details into the formulas but heuristics (based upon experimental results) can be put into numerical simulations to cover the cases of the fundamental forces.
Experiment Trumps Theory. One might argue that allowing such heuristics is not unification at all. If so, that person can try to do better. One can completely ignore my "discrete theory" but I hope that my many experimental tests are not so easily ignored. I am not mathematically providing a theory based upon contiguous structures, since such is definitely not the correct means for describing an experimentally-implied discrete physics. People shouldn't speak against such things as the Bessler principle, if they do not even consider the experiments to test out whether or not such a principle has supporting evidence. Experiment is more important than theory in the world of physics. Any theory of whatever type must be subject to experiment. One can complain that the unification heuristics are strange, but if the strange principles correctly model what is actually happening in nature, then the person shouldn't be complaining about the strangeness of nature.
Unified Forces. The forces are the discrete acquisitions of momentum impulses associated with the absorption of the discrete electric fields, E+ and E-. For ultra-weak, ultra-long-range attractive gravity, e++ = e-- = 0, e+- = e-+. There are two discrete electric fields that carry or compose the graviton. I suppose that there are quantum solutions of some discrete electric fields that carry the very-long-range weak forces. For unattenuated electric fields, e++ = e-- = e+- = e-+. The electric forces are provided by the discrete electric fields. The magnetic forces are provided by the discrete electric fields. Within the quantum long-range photon, there are many discrete electric fields. In the unattenuated electric field situation, there are many discrete electric fields traveling nearby. For short-range strong forces, there is a mixture of both great attenuation and close unattenuated situations, associated both with and within the quantum masses involved.
Forces Never Energy Conservative. It has been said that all the fundamental forces are energy conservative. After reading this book, it is my hope that the reader will acquire an understanding that none of the fundamental forces are ever energy conservative. That is the “forces” never conserve energy. The forces on a very rough or approximate scale can be made to appear to be energy conservative, when fictitious potentials are introduced, and when the finest details are ignored. When the finest details are not ignored and accurate experiments are done, it should be well understood that the “forces” are never energy conservative, as the carriers of the forces are absorbed. It is the absorption process itself that creates the “forces” or actual impulses.
Calculation Shortcuts. Though the theory should be explicitly discrete, it should be noted that in the interest of saving computation time, we can often make some calculation shortcuts assuming prior continuous theory to speed up calculations and arrive at approximately correct results. Corrections can often be applied to somewhat account for having neglected the more exact discrete calculations.
Calculation Subtleties. There are some calculation subtleties according to such things as the two-part (early-later) absorptions of the graviton knowing what happened to the other absorption so that they are in perfect agreement. If knowing can extend locally in space and time, it should not be surprising that the knowing can extend much further in space and time (both forward and backward) such as to the idea of there being an omniscient God. Since all things in this infinite everywhere-expanding universe are connected, these calculation subtleties might in principle extend to even larger distances and times, such as agreement between what actually happens and the will of God. Exact “calculations” would require full knowledge, according to the full knowledge possessed by omniscient God, including full knowledge of “initial” conditions. Without such precise knowledge or in the absence of such precise knowledge beyond an information veil, one might sometimes approximately determine the situations, according to particular heuristics.
Because of the discrete nature of space, the motion of an individual electric field is not in a perfectly straight mathematical line. I suppose that provides enough finest “wiggle room” so that, as an electric field of a graviton travels along, it will be able to encounter or not encounter a particular finest fundamental charge to either be attractively absorbed or not according to the same decision of its companion electric field. Thus for a graviton either both the electric fields will be attractively absorbed or neither according to the knowledge of the absorption choice of the other. That would be a special rule in the theory that would allow the Bessler principle to operate for the case of absorption of two-part gravitons. Generally the lower elevation finest-fundamental-charge attractively absorbs its electric field before the higher elevation finest-fundamental-charge attractively absorbs the other electric field. Gravitons could be formed when the formation constraints are met. See section 2.3 for the formation and absorption constraint conditions. Though such a theory could be approximately implemented to produce approximately correct results, a fully correct implementation would appear to require the completely correct knowledge possessed by God.
A Quantum Note. The prior quantum mechanics using potential and kinetic energies allowed “particles” to penetrate potential barriers. It should not be surprising that “particles” made up of collections of many finest fundamental particles can penetrate “potential” barriers, since the continuous potential barriers are approximations of the actual situation of flowing of discrete electric fields, which need not fully block the progress or penetration of large quantum collections of finest-discrete fundamental-quantum particles.
Degree or Half Degree. If
someone wants to know how big a degree is, the person can consider that
diameters of the sun’s photosphere and the moon are each about half a degree wide, as viewed
from the earth. Since
there are 360° in a circle, the number of degrees
subtended is the fraction of a circle's circumference that is subtended times 360°. According to the formulas associated with
Fig. 2, C = 2
Here is a calculation of the minimum cylinder surface for a cylinder of a fixed mass (M) and density (ρ). Show that a cylinder of radius (r) and length (L) has a minimum surface, when L = 2r.
The volume of the cylinder (V) would be V = Lr2. The surface area (S) of the cylinder would be S = 2r2 + 2rL. That volume and surface area were calculated with some help from some formulas associated with Fig. 2. The cylinder’s density is ρ = M/V = M/(Lr2). Since its mass is a fixed constant, M = ρLr2 is a constant. That means that the length can be expressed in terms of the radius by L = M/(ρr2). We then have S = 2r2 + 2rL = 2r2 + 2rM/(ρr2). So then S = 2r2 + 2M/(ρr) shows only variations of the surface with r. That is the dependence on L was removed by expressing S only in terms of r.
We want to minimize the surface area (S) with respect to changes in r. That would mean that the derivative of S with respect to r is zero. So 0 = dS/(dr) = 4r - 2M/(ρr2). Rearranging gives r3 = M/(2ρ) or r = (M/(2ρ))(1/3). Using that we can rearrange L = M/(ρr2) as L = (M/(ρ))(2ρ/M)(2/3) or L = (4M/(ρ))(1/3). Now we can calculate (r/L) = (M/(2ρ))(1/3) (ρ/(4M))(1/3) = (1/8)(1/3) = 1/2 = r/L. Thus L = 2r which is what we wanted to show. If we rotate a cylinder in space about its axis of symmetry, then to have the minimum surface area associated with that cylinder, it should have its length equal to twice its radius. Its length should be the same as its diameter, as we indicated in 15.8 “More Discussion”.
I am not doing an “improved” calculation by weighting more the surface elements that have greater speed squared with respect to the air. I suppose that would favor a longer cylinder to favor less friction with the air. I suspect we can see results in space suggesting the Bessler principle, without using this Appendix A.8 calculation. If we don’t need this A.8 calculation, we shouldn’t need an improved calculation. I think that doing the tests and experiments is more important than doing the calculations, but others are welcome to do other calculations to give insight. If “pure” vacuum of space is used, then the calculations don’t matter at all.
Here are some of the mathematical relations associated with roller bearings for which the radius of the central cylinder is twice the radius of one of the I intermediate cylinders. See Fig. 58 for the most useful example of I = 9, where I is the number of intermediate cylinders, R is the radius of an intermediate cylinder, 2R is the radius of the central cylinder, and 4R is the inside radius of the containing cylinder. The condition of the radius of the central cylinder being twice the radius of the intermediate cylinders allows surfaces to be grown. That geometry allows a surface grown on an intermediate cylinder to have its complementary pattern replicated twice on the central cylinder and four times on the inside of the containing cylinder.
Angle between Centers. From the bearing center, the angle between the centers of two adjacent intermediate cylinders is 360°/I.
Angular Extent of an Intermediate Cylinder. From the bearing center, the sine of half the angular extent of an intermediate cylinder is R/(3R) = 1/3. See Fig. 59 for some understanding of that relationship. That means that with respect to the bearing center, the angular extent of an intermediate cylinder is 2arcsine(1/3) = 38.942441268981382738491998679925 degrees. I could easily do that calculation to a large number of significant figures by pushing a few buttons using the calculator found on a PC running Windows 10. In 1717, J. E. E. Orffyreus/Bessler would have needed to greatly struggle mathematically to obtain a few significant figures of that calculation.
Angular Extent of Intermediate Cylinders. From the bearing center, the total angular extent of the intermediate cylinders is 2I*arcsine(1/3). That means that the remaining angles available for lobe growth is 360° - 2I*arcsine(1/3). The average or ideal angular gap for lobe growth would be (360° - 2I*arcsine(1/3))/I = (360°/I - 2*arcsine(1/3)).
Upper Bound on Number of Intermediate Cylinders. The number of intermediate cylinders that can fit within a roller bearing would be 360°/(2arcsine(1/3)) = 9.244412735066789882842537156039 to a large number of significant figures. Since we could only use whole intermediate cylinders, the maximum number of intermediate cylinders would be limited to 9. Thus, we have I ≤ 9. Nine intermediate cylinders would provide the most mechanical support for such a bearing. That was the number that Bessler used in each of his roller bearings.
Distance between Adjacent Centers. The ideal distance between centers of adjacent intermediate cylinders would be ((3R)2 +(3R)2 – 2(3R)(3R)cos(360°/I)).5 = 3R(2-2cos(360°/I)).5.
Thickness of Separation Plates. The thickness of the ideal separation plates would be t according to Eq. A.55.
(A.55) t = 3R(2-2cos(360°/I)).5 - 2R = R(3(2-2cos(360°/I)).5 - 2)
Estimate of Rolling-without-slipping Angle. How far in relative angle could a largest grown lobe roll without slipping so that it could stay in contact with its corresponding lobe hole? We could use a heuristic to estimate the rolling angle of 2ψ so ψ = half the total rolling without slipping angle of 2ψ. A largest lobe could be extended by t/2 a distance beyond the original or unaltered or effective rolling radius of an intermediate cylinder. Thus, taking a straight tangent from the original cylinder of radius R would extend to a larger radius of R + t/2 by going through an angle of ψ = half the total rolling without slipping angle of 2ψ. The extra coverage angle of the extended cylinder ((by extra radius of t/2) is heuristically estimated to be the relative rolling without slipping angle of the maximum lobe of size t/2. Then using Eq. A.55, we could estimate cos(ψ) = R/ (R + (t/2)) = 2R/(2R + t) = 2R/(2R + R(3(2-2cos(360°/I)).5 – 2)) = 2/((3(2-2cos(360°/I)).5)). Thus, we have 2ψ in Eq. A.56 which is the total estimated relative angle for rolling without slipping. For I=9, we get a value of about 25.881858508° which is somewhat close to the value that I measured from Bessler’s bearing specification final figure of 25.8°. See the paragraph “Relative Rotation Angle” and the following four paragraphs (including the paragraph “Calculation of Relative Rotation Angle”) within “B.3 Some Little Book Analysis”. Using that straight line tangent heuristic to compute the relative rotation angle, we don’t need to go through a more complicated heuristic of computing the angle of intersection of the effective rolling curve (concave or convex according the surface being rolled upon) with maximum grown cylinder surface (of extra radius t/2), then correcting for the relative local angle (subtracting or adding), and then doubling the corrected angle. I am not doing those more complicated heuristic calculations here. I guess that they give very close to the same value as the straight tangent heuristic, if not the identical value.
(A.56) 2ψ = 2arccos(2/((3(2-2cos(360°/I)).5)))
One can test for the slight failure of Gauss's law for electric fields. If Gauss's law for electric fields is found not to hold, then energy is not conserved. Energy would not be conserved if electric fields were discretely absorbed. We should not ignore situations where the total gravitational “field” is nearly "zero". As they are actually discrete, the fields don't just merely cancel out, but have important fundamental effects. Discrete gravity fields do not conserve energy upon absorption. With absorption of discrete gravitational fields, Gauss's law for gravity would not hold. The electromagnetic field equations are useful engineering approximations of the actual discrete situation. Traditional energy conservation analysis contains incorrect assumptions. The electric and gravitational forces are not energy conservative. It may be possible to test for the magnitude of the repulsive electric forces being less than the attractive electric forces for the case of very weak electric fields and test charges. Formulas were given for converting between the most common temperature scales. If the total frictional force on a car is proportional to the square to the car's speed, then without the Bessler principle operating, we would expect that car mpg should decrease proportionally according to the reciprocal of the square of the operating speed of the car. An attempt has been made to unify the forces. The moon and the sun are each about half a degree wide, as viewed from the earth. The surface of a cylinder, of a constant mass and density, is minimized when its diameter is equal to its length. Some of the mathematical relations were calculated for roller bearings having grown surfaces.
The chiasmus is a type of Hebraic poetry. The chiasmus or a chiasm is a pattern then repeated in the opposite order. A simple example of a second level chiasm is "Old King Cole was a merry old soul, and a merry old soul was he." If you counted the “was” as a separate level, it would be a third level chiasm. The center of the chiasmus is “and” but the center does not serve as a separate chiastic level.
An attempt has been made to decode the major chiastic structures of the portion of Bessler's Apologia that he calls "this little book". See my file http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerLittleBookChiastic.txt for a prior chiastic structure analysis of Bessler's little book. In his little book Bessler speaks of his chiastic bearing and his chiastic principle. For much extra efficiency, the very low friction Orffyrean roller bearings (after being reinvented) could be used within almost all types of engines.
Examples of Chiasms in Scriptures. Here are some example references to chiasms in the scriptures: Exodus chapter 15; Matthew 19:30; Ether 13:12; Mark 10:31; Matthew 20:16; Luke 13:30; Jacob 5:63; Mosiah 3:18-19; Alma 12:35-37; Alma 32:5; Alma chapter 36; the entire 15 chapters of The Book of Ether (though its chiastic center, corresponding to the words “Jesus Christ”, is located in chapter 3). There are many more examples.
Many Chiasms. Bessler's 1716/1717 book had a full title of Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE. Apologia, which had two separate second-level chiasms in its full title. One could argue that the first chiasm in the title had three chiastic levels because of the “sche”. That may suggest that the first part of his book may have an important special chiasm included in it but I will not emphasize such a level breakout. As suggested below, I suspect that there were a huge number of Hebraic-chiastic levels within a portion of his complete chiastic book containing many chiasms. Another portion, Bessler's little book, was intended to have far reaching importance because of the far reaching Bessler principle involved and his bearing, which bearing allowed his principle to be so easily manifest. Bessler helped express and encode the situation using chiasms.
Chiastic correspondences need not be word for word matches but can show matching of similar ideas or even opposite ideas. Though these things were not specifically called out by Bessler in his little book, here are some example chiastic things of importance: (E) radial outward spreading of energy in all directions from all fine matter by gravitons to provide more rotations of fine matter upon absorption, (L) life spreading out from some seeds on new volcanic islands, (W) spherical radiating corona about the sun from atmosphere edges, (R) rotating planets, (H) wheels rotating about horizontal axes, at low friction using Bessler principle providing power for wheel rotation, (P) whirlwinds, (O) wind turbines, (G) seeds to new growing plants to seeds, (S) plants to seeds to plants, chickens to eggs to chickens, (C) life cycles of new-matter formation, (A) human ancestry, (X) world history chiastically centered about the Lord, (A) fundamental charge ancestry, (C) cycles of pre-post-life, (S) fundamental matter to gravitons to new fundamental matter, (G) gravitons to new matter from starlight to gravitons, (O) rotations of spiral galaxies, (P) paths of the planets, (H) snowflake formation by rotations about horizontal axes, (R) rotating nuclear-ground-states, (W) spherical blanket of radiating air gently warming the earth, (L) some stars in galaxies becoming seeds for new spreading-out galaxies, and (E) constant-cosmic-expansion of the universe in radial outward spreading of space in all directions to provide more opportunities for absorptions of gravitons by light. I provided somewhat arbitrary letters in parenthesis to help the reader see the matching chiastic pattern parts that I was considering.
Often the centers of chiasms are marked by the letter "X" or the Greek letter chi or "X". Sometimes there is special emphasis on the centers of chiasms. To assist in keeping one's chiastic place without the aid of labels, the reader of such chiasms may sometimes keep a finger from each hand near each corresponding chiastic end, as the reader works inward on the chiasm. When allowed, I try to insert little marks or labels after I figure out a possible chiastic level correspondence, to make it easier to spot the next time that I consider it. Upon rewriting, indentions of the levels may help identify the chiastic structure and may physically show the left side of the "X". The next paragraphs suggest that Bessler usually used his “x” marks as something different than the chiastic centers. I think that he used them as guideposts for chiastic analysis.
Search for Chiasms. I saw on http://www.free-energy.co.uk/html/books_for_sale.html that Collins had five books for sale including Apologia Poetica. I ordered a copy of Apologia Poetica from https://www.lulu.com/ on 23 Sep 2017. The Apologia Poetica or AP08 was published in 2008 and was edited by John Collins. It contains a transcription in modern font from the original German along with a translation into English of Bessler’s 1716/1717 book, Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE. I looked for and found some chiasms in it. Some others with better knowledge of German and access to the Bible in German might be in a better position to further study the situation, to see if they can find more chiasms and to see if the writings provide further information related to Bessler’s invention.
Chiastic Analyses of Two Sections. Bessler’s little book is contained in section XLVI of Part One of AP08. I will first do a chiastic analysis of that section XLVI and then I will do a chiastic analysis of the next section XLVII. I selected that section XLVII, which has numbered questions with their answers, because it was relatively easy to figure out where the x’s should be located in the English translation, even though the translation from German to English unfortunately left them out. There was essentially no confusion due to changes in word order during the translation because those x’s happened to occur where there was little confusion about their placement. The x’s were required chiastic level boundary markers. Elsewhere in AP08, when Bessler inserted an NB, I suspect that meant that it was Not a chiastic Boundary or Nicht Binden. I think that Bessler put his x’s and NB’s at the ends of his lines in AP08 so as to allow the chiastic structure to more easily flow from one language to another. In my analysis, I am using the English translated words found in AP08 pp. 295-298. Others who are more skilled in German than I am could do chiastic analyses of other sections. From my limited analysis, it would appear that each section in AP08 was associated with its own chiasm. That had the practical advantage of allowing Bessler to write his sections using both ordinary poetry and chiastic poetry, without having to carefully reference back to other sections. If people do not agree with my analyses, they are most welcome to do their own. There is sometimes an artful subjectivity associated with such analyses. It was therefore quite valuable that Bessler inserted his x’s so as to narrow down the possibilities for the chiastic interpretations. In some cases he didn’t need to insert x’s, since other things constrained the chiastic interpretations or bindings. One might ask why I associated 1717 with XLVII. The L visually looks somewhat like a numeral one so XLVII is like an X17, which could be interpreted as a single level chiasm of the 17 itself or rather 1717. I think Bessler was having all sorts of fun playing his chiastic games. Sometimes one can figure out what he was doing and sometimes it is a bit more challenging to stretch our thinking of things to his way.
Section XLVI Chiastic Analysis.
1717
_ eminent gentlemen
_ _ questions
_ _ _ not be revealed prematurely
_ _ _ _ greed is an evil plant
_ _ _ _ _ anvil receives many
_ _ _ _ _ _ blows
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ driver drives
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ runner runs
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ seer sees
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ buyer buys
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rain … snow … shotgun
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bow … fat, lazy, plump horses … flail … clubs
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cat … mice … dog
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wheel … wheel … wheels
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ resplendent
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ turns … spins
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ animal
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ vegetable
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ matter … sulphur, salt and mercury
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ qualities of the elements
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Saturn
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mars
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Jupiter
_ _ _ _ _ _ spreads itself through every
_ _ _ _ _ crab … Poltergeists
_ _ _ _ softly … softly
_ _ _ be thwarted in his desires
_ _ questions
_ high rank
XLVII
Section XLVII Chiastic Analysis.
eminence … Eminence
_ No
_ _ expense … places
_ _ _ I … I … I
_ _ _ _ drink … thirsty … drink
_ _ _ _ _ buries … scarcely deserves to live
_ _ _ _ _ _ construct
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ strength and health
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ assurance
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ craftsmanship
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ reveal
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ craftsmen … workmanship
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ guarantee … ensure
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ time, trouble and money
_ _ _ _ _ _ built
_ _ _ _ _ seized up
_ _ _ _ snowed … frosts … lightning
_ _ _ I … I … I
_ _ money … towns, hills and meadows
_ no
too great
Section LV. I also did a chiastic analysis of the section LV just preceding The Orffyreus Declaration of Faith. See pp. 133-134 and 309-310 of AP08. I thought I should do so to see if the declaration of faith reached back chiastically into the prior sections. It appears to not reach backward chiastically. During the analysis, I noted that at the end of the section that the Ps. 58. v. 12. doesn’t exist in my Bible so I think that the words that Bessler associates with it were meant to be artificial. He did that to introduce the chiastic word “JUST”. I also noted that the translated words, “THE COUNSEL OF THE LORD SHALL STAND”, that he associated with Prov. 21. v. 30. effectively formed a chiasm or an x. I think that that little x effectively constrained the chiastic search, just as if he had inserted an x instead. I will show that chiasm in my analysis, using the English translated words by John Collins and using the words of Proverbs 21:30 “There is no wisdom nor understanding nor counsel against the Lord.” Notice that the chiastic center of section LV is the word “reveal”, which word is the same chiastic center as in section XLVII. I suppose that it is appropriate that the title of Part One of AP08 is “FROM BIRTH TO REVELATION” as we see on p. 242. Bessler seemed to be having fun with the chiastic puzzles that he was providing to the careful poet. Still, I think that there were important serious scientific and spiritual messages underlying his puzzles.
Section LV Chiastic Analysis.
Judge
_ praise
_ _ God … God
_ _ _ reveal
_ _ God
_ praise
_ COUNSEL OF THE LORD
_ _ STAND
_ _ _ no
_ _ _ _ wisdom
_ _ _ nor
_ _ understanding
_ counsel against the Lord
JUST
Part Two Prologue. I thought that I should do a chiastic analysis of the Prologue found in Part Two of AP08 (pp. 146-148 and 316). By my doing it, I think that it shows that there is little or no extension of the potentially large level chiastic structure(s) from Bessler’s declaration of faith into Part Two. The chiastic structure certainly does not extend into the Prologue, which is very close to the beginning of Part Two. That should make it easier to chiastically tackle Bessler’s declaration of faith. The “1716” mentioned off to the side in the Prologue (seemingly without any reason other than to specify the date of Wagner’s lying publication) contains a very tiny chiasm about the 7 or rather ones about the seven, which is I think why he wrote it off to the side. I included it in my analysis. Because of the presence of the “6” it was not quite a palindrome. Also off to the side, there was the verse John 8:44, “Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.” That verse also contains a chiasm which I included in my analysis. Where those chiasms appear, I figure that they stand as effective x’s or partial boundary breaks for the chiastic analysis.
Part Two Prologue Chiastic Analysis.
Christian
_ Wagner
_ _ conscience
_ _ _ hateful blasphemies
_ _ _ _ People
_ _ _ _ _ 1
_ _ _ _ _ _ 7
_ _ _ _ _ 1
_ _ _ _ _ untruths
_ _ _ _ _ _ Prince of Lies himself
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ye are of
_ _ _ _ _ _ your father the devil
_ _ _ _ _ _ father
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ not in the truth
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ no truth
_ _ _ _ _ _ father
_ _ _ _ _ _ Wagner
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ he’s completely incapable of believing
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ opines that the inner workings are moved round by a turnspit
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ would he ever believe other than if he was actually shown the workings
_ _ _ _ _ _ Wagner
_ _ _ _ _ true or false
_ _ _ _ people
_ _ _ lies fling aside the truth
_ _ conscience
_ Wagner
unchristian
Chiastic Title? So that I might follow in the footsteps of Bessler, I was considering a book title with multiple chiasms and multiple levels like this, Gravity Unveils Wheel Unveils Gravity: Fine-matter to Gravitons-photons to Fine-matter: Turning the Turner. Such a title might help show epic ongoing or cyclical nature of such processes and would suggest far reaching implications. Still, the multi-chiastic title can't touch upon the vast breadth that needs to be covered when addressing a fundamental friction-masked physical principle. I thought that such a long title would have been unwieldy. Maybe Bessler needed a long dual chiastic title to help serve his coding purposes, but as I am not trying to encode the solutions, I thought that I should not use such a cumbersome title.
The words for Bessler's or Orffyreus's little book may be found on pp. 225-227, which is Appendix A "The first encoded passage." of PM97. I have permission to state those things by giving credit to John Collins, as the author of the German to English translation. In this section B.2 and the next section B.3 of Appendix B, I will typically indicate his translated words or other words from his book using double quotes marks. So as to more clearly give credit to John Collins, while avoiding confusion with other quotes, I will in a slightly unorthodox manner use single quotes marks for quoting other things, in this section B.2 ‘A Chiastic Translation of Orffyreus's Little Book’ and the next section B.3 ‘Some Little Book Analysis’. I may also use square brackets to show alternate or my inserted words. The words for Bessler’s little book may also be found on pp. 295-296 and 103-105 of AP08.
I should note that at the beginning of Part Two of AP08 (pp. 316 and 146) Bessler also makes reference to “little book”. I am not generally referring to it unless it is serving to make all of Apologia to be a little book which needs to be expanded.
By doing an Internet search one may find a book preview of PM97 or a more recent version to see many of the words of that “The first encoded passage”.
There are two types of translation/decoding stages that one must address for Orffyreus's little book. The first stage is the linguistic translation and the second stage is the decoding translation. For the most part the German-to-English linguistic translation that Collins' shows in PM97 is good enough, though I will use some slight degraded changes so as to assist in the process of decoding the underlying messages that Bessler or Orffyreus was providing in his encoded little book. There is an artistic aspect associated with the decoding process. There can also be a blurring of the translation stages, as one seeks to bring forth the underlying messages that Bessler hid. I think that a proper decoding would require volumes. I am only providing partial commentaries, covering portions of what I think are some of the high points. Many parts of the rest of my book can serve to fill in gaps in the decoding. As one attempts to ask and answer the questions that Bessler intended that one ask in/of his little book, one begins to create the huge book that I think Bessler intended his little book to become. Each question and answer often leads to another question and answer, with this process continuing.
Literal versus Idiomatic Translations. Some of the words, that I am trying to provide, as another slightly different linguistic translation of Bessler's little book, are more literal than what might be considered the more usual or idiomatic translation of John Collins in pp. 225-227 of PM97. The literal and idiomatic translations are both valuable. The meanings (of what Bessler is trying to say) may come across in each but I wanted to try to slightly emphasize some literal translations to provide a slightly different linguistic perspective that may not come across as well in a more idiomatic translation. Doing so in some ways gains and in some ways loses imagery. In the case of "Kriecht aus dem Bauche durch den Reiss" I am instead of an idiomatic translation "creeps through the hoop" choosing a slightly different literal translation of ‘creeps upon his stomach over-through the hoop’. Bessler's little book appears to have been written so that it would only be more fully understood after his invention of the Orffyrean roller bearing was actually built and used. I think that Bessler chose some words which were somewhat ambiguous in their meanings. For example, the usual translation of "durch den Reiss" would seem to be "through the hoop" but if the dog were resting upon his stomach (Bauch or Bauche) and the hoop were flat on the ground instead of held vertically, then the "dog" could creep-roll/rock-forward through the middle of the hoop using his stomach and out, if we think of an Orffyrean lobe rolling through an Orffyrean lobe-hole. That is why I translated it ‘over-through the hoop’ and I on purpose left in the literal ‘stomach’ or ‘belly’ instead of idiomatically removing it. We might have also recovered or received part of that roller bearing imagery with a vertical held hoop, if after the idiomatic translation we consider the paw pads very slowly coming down rolling over their depressions in the ground and lifting back up as the “dog creeps through the hoop”.
Chiasms Surrounding Chiastic Little Book. After the dual second level chiastic title and some verses are some chiastic outermost levels surrounding Bessler's little book. The first four levels were located on the title page of Apologia. The last four same levels were located on the final page of Apologia. I chose as brief chiastic letters to denote the level(s) of chiastic indention: O for Orffyreum, L for Line width, Q for Bessler's condensed coded 1717 poetic Question, S for the decoded Scripture question, and C for his Chiastic little book parable. I am not representing the apparently many other chiasms from other sections of AP08. Such other chiasms would be surrounded chiastically by OLQS. Within AP08, I counted 262 of the x marks prior to Bessler’s little book. I didn’t count the number after it but there are many.
O ORFFYREUM
OL partially underLined
OLQ SenDIhrDanaVChnoChVnVerstanDIg
OLQS Matth. XV. vs. 16
OLQSC Chiastic Little Book Parable
OLQS Matth. XV. v. 16
OLQ SenDIhrDanaVChnoChVnVerstanDIg
OL half degree Line width in Fig. 82
O Orffyreum bearing specifications in Fig. 82
Fig. 82. Rendition of Bessler's final figure showing half degree line width.
Fig. 82 shows my artistic redrawing of Bessler's final figure in Apologia. A copy of the original may be found on p. 189 of PM97. The Fig. 82 attempts to show Bessler's final figure located below the final text in Apologia, which chiastically also provides the amazing Orffyreum specifications for his bearings for increased rotations about a horizontal axis. The white dots within black regions were of different sizes, which I have not replicated. I think the white dots represented lobes that could be in a variety of sizes. Many of the original white dots within the black regions were arranged in a slightly polar format, suggesting three dimensions. The white dots were often arranged in a pattern aligned with respect to the edges. The partial polar format gave somewhat an indication of depth, with the middle portion further away, somewhat as if one were looking inside a containing cylinder for the bearing. I could not easily denote the partial polar format in my Fig. 82 redrawing, so I didn't even try.
I tried to draw the about half-degree-increasing horizontal-line located just above the Orffyreum-bearing specification. It was neither merely a decoration nor merely a book boundary marker. The horizontal ‘line’ is an implicitly understood part of the amazing bearing specification. He provided another such half-degree-increasing horizontal ‘line’ on his front cover but it was not so straight and it was not the chiastic counterpart of the horizontal line above his final figure. Bessler was not simply being sloppy or careless in his line drawings. I think Bessler was trying to visually show us what his maximum of about half-degree-lobe-spread line-width physically looked like.
I think that the length of the ‘line’ in/above Bessler’s final figure crudely shows how much of the available angle can go to angular error for placement of an intermediate cylinder (for angles measured with respect to the center of the bearing) and how much of the angle would then be available for lobe growth on the surface. The length beyond the rolling-without-slipping bearing-formation goes to lost angle that is not available for growth of lobes. Later we will see that 1.05756° are ideally available between intermediate cylinders so half that would ideally be available for lobe growth. Ideally (half of 1.05756°) = 1.05756°/2 =.52878° would be the total angle available for lobe growth. Conditions are not ideal. There is error in the placement of the intermediate cylinders. I measured about 86.8mm for the total length of the approximately half degree line above Orffyreus’s final figure on p. 189 of PM97. I measured about 82.0mm for the diameter of the second largest circle meaning the rolling-without-slipping circle, within Orffyreus’s final figure on p. 189 of PM97. The difference would symbolically be 4.8mm of positioning error relative to the 86.8mm of total angle available. Thus .52878° *4.8mm/86.8mm = .52878° *.055 = .029° is an angular error that an intermediate cylinder may be misplaced. If we subtract that away from the .52878° of total ideal lobe growth, we get .500° or half a degree for rolling-without-slipping lobe growth. I think that Bessler was specifying quite stringent angular errors for the placement of his intermediate cylinders, according to his final bearing specification figure. Growth of lobes beyond the specifications could result in the lobes being lopped off. I wasn’t being especially careful, when I drew in the length of the approximately .5° horizontal line at the top of the final figure depicted in Fig. 82, since I hadn’t noticed the implication at the time I rendered it. One should carefully consider an accurate copy of Bessler’s original final figure, which is why I took the measurements directly from the copy found in Collins’ book rather than from my rendered figure.
Bessler’s final figure also appears to specify the minimal thickness of the containing cylinder for his bearings. The thickness would be R where R is the radius of an intermediate cylinder and 2R is the radius of the central cylinder. Those sizes may be determined by a later analysis of the interior of Bessler’s final figure. Normally I think it would be better to have thicker containing cylinders of say 2R so that they would be sturdier, but I think Bessler wanted his thin so he could bend down the ends and hide what was going on inside his roller bearings. I think that Bessler didn’t waste much space of his ¾ inch diameter bearings on containing cylinder thickness. For the diameter of Bessler’s bearings, see pp. 20, 110, and 162 of PM97.
The chiastic counterpart of the
horizontal line was not perfectly straight, when Bessler underlined ORFFYREU on
p. 183 of PM97.
I suspect that was to show that, when one uses ORFFYREUM, the grown
surfaces are not straight but rather bumpy because of the growth of lobes and
lobe-holes on the surfaces of the cylinders.
Though it may initially appear that someone later drew a line or lines
under ORFFYREU, a close inspection on p. 183 of PM97 shows
that the raggedness of the edges is fairly comparable to the raggedness of the
original printing. A similar raggedness
also corresponds to the strikeout line or lines through the M at the end of ORFFYREUM. All the lines and printing appear to have
approximately the same age or rather processing history. John Collins apparently obtained his
photocopies of Apologia from the British
Library, as suggested by p. 233 of PM97. It would be of interest to see high
resolution photographs of the original cover for Apologia
using the copy from the British Library as well as using any other copy possibly
available elsewhere in the world. Are
there similar marks on the other independent original copies? Photographs of originals should also be taken
of Bessler’s final figure corresponding to the inside back coversheet of Apologia. The
final figure and the title page in AP08 may
have been somehow processed or corrected.
The line under ORFFYREU was mostly removed and the strikeout line or
lines through the M are not there in AP08. I am suspecting that there was some
correcting of important artifacts that should not have occurred. If the other originals show the line(s) under
ORFFYREU and the strikeout line(s) through the M, then any corrections or
processing of those pages should still show them because they are chiastically
relevant.
It might not have been an accident that Bessler placed the horizontal line above the circular figure by the approximate distance 3R, which is the distance from the center of his bearing to the middle of the intermediate cylinder symbolic ring. That approximate middle location of closest approach is where the lobes going in opposite directions could collide, if they ever exceeded the half degree growth. That the line was horizontal I think serves as a reminder that the rotations need to be about a horizontal axis to invoke the Bessler principle.
The Fig. 63 may help to understand the centermost portion of Fig. 82. The Fig. 63 somewhat shows what the bearings would look like while the bearings are operating. The portions of the closest touching intermediate cylinders are approximately replaced by a single dark ring.
The figure, Fig. 82, serves as an amazing bearing specification, but it is only amazing after one understands what Bessler is claiming for his bearing in his final figure. Can you understand the bold bearing claims that Bessler is making in his figure? Are you yet without understanding of that important portion of his message? See below and see Chapter 9 ‘DEVICES FROM LITTLE CODED BOOKS’, section ‘9.1 Low Friction Orffyrean Roller Bearing’ for more discussion of his roller bearings, where in Fig. 62 I provide labels for parts of the lower circular portion of that final figure, Fig. 82.
Also the Fig. 64 fills in the missing roller arcs and the intermediate roller cylinders that were not present in Fig. 82. There were a total of nine intermediate rolling cylinders, each of which simultaneously covers its own 25 degrees of rolling support.
Encoding Clues. I made some comments at the beginning of Chapter 6 ‘THE WHEEL DISCOVERED’ about "SenDIhrDanaVChnoChVnVerstanDIg". In other words, ‘Are ye also yet without understanding?’ as found in Matthew 15:16. See the discussion of the letters within "SenDIhrDanaVChnoChVnVerstanDIg" on p. 182 of PM97 where Collins noted that the interior capital letters, as Roman numerals, DIDVCCVVDI or DDDCCVVVII, added up to 1717 or the date of publication of the pamphlet or booklet Apologia. As Collins' correctly figured on p. 185 of PM97, the internal coding of the publication date and the coding of Bessler's name to form Orffyreus, were clues that there is more coding going on within Apologia. Other clues were the use of chiasms and the removal of the spaces to form "SenDIhrDanaVChnoChVnVerstanDIg" as both are found in Hebraic writings. Such should serve as clues according to some Hebraic writings that the encoding would be in terms of symbols in the form of a great parable needing to be translated or understood as in part suggested by the prior verse, Matthew 15:15.
Decoding or Translation Keys. Both the primary and secondary translation keys for decoding Bessler's little book parable were understood by Bessler to only be effective after-the-fact to serve as means of translation. One had to know about the Bessler principle to be able to use it to help decode the device that made the Bessler principle manifest. One, according to the Bessler principle, had to realize that the principle could be made manifest, if one could construct a low enough friction roller bearing to make the Bessler principle manifest. The translations or decoding keys were linked to each other. One must nearly know the answer to understand that the answer was being discussed. I think having understandings of both the Bessler principle and the manner in which Bessler constructed his very low friction Orffyrean roller bearing, provides the full set of keys for properly decoding Bessler's Apologia or more precisely Orffyreus's Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE. The primary decoding key was the Bessler principle itself. As one understands the primary decoding key of the Bessler principle, the secondary key of the manner of construction of the very low friction Orffyrean roller bearing would become manifest in Bessler's little book. The secondary key takes on especially greater meaning after one fully understands the primary key for unlocking Bessler's encoded little book, namely the Bessler principle. With knowledge of the Bessler principle, one in theory could use Bessler's coded little book parable to break into the decoding. The decoding steps were somewhat like breaking through the layers of an onion one layer at a time, where insight in one part would give insight elsewhere.
Chiastic Little Book. I think that it also very much helps to understand what Bessler is saying by studying Bessler's little book chiastically. Such a study can fill in or help decode messages that Bessler was hiding in his encoded little book. One can see Bessler's little book portion on pp. 225-227 of PM97. One might also find a similar translated version of Bessler's little book by doing an Internet search for "greed is an evil plant" or for "Saturn, Mars and Jupiter are ready to join in any battle". Here is my most recent attempt to chiastically translate or break up Bessler's little book parable according to assigned labels.
I(Only Reveal Later) "Those who are keen to ask questions should ask them of this little book. My deeds will not be revealed prematurely. Should anyone wish to speculate about the truth, let him ponder [up]on the rich pageantry of words which I now cause to shower down upon him!" Also, AP08 p. 295 shows, “Let a Gartner be no breaker of fences, even if a Wagner leaves ruts in the road.”
I0(Growth by Low Friction) "For greed is an evil plant."
I01(Two-part Gravitons) "An anvil receives many [pulling downward]"
I012(Pattern Replication) "blows [received throughout]."
I0123(Large Jupiter) "A driver drives."
I01234(Small Mars) "A runner runs."
I012345(Saturn) "The seer sees."
I0123456(Motion from Quality) "The buyer buys [using highest quality money].”
I01234567(Matter) "The rain drips down. [The] Snow falls [of itself]. The shotgun shoots."
I012345678(Vegetable) "The bow twangs. [Here wanders] [over the feeding grounds] A great [compact] herd of fat, lazy, plump [fodder-filled] horses wanders aimlessly. The [wooden] flail would rather be with the thresher, than the scholar. Children play with heavy [wooden] clubs among the broken columns."
I0123456789(Animal) [Acrobatic feather fencers] “Acrobats and shadow-boxers are as fleet and nimble as the wind. The cunning cat slinks silently along, and snatches nice juicy mice. The dog creeps out of his kennel, just as far as his chain will stretch. He knows how to please [himself] by caring for his little [hit] toys and knick-knacks [machinery]. He well wags his tail [himself with his tail], creeps [on his belly over-]through the hoop, and is [also quite] rewarded with a pat on his paws by the stiff fops who [will soon] watch him."
I0123456789A(Rotating Nucleus Wheel) x One sees a wheel and also not a wheel, and also while it has no rims. It runs “without other wheels inside or outside, and without weights, wind or [clock] springs."
I0123456789AB(Glorious Power) x Here seen half, there seen “full-face”, it shows off “as [rotationally] glorious as a peacock's tail."
I0123456789A(Rotating Nucleus Wheel) x “It turns to the right and to the left; [with only a finger pull allowed. It] it spins [itself] around” completely longwise and crosswise, here it is full, there it is “empty.”
I0123456789(Animal) "All things belong to one of the three kingdoms (animal,"
I012345678(Vegetable) "vegetable or"
I01234567(Matter) "matter) and you have the physical evidence before you. Without such things as sulphur, salt, and mercury, all things” soon run to waste.
I0123456(Motion from Quality) x The "qualities of the elements are necessary to keep things going."
I012345(Saturn) "Saturn,"
I01234(Small Mars) "Mars and"
I0123(Large Jupiter) "Jupiter are ready to join in any battle."
I012(Pattern Replication) x “Even the things we eat do not lose their elemental influence -- for it spreads itself through every limb and sinew of our bodies."
I01(Two-part Gravitons) x “A crab crawls from side to side. It is sound for it is designed thus. Poltergeists wander freely through locked doors."
I0(Growth by Low Friction) x “But softly[, quietly, and enough. Enough quietness], lest the enemy [only becomes] wise! [The enemy,] will drench me with his spittle, [hot spittle,] so that I will lose my [temper, my cool] temper and in a sudden fit, cast aside the mantle that conceals my wheel."
I(Only Reveal Later) x “But he shall be thwarted in his desires.”
I inserted some words in square brackets into the chiastic translation. I did so, either because it was another translation or because other things including the chiastic or poetic correspondence and the apparent hidden meanings were almost begging that they be said, so I just went ahead and said them anyway. If one doesn't think that they should be there, then they can just be considered as part of the follow on analysis.
Chiastic Analysis. Again see my 12 November 2010 file, http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerLittleBookChiastic.txt which contained chiastic structure analysis and some retranslation of Bessler's little book. I spotted more chiastic levels than I found in my 2001 paper. I think that my current structure is a much better fit than the 2001 structure. Collins' on p. 227 of PM97 could not explain "The addition of the apparently random x at the ends of some lines". As I suggested above, I think that the curious-puzzling "x" marks were simply chiastic boundary markers used to assist the reader/decoder in showing where to break up chiastic levels, where it might otherwise be a little difficult to figure out. I now have chiastic splits at all the eight locations that Bessler marked with an "x", which symbol itself is inherently chiastic about its center. If there is a chiastic level split, there must be a split at the location of its chiastic counterpart, even if Bessler didn’t mark it with an x. The eight x's (from the original) were essential to my current chiastic analysis. In my chiastic structure, there is now an introductory level ‘I’ which I have given a further label of ‘Only Reveal Later’. This introductory level may correspond to the outermost wheel. The level ‘0’ may correspond to the containing cylinder of the bearing. The nine levels, 1-9, may correspond to Bessler's use of nine just barely fitting intermediate rollers in his bearings.
Going through all those levels produces a new type of wheel which is glorious in power production. I note that the center of Bessler's little book would be at levels ‘A’ and ‘B’. The chiastic level ‘A’ may indicate the central roller of Bessler's very low friction roller bearing. The chiastic level ‘B’ may indicate that glorious power ‘radiates’ from all such wheels, because of the power delivered to them by the Bessler principle. The chiastic level ‘B’ is an important chiastic center for Apologia. I probably should not call it the chiastic level ‘B’, since strictly speaking that center is itself not chiastic, but I am ignoring the subtlety. It is a chiastic gem. The chiastic poetic structure is quite appropriate both for the Bessler principle and the Orffyrean roller bearing.
It may behoove people interested in Bessler's thoughts on these subjects to study the chiastic centers within Apologia and especially Bessler's little book. Bessler's little book goes through a hierarchy of concepts. The chiasms of the rest of Apologia may suggest some details for the concepts in Bessler's little book. It may have been that the other chiasms served to help lead the thorough poet to Bessler’s little book.
The Wheel Revealed. The wheel is not fully invented or revealed until its most basic properties are known and completely understood. At the very chiastic center of Bessler's 1716/1717 book, Bessler says that a wheel appears. The wheel appearing may be the glorious rotating nucleus. It represents, with its internal presence, all rotating nuclei, atoms, molecules, wheels, planets, stars, etc. Those statements and surrounding statements are well worth reading and pondering, as there is much information in them for those who have indications of what he is talking about symbolically. If one wants more understanding about the Bessler principle or the Orffyrean roller bearing, then one might want to read Bessler's writing, somewhat as one should be reading the scriptures. One should put a lot of effort into the reading (likening them unto one's own situations/experiences), if one wants to get benefit from them. Little effort expended in understanding and applying them, typically results in getting little benefit from them. One needs to do or apply things to actually learn them. That is how the scriptures are often symbolically encoded. That agrees with the basic Bessler principle that something must be put into the system, if one wants to receive greater output. One typically needs to reread Bessler's writings (especially his little book), as new things will occur to the reader, when studied further. One needs to build the Orffyrean roller bearings to really learn of the wheel.
Some Word Analyses. Bessler wrote, "A driver drives. A runner runs. The seer sees. The buyer buys." See p. 225 of PM97. Whether a person is a driver with wheels on opposite sides or a runner having two legs or a seer with two eyes, a balanced effort is required for benefit to be derived. A buyer cannot buy, if he has nothing to exchange for that which is bought. The exchange is not perfectly simultaneous, but almost so. The Bessler principle works in a balanced way with rotational effort expended to obtain rotational results. Nothing could be obtained, if nothing were expended. The Bessler principle would not provide additional rotational kinetic energy, if there were not initially currency of initial angular velocity or initial rotational kinetic energy. Gravitons spat upward from below are expended and they like poltergeists penetrate through locked doors. See Bessler's symbolic writings on p. 225 of PM97. Because the dog somehow creeps over-through the hoop, there is no slipping friction contact with the hoop and no slipping friction contact with any of his protruding pads on any of his feet. So too is the bearing stress distributed without slipping friction contact with all of the lobes (in turn) coming from all of the rollers in Bessler's bearing. It is a highly cooperative distributive effort with large contact angles with different parts of the lobes or pads taking the burden with progressing time. Different rollers or dog legs may only take slightly varying amounts of stress at different times. A pat on the dog's paws would be a torque (with only rolling friction). The cat-lattice of the wheel completely surrounds with frictional-teeth the rotating-energetic mice-nuclei and so the cat-lattice of the wheel acquires rotational kinetic energy.
Bessler's Symbolic Writings. Bessler wrote these translated words, "A great herd of fat, lazy, pump horses wanders aimlessly." Again see p. 225 of PM97. Individual horses rotate at approximately the same rate as that in which a pretend herd of horses as a whole rotates. Because of cat-teeth of electron wave-functions, we might now think of nuclei rotating at essentially the same rotational rate as the wheel in which the nuclei are embedded. He also wrote, "An anvil receives many blows." See p. 225 of PM97. This might cause the reader to carefully consider all the many downward blows that an anvil continually receives. Bessler wrote a great many other things which I think become much easier to understand in hindsight, assuming one has a basic understanding of his principle and his very low friction mechanical roller bearing invention. His writings indirectly discuss a wide variety of physical phenomena. If one has enough understanding, one acquires greater understanding, as one reads what he was writing about.
As evidence for this sort of process, consider Bessler's 1716/1717 book of dual Hebraic-poetic vertically centered title (with approximate heights of largest letters shown),
Apologi’sche Poёsie
und
Poetische Apologie
Von seinem
MOBILE PER SE
und
P E R P E T U U M
MOBILE
, which chiastically has Matthew 15 verse 16 near his book's beginning and end. That verse contains the translated words of Jesus, ’Are ye also yet without understanding?’ (after Peter had said, ‘Declare unto us this parable.’). Bessler's book contains many poetic chiasms. Again a chiasm is a pattern that repeats itself in the opposite order. Even the title of his book has two second level chiasms. Can you see them? If not, the following may help you see the two second level chiasms.
A Apologi’sche
AP Poёsie
APu und
AP Poetische
A Apologie
Von seinem
M MOBILE
MP PER SE
MPu und
MP PERPETUUM
M MOBILE
Each ‘und’ and the ‘Von seinem’ were shown in small fonts, by Orffyreus, since they were not chiastic. Each ‘und’ was at the center of a second level chiasm. The ‘Von seinem’ was between the two chiasms.
Having two second level chiasms in the title of Bessler's book did not occur accidentally. The whole subject has many second level chiasms. For example, the formation and absorption of the two-part graviton are a second level chiasm. One may see that two opposite discrete ‘E fields’ form a ‘graviton’ and later from the ‘graviton’ the two ‘E fields’ are separately removed by absorption. Also, ‘two opposite charges’ contribute to form a ‘graviton’ so that later the ‘graviton’ is absorbed by ‘two opposite charges’. A complete physical analysis of the symbols in Bessler's writings could take up volumes, as one would need to ask and answer all sorts of physical questions that he seems to indirectly suggest. But a reader, who is familiar with his principle and his roller bearings, should be able to understand (with proper pondering or rereading) many things that are going on in his symbols. His symbols often simultaneously convey information on several different levels. It also seems that over and over again Bessler tells us (or paints for us pictures with brush strokes from a variety of different perspectives) what is going on, if we just have ears to hear what he is saying or eyes to see what he is showing us.
Bessler wrote, "For greed is an evil plant." See p. 225 of PM97. The Bessler principle is a principle of growth. It demands energy-greed or thrifty low-friction to grow the rotational kinetic energy. It requires a well-nourished sprouting plant for it to grow. Bessler's wheels may be compared to living things. Even the surfaces of Bessler's very low friction roller bearings were curiously grown so that they would have an attribute of very low friction.
Some Bearing Background. Bessler mentioned the replacing of bearings for massive millstones in his Apologia. See p. 26 of PM97. He remarked on the inventiveness of the master-millers. In hindsight, Bessler might have been giving us a subtle hint that his invention was greater than the inventiveness of the master-millers. His bearings could carry heavy loads and did not need to be replaced, for a very long time with proper care. Millstones were extremely heavy. As a large amount of energy is wasted in wearing down normal bearings, then friction would be reduced if that source of waste could be eliminated. That would also be a net power saving. Not only that, for very-low friction, it could put us into such a low friction regime that the Bessler principle could be directly observed, thus being a source of great power. Such a very-low friction bearing capable of carrying massive loads would require pure rolling without slipping. A lobe must follow a predetermined path like we consider a planet to follow. It must do this so that there is no internal wearing in the bearing. In his bearings, Bessler completely avoided the great friction associated with the symbolic millstones.
Bessler's Roller Bearings. These are my current guesses about Bessler's roller bearings. Bessler's bearings had totally synchronized internal motion and so could be compared to one of the clocks/watches that he built (see pp. 24 and 28 of PM97) but with a much different construction process. The Orffyrean roller bearing is like an intricate-highly-coordinated yet-sublimely-simple dance. The fine internal rotational motions within his wheels are (like a clock) suggestive of a fine internal dance. Bessler could dance, as he wrote in Apologia. See p. 24 of PM97. Bessler could replace the bearings on millstones. Again see p. 26 of PM97. Regarding Bessler’s roller bearings and his wheels, there was much mentioning in Apologia about Bessler moving or his being on the move. Movement was important to his invention. I think that the basic idea of his invention was that he was able to form his very low friction roller bearings by asymmetrically growing tough, minute, very-high-quality steel lobes on his surfaces which rolled within carved out tough, minute, very-high-quality steel lobe-holes. Such an unusual growth process might seem anti-intuitive but there are strong suggestions in his writings that he got much help from God, after he did all that he could do. For example, see p. 29 of PM97.
Formation Mixture Hints. I think that there were some subtle hints within episodes from Bessler’s personal history described in Apologia that are in regard to Bessler’s formation mixture. Bessler mentioned that he rescued a man (having two huge ewers with him) from drowning, by Bessler at great personal risk also going into the liquid substance (pond water) to rescue the man by dragging the man up onto dry land. See p. 25 of PM97 or see p. 257 of AP08. With help from God and with Bessler’s orders to the coachman (to go up and away), Bessler and his new bride were saved from drowning in a liquid substance (river water) after their coach slipped downward into the river and floated downstream for an hour. See pp. 30-31 of PM97 or see p. 270 of AP08. Regarding the use of the formation mixture, Bessler was twice rescued form press-gangs. He became “afraid at the sound of gunfire”. On the second occasion he was let “in one door of the convent and out the other” so he could escape from the press-gang. See pp. 24-25 of PM97 or see p. 257 of AP08.
Asymmetric Lobe Lobe-Hole Growth. Finely-ground-up ferromagnetic meteorite/iron spheres would be preferentially attracted to and held in place next to the lobe side, as that side would tend to provide greater exposure to magnetic outcroppings. Often there is sudden contact with tiny yet-slightly-larger gunpowder spheres on the opposing lobe-hole side. All the spheres are suspended in a liquid substance (mercury) during growing cycles, to keep things moving during bearing surface formation. The sudden contact could cause a tiny explosion, which could asymmetrically carve out more on the lobe-hole side and add a very high quality, tough, steel to the opposing lobe side. The steel would be of very high quality, since the largest prior magnetic outcroppings would tend to be removed. The tough steel may have also been slightly flexible and able to convey stresses without breaking. Bessler wrote, "The bow twangs." Though solid, the bow conveys stresses without breaking. The twanging also refers to fine small motions.
Local Finest Steel Production. Bessler specifically mentioned "Without such things as sulphur, salt, and mercury all things will come to a standstill". See p. 225 of PM97. We might also translate it, "Without such things as sulphur, salt, and mercury”, ‘all things soon run to waste’. I suppose that the "salt" might refer to the ingredient saltpeter (or nitrate of potassium, KNO3) used within tiny spheres of gunpowder, almost as small as the finely-ground-up ferromagnetic meteorite and iron spheres. Very-finely-ground-up charcoal and sulphur would also be needed to make the fine ignition gunpowder. Like a gun explosion chamber, the dense liquid-mercury metal could help keep the tiny gunpowder capsules in place, when suddenly struck by one or more tiny ferromagnetic spheres, as a lobe comes down and rolls upon a lobe-hole. The surrounding mercury could then form a micro-miniature gun barrel. Bessler wrote, "The shotgun shoots." as seen on p. 225 of PM97. The magnetic domains of the formed steel would be very tiny or fine, having been specifically broken up by the tiny explosion and ‘non-bullet’ shot at point blank range. The quality of steel that Bessler produced was of the highest quality, as it was locally produced at the very finest of levels. The properties of materials can greatly change when they are broken up at the finest of levels. One can think of how the finest steel swords are produced or were produced by repeatedly folding and beating the material to break up the magnetic domains. Bessler seems to have gone far beyond that process by the local production of the finest grade of steel. His production process avoided the huge anvil, since his anvil blows were delivered on nearly the smallest of scales.
Mercury Poisoning. It seemed that nothing was beyond the capabilities of Bessler. But it is also possible that Bessler suffered from exposure to mercury or mercury vapor (from the explosions). Nowadays, we should use robots, where the manufacturing procedures are hazardous or dangerous. We should collect the mercury vapor so that we are not poisoned. The mercury vapor should not be released into the environment.
Flail for Bearing Formation. Bessler probably used a modified flail to exercise/form his bearings as he wrote, "The flail would rather be with the thresher than the scholar." See p. 225 of PM97. The swingle bearing joint of a flail in the hands of a thresher would not experience such abuse as in Bessler's hands, because of the many tiny explosions, when Bessler caused the swingle end to go around and around. The hard hits and many explosions were needed to form the bearing. See the flail-like object in Fig. 68. After those tiny explosive balls of gunpowder were almost completely used up in their micro-explosions, he would have injected new material into the bearing for the next cycle. It might be that the rest of Apologia could contain information about how many times fresh energetic material was injected into the bearing being formed. Too many cycles could weaken the outer wall (by growth of the holes in them) or (since the holes are not very deep) much more likely could cause the lobes on separate rollers to collide, if the lobes grow beyond the roughly half of the one degree of separation between the rollers with respect to the center of the central roller. I suspect there may have been at least three fiery cycles (of exhausting the fiery mixture) to form the roller bearing since Matthew 26:44 and Bessler makes many references to the scriptures in for example his declaration of faith. I could not find him specifically referring to that scripture but it would fit his pattern. As our Lord then suffered even more, prior to his death, three fiery cycles may be a lower bound. Bessler may not have made direct reference to the scripture, so as not to make the situation too obvious. A simpler procedure might be to form the bearing, with as many cycles as necessary, just until it has the smallest binding and then wear/break off any interfering lobe ends. A pre-estimate for the number of cycles would help reduce false alarms of premature stopping.
Blind Leading Blind. The formation materials could be completely flushed out after the last fiery formation cycle. The completed bearings would have very little friction, as the grown lobes would roll without slipping inside the carved out steel lobe-holes. With blind guiding eyes, the blind lobes would be lead down into the lobe-holes (Matthew 15:14), because of the exact positioning of the portions of the rollers that were touching by rolling without slipping. I think that Bessler's Apologia declares a parable of Matthew 15:13-14 (regarding bearing formation) and much more, if we are with understanding. See the two level chiastic references to Matthew 15:16 that Bessler gives. By that I mean that he chiastically provides the references near the beginning and then in the opposite order near the end of Apologia.
Formation of Molds. I think that the cylinders could be made from clay molds that he previously found were suitable for forming precise rotationally-symmetric objects from molten metal. One way to form cylindrical molds might be to use rotations to drill or carve out the needed shapes from hardened clay. That way could be very accurate, since it would not give a chance for deformation of the clay, during the hardening process or during the removal of a model from the clay. Also, fewer instances of pouring out of molten metal would be needed with multiple cylinders made from a single large piece of clay. That could avoid extra times of heating the metal. Possibly the clay could have been made from volcanic or pumice rock by very finely grounding the rock. Such clay might be able to withstand the high temperatures associated with molten iron. After cooling the cylinders, the clay molds could be carefully broken, scrubbed, and washed away from the rotationally symmetric metal objects. There might have been simpler solutions to the hardened clay problem by using fine refractory bricks used in the lining of furnaces for the smelting of iron. Bessler might have needed such materials to be able to melt iron in a crucible.
Length of Intermediate Cylinders. How long were Bessler’s intermediate cylinders? If we don’t have a historical hint according to a little less than the length of his bearings (sans central roller cylinder/axle), then we can look to his final figure for information about that question. See Fig. 82 or Fig. 62 for clues. Considering the symbolic figure as somewhat three-dimensional, the length of the intermediate cylinders might be the length of a wedge edge plus an R on each end to account for the two end regions, where lobes and lobe-holes can’t be formed, as we will later see from the spacers. With R being the radius of an intermediate cylinder, with R also being the thickness of the outer white ring (where lobes and lobe-holes can’t be formed), with 2R being the radius of the innermost dark circle (or radius of the central cylinder/roller), with 3R being approximately the radius of the dark ring beyond it (or 3R being the distance that the centers of the intermediate cylinders are from the center of the bearing), with 4R being the radius of the inner bearing (or the inside radius of the containing cylinder), and with 8R (measuring about 14mm on the copy of the original figure shown on p. 189 of PM97) being the diameter of the inner bearing (or the inside diameter of the containing cylinder), then I roughly estimated the length of a wedge edge to be 2.5 containing cylinder inside diameters (measuring about 35mm on the copy of the original figure shown on p. 189 of PM97). Thus, an intermediate cylinder would have an approximate length of 2R + (2.5)*(8R) = 22R.
Center Pins Not Necessary. I am thinking that the end covering plates during bearing formation did not rely on center pins for keeping the intermediate cylinders in their proper locations during surface formation. Constraint pins for each interior cylinder would be more difficult to construct and would be less accurate than inserting thin pieces of tough constraining metal to define space between the intermediate cylinders. I think that, for reasons of efficiency and accuracy, Bessler avoided using center pins in the intermediate cylinders for keeping the intermediate cylinders aligned.
Metal Spacers Allow Angular Constraint. Thus, to have very small angular errors in the placement of the intermediate cylinders with the least difficulty, I am thinking that he only used identical thicknesses of thin sturdy metal plates to separate the intermediate cylinders at their ends, which nine pieces of metal on each end were somehow attached to an end annulus to hold them in place. The metal thickness was chosen to span approximately 1.05756° with respect to the center of the bearing. He could have formed the thin metal by rolling of heated iron. Using iron for the thin metal spacer plates would not provide an unequal wearing advantage between the intermediate iron cylinders and the thin spacer plates.
Dog Constraint. The iron spacer plates can withstand the friction during initial bearing formation, especially if lubricated with mercury from the formation mixture. I think he used thin iron spacer-plates because of Bessler’s words, "The dog creeps out of his kennel just as far as his chain will stretch." on p. 225 of PM97. That portion was under the chiastic animal portion because it dealt with constraint of a moving entity. An intermediate roller/cylinder was being compared to a moving but constrained dog. The dog was kept from wandering too far away from its proper relative angular location. Since chains are typically made of metal the constraint should be a metal constraint. Iron would be a tough reasonable constraint.
Constraint Plates Locally Prevent Lobe Growth. The very thin iron constraint plates on the bearing ends would have prevented growth of the lobes on the very ends of the intermediate cylinders, where there is rubbing with the constraint plate metal spacers. How far did Bessler insert the very thin iron plates into the intermediate cylinders so as to provide space and prevent lobe growth? There is a suggestion from his final figure that he inserted them a distance of R, which is also the radius of an intermediate cylinder. See Fig. 82 or Fig. 62 for clues. That suggestion is according to the thickness of the outermost ring. According to the cleverness of his final figure, that thickness appears to simultaneously provide two or three specifications for his bearing.
Assembly of Interior Cylinders. First, he may have inserted identical-thickness thin-spacer iron-plates between the nine intermediate cylinders (on their ends to a distance of R) and then bound the interior cylinders together. If they did not fit together properly, he could have polished the appropriate pieces before trying again. They had to fit together properly before being bound.
Tin Annuli. Only later would he have placed each end of the bound cylinders in an annulus of molten tin of depth greater than R. The molten tin must not touch the cylinders. Tin is light and has a very low melting point. Tin is stronger than lead, has a lower density than lead, and has a lower melting point than lead. Iron has a much higher melting point than tin. At the melting point of tin, there would be no danger of the molten tin melting the thin iron plates. The length of the thin iron plates was at least about 3R. The width of the thin iron plates was likely slightly less than R. The inner radius of each tin annulus was likely slightly less than 2.5R. The outer radius of each tin annulus was likely slightly less than 4R, which was the radius of the containing cylinder so that the center of the tin annulus would not move around much during initial bearing formation. The other tin annulus was similarly formed. The containing cylinder (of inside radius 4R) thus somewhat served as a constraint for the two end tin annuli.
Tin Annuli Gaps and Grooves. The inner radial gaps in the tin annuli would allow greater means for later pressing the formation mixture into the inner regions of the intermediate cylinders prior to exercising/forming the bearings. Nine grooves on the outer portion of each annulus of tin (one for each outer gap between the intermediate cylinders) would allow means for later pressing the formation mixture into the outer regions of the intermediate cylinders prior to exercising/forming the bearings. It would be relatively easy to make grooves in tin. That is how I guess he formed the tin annuli, which held the thin iron spacer plates in place during initial formation.
Cylinder Insertion. If the bound interior cylinders and tin annuli couldn’t begin to fit into the heated containing cylinder, then the containing cylinder could have its interior surface polished a little more. The insertion of the interior cylinders into the containing cylinder would require heating of the containing cylinder.
Iron Annuli. An iron annulus of inner radius slightly more than 2R and outer radius slightly less than 4R would have been made for each end. Each iron annulus would not extend outward in length to the end of the central cylinder so that the bearing could be exercised during its formation. During growth of the bearings, there could be very slight inward pressure on each iron end annulus, which could be separated by a thin layer of formation mixture from each tin annulus. Each tin annulus could be held in place by the inward pressure, as it held the nine thin constraint plates in place between the ends of the nine pairs of adjacent cylinders. That inward pressure could be so the end spacer plates don’t slip out or away during the bearing formation. The points, at which the inward pressure could be applied to each iron end annulus, could slip over the outer surface of the iron annulus. By the close fit, the iron annulus on each end would make sure that little formation mixture escaped during bearing formation.
Iron Annulus Protruding. The placed iron annulus on each end would need to extend further than the end of the containing cylinder by more than the thickness of the tin annulus. Whether or not the tin annulus is present, having such an extent would allow later removal of the protruding iron annulus by directly pulling on it. The iron annulus would need to be removed, when it is time to replenish the formation mixture.
Removing Iron Annuli. When removing an iron annulus, hold it upward, while slowly twisting back and forth, to not help dislocate the tin annulus on that end. When doing so, the bottom iron annulus should be held in place using wires. When removing the second iron annulus, the tin annulus on the bottom end would need to be held in place using wires, assuming that it has not come out already. Once a tin annulus comes out it probably need not be put back in, since by then the surfaces should hold the cylinders in the correct location.
When new formation mixture is pressed in, Bessler may have used wires to hold the tin annulus on the exit end in place, unless the tin annulus already came out.
Bearings Unlubricated. Bessler mentioned that the ordinary bearings for millstones needed to be replaced. Again see p. 26 of PM97. Bessler's bearings were of a very special type that might not need to be replaced for a very long as good care was taken of them and they were never lubricated. No lubrication must ever be applied to Bessler's bearings. Bessler gave subtle hints that his bearings were unlubricated. The ideas that Bessler at some times "drank only water" p. 24 of PM97 and "ate sparingly of only the plainest foods" p. 29 of PM97 might suggest superior-low-friction of plain rolling of steel over steel without slipping. Adding lubrication to such special steel bearings would add friction to them by the surface tension of the lubricant and the blockage of material motion by the lubricant. Bessler’s approach, to solving the mechanical friction problem, was an amazing bare bones approach (see p. 258 of AP08) with all the parts arranged just right. Also the sights and smells were all associated with the proper arrangement of what he intended to sell. Bessler produced remarkably very low friction mechanical roller bearings. Many ‘saw’ the self-powered Kassel wheel in operation for about two months. I think that Bessler neither lubricated his bearings nor even touched his bearings at any time during the special 54 day trial (two weeks sealed-room continuous-operation plus six weeks sealed-room continuous-operation meaning nearly eight weeks total) of the Kassel wheel (pp. 16, 20, 96-97, and 101 of PM97). He would not have dared to lubricate them and greatly increase their friction. The bearings that Bessler invented were a new class of bearings, which bearings might almost be compared to the bearings within the Liahona, which device also came from God. See 1 Nephi 16:10; 16:28-29; Alma 37:38. Bessler's bearings would have less friction than the low friction Rolamite bearings, since there would not be any sheet material that would be subjected to bending, slipping, and wearing out.
Repairing His Bearings. Bessler spoke indirectly of how his very-long-lasting bearings could be repaired, if need be. See the answer to his tenth question found in AP08 pp. 297-298 and 108 (German). He indicated that his machine could be repaired, even while it was operating. What I think he meant by that was that his bearings could be repaired, even while they were being used. He could have done that by either blowing in enough fine mist of his formation mixture into an end of his bearings or tossing in enough tiny amounts of his formation mixture into an end of his bearings. There should be a stop to application of the formation mixture when lobe ends hit other lobe ends. Then the hitting/touching lobe ends would need to be worn off with use and cleaning. He could have slowly cleaned out the used formation mixture using enough fine mist of water and air. Nowadays we would generally not do repair work in the manner that he suggested because of the danger of mercury contaminating the environment. There might be exceptions for ore processing cases, where mercury is explicitly being used to process the ore and produced vapors are vacuumed out during bearing repair. The airborne mercury situation would need to be carefully considered. Nowadays we would generally remove the bearings and repair them in a mercury contained enclosure by exercising them with formation mixture throughout the interior of the bearings, until lobe ends hit lobe ends. Then the hitting lobe ends would need to be worn off with use and cleaning, making sure that mercury did not escape into the environment. In hindsight, the answers that Bessler provided to either his first question AP08 pp. 296 and 105 (German) or his tenth question should have made it very clear that his invention really was his special type of bearing. He was telling the truth in his answers to those questions, even though the answers seemed a little hard to comprehend.
Hiding His Secret. Bessler used the most lackluster terms in referring to his bearings or his iron bearings. Bessler, as a true magician, put all the emphasis on the smashing of his wheels, when he destroyed them. When a magician performs for an audience, the attention of the audience is often directed away from those secret things which the magician is hiding. The astute member of the audience should consciously direct his or her own attention away from where it is being directed and look for those ‘hidden’ things. That is necessary to provide clues about what is really going on. Bessler never openly said, ‘I think I should save these bearings, as they might come in handy for another project.’ He smashed his wheels in outrageous fashion without the merest mentioning of the bearings. Still, one can be sure that Bessler privately saved his wonder bearings. He always focused attention away from that which he was ‘hiding’ the most. His bearings were often out in plain sight but this hiding situation explains such things, as why he had his own guards to watch the guards. He wasn't concerned as much about the guards looking inside or taking the wheel itself, as he was concerned about the guards taking his bearings. If the guards were kept from looking inside, they would be less likely to consider taking his bearings. It is amazing that no one seemed to notice that Bessler's tiny roller bearings could allow the rapid rotation of such massive loads without heat building up in them or their ever burning out. Bearing replacement is common for massive wheels, as he may have indirectly implied by his learning techniques for replacing bearings for millstones, again p. 26 of PM97.
Bearing Geometry. See Fig. 58 for the bearing geometry. I think that the radius, R, of each of the nine intermediate rollers (or cylinders) was precisely half the radius of the central roller, 2R, so that the grown hole and lobe-hole opposite patterns could be quickly transferred to all the opposing surfaces, with those forming patterns distributed or spread throughout the entire bearing. Bessler wrote, "Even the things we eat do not lose their elemental influence -- for it spreads itself through every limb and sinue of our bodies." See p. 225 of PM97. The containing cylinder had an inner radius, 4R, which was precisely four times the radius of an intermediate roller. If I am misreading Bessler's messages, then someone else would need to correct my errors. I suspect that I am not wrong, as these ratios may be roughly seen in the small bearings actually shown in the diagram at the end of Bessler's book (p. 189 of PM97) or see the above Fig. 82. It is almost as if he symbolically told us the answer over and over again (in many different ways), but in case we somehow missed understanding his many messages or all his brush strokes, he is just making one last attempt to directly show us what is going on, if we just have eyes to see. Observe the bell ringer playing the nine bells from below with two hammers on p. 195 of PM97. Also with respect to his principle, the angles of the two hammers are different, suggesting different torques. The two hammers can strike the bells at different times, suggesting the two attractive blows from below by the two-part graviton. In comparison to the bell ringer, the nine intermediate rollers have lobes and lobe-holes which provide upward bearing blows at various times, of two different types (hole-blows and lobe-blows).
Nine Intermediate Rollers. Bessler found that nine such intermediate rollers would just fit, as long as the lobes were not grown so large that they begin to collide with lobes of neighboring intermediate rollers. Somewhat like opposing “shadow-boxers” (or more appropriately his untranslated German words ‘Luftspringer Federfechter’ which I like the more literal ‘Acrobatic feather fencers’ so as to not deviate from the ninth or Animal chiastic level and to also maintain the acrobatic fine/delicate lobe-like symbolism) the lobes would just pass by each other in the dark without actually hitting each other. If hypothetically or unworkably, such neighboring intermediate rollers of radius, R, just touched (prior to forming their surface), then the sine of half a roller angle (with respect to the center of the central roller) would have been R/(R+2R) = 1/3. See Fig. 59 which is similar to http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/Fig9_Roller_Angles.TIF (or Fig9_Roller_Angles.JPG) for that relationship. With trigonometric/scientific calculators available on many modern computers, we can now easily compute in degrees the arcsine angle or rather the inverse sine of 1/3 using a few keystrokes. This would have been a considerable mathematical challenge for Bessler in 1712. It is possible for people today with access to such modern calculators to easily determine that nine such rollers could just fit, since 360/(2(arcsine(1/3))) ≈ 9.244412735 > 9. Bessler claimed he became "successively a Cleric, a Doctor and finally a Mathematician". See p. 24 of PM97. We should now begin to understand why Bessler could properly make this claim about becoming a Mathematician, even if he didn’t do the calculation to as many digits as we can now easily do. I think that calculating the thickness of the constraint-plates would have required a Mathematician. Bessler could have avoided some of that calculating by progressively rolling thinner iron plates, which he could have tried portions, to see if they worked. Still we know that Bessler “made many calculations” (see p. 29 of PM97 or see p. 268 of AP08).
Bessler could have put nine such intermediate rollers around his central roller with a total of about ((360/(2(arcsine(1/3)))) – 9)*2(arcsine(1/3)) = 360 – 18*(arcsine(1/3)) ≈ 9.51803° to spare or about 9.51803°/9 = 1.05756° of separation between each neighboring intermediate roller. See Fig. 60 and Fig. 61 for depictions. He had about a degree to spare between each roller but he had to be very careful with that degree as it was required for his surface growth. Each roller could grow outward by about half a degree. He didn't have much room to spare. Once Bessler somehow figured out the proper relationships or how to capture these very detailed relationships, it must have been quite challenging for him to carry out such accurate/precise work in the early 1700's. Bessler used a pair of roller bearings to rotationally support each of his wheels. One of Bessler's roller bearings was only three-quarters of an inch in outside diameter. See pp. 20, 110, and 162 of PM97. His roller bearings were like mini-marvelous miracles. John Collins estimated that a wheel weighing 700 pounds was carried by the bearings. See p. 20 of PM97.
Orffyreus. The lobes, the lobe-holes, and the tiny spheres used in the formation of his bearings were some reasons why Bessler took on a pseudonym of Orffyreus, but there are many other reasons associated with the macroscopic and microscopic behavior of things (from rotating sphere-like objects within atoms to rotating planets) which I think he symbolically discussed in his writings. If one puts the 26 letters of the alphabet on the edge of a horizontal axis great circle of an orb or sphere, then going directly through the center will map between "Bessler" and "Orffyre". Each Orffyrean lobe-hole could be somewhat like an orifice. The lobe and corresponding lobe-hole surface patterns would be unique for each produced roller bearing, as the patterns were locally grown somewhat as a plant is locally grown.
Apologia. All these things simultaneously give a defense of his gravity driven wheel and give a defense of his faith in his helpful God. See the old definition of apology. Bessler gave credit to his helpful God (see p. 29 of PM97) for helping him. I also give credit to my helpful God for helping me. If one puts one's trust in the laws of physics, one may want to carefully consider the evidence of that trust or at least learn of the higher laws.
Bearing Contact Angles. My current best guess of the overall meaning for the rest of Bessler's large circle or O shaped diagram at the very end of his book (see p. 189 of PM97) is that it chiastically corresponds to ‘ORFFYREUM’ located on the first page (see p. 183 of PM97) of Bessler's book (after the dual second level chiastic title and starting the outermost chiastic part of the book). The final figure symbolically gives various bearing specifications. In the diagram the light wedges appear to point to the intermediate rollers of his bearings. I think that the angles of the light wedges represent the total angle that an intermediate roller may be rotated relative to a fixed opposing surface over which an individual Orffyrean lobe (or an individual Orffyrean lobe-hole) stays in contact with the opposing surface.
Lobes in Dark Space. The other portions in black (with many tiny points of light showing) signify that individual-exposed Orffyrean lobes are not in contact. The lobes and lobe-holes are then out in the blackness of space (within the bearing) not bearing any load. If one were to look in from an end of the Orffyrean roller bearing, I think that one would actually see tiny points of light, as tiny protruding Orffyrean lobes reflect light back out, especially if there is a source of light from the other end of the bearing. Bessler’s final figure suggested several sources of light at the other end.
Huge Bearing Contact Angles. It is interesting that Bessler could have the Orffyrean lobes/holes of an intermediate roller in contact with its opposing surface over a large angle. Normally for an ordinary cylinder rolling inside another open ordinary cylinder, there is only a small amount of full contact. Ideally for a circle of radius R rolling inside a circle of radius 4R, there is only a single zero-extent angle of full load contact. The radius R circle rotates through a zero degree angle for a point staying in full contact with the circle of radius 4R. For real or actual cylinders, the contact angles can be larger than zero for protrusions, but those protrusions would tend to be smashed during the rolling process. One could think of Bessler's rollers acting effectively at their original specifications (R or 2R or 4R) but as the surfaces are transformed, the dimensions are changed to both larger and smaller values (because all the surfaces have lobes and lobe-holes). Bessler's intermediate cylinders did not slip because the lobes were within the same reoccurring opposing holes. Bessler's protruding lobes were not smashed down because they were already locally flat as Orffyrean lobes rolled without slipping within slightly larger radius Orffyrean holes. Many of the lobes on Bessler's intermediate cylinder were miraculously able to stay in continuous contact for about 25°, which angle I suspect that Bessler initially determined from direct end on observation of his roller bearings. This would be an astounding amount of angular coverage for mere cylinders (by today's standards and especially for a year 1717 or 1712), but they were not mere cylinders. They were cylinders with specially-modified/grown surfaces. It was an amazing engineering feat then. Even now it would still be an amazing mechanical engineering feat. One cannot simply machine them with the finest and most precise machinery. Bessler's tiny bearings could work well while having very low friction even while carrying very heavy loads.
Gently Come, Roll, and Go. To phrase it another way, I think that Bessler (or Orffyreus) was astoundingly claiming that he could attain about 25 continuous degrees of bearing-load angular-contact for many Orffyrean lobes or Orffyrean lobe-holes on the surface of his intermediate rollers. The angle would be measured relative to the opposing effective surface. For example, an intermediate roller goes through about 25° of rotation relative to the (say stationary yet locally effective-changing) containing cylinder, while an individual lobe or hole on the intermediate cylinder stays in load bearing contact with its counterpart on the containing cylinder. They come gently together into strong contact without slipping and keep bearing the load over a huge angle, as they roll without slipping and then they gently depart (like a non-slipping pat on a paw rotates and lifts off). Each lobe touches on one side of a lobe-hole, rotate-rolls across the lobe-hole, and then departs the touching from the other side of the lobe-hole. There is large angular coverage in a runner's leg, in a driver's wheel, in a seer's eye, and in each of the dog's legs as the dog creeps over-through the hoop (and transfers stresses in the process). The dog could roll forward on its stomach through the middle of a hoop for about 25° of angular coverage. The huge instantaneous-support-regions of the intermediate rollers on the containing cylinder are shown in Fig. 65 for lobes in contact with their lobe-holes.
Calculation of Thickness of Spacer Plates. The ideal thickness of the spacer plates (t) can be directly calculated, using either Fig. 58 or Fig. 61 or Fig. 67. With C being the distance between centers of adjacent intermediate cylinders, then t = C - 2R. With respect to the center of the bearing, the angle between the centers of adjacent intermediate cylinders is 40° = 360°/9, since there are nine equally spaced intermediate cylinders. Let A = B = 3R = the equal distances of the centers of adjacent intermediate cylinders to the center of the bearing. That means C2 = A2 + B2 - 2ABcos(40°) = 2*9R2 - 2*9R2cos(40°). Thus, t = C - 2R = R(3{2 – 2cos(40°)}.5 – 2) ≈ R(.05212086).
Relative Rotation Angle. I previously measured the relative rotation angle that a lobe stays in contact with its lobe hole from the figure on p. 189 of PM97 to be about 25°. See the assumed 25° angles of the three wedges in Fig. 82. One can use half the thickness of the spacer plates to estimate that relative angle that a largest lobe can rotate through, while maintaining rolling without slipping contact with its lobe hole. Why do I say half the thickness of the spacer plates? A lobe on an intermediate cylinder can grow outward from the cylinder of radius R by at most a radius increment of about t/2 to insure that it not collide with some other lobe. It could grow larger, if there happens to be no collision.
An intermediate cylinder rotates without slipping through 720° as its center goes once around the inside containing cylinder. Thus an adjacent following cylinder must rotate through an angle of 80° = 720°/9 so that its corresponding lobe lands precisely upon the lobe hole vacated by the first cylinder. When the following cylinder has that identical lobe land in the hole that the first cylinder started from, then the initial cylinder during that time rotated through an angle of 80°. The two identical lobes on adjacent intermediate cylinders thus have their cylinders rotated 80° with respect to each other. We are given 80° of relative offsets (9*80° = 720° = 2*360°) and identical lobes on adjacent cylinders staying away from each other. A grown lobe would thus not collide with one of its identically grown lobes located on an adjacent intermediate cylinder because of timings and angles.
Calculation of Relative Rotation Angle. The reader can skip the calculation in this paragraph of the relative rotation angle, if it is found to be too difficult. The reader is encouraged to carefully consider the situation, since it gives understanding to Bessler’s rolling without slipping technology. The surface partly grows slightly outward by about t/2. There is a similar surface hole growth inward of the lobe-holes to a distance of about t/2. The effective rolling radius of an intermediate Orffyrean cylinder would remain R. If the surface that the grown intermediate Orffyrean cylinder rolled upon had been Orffyrean planar, then the cosine of half the relative angle (ψ) that the lobe rolled upon without slipping (from its maximum penetration within the lobe-hole to its middle Orffyrean planar surface) would be cos(ψ) = R/(R + (t/2)). That is because the tangent “middle” plane from the cylinder of original radius R would intersect with the slightly grown cylinder surface of radius R + (t/2) at an angle of ψ on either side, corresponding to the rotated fully grown lobe surface just touching the middle of the tangent plane. The middle of the tangent Orffyrean plane corresponds to the boundary in the Orffyrean plane between lobe growth and lobe-hole growth. The complementary surface, which the Orffyrean lobes and lobe-holes roll upon, corresponds to a complete interchange between the Orffyrean lobes and the lobe-holes. Thus, the portion of the Orffyrean plane that is in the middle corresponds to the place of reversal of the lobes and the lobe-holes. If the R + (t/2) radius surface doesn’t touch or go beyond the middle of the Orffyrean plane, then the lobes can’t roll within lobe-holes. It is somewhat difficult to draw because of the very small value of t/2 compared to R. The total relative rotation angle would be 2ψ = 2*arccos(R/{R + (t/2)}) = 2*arccos(2R/{2R + t}) = 2*arccos(2/{2 + (3{2 – 2cos(40°)}.5 – 2)}) = 2*arccos(2/{3{2 – 2cos(40°)}.5}) ≈ 25.88186°.
Because of that calculation of the relative rotation angle, I tried on 20 Dec 2017 to more carefully measure the angles of the wedges that Bessler drew in his final figure of Apologia. Again see my drawing of the three wedges in Fig. 82 somewhat representing the actual figure on p. 189 of PM97. I measured for the left wedge 26.3°, 26.3°, & 25.5°, for the right wedge 25.0°, 26.1°, & 26.3°, and for the bottom wedge 26.0°, 25.5°, & 25.3°. There seemed to be some subjectivity in taking the measurements, since the edges of the wedges were ragged or bumpy. The average of these numbers happened to be about 25.8°, which is somewhat near that estimate that I found above. I am thinking that either Bessler could have estimated-measured the relative rotation angles from his bearings or he could have used a calculated heuristic-estimate such as the one that I made above.
If we did the calculation of the relative rotation angle for rolling of an intermediate cylinder lobe with respect to the containing cylinder, then we would get a larger intersection angle than ψ but we would need to subtract the tangent angle of the containing cylinder at its intersection. I haven’t done the calculation but I guess after doing the correction I might obtain an angle near ψ, which is the “straightened out” or relative planar calculation value. Similarly if we did the calculation of the relative rotation angle for rolling of an intermediate cylinder lobe with respect to the central cylinder, then we would get a smaller angle than ψ but we would need to add the tangent angle of the central cylinder at its intersection. I also haven’t done that calculation but I again guess after doing the correction I might obtain an angle near ψ, which is the “straightened out” or relative planar calculation value. An angle of 2ψ is the estimated total relative-roll-angle of a “largest” lobe staying in contact with its lobe-hole.
If Bessler had done some of these calculations by 1717 without the aid of a modern calculator, then that would have been more evidence that he was indeed a Mathematician, as he claimed to be.
Ordinary Poetry. The word ‘ORFFYREUM’ was within attempted ordinary poetry, which had both pair-wise end-word-rhyming and pair-wise syllable-counting. The title page (see p. 183 of PM97 or pp. 0-1 and 243 of AP08) poem transitions to the Hebraic or chiastic poetry of the book. There is also more ordinary pair-wise poetry in the book but I think that it is the explicitly pair-wise chiasmus that is more important because of its assistance in decoding Bessler’s little book. The ordinary poetry may have just kept people from searching more deeply (for the important informative hidden poetry) as the ordinary poetry part was seemingly obvious. Though the title suggests the idea, it probably never occurred to many people that they might benefit from looking for hidden poetry beyond the obvious poetry type. There may also be a correspondence between Bessler's normal many nearly rhyming-counting poetry of adjacent (save in the declaration of faith) line pairs and the more usual aspects of gravity. Gravity comes from many pairs of charges to form the many gravitons, and absorbs many gravitons by many charge pairs. There might also be a similar correspondence between Bessler's spatially-separated two-part hidden-chiastic-poetry and the spatially-separated hidden two-part nature of the graviton.
Large Number of Chiastic Levels. I suspect that a portion of Bessler's book likely was chiastic to a large number of levels because of the large number of curiously listed Biblical references in Orffyreus's declaration of faith. See pp. 228-229 of PM97. See pp. 310-314, 356-358, and 136-143 of AP08. There were about 1 + 140 + 5 = 146 scriptural references. There was one x after a scriptural reference. There were 4 + 2 = 6 NB’s. There were 1 + 25 = 26 x’s in poetic comments associated with The ORFFYREUS Declaration of Faith. I think that the levels were not chiastically associated with other portions found elsewhere in Bessler’s book, because I found a case of reasonable chiastic analysis just before the declaration of faith and I found another case of reasonable chiastic analysis just after the declaration of faith. There might be on the order of (146 + 1 + 26)/2 = 173/2 ≈ 86 chiastic levels associated with Bessler’s Declaration of Faith. If there were two parallel chiasms, then the number of chiastic levels for each chiasm could be on the order of 86/2 = 43. Many boundaries might not need to be marked by x’s, because they could be figured out from the context of their chiastic surroundings. Bessler could have been working on the large level chiasm(s) long before he began to write his book. He could have worked his way outward from the chiastic center(s) using scriptural references, notes, and markings. The Book of Ether is an example of this technique of generating a large number of chiastic levels (say 105 levels), using in part a large list of things on one side of the chiasm. In Bessler’s case the chiasms may be hidden because one must open up the scriptural references on the ends to see the chiastic evidences. It would take a sort of faith to look for them. I have not found them but I strongly suspect that they are there, because of poetic hints and chiastic indicators.
Found Little of Available Chiasms. I have mainly only dealt with the chiastic structure of Bessler's little book (within section XLVI), the next section (XLVII), the last section (LV) in Part One (just prior to the declaration of faith), the Prologue very near the beginning of Part Two, and the chiastic structure of the outside edges of Apologia found in its coversheet (front and back covers). I suspect that each section of Apologia was chiastic. I did what I figured were the top priority chiastic analyses. I have done only a small portion of the chiasms that I think are available in Apologia. I have left plenty of chiastic challenges for the discerning poet. There are many available chiastic discovery opportunities. Again, I suspect that The Orffyreus Declaration of Faith is somehow chiastic to many levels.
Chiastic Implications Beyond This World. Here I think is the rest of the coversheet chiastic analysis of the two-part Apologia other than the two-part-two-level chiastic title, Orffyreum, and the twice indicated scripture. Because there is no chiastic boundary break beyond the chiastic world (there is an NB mark located at the uttermost end of his book), it suggests that the implications of Bessler’s book go far beyond this world. See AP08 pp. 0-1 (German), 239-241 (German), 243, and 353-354.
(two-part-two-or-three-level chiastic title)
all that the world in its curiosity wishes to know
_ the Devil himself, the great enemy of Orffyreus
_ _ (rest of coversheet chiastic structure)
_ Wagner, the arch-defamer, braggart and libeller
does not very soon give the world a proper working demonstration
Huge Poetic Flag. I think that all the chiasms (including on the visible coversheet) were a huge poetic flag right in front of anyone trying to learn his secret over the centuries. Bessler intended that his writings would only be understood in hindsight (or after his invention was understood or built or sold). We only now begin to understand these things, because we understand now what he was hiding and how he was hiding it. It remains to be seen, if people can identify more details in the large number of chiasms that should still be available in Apologia and if the details provide any more information regarding his invention.
Mass Powered Wheels. A Bessler wheel (by means of the Bessler principle) received power from all the matter rotating within the wheel, with the rotational power delivered by the energetic two-part gravitons. All the weights that Bessler put within his wheel contributed to power for the Bessler wheel. The more massive a wheel meant more power was collected by the wheel, assuming that power was not lost to friction. Bessler let people partly feel through a handkerchief an example of a weight from his wheel. See pp. 79 and 131 of PM97. The weight within the handkerchief correctly was a source of power for his wheel. He just neglected to say that all the matter rotating in his wheel contributed to the continual power for his wheel. This bit of magician showmanship took attention away from that which he was most interested in protecting (his roller bearings). Bessler had great invention hiding success, which in part was because of this example trick. His highly-effective distracting ruse focused people to thinking what his weights were, how they were arranged, and how they moved. Though serving Bessler's purpose, such concentration of effort on understanding the arrangements and dynamics of weights was a futile exercise for diversion purposes only, assuming one understands the Bessler principle. Each of Bessler wheels had different properties and initial conditions so as to keep people distracted and not considering his bearings and his principle.
Bessler attacked the greatest enemy of useful perpetual motion, namely rotational friction. He didn't want people to know that he had overcome that enemy, which enemy once disarmed allowed the Bessler principle to be globally though-not-locally apparent. To produce a perpetual motion mobile, one would obviously need a very low friction system (principally low-friction roller bearings), but because of the hidden Bessler principle, nothing else was needed to have such a gravity-powered perpetual-motion mobile. That properly concludes or ends the story's beginning.
If Bessler did not have distracting moving weights within his wheels, and if Bessler had shown people the insides of his wheels, there would have been two unfortunate consequences. Exposure of the center of the wheel (without the tight oiled covering) might have created slightly more air friction and slowed down his wheel somewhat. More importantly, a wheel rotating continuously on "its own accord" (p. 28 of PM97) and even delivering a small steady amount of useful power would have caused people to think more carefully or deeply about what was going on. They may have considered that their attempts to duplicate his wheel just wouldn't work. They may have understood that it was not the massive wheel that was the real invention but rather his extremely-thrifty very-low-friction bearings that allowed rotational power collected from gravity (in the wheel) to not be drained away to friction more rapidly than it was collected. He wrote in his little book parable, "For greed is an evil plant." See p. 225 of PM97. He would have also then needed to provide much more protection for his bearings, until he sold his complete wheel (including the bearings) for his very large asking price. He might have said to a buyer, ‘You might as well take these iron bearings, if you do not have your own. It should be clear in hindsight that not exposing the interior of the wheel was a smart sales approach. Nonetheless Bessler's sales approach was far from perfect. He never sold a single wheel, because his asking price was much too high. He probably should have tried to sell one of his wheels for a much lower price and charged people for the privilege of being instructed on how to make his very-low-friction roller bearings.
In the special case where Bessler showed the interior of his moving wheel to Karl, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (pp. 20 and 89 of PM97), Bessler let his distracting moving objects within his wheel do their job. The internal moving weights made noise and vibration when they hit the inside edges of the wheel. I suspect that he used eight cylindrical weights (pp. 131 and 194 of PM97) that slid along wire segments. See Fig. 31. Bessler wouldn’t let the later “officially appointed Commissioners” touch the ends of the cylindrical weights through the handkerchief, since I think that would have allowed them to feel the hole on each end. If they could feel the holes on the ends of each cylindrical weight, then they would have realized that the weights simply slide back and forth along wires. These simple things likely focused Karl's attention on the visibly moving hitting weights. It kept Karl's attention away from considering the many rotating massive entities (within the wheel) that were continually picking up rotational kinetic energy from gravity. The visibly moving and audibly banging weights especially kept Karl's attention away from the bearings. As objects rotated more rapidly within his wheels, they picked up more rotational energy by the Bessler principle. As objects collided with the edges of Bessler's wheel they lost some energy to friction/sound/vibration. Bessler would not have dared to disable the internal movement of the weights within his wheel. Without the internally moving weights, the wheel would have still worked but Karl would not have been as distracted.
Saturn, Mars and Jupiter. Bessler wrote, "Saturn, Mars and Jupiter are ready to join in any battle." See p. 225 of PM97. That could apply to the many battles to reduce friction from the central axle roller to the wheel: (1) central roller axle, intermediate roller and containing cylinder and (2) many cases of a lobe-hole allowing a lobe to run over it so as to help rotate the large entity connected to the lobe. That could also apply to the many fiery battles, for production of the bearing, by surface pattern formation and pattern transfer: (1) gunpowder sphere, ferromagnetic sphere and Orffyrean lobe and (2) central roller, intermediate roller and containing cylinder. That might even apply to the many battles to transfer energy from the graviton to the power productive wheel: (1) slowly rotating fundamental charge-matter pair, two-pull graviton, and more rapidly rotating fundamental charge-matter pair, (2) more rapidly rotating finest-fundamental charge-matter pair, transfer of angular momentum, and more rapidly rotating nucleus, (3) more rapidly rotating nucleus, electron, and rotating atom, and (4) rotating atom, electron lattice structure, and rotating wheel.
Orffyreus's Code Partly Decoded. Collins in PM97 wanted someone to decode his Appendix A "The first encoded passage." and his Appendix B showing a large number of Biblical references contained in the section entitled “Orffyreus's declaration of faith." Though I have not given the volumes of details associated with a proper decoding, I think that I have provided the key for decoding of those writings of Orffyreus. I think that I have provided the basic chiastic structure within the masterful Bessler's little book (shown in that Appendix A of PM97). I have provided many important hidden details, though others should be able to provide many more details. The main point of his writings was that he discovered a far reaching fundamental mechanical property of the wheel. The wheel has not been fully invented until we have discovered its most important hidden property. Bessler was able to make the discovery of its most important hidden property by his very low friction invention. I have explained why the Bessler wheels worked. I have explained what Bessler's invention was. I have given my current best guesses about many of the curious means by which he built his roller bearings. If others spot errors that I have made or if they can provide more insight, they would be most welcome to pass along such information.
Principles. Bessler (Orffyreus) wrote in a 1723 letter, "I have in mind a great 'Treatise on Mechanics' which I plan to publish, with many hundreds of machines and drawings that could be printed at my home. ... I have many different kinds of machine all running on different principles. They can be moved by weights, balls, springs, internal gears, internal water, oil, alcohol and wind." See pp. 141-142 of PM97. Though Bessler referred to many different principles, they all depended on a higher principle of all the rotating mass particles or fundamental charge pairs within each perpetual motion mobile obtaining more rotational power from gravity in the presence of low enough friction of the wheel.
The meaning of the term perpetual motion has changed in the last 300 years. Now, with a modern-implanted circular argument to exclude the possibility, the term specifically excludes the external input of power. Now the term excludes the input of continual power from gravity, which is currently mistakenly called an energy conservative force. Bessler's many perpetual motion mobiles all used external continual power sources of the energy non-conservative gravity ‘forces’ or rather two-part attractive blows. I think we need to go back to the older definition of perpetual motion, which allowed input of energy from gravity or the now understood two-parts of gravity. When we reproduce modern versions of the Orffyrean roller bearings, we should replicate all the many perpetual motion machines that Bessler illustrated. We would then be able to verify Bessler's many experimental arrangements and see for ourselves that Bessler was quite correct that it really was a triumph of the perpetual motion mobile. If any parts of a perpetual motion mobile wear out, we would be allowed to replace such parts.
Kassel Perpetual Motion Example. Bessler's wheel at Kassel rotated at a rate of twenty-six turns in a minute, when its axle was unrestricted. When it was hooked up to an Archimedean screw to raise water continuously, it only rotated at a rate of twenty turns a minute. See p. 107 of PM97.
Friction versus Angular Speed. As with Bessler's four most notable wheels and modern day examples of the Bessler principle, there is typically a balance between angular speed and friction. As wheels rotate faster about an axis, there could also be a greater separation of the fundamental charges rotating with respect to each other, which could increase the effectiveness of the Bessler principle. Within proper bounds, the angular speed is the friend of the Bessler principle but the Bessler principle has an enemy of friction.
I think that Bessler in his Apologia paints with multiple ‘brush strokes’ the connection between fire and his principle in his writings.
Opposite Charges. Animal fur (say from a dog or a cat) can be used in collecting charges. Different materials can be used in extracting charges. One can determine that there are opposite charges. Bessler seemed to study everything, so it is possible that he could have done experiments related to determining that there are opposite attractive charges.
This is only a partial translation/decoding of Bessler's little book. A more complete translation/decoding could cause Bessler's little book to become a huge book when fully translated at multiple levels. This current translation/decoding does not capture all my prior analysis comments. Still, I wanted to try to capture as much as I could chiastically, analytically, and information-wise with respect to the decoding of Bessler's little book, while somehow flowing somewhat like a translated-expanded little book might have been intended by Bessler. Some words came from prior analyses. Some words came from a prior translation attempt or Little Book Interpretation found in my paper "Some Thoughts on a Simple Explanation of Bessler's Wheel: Bessler's Wheel Uncovered with an Interpretation of Bessler's Little Book - A Delayed Gift to the World" (24 July 2001 found in http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerWheelPaperHTM.htm).
I think that I can now give a much better translation/decoding. Since 2001, I think that I have improved my understanding of the chiastic structure, by making full use of Bessler's chiastic boundary markers. I think that I now better understand how to construct or grow the Orffyrean roller bearing. I think that I now better understand Bessler's principle. Hopefully this will be a better translation-decoding-expansion of Orffyreus’s/Bessler's little book. I still haven't looked for the large number of chiastic levels likely provided by Bessler's many Biblical references. Nonetheless, I again strongly suspect that when they are sought out, they will be found. Otherwise, I can't think of any other rationale for the many Biblical references. When the many chiastic levels are found, I suspect that they will point out particular background details. Those levels could supply peripheral parts of a further translation/decoding of Apologia. I think that the chiastic analysis is a part of translation/decoding of Apologia.
Bessler's wheels worked because of his principle but his principle was allowed to be manifest by his low friction principle/process of pure rolling without slipping orbs or Orffyreum. That is, using Orffyreum in its construction and use allowed Bessler's principle to be manifest. Bessler may have considered all the involved principles as different facets of a common principle or process of Orffyreum, but I will try to separate out the ideas so as to make it more clear what is being talked about. I will try to use Orffyreum to denote the rotationally-orbed roller bearing formation/use process (since Bessler chiastically provided that association with his bearing-specification final-figure) and its method of construction. Bessler's principle or Orffyreus's principle will refer to the rotationally-orbed principle of extraction of rotational kinetic energy from the two-part graviton. It will also include the low friction flow of the energy to its surroundings, though someone else might consider that to be part of the process of Orffyreum. It can be a little tricky where one principle/process stops and another principle/process begins, since they are connected.
Some modern terms will be used to assist in my current translation. I will try to provide chiastic labels with some associated meanings. In this translation, using the best available information about Bessler's invention and its means of construction, I am also providing my currently-best available guess for what was Bessler's "strangely invigorating dream" referred to on p. 29 of PM97. I think it gave Bessler a clear idea of what he would need to do to construct a very low friction roller bearing capable of supporting large masses. That is why I think that he never spoke of the details of his strangely invigorating dream.
I will use the short labels of the chiastic structure during my current decoding/translation. One may refer back to the above chiastic translation while considering the translation/decoding. Again, I suspect that there is still much chiastic translation work that still needs to be expressed. I think that there are many chiasms from different sections of Apologia. Others may need to find them, as I only tackled a tiny portion of that problem. I think that (because of the evidence so far and because of the full name of Bessler’s book) each section of Apologia has some sort of a chiastic structure.
I have for convenience and simplicity broken out the essential nested chiastic structure into two separate structures (OLQSC and I0123456789AB) so that there would not be so many levels of indention. I also broke it out to place greater emphasis on the innermost chiastic little book parable itself. It is just understood that both chiasms are a part of an essential chiastic structure. The essential structure has been effectively reduced by somewhat “replacing” the "OLQSMC" level indention with the "I" level indention symbol. The innermost chiastic indention, though not explicitly shown, could be considered as "WEOLQSXGI0123456789AB", which means that it is currently a 20=2+4+2+12 levels deep chiasm (not counting the chiastic center “B” and not counting “C” which is fully replaced). I added the world (W) and enemy (E) levels also occurring on the coversheet (front and back covers). I am not adding another enemy level between the (L) and (Q) levels. If someone wants to add a level there, they could make one of the enemy levels a devil level. I added the chiastic 17 (X) and eminent gentlemen (G) levels but I didn’t add a questions level, since I figured that it was the main part of the (I) level. Many other chiasms in Apologia would be surrounded by the WEOLQS, as for example the chiasm in XLVII and the chiasm of the Prologue to Part Two.
I was going to reinsert the above indented chiastic translation here to allow ready comparison, but to avoid repetition, I am leaving it out. One will just need to refer back to it above. In the prior section B.2 "A Chiastic Translation of Orffyreus's Little Book" see the many indentions following the paragraphs "Chiasms Surrounding Chiastic Little Book" and "Chiastic Little Book". Also see Fig. 82 there.
We may now make a comparison of the translations, before and after decoding of the chiastic parable.
__________________
A Little Book Translation/Decoding. (W) Now we begin a further translation or rather decoding of Bessler's little book parable. In this decoded book I grant to the world all the views that they have eagerly sought of me, regarding my Perpetuum Mobile. (E) I have done so to specifically thwart the desires of my great enemy, the Devil. My wheel will go forth despite all the fiery darts and binding snares of the evil one.
Little Book Introduction. In
order that ye may better understand my principle, including the required
process of (O)(L) ORFFYREUM, I, Orffyreus, (or Bessler with my
cylindrically inverted line of letters denoting my linked processes of bearing
formation and extraction of power from gravity) first probe your current 1717
knowledge by asking thee the words of our Lord God, (Q) "Are ye also yet without understanding?" as we read
in (S) Matth. XV. vs. 16.
(X) I have chiastically provided many of my discoveries and life experiences until 1717, which you may draw upon to assist your understanding. I have presented a large body of evidence for my perpetual motion wheel, powered in and of itself by leverage from gravity, because of my wheel's rotational motion. (G) It was written that a wheel turning "of its own accord" would be "a thing to be prized more than a ton of gold" {p. 28 of PM97}. My wheel behaves so. I have sought to sell my wheel. No great one has given me the 100,000 thalers reward for the secret of my machine {p. 159 of PM97} which would be a bargain for obtaining a ton of gold. (I = Only Reveal Later) Even with questions answered, you will not be able to replicate what my wheel has done, until you have effectively replicated my bearing construction deeds. With my successes, my efforts have been slanderously attacked by tracts and pamphlets {p. 17 of PM97}. Andreas Gärtner and Christian Wagner are some of my mortal enemies. My enemies want me to admit my fraud. They and the rest of the world will eventually learn the truth and validity of my wheel, which they may now see turning here at Hesse-Kassel.
Those with a mature understanding of my perpetual mobile of this year of our Lord 1717 will see the physical evidence before them of my completed invention in my little book poetic proper. If you understand, then you will be able to understand my words. Those with penetrating questions regarding nature, things of God, and my invention should ask such questions and they will in many cases receive answers from this little book. My little book starts out small but it grows considerably as the valuable symbols are partially expanded. This expansion grows in part according to the extension of "my little book" to include this entire 1716-1717 booklet of mine, Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE. My deeds will be revealed according to God's will but with the help of God they will not be revealed before I am willing. In hindsight, it will be quite clear that I did and wrote of them earlier. My roller-bearing construction-deeds and consequent inventions will begin to be revealed, when people begin to catch the vision of my very-low-friction roller-bearing-invention. I have written my little book parable so that only with a mature or complete understanding of how and why my wheel-invention actually works, can one fully understand or appreciate why I have chosen the symbols that I have chosen. With proper understanding, many portions of my little book can be viewed according to many levels symbolically. If anyone lacks a mature understanding of my invention, he will need to speculate about the truth of my invention and see if my little book confirms his speculations. If anyone wants to guess about the truth of my invention, he needs to carefully ponder upon the symbolically-rich drama of words that I now cause to rain down upon him from above. Each rain drop from heaven represents a portion of the total picture of the shower. A mighty shower can begin with just a few properly understood dew drops from heaven. The riches of the eternities await those who do according to the loving dictates showered down from our Father in heaven. God has helped me to attain my goal of perpetual motion. He will help you, as you put your trust in him. If we are wise, we will chose the good and reject the evil, even during trials and even with contention.
A metal-gardener places seeds on his fences so that they may be greater grown, when he digs out his ditches. A wagoner totally ignores any tiny rolling without slipping fences, as he destructively wears them down in his narrow-minded haste. Normal wagons, with wheels that are often bearing heavy loads, can leave deep ruts in muddy roads, since they do not even begin to attack the rolling without-mechanical-friction problem. But I have attacked and solved the problem with the help of God in the invention of my special bearings. No person of eminence has ever seen the interior of one of my bearing-inventions. {See the answer to Bessler’s first question on p. 296 of AP08 or p. 105 in German.} Karl may have seen the interior of my wheel but he never saw the interior of my Perpetuum Mobile invention. A metal-gardener should grow lobes and lobe holes, on rarest occasions forming fences of the finest steel, without breaking the fences, as they are being grown. When grown, such steel fences cannot be broken by the metal-gardener, since they are rolled-upon by conforming ditches without any slipping. See Matthew 15:14. One must be sure to keep the fences and ditches clean of all dirt from the road that their properties are not slowly destroyed. One must never oil my bearings. A normal rolling-wagon-wheel does not begin to allow the growth of rolling without slipping fences. It only serves to break down such fences. As my bearings begin to grow, the wagoner needs to change from being a steady destroyer to a gentle metal-gardener harvesting bounteous crops of Orffyrean lobes and lobe holes. You may ask me a keen question, “How were you able to grow such amazing fences in your bearings, which fences by normal processes are broken down?” Continue probing my chiastic parable for the answer.
(0 = Growth by Low Friction) For the evil of greed has made this little book parable necessary. Since I demonstrated to the world that I could provide “perpetual motion”, the greedy bodiless beings of the deep-dark bottomless pit have opposed me. They have even spat upon me from below, while portions of gravity come up from below to drag me down. The devil fights hard to oppose my grown invention going forth. What have I done to my mortal enemies (such as Gärtner, Borlach, and Wagner) to be so harshly treated? They have fanned the fires of lies and hatred, to turn others against me. Yea, what was my trespass? Nary, save my over-confidence and some pride, which I have tried to repent of. Greed (rooted in this world) spreads and grows according to the power given up to the devil. I have fought that greed plant first-hand because I protected my invention from the greed of others. I would not give away the golden fruits of my arduous efforts for free. My innermost invention is good. The parts being good are perfectly obedient to God in their own realms, as God is perfectly obedient to his own laws. God has helped me in the midst of my many trials.
Evil Greed Plant. My grown invention-plant is exceedingly energy greedy or selfish (or you may say "thrifty" if you prefer) in that it greedily draws energy to itself. It works in layered parts but it fights energy-loss-friction at all places possible, so as not to lose any of the precious energy, which in greedy fashion it sips out of the energy-rich raging river of gravity. As the wheel turns faster, the thirst, appetite, and stomach each increase the sips to great guzzles. The covering mantle wheel around my energy productive invention-plant helps to visually protect it from the curious-greedy people of this world who would claim my invention as their invention without giving me the one hundred thousand thalers payment that I have asked for my invention and have so patiently been waiting for. The loud sounds (from weights hitting the inside of my 1717 covering wheel) are another way to help protect my invention from such greedy people of this world. The weights hitting were distracting hammer blows. If they heard not the hammer blows, they would need to think more carefully what it meant.
Low Friction Roller Bearings. To have perpetual motion in a wheel rotating about a horizontal axis, the first requirement is to have wonderfully low-friction especially in its bearings. A wheel must greedily or selfishly retain nearly all the rotational kinetic energy that it has. The wheel must not convert its rotational kinetic energy to heat energy in its bearings and so end its motion. My roller bearings have wonderfully low friction. Retention of energy is necessary but not sufficient for production of energy in an energy producing rotational-mechanical plant. We must consider energy growth of the plant.
Growth of Rotational Motion. When total rotational friction is low enough in a wheel, God visibly provides a subtle hidden miracle in gravity. Gravity always provides extra rotational energy, and the more so as the wheel rotates faster. A plant grows, by absorbing radiant drops of sunlight, and the more so is absorbed as it grows larger. The plant retains energy to itself without wasting much distributed collected energy. My wheel invention retains rotational motion unto itself. Extra motion is harvested unto itself by distributed collection of extra rotational energy from the leveraging by gravity. We need to ponder more upon questions about gravity. Gravity is that which pulls down on objects such as anvils.
(1 = Two-part Gravitons) A symmetric anvil with just two end points (connected by a cylinder) receives many downward blows by the smith's hammer. If the symmetric anvil (sans anvil stand or base) were suspended at its center of mass by a frictionless rope, the smith could deliver two separate hammer blows to its opposite end points. The first directly-downward blow would cause the initially horizontal anvil to begin to rotate. The anvil continues to rotate, while the smith raises his hammer for the second higher directly-downward blow on the other point. The second directly-downward blow, though of the same downward strength, does not stop the anvil from rotating about its center of mass, assuming there is no friction from the air and the rope. The second blow, which was struck later at the opposite point, was struck much closer to the rope than the first blow, because of the anvil's rotational motion. It provided less rotational torque. The two separate hammer blows, though equal in downward magnitude, created a net rotation of the anvil. The anvil keeps rotating even after the second hammer blow is struck and especially if the higher blow is greatly delayed. Rotational energy was delivered by the two equal downward blows, since the second downward blow was delivered higher up and later.
Gravity Attractive Blows. Does the smith's anvil only receive blows that were provided by the smith's hammer? Nay. It is reasonable that the anvil also receives many downward blows from little bits of gravity coming out from the earth. The wind-sound is composed of tiny buffeting blows, while upon the earth. Its speed can be measured. Light also is composed of many repelling blows. As cat fur can be rubbed, electrostatic forces can be attractive or repulsive. Surely they are composed of tiny attractive or repulsive blows, since one can see sparks jump when the force is quite great. For greatest penetration, might not the attractive part coming from matter survive as gravity? It is reasonable that gravity is coming out from the earth, since gravity diminishes when a body is further away. Gravity does not increase as bodies are further away. The motion of wandering planets demands gravity effectively decrease when the planets are further away from the sun. As matter has little tiny bits, it is reasonable that gravity is sent forth in little-tiny bits and it is also reasonable that gravity is received in little-tiny attractive blow-bits. We know gravity is attractive as things fall down from the heavens rather than fall up. The effect of gravity can be similar to poltergeists doing work in sealed rooms. Both can travel upward through the earth prior to doing work in sealed rooms. Many scientists and mathematicians greatly error, when they make a bold assumption that gravity is some sort of smooth continuous force, since reason dictates that at its finest levels gravity is composed of very-many, tiny-attractive blows that come from and act upon matter.
Still Many More Blows. Might not the anvil receive even many more downward gravity blows than from just a single attractive downward blow for each bit of gravity? There appears to be two types of static electricity. The same charges repel but opposite charges attract. Might not gravity come from opposite orb-charges and be attractively absorbed by their opposite equally-massive orb-charges? That would suggest that there are two equal attractive downward blows coming from a smallest bit of gravity, rather than a single blow applied simultaneously to the two opposite orb-charges. An anvil does receive very many downward pulling blow-pairs. Surely the higher elevation orb-charge would receive its attractive downward blow from two-part gravity after the lower elevation orb-charge receives its attractive downward blow. But what is the importance of that? Like delayed hammer blows on the anvil, a rotational speed-up torque would be increased.
Orffyreus's Principle. With two equal downward attractive blows from each little bit of gravity acting at separate times on opposite orb-charges, any pair of equal mass rotating orb-charges previously rotating about their center of mass about a horizontal axis would receive different rotational motion about their center of mass. If there is no friction to absorb any rotational motion, if the higher elevation orb-charge receives its downward blow after the lower elevation orb-charge (as almost always happens), and if internal rotational motion is initially present for the orb-charges about their center, then they will acquire greater rotational motion. That is my Bessler principle according to the opposite name I fashioned for myself. I formed the name by wrapping the 26 letters of the alphabet about either a horizontal axis cylinder or the horizontal-axis great circle of a horizontal-axis-rotating sphere so that the opposite orb line points of "BESSLER" are "ORFFYRE". {See the front cover of this book, Gravity-Wheel Unveiled.} That mapping denotes at least four or eight examples of my principle, as opposite orb-letter-charges are pulled down, with the lower elevation orb-letter-charge being pulled down first. Whether the initial rotations are clockwise or counterclockwise, the pairs of separate downward blows result in greater angular speed, since the opposite higher elevation orb-letter-charges travel further around the circle before they are pulled down. It would not matter whether the letters themselves are shown to rotate for the smallest of isotropic orb charges (since nothing changes their internal rotations), but for nuclei (containing vast numbers of orb charges) that are rotating in a wheel or for fodder-filled horses rotating in a great circular herd, it would matter. See another example of my principle in Fig. 25 according to counterclockwise rotation. The solid line represents the locations of the two orbs at the time of the earlier pull down of the lower orb. The dashed line represents the locations of the two orbs at the time of the later pull down of the higher elevation orb. [Also see Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 for two more examples according to counterclockwise rotation.]
(2 = Pattern Replication) The blows are received by the same pattern throughout the entire wheel. Here is a Table B.1 of rotational power delivery to the wheel with columns in the order of occurrence. Column 1. A graviton produces a pair of separate downward blows which provide greater internal rotation to the pair of slightly-rotating, oppositely-charged smallest orbs so that they become more greatly rotating. Column 2. Then the rotating orb pair acts on neighboring orb charges in a rotating nucleus so as to collectively cause the nucleus to have greater rotation. Column 3. Then the rotating nucleus acts upon the surrounding-touching electron cloud to deliver the greater rotation to the lattice of the wheel. The angular speed or momentum is spread out through the entire body to provide extra angular speed to the wheel. This pattern repeats itself throughout the entire wheel rotating about a horizontal axis. The rows of the dispersed power delivery table are in the chiastic order: driver, runner, and seer. The rows of the table could also be considered in the chiastically corresponding size order: Jupiter, Mars, and Saturn. Only the enemy of nearly-ubiquitous friction (on this earth) can dash the hopes of the wheel to realize the greater angular speed.
Table B.1. Rotational power delivery to wheel.
|
Chiastic Labels |
Column 1 |
Column 2 |
Column 3 |
|
driver/Jupiter |
greater rotating pair of opposite orb charges |
greater rotating nucleus |
greater rotating lattice of wheel |
|
runner/Mars |
two downward pulls by graviton on orb charges |
rotating orb pair |
rotating nucleus |
|
seer/Saturn |
slightly rotating pair of opposite orb charges |
neighboring orb charges |
electron cloud |
(3 = Large Jupiter) A driver drives, while he provides rotational stability at all levels. A coach driven without a driver would not be stable, for whatever the coach might be. Even as the driver drives the coach or carriage, the hidden driver of the complete effect of gravity drives every coach and carriage wheel, according to my principle. My principle drives or provides extra power to every wheel rotating about a horizontal axis. That summarizes the Table B.1 with its external relations. The sun is the biggest type of Jupiter in this solar system and it is power-driven by my principle, according to small means which progress to larger effects.
(4 = Small Mars) A runner runs, while allowing rotational motion/power at all levels through its feet and legs. A runner runs, whether it is with two somewhat rotating feet and two articulating legs or whether it is with many rim feet and some spoke legs in a coach wheel or whether it is with one of many lobe feet on imaginary legs in an intermediate Orffyrean cylinder or whether it is with two power providing “feet” in a graviton. The runner runs by gently coming down on his foot, rotating, and gently lifting off. The rims of the wheels that the driver drives gently come down, slightly rotate, and gently lift off.
(5 = Saturn) A seer is often intermediate in size between a driver and a runner. The seer sees at all levels. For all cases, he just knows the proper connection between the runner and the driver. With respect to the center of the bearing, a rolling cylinder of intermediate constrained average radius of its center point is an example of a Saturn between the small radius central axle and the large radius containing cylinder of my bearing.
Low Friction. Very low friction for the wheel requires very low friction for each of the roller bearings, based upon the process of Orffyreum. To invoke the process, each low friction Orffyrean roller bearing requires an ordering of the low friction support as seen in Table B.2. The final bearing specification figure of my little book (Fig. 82) may be considered now to see if you have acquired understanding. The table, in support of the process of Orffyreum, goes left to right from the finest fighting of enemy-friction at the smallest scale to the largest scale fighting of enemy-friction. Column 1. At the finest level, each lobe acts as if it were a great seer from afar. The lobe knows that it will come down and in gentle running contact rolls without slipping within the slightly larger radius lobe-hole. The seer lobe is a perfect shot. I am a "good shot" {p. 24 of PM97}. The seer lobe is a perfect marksman, since he never misses his mark, even when he is shooting in the dark. He, as a perfect blind hunter, comes down out of the dark and hits his quarry hole perfectly every time (Matthew 15:14). He gently lands on one side of his lobe-hole, rolls without slipping through the middle, and gently lifts off from the other side of his lobe-hole. See Fig. 83 for the gentle landing and beginning to roll without slipping. Column 2. At the next roller bearing level of scale, the lobe serves as the small intermediary between the two surfaces of different radii of curvature, for different cylinders of my bearing. Column 3. At the largest roller bearing level, each small intermediary rolling cylinder serves as a runner between the central axis cylinder and the large bearing containing cylinder. See Fig. 84 which depicts the geometry of the roller bearing. Notice that relative to the center of the bearing there should initially be slight gaps of about one degree between pairs of small intermediate rolling cylinders. That is about twice the observed width of the moon. The rows of the low friction table are in the chiastic order: driver, runner, and seer. The rows of the table could also be considered in the chiastically corresponding size order: Jupiter, Mars, and Saturn.
Table B.2. Orffyreum low friction roller bearing.
|
Chiastic Labels |
Column 1 |
Column 2 |
Column 3 |
|
driver/Jupiter |
lobe-hole |
larger radius surface |
bearing containing cylinder |
|
runner/Mars |
running contact |
lobe |
small intermediate rolling cylinder |
|
seer/Saturn |
lobe |
smaller radius surface |
central axis cylinder |
Fig. 83. Seer lobe rolls without slipping over its lobe-hole.
Fig. 84. Shows the initial geometry of the roller bearing.
(6 = Motion from Quality) The buyer buys with the highest quality money. The exchange allows a transfer of something that is attractively wanted by the seller for another thing that is wanted more by the buyer. There is intelligence in the exchange process.
Lowest Friction Medium. There is a highest-quality lowest-friction medium during the exchange. This medium of exchange allows rotational motion to be exchanged for greater rotational motion paid for by the buyer. The buyer rotationally buys, by offering up rotation as the price of greater rotation. To buy the most the trading process needs to be the fairest or needs to be the least friction. Rotational wealth increases during the process, as in the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30) there is an increase of wealth with the one having the most and trading the most, thus acquiring the most.
Sacrificial Purchase. The buyer willingly enters into the exchange. The buyer buys with two of the best coins of the land. Does the sale take place in an instant? No, but it is quick. First one coin is delivered and then the second coin is delivered. The buyer now can be considered to be the two-part graviton, which offers himself up as a total self-sacrifice. The buyer thereby trades himself for greater rotational motion, according to my principle. There is no sacrificial coin of greater quality than total self-sacrifice, which symbolically points to our Lord God's total and complete two-part self-sacrifice.
(7 = Matter) Matter contains and provides rotational motion in and of itself, because of gravity. That is my principle.
The rain drips down. The tiny droplet rotates around a horizontal axis. By my principle it forms greater rotational kinetic energy, thus creating updrafts in the clouds.
The snow falls of itself. The frozen miniature-moisture-miracle, called a snowflake, rapidly rotates around a horizontal axis by my principle. Interactions with air require that frictional asymmetries are minimized in the rotating growing snowflake. As the surfaces of snowflakes are grown with rotations, so too the surfaces of my bearing are grown with rotations.
My bearing is formed with fine internal-structure and rotational-coordination somewhat like a snowflake, which is grown from rapidly-rotating nearly-freezing tiniest-droplets. Energy to help form the snowflake comes from my principle by rapid rotations about horizontal axes. My bearing with nine-part initial-rotational-symmetry may be compared to a snowflake with its six-part rotational symmetry. My final figure supplied the extra three parts for its three-by-three-part rotated rotational symmetry. Like a finest detail symmetric snowflake, there is much rotational symmetry across my bearing for the grown surface lobes. When each intermediate rolling cylinder comes to a particular location with respect to a point on the containing cylinder, then they are perfectly identical, including the finest details of the lobes and lobe holes. As my bearing is used the rotating lobes come down out of space like little snowflakes. They are kept cool in the dark space, as they rotationally come down. Both the forming symmetrical snowflake and a wheel rotating about a horizontal axis using my symmetrical bearing obtain energy from my principle.
The great snowball rolling rapidly down the mountain side acquires extra rotational kinetic energy because of especially large angular speed according to my principle.
The shotgun shoots. Even the reaction releasing energy requires my principle to initiate the reaction. That occurs whether it be a soldier shooting on the battlefield or it be the micro-cannon blast of a ferromagnetic ball, while growing my roller bearing of the finest steel. Though mainly from other chemicals, some of the initial energy in gunpowder comes from the ingredient of charcoal, which energy was collected by the plant kingdom and made potentially available in its chemical configurations.
(8 = Vegetable) The plant kingdom provides or transitions energy.
The bow twangs. The pulled bow allows energy to be stored up in its chemical bonds and later transmitted, as the bow string is released. As my lobes come down they are gently bent very slightly like little ends of bows. When the lobes depart there is a slight release like the bow twanging. A bow twanging shows that rotational energy can be transmitted back and forth between collected properties of the microscopically very small and the macroscopically larger rotational motions, as the bow ends are alternately slightly closer and further apart.
Rotational Energy Acquisition. Here wanders over the energetic feeding pastures a great yet-compact herd of fat, lazy, plump fodder-filled horses. As the herd rotates, the herd acquires fodder in the bellies of the horses. As the herd rotates once, each horse internally rotates once. The wheel is a great yet-compact collection of rotation-filled nuclei, slowly going around and around about a horizontal axis. The nuclei rotate internally about once for each rotation of the wheel. {Notice in the BESSLER-ORFFYRE transformation figure on the front cover of this book, Gravity-Wheel Unveiled, how each letter rotates once, as the complete wheel rotates once. Now it matters that the letters rotate.} My principle allows each nucleus to acquire extra rotational kinetic energy which is then distributed outwards through its “bonds” with the others.
Bearing Formation Procedures. The wooden flail would rather be with the thresher, than the scholar. The thresher merely beats to release the energetic grains. The scholar uses the flail to quickly-repeatedly go around and around. See Fig. 68 to see my modified flail. There are many tiny pops and much smoke/vapor coming from the bearing-joint, when in the joint-cruel hands of the scholar. The scholar creates many battles to grow the bearing based upon the process of Orffyreum. My completely-grown low-friction roller bearing allows wheels to collect rotational kinetic energy through my principle.
Heavy Club-lobes. Imaginary children play with heavy wooden clubs among the broken columns. Each child swings from the top of one column to the next, as the club's blunt-end or lobe gently rolls without slipping in the lobe-hole gradually formed upon the ground. Some of the fine ground particles become attached to the lobe end of the club. Variants of these ideas are used both in my low-friction roller bearing and during its formation-growth.
My roller bearing rotates with little friction for both slow and rapid angular speeds, whether or not the wheel is heavily loaded. As viewed from the side, my roller bearing may be compared to side views of many tiny pretend children playing with very heavy clubs among tall broken columns. The strongest of the children cannot lift the lightest of the clubs. Still, each child can swing from the top of one broken column to the top of the next broken column. You may also call the swing a "step", as it uses a club as a "leg". The child swing-steps to the next by positioning his heavy club on the ground between two close columns and pushing off while holding onto the handle end during the swing over to the top of the next column. Then he rotates the handle end of his club to maneuver it between his current column and his next intended column so that he can again swing a small angle over to the top of the next intended broken column. They can make the play more exciting, with a game of tag. Real children should never play these very dangerous games. One child hurt is too great a price.
Double-ended Clubs. If the clubs are even heavier by being double-ended, then instead of rolling them to the next position, they may be alternatively transported between the columns by switching ends. A double-ended club may be moved in seesaw fashion by leaning it against the current broken column that the pretend child is on and rolling it over the top of the column, assuming that there is enough room for the pretend child to stay on top of the column. The double club is pivoted with a circular motion with one end going up, while the other end goes down. This idea can extend to each internal cylinder of my roller bearing at times rolling over the tops of grown smoothed-down column-tops with rolling lobes touching the ground as the clubs did. As the blunt ends of the children's clubs were gently rounded (so as not to sink or cut into the ground), so are the ends of the lobes gently rounded to bear the load, while slightly rotating and while maintaining static friction contact without any slipping. The pretend children must never put lubrication on the blunt ends of their clubs prior to their play so that they are safely born with low friction across each gap without danger of their clubs slipping. The pretend children must never put lubrication on the tops of the columns so that neither they nor the double-ended clubs slip. They must neither play among the columns when the ground is slippery nor when the tops of the columns are slippery.
(9 = Animal) There is animal-like constrained-motion in my bearing, in my wheel, and in the formation of my bearing. There is innate intelligence in my principle that has the characteristic instinct of at least a smart animal. Both downward pulls work together like a smart animal at different times and at different places. The separate downward pulls are known to each other.
Lobe Boxers. Acrobatic feather fencers are as fleet and nimble as the wind. In my roller bearing, the lobes come down, as gentle as a feather, yet never miss their mark. Those lobes, like boxing gloves, from separate intermediate rollers may just miss one another in the dark, as suggested by some of the details in Fig. 61. These lobes make small portions of somersaults, while flying past each other, at the speed of the wind. For an acrobatic lobe, there is one somersault for each rotation of the cylinder. {Consider the letters rotating on the front cover.} A boxing glove strike-in-the-dark ends when the glove lobe gently touches its mark and begins to roll with the punch. The rolling punch of light stress-bearing contact rotationally can last for a rotational angle of about 25 degrees that I have drawn for your benefit in my final figure of my little book pamphlet. Such a sustained angle of rotational contact is unheard of, for normal bearings. That is why I emphasized it in my final figure of Fig. 82. The figure provides many details for my bearing specifications. A white region of the figure shows where a lobe no longer travels alone in the dark, with stress-bearing low-friction rolling-without-slipping contact. The white regions of the figure also simultaneously show where many lobes of an intermediate roller cylinder are instantaneously in low-friction rolling-without-slipping contact relative to the containing cylinder. Compare Fig. 82 with Fig. 65.
Roller Bearing Overview. My best Orffyrean roller bearing consists of a central roller cylinder, nine intermediate cylinders about the central roller cylinder, and a containing cylinder surrounding the interior cylinders. See Fig. 84. Each surface is covered with tiny lobes and lobe-holes.
One of my enemies, Wagner, accused me of using a split axle {p. 17 of PM97}. He was quite wrong in his barbing foolishness, but I did not breathe out the fact that each Orffyrean cylinder, including the central roller axle "cylinder", had approximately its radius split into many almost continuous levels according to the use of multitudes of Orffyrean lobes and Orffyrean lobe-holes. I was not about to give Wagner any clue that all my bearing cylinders had nearly continuously split radii.
Lobes in Lobe-Holes. The cunning lobe-hole-cat with fully open mouth silently slinks along in rotating circular paths and snatches many rounded lobe-mice, whose shape is highly compatible with her mouth. Though the paths greatly differ, the cunning cat never misses her quarry. See Fig. 83, while now thinking it is the cat seeing each mouse in the blackest darkness, pouncing out of nowhere, and receiving each lobe-mouse in her wide open jaws. One of the lobe-hole-jaws first touches the lobe-mouse.
Energy Acquisition. The cunning lattice-cat of the wheel slinks silently along, rotating at almost the same angular speed as her rodent-quarry, and snatches nice-juicy, mice-nuclei using her lattice-bonding-teeth. As the lattice-cat gets her fill of the rotationally-energetic mice-nuclei, she also rotates with greater rotationally kinetic energy, until the burden of increased frictional-taxation causes further hunting efforts to be lost to friction. The lattice-cat still hunts and snatches energetic mice-nuclei but the captured energy is claimed by friction.
Constraint of Bearing Dog during Formation. The dog creeps out of his kennel, just as far as his chain will stretch. The cylinders of the roller bearing are constrained during bearing formation by the "chains" of the thin end constraint-plates, so that the cylinders never run into each other during bearing formation and so that space is available for lobe growth. The end-constraint spacer-plates are removed after the bearing-dog is formed.
Constraint Plates. What was the order of operations in attaching the end constraint plates? The iron constraint-spacer-plates had well-rounded corners that were dipped in formation mixture so as not to catch on future formed lobes. I inserted the identical-thickness iron spacer plates between the intermediate cylinders to a distance of R. When bound by wrapping, all the interior cylinders and constraint plates had to fit properly together with everything touching where it should. Otherwise I would need to unwrap and repeat with appropriate size objects until they did fit together perfectly. Then I placed an end of the interior portion of the bearing in a short clay annulus mold completely full of molten tin. There was a larger-than-2R inner radius in the tin annulus with extra room for the long central cylinder to fit through. A thin wall, with innermost mold radius slightly greater than 2R, prevented the central cylinder from getting tin on it. The outer radius of the tin annulus was almost 4R. Tin is low density and has a low melting point. I dipped in the thin iron constraint plates and left them to cool (resting on the clay mold edges), without any danger of the thin iron constraint plate ends melting in the constraint annulus of molten tin. I removed the molds from around the tin annuli. I put nine grooves in the outer portions of each tin annulus. That is how I formed each tin annulus attached to the thin spacer plates. There was a small gap between the surface of the molten tin and the end of the intermediate cylinders. For each end, I almost filled the small gaps between the nine intermediate cylinder ends and the surface of the tin with nine small reusable iron disks of radius less than R. I dipped the iron disks in formation mixture before inserting them. The purpose of the small reusable iron disks was to prevent the constraint spacer plates from later being pushed more into the formed lobes, when the constraint plates loosened up during bearing surface formation. It is the thin iron constraint plates that keep adjacent intermediate cylinders well separated but each tin end circular annulus holds the thin iron constraint plates in the proper positions. I made sure that the tin annuli would fit within the containing cylinder.
After making sure that the iron annular end would fit into the containing cylinder, I put them around the ends of the central cylinder. The iron annuli are reusable.
Inserting Interior Cylinders. After all four constraint annular ends were formed and attached, I held the bound cold interior portions of the bearing vertical. I supported them from below so that the intermediate cylinders and lower end constraint plate would not fall out as the binding on its lower end was loosed. I first inserted the upper end of the collection up into the heated/expanded containing cylinder, while I unwrapped more of the bindings of the interior cylinders from the higher elevation end that was being inserted. All the bindings were unwrapped just before the interior was fully inserted/pushed into the heated/expanded containing cylinder. In the fully inserted middle position the iron annuli stick out by the same amount from each end of the containing cylinder. They stick out by at least the thickness of a tin annulus but not so much as to completely cover the central cylinder. After the container portion of the bearing cooled, I slowly removed the iron annuli by twisting one at a time upward so as not to dislocate a tin annulus. Any lower annulus was supported from below.
Prepare for Bearing Formation. The places, where the inner portion of the clay annular mold had previously been, provide gaps in the tin annulus which allowed the formation mixture to be pressed into the inner regions of the intermediate cylinders prior to exercising/forming my bearings. The grooves on the outer tin annulus allowed means for pressing the formation mixture past the tin into the outer regions of the intermediate cylinders prior to exercising/forming my bearings. I put formation mixture on the portions of the iron annuli that might be touching or rubbing something during formation. I used formation mixture as the temporary “lubricant” rather than pure mercury, since mercury beads up but the formation mixture doesn’t. I covered each end with its iron annulus so that little formation material would escape out the ends during bearing formation. I also needed to apply inward pressure so that the tin annuli stayed in place even if gaps occurred between the iron spacer constraint-plates and the intermediate cylinders.
Constraint Plates during Bearing Formation. Initially the swingle or thresher flail paddles, attached to the bearing containing cylinder, were rotated very slowly. The spacer plates withstood the friction during initial bearing formation. During initial bearing formation, one intermediate cylinder attempted to push a thin spacer plate in one direction, while the other neighboring intermediate cylinder attempted to push the thin spacer plate in the opposite direction. The tin holds the spacer plates in place. No lobes could be formed where the constraint plates rubbed against the surface of the intermediate cylinders.
Because of the mercury within the mixture, a little bit of formation mixture helped keep things moving during bearing formation.
Formation Mixture Replacement. I typically had to replace the formation mixture twice with fresh mixtures. Typically during the third fiery cycle there would be a slight binding, which meant I needed to stop the growing process, since the maximum lobe growth had occurred. I tried to keep the tin annuli in as long as possible. If any tin annuli came out during the replacement process, I let them stay out since I figured that they had served their purpose well enough to that point.
Cleansing. After the bearing surfaces were properly grown to their maximum extent, I removed any remaining tin annuli. I then began the cleansing process by using water instead of formation mixture multiple times to exercise the roller bearing, while allowing any places of slight rubbing to be removed by wearing them away. After all the formation mixture and any foreign particles were washed away, I removed the iron annuli and exercised the bearing, with the exit end slightly lower so that all the water droplets would come out.
Bearing Dog Motion. During the normal roller bearing lobe landing, the dog-lobe static-loading-spot creeps out upon his slightly rotating dog paw-pads. He knows how to please and is pleased with himself to know that all the motion, of the rotating cylinders, machinery, and wheel, depends upon his gently hit-moving his toy spots with very little friction. He well wags himself using his massive cylinder-tail. He creeps over on his rotating belly over-through the lobe-hole hoop, and is rewarded with a pat on his lobe paw-pads by the many nearly relatively-rotationally-stiff rotating-nuclei-fops, who will soon watch him (from afar within the same cylinder) with nearly the same angular velocity. Then in celebration he does either a forward or a backward into-the-air-somersault, according to the direction that he was previously rotating.
My Principle. The dog's motion with respect to externals also represents my principle, as applied completely throughout my wheel and bearings. There is an attractive short chain between each oppositely-attractive pair of fundamental orbs of my wheel, which chain slightly stretches, as the fundamental orb pairs rotate faster around each other. Their rotational motion causes commensurate rotational motion in their connected hit toys and machinery. The toys and machinery also synergistically affect the motion of the dog. With self-pleasing intelligence, the dog knows that his motion will gain a reward from his distant masters, who probingly look from afar. The dog rotationally well wags himself with his other similarly rotating end. Then slowly viewing his rotation, after he absorbs the lower-first downward-attractive portion of the graviton. He eventually succeeds in considerably rotating before he receives the higher-second downward-attractive portion of the graviton. The net effect of the two directly-downward, greatly-delayed attractive-absorptions is an effective final pat on the paws rotationally speeding him up. The dog then rotationally speeds up his surrounding hit toys and machinery. Two types of attractive light were sent forth from the often-stationary, greatly-distant opposite-orbs that gave birth to the attractive graviton. Those fops gave extra rotation to the dog, but no extra rotation would have been received, if the dog had not been doing his rotational tricks about a horizontal axis, relative to those vastly-distant, actively-viewing foolish-stationary orbs, who gave births to their attractive graviton probes.
(A = Rotating Nucleus Wheel) One has seen my new wheels appearing without normal constraints on their rims. This means that one sees a new sort of wheel appearing at nearly the smallest or nuclear level. This tiniest of wheels is also not a wheel, since it does not have normal support at its edges. It runs continually receiving its power from externally provided gravitons. The nuclear wheel runs without other such wheels inside or outside of it. The wheel receives its power without the benefit of single-pull gravity weights and without wound-up clock springs.
(B = Glorious Power) Here seen on half its side and there seen full-face from along a horizontal axis, the rotating nucleus-wheel shows itself off as rotationally glorious as a peacock's tail. The “lattice-bonds” connected to the nucleus allow the gloriously collected mechanical power to be in similar fashion radiated out to the entire connected wheel.
(A = Rotating Nucleus Wheel) The wheel due to rotating nuclei may be initially turned to the right or to the left with just a finger pull allowed to start the process. The “lattice-bonds” connect in reverse process to the nuclei and cause them to rotate about a horizontal axis, from which further rotational power is received by my principle. The nucleus-wheel can spin around in any direction. The nucleus-wheel itself spins itself around completely longwise and crosswise, as long as there is low enough rotational friction for such. The nucleus-wheel collects further angular speed, especially when it is full of angular speed and it has reduced rotational friction per nuclear mass. The nucleus-wheel also collects some further angular speed, when it is nearly empty or rather the nucleus is light, as long as rotational friction per mass is small enough. The nucleus-wheel collects angular speed whether or not there are many or few atoms piled on top of each. It is indirectly affected by its lattice connections though, which may or may not cause the nucleus-wheel to similarly rotate.
(9 = Animal) All things belong to one of the three kingdoms (animal or (8 = Vegetable) vegetable or (7 = Matter) matter). As you see my Kassel wheel before you and as I am telling you how I built it, you have the physical evidence before you that it belongs to the matter kingdom. Yet it has curious properties of the other kingdoms. If you give it a start, it almost takes on a life of its own. Like a plant or an animal, there are fine spirit-like things working within it that suggest it is living. Somewhat like a plant, it absorbs gravity as it grows in rotational energy production. Or somewhat like an animal, it eats gravity and continues to eat gravity even more, as it moves and continues to move perpetually.
Increase in Dog’s Paws. Like a playfully-constrained animal in slow motion, the bearing-formation-dog slowly rotationally creeps down with padded paws, just as far into the hoop-bounded cavity surfaces, as they can roll-reach. His paws roll over the very tiny hit-toy-balls, within each hoop, so that the play balls are hit-squished and burst. These provide larger cavities and increased rewards of thin-pat-extensions of the padded paws from the foolishly-stiff-dead burst-balls, which are left to watch the rotational regress of his larger paws. Prior to their deaths, they were foolish because of their fatal decisions that they should promote the buildup of paw pads. By very slowly increasing or building up the dog’s paws with half-circle-rotational or point symmetry on the surface of its central roller-axle, eventually the fully formed bearing is the tiny tail that completely-rotationally “wiggles-and-wags-its-surface-back-and-forth” in lowest-friction for mechanical-touching. This allows gravity to fully “wag” the entire flipping dog so that he makes unceasing flips about horizontal axes.
Bearing Formation Mixture. Without mixtures of such things as gunpowder (made from charcoal, sulphur, and saltpeter), magnetically-purified finely-ground ferromagnetic meteorites/iron, and mercury, all things that I am growing in my Orffyrean roller bearings would soon run to waste. I have "worked with gunpowder and constructed guns" {p. 24 of PM97}. Relative to the charcoal (Saturn), I used less sulphur (Mars) and more saltpeter (Jupiter) so that my finest quality gunpowder would best ignite, when rapidly compressed. I have made millions of tiny temporary guns. They say I am mad {p. 169 of PM97}. If so, I suspect that it was the mercury vapor, arising during bearing growth, that was my undoing. I alone was most exposed to such vapor so that I could better keep my bearing-formation secret. The behavior of some of my household has also not seemed quite reasonable. Consider yourself warned, as you grow my bearings. I have moved many times, which may have helped me escape some of the more lingering effects of the vapor. I am charging a great price for my wheel, as the production of its bearings has cost me dearly.
(6 = Motion from Quality) The qualities of the elements are necessary to keep things going. The finest quality steel is locally grown within my Orffyrean roller bearing, as the surfaces are grown.
Bearing Formation. Here is a Table B.3 during bearing formation, with columns in the order of occurrence. Column 1. First the small ferromagnetic ball (if not more than one) tends to preferentially be attracted to the lobe side, since the lobe side tends to have more magnetic domain outcroppings than the lobe-hole side. Column 2. Then the large lobe comes down upon/with the ferromagnetic ball(s), which tends to rapidly squish/ignite a slightly larger gunpowder ball, which often can't avoid being squashed, since the gunpowder ball is surrounded in mercury. It forms a miniature gun with the bullet pointing toward the lobe target. Such miniature guns may be considered to be self-loading, with mercury barrels. Multiple such guns often work together in very close proximity. Column 3. Then (for the last column in the table) the explosion adds finest steel to the large lobe side, while typically removing material from the larger lobe-hole side, adding carbon to the steel, and breaking up magnetic domains. That tends to cause the lobe-hole to locally increase in the size of its hole and in its radius of curvature after many such incidents. The rows of the table are in the battle size chiastic order: Saturn, Mars, and Jupiter. The rows of the table could also be considered in the chiastically corresponding order: seer, runner, and driver.
Table B.3. Bearing growth or formation.
|
Chiastic Labels |
Column 1 |
Column 2 |
Column 3 |
|
Saturn/seer |
lobe |
squished gunpowder ball |
lobe with increased matter |
|
Mars/runner |
ferromagnetic ball attracted to lobe side |
ferromagnetic ball bullet |
explosion |
|
Jupiter/driver |
lobe-hole |
lobe target |
lobe-hole material removed (even larger hole) |
(5 = Saturn) Saturn, (4 = Small Mars) Mars, and (3 = Large Jupiter) Jupiter are ready to join in any battle. Each miniature gun used in every bearing formation battle is formed by a point-blank range Saturn/seer/ferromagnetic-shot-ball, a quickly-forming barrel composed of the many Mars/runner/tiniest-mercury balls, and the Jupiter/driver/gunpowder-ball.
Bearing Formation Dream. I knew that elimination of nearly-ubiquitous friction was paramount to building a perpetual motion wheel. I had the right idea of trying to build a very low friction mechanical bearing, but my many attempts were insufficient. I needed heavenly help to accomplish my goal or solve my great dilemma. I received a strangely invigorating animated dream of how it was possible to construct one {p. 29 of PM97}. God showed me in my dream how it was possible to grow a very low friction roller bearing. I could see, two great solidly-filled armies facing each other. Each army consisted of packed arrays of iron-clad spherical soldiers. One defending army started with an initially flat-horizontal, lower front-battle-line. The other attacking army, with almost a straight-but-ragged front-battle-line, came down closer first on the lower right side and then on the other, as if it were a large radius wheel rolling over the other army's straight battle line, from right to left. There were various types of balls in motion between the armies. There were many very-tiny, fluid-flowing, shiny-silvery-heavy balls. There were many darker-metallic cannon-like balls, which upon being squished between fronts tended to remain magnetically attracted to the side whose local front line happened to have imperfections associated with curving outward more. The cannon-like balls were often additionally held in place at edges by some of the neighboring shiny-silvery balls. There were also the biggest balls (colored like gray-igniting gunpowder), which ignited/exploded, when they were preferentially squished because of the sudden presence of the hemmed-in cannon balls. Wave after wave of the battle edges advanced down and then retreated back up followed by long intermediate pauses. During the battles, the rapid explosions were often ferociously loud, as sound of cannons being fired generally traveled from right to left. Initially the battle edges were, in a ragged way, nearly locally straight, but as the many raging battles progressed, sustained local curves in the battle edges began to form and tend to remain or slowly grow in somewhat complementary curved shapes on each side. In the right to left wave motion, when the opposite sides touched, there was a volley of squished gray balls exploding. Each explosion was accompanied by a little flash of light and the sound of the explosion. Often there were cannon balls on the other side to enhance the sudden squishing. The cannon balls were much bigger than the tiny silver balls, but the cannon balls were not as large as the exploding gray balls. An explosion, like a cannon blast at point-blank range, would often send the squishing cannon ball back into its nearest army and so add to that shiny-steel-gray-color portion of the army, while the explosion would simultaneously remove from the other army, causing a layer of shiny-steel-gray color to be formed on that side also. Nearly complementary arcs and arc-holes were formed in the battle edges after enough battles. Individual arcs could be seen rolling across slightly larger arc-holes from right to left sides. The contact motion was faster for containing arcs of larger radii. See Table B.3 for some more information on bearing growth. With sufficient numbers of battles for the large exploding balls to be almost all used up, there was a temporary de facto truce so that all the weaponry balls in the middle could be replenished. Within the third or last round of battles after a slight wheel jerk, the battlefield was completely cleansed of all loose balls by streams of clear flowing balls. The opposing armies would come and go in waves but there were no more battles, yet the multi-battle-curved, finest-steel-strong-edges remained. There were no more explosions. As the scene widened, there were many local cases of pure rolling-without-slipping of the edge arcs in the other larger arcs. More could be seen, as the view expanded. With an even greater view of the prior scene of the battles, I saw that my prior limited view had just been a slice of the bottom horizontal inside portion of a stationary containing cylinder, which was always held firmly in place. I could then see the entire roller bearing with its nine intermediate cylinders about the central axle cylinder, as we saw in Fig. 84. Earlier I saw nine bright-hot small-thin pieces-of-iron (that were somehow previously attached between the intermediate cylinders on the near side) were removed and floated away. They cooled to an iron-gray color as they slowly floated away. They had kept the intermediate cylinders separated, while the bearing surfaces were being formed. The similar armies advancing down and retreating above had been from the nine intermediate cylinders. A long-massive solid wheel was apparently firmly attached to the central axle cylinder, since they both rotated with the same angular speed, according to a mark on the edge of the central axle cylinder and according to a corresponding mark on the massive wheel. They both rotated clockwise. With such wonderfully low friction, the angular speed of both (the massive wheel and the central cylinder axle) increased, until they both quickly attained a steady angular speed of more than 30 revolutions per minute (or more than a revolution every two seconds). The widening view changed to slightly from the left and slightly from above. The horizon could be seen in the background, as the wheel kept rotating about a fixed horizontal axle. There was a curiously bright glow immediately surrounding the visible-rotating roller bearing. I could see light reflecting off the shiny edges within the rotating roller bearing. Then my dream faded away in brightness and ended.
I marveled at being shown by God such important details for building my very low friction roller bearing. I was not shown my many prior skills, which I would need to realize the bearings suggested by the dream. I had acquired those skills by long arduous efforts by in part trying to build very low friction bearings. God knew what I was capable of doing and showed me in symbolic animated form the knowledge that I lacked. Even before the motivating dream, I knew that a wheel could continue to rotate about a horizontal axis by itself, if it rotated with low enough friction. I knew it was possible, because of the following example things: the shining sun, the stars, snowflakes, my observations of massive-rapid wheels, the inspiring “newspaper report” {p. 28 of PM97} about the worth of a wheel which could turn per se or by itself, miracles in the scriptures, and God’s prior assistance to me.
Roller Bearing Realization. After receiving my "strangely invigorating dream" {p. 29 of PM97} from God, I grew from iron my invention of steel-surface, very-low-friction mechanical-roller-bearings, using molds for the iron, thin angular-constraint end-spacer-plates, end annuli, mercury, igniting gunpowder, and finely-ground magnetically-purified-meteorites. I publically first showed how a wheel rotated about a horizontal axis using a pair of my roller bearings in Gera on June 6, 1712 {p. 15 of PM97}. I put things within that Gera wheel to help protect my invention and to have the wheel start by itself, when the wheel was released. The Gera wheel increased in angular speed until it rotated fifty revolutions per minute {p. 16 of PM97}. Much later this Hesse-Kassel wheel of mine rotated while not doing work at about 26 revolutions per minute {pp. 16, 20, 107, 108, and 110 of PM97}. It didn’t rotate as fast as the Gera wheel because of its large radius creating much wind friction and because of the great friction, shaking, and sounds caused by my sliding-slamming weights within it.
Fig. 67 shows what my bearing looked like, from an end, when it was completed and before I closed off the view of it. The thickness of its containing cylinder is R in accordance with the amount shown in my final figure of Fig. 82. The overall diameter (10R) was three-quarters of an inch {pp. 20, 110, and 162 of PM97}.
(2 = Pattern Replication) Even the things we eat (do not lose their elemental influence) for the elements of the food spread through every limb and sinew of our bodies. The patterns of finest steel lobes and lobe-holes spread throughout the entire touching surfaces of my roller bearing body, as it was grown. Also, the rotational energy-food that my wheel eats (because of my principle and my very-low-friction bearing not gobbling up the rotational energy-food) spreads its rotating patterns throughout every portion of my wheel.
(1 = Two-part Gravitons) A crab has pairs of leg/arms. Each front arm has two pincers. A crab crawls from side to side. The two-part graviton exhibits my principle of increased rotation, by crab-like leveraging (relative to the middles) through side to side directly downward pulls. They both are sound, for both are designed thus by God. Poltergeists and two-part gravitons both wander freely through locked doors. Each coming from below is capable of action or delivery of energy. My anvil-bearing received many complementary pairs of blows during its formation in the crucible of affliction. My bearing has two-part rotational symmetry on the formed surface of its central cylinder axle.
(0 = Growth by Low Friction) But softly, quietly, and enough quietness. There must be enough quietness and lack of contention in my roller bearing for the enemy (or the author of contentious friction) to just flee the bearing. My greedy mortal enemies must not hear of my low friction roller bearing. My non-mortal enemies know about my bearing but they are exceedingly anxious that this truth not go forth to the world. My enemies may figuratively drench me with their spittle of disbelief or opposition. It is hot energetic rapidly-moving spittle coming like gravity from far below. When it clings to me it pulls me down. Because of it, I may lose my temper, my cool temper and consider telling of my invention. I may then, in a sudden fit of anger, cast aside the mantle that completely conceals my energy-productive horizontal-axis rotating wheel-plant.
(I = Only Reveal Later) But, my mortal enemy shall be thwarted in his desires of knowledge, when he gazes upon the interior of my revealed wheel. The view will reveal nothing. It would answer none of his questions. Yea, my mortal enemy can perfectly replicate the interior of my wheel and it won't work as a perpetual motion wheel, if he doesn't have my very special bearings. Though my powering principle is abundantly present in his wheel, if my secret bearing invention is not there, then the wheel won't be a perpetual mobile. My invention was secretly hidden in my very-low-friction roller bearings. The low-friction roller bearings also require my hidden principle be in my wheel, to be power productive. God supplies that extra power principle. My principle of rotational power production will not be visible to mortal eyes. The finest-purest immortal eyes can look outside the knowledge veil so that my principle of rotational power production becomes fully visible to them.
If you apply the required violent procedures for producing my bearings (complete with flail-driven explosive battles), according to your suddenly drawn insights or understandings, then you will thwart the devil in his great desire that the very low friction bearings (so free of physical contention) not go forth to this world. That author of contention desires contention wherever possible. The devil desires to keep the wheel and its roller bearings hidden, so as to keep the people of this world in poverty and ignorance. This decoded little book should contain the answers to all your questions, so as to allow my bearings to be produced. By your producing my bearings with their great lack of friction or physical contention, you will be greatly displeasing the devil. By your doing so, you will have fully understood my simultaneous defense regarding my God and my roller bearings. By your producing my bearings, you will be able to have power producing perpetual motion wheels powered by gravity.
(G) My declaration of faith (in defense of truths about my great God and His making possible my perpetual motion mobile) contains a very large number of separate Biblical references and 54 groups of interleaved ABAB rhyming comments. The patterns were twice interleaved upon the central roller. There were six syllables per line. There were 54/6 = 9 intermediate rolling cylinders in my bearing. The words acquire more meaning when chiastically considered. It was a relatively easy way of generating many chiastic levels between the two parts of my book. During and before my writing Part One of my Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE, I simply separately wrote the scriptural references and three-type poetic comments about their parallel chiastic centers. There were three ingredients to my formation mixture.
The exploding gunpowder balls/orbs allow the creation of Jupiter chiasmus asymmetries for twice interleaving. The finely ground ferromagnetic balls/orbs are put in their proper place according to Saturn rhyming patterns. The fine mercury holds the balls/orbs in place with a Mars number of syllables/line. Prior to the writing of my booklet, I in part noticed correspondences associated with things of my life, particularly reminding me of my bearing and my principle, which both came from the greatest one, God. (X) Compiling some chiasms ahead of time helped ease the task of writing my chiastic 1717 booklet with the middle transition portion containing many chiastic levels.
(S) As we read in Matth. XV. v. 16 (Q) "Are ye also yet without understanding?" or again in 1717 I ask you the same question, "SenDIhrDanaVChnoChVnVerstanDIg?" Do the complete puzzle pieces of my chiastic poem-puzzle-parable now suddenly fit together into one solved whole?
(L) Do you have the full tolerance and physical capabilities to
work within so that my steel orb lobes may be grown out to half a degree? If the lobes are overgrown according to
failure of the tolerance, then the lobes would be especially loped off, as I
directly showed you what would happen by the end lobes of the particular
endmost letter “M” of ORFFYREUM being quite stricken off (ORFFYREUM). ORFFYREUM would be lost or for naught, if we
cannot grow complete lobes to a good portion of that desired half a degree or
moon angle. Even with the proper
sub-angular tolerances, overgrowth of lobes beyond the half degree would also invite endmost lobe destruction, as
I also showed you by another higher strike in the “M”. Were the intermediate cylinders sufficiently
well positioned to allow nearly full lobe growth to be available? It is a matter of applied practical
understanding.
If you possess the understanding that I asked of you, you will now understand that I am showing unto you in Fig. 82 my many (O) Orffyreum bearing specifications. Fig. 85 shows my Orffyreum final figure in Apologia without the half degree line above. This drawing provides the sustained-contact-angle specifications for my Orffyrean roller bearings. That final figure shows the phenomenal angular regions of pure rolling-without-slipping continued contact-support for my grown roller bearing of the finest quality contacting-steel. I measured those angles of pure continued contact support by looking end-on at the pre-covered ends of the rolling cylinders of my bearings. To confirm my calculations, I measured the angles by observing the slight radial surface growth or penetrations, which merged their surfaces with the surfaces of the portions they contact. For about 25 degrees of the surface of each intermediate cylinder from its center, there was a merging with the effective relative rolled-upon surface. A very close examination of my bearings shows their amazing properties and specifications. After cutting small triangles from the extended ends of the containing cylinder, I then hid that end view by bending down parts of the iron-exterior cylinder, so that my miraculous roller bearings externally appeared to be merely crude iron-bearings. People could then not look in at the ends. Hiding the ends would also help keep the bearings clean. I didn’t want people to even know that each bearing had nine very closely spaced intermediate rollers within. That would reveal too much. I tried not to speak of my bearings, if at all possible and if I had to refer to them I called them by the lackluster expression of “iron bearings” {p. 110 of PM97}. The central rolling axle that protrudes out each end also appears to be made of just ordinary iron. I helped some of the most exposed exterior portions to be a little rusty so those portions obviously appeared to be made of iron. Rust on external portions of the bearings helped them to appear to be of little value, but it was really for them that I was asking a full 100,000 thalers.
Fig. 85. My Orffyreum final figure in Apologia.
All my pageantry of valuable symbols should now make sense. You should now with production of my low-friction, finest-quality, and great-load-bearing roller-bearings have answers to all of your keenest questions regarding my energy-productive wheel-plant, as well as much that is all around us.
(E) Great barbs were sent against me by the devil, since I allowed my wheel to somewhat go forth. Though I almost appeared to apologize to you in subjunctive mood for not revealing the details of my art near the end of this Apologia 'Were I to reveal the details of my art, the Devil might enslave you' {pp. 181 and 189 of PM97, pp. 239, 240, and 353 of AP08} there was really no reason for me to so apologize, as you now see I already did reveal my arts to those who were not blind (consider Matthew 15:14-16). (The reason that I inserted dashes for the name of the Devil was so that I would not create confusion in the chiastic flow. Another enemy level could be placed there between the question and the line levels but only after those chiastic levels are figured out.) For those who were not blind or for those who could penetrate my parable, I did in a way cast aside the covering mantle that covered my energy-productive wheel. My symbolic casting aside the covering mantle of my wheel was done to thwart the devil's desire without giving away my invention for free. Despite Wagner’s many barbs (W) my invention is going out to the world for its benefit. Thus, in my chiastic Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE, I simultaneously poetically defended both my wheel and my faith with respect to my God for his helping me to build my energy-productive perpetual motion wheel powered by gravity. - Orffyreus
Once again, I strongly suspect that Bessler's many scriptural references and comments were easily inserted to form a huge level chiastic structure within Apologia. Its chiastic center(s) would not have been within Bessler's little book proper. Its chiastic center(s) would have been within Bessler’s declaration of faith. I think that there would be many more chiastic levels associated with Bessler’s declaration of faith than Bessler’s little book proper but I think that the total chiasm for Bessler’s little book proper was more important than the total chiasm(s) for Bessler’s declaration of faith. I concentrated my efforts where I thought that the efforts were most needed. If the declaration of faith was greatly chiastic, then to make sense of it that may have directed the discerning poet to understand it from its chiastic structure(s), given the various chiasms in the coversheet (on the front and back covers). Then that may have eventually directed attention to Bessler's little book so as to make chiastic comparisons within the little book proper. In conformity to the title of Bessler's entire book, I suspect that the many scriptural references poetically-apologetically help to simultaneously defend both Bessler's perpetual motion wheel and Bessler's faith in God. Collins (pp. 185-186 of PM97), mentioned that alongside the many references from the Bible, within Orffyreus’s ‘Declaration of Faith’, “the author has made short comments of a phrase or two.” I am thinking that the short comments could easily be chiastic counterparts that were not readily available within the scriptures. If they had been found in the appropriate order within scriptures, then he could have simply given references to those scriptures. The chiastic correspondences to things located elsewhere in the declaration of faith would explain why Bessler’s comments were actually written, though it seemed to puzzle Collins when he wrote, “Oddly, his comments do not seem to be relevant to the quoted Biblical texts.” (p. 186 of PM97). That is because Bessler’s comments would not refer to the nearby scriptural references but rather chiastically to their counterparts.
I have not done a chiastic analysis of The ORFFYREUS DECLARATION OF FAITH. See pp. 136-143 (German) and 310-314 of AP08. I suppose that someone with better knowledge of the German (especially from the early 1700s), with better access to the scriptures in German, and with better knowledge of the exact positioning of the scriptural references relative to the specific poetic lines, might have a better chance of succeeding. It might be that the positioning shown by pp. 136-143 (121-128) of AP08 is good enough but Collins inserted an editorial note on p. 137, “In the bible references which follow, some of them apply to two lines”. It would ease the burden of chiastic analysis to know what the exact positioning was. Maybe an exact copy of those original pages 121-128 would allow the chiastic analysis to better proceed.
The ORFFYREUS DECLARATION OF FAITH was strategically placed at the boundary between the two major parts of Bessler’s Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE. The declaration and the book parts could symbolize his wheel (if not his bearing). The declaration could symbolize his bearings (if not the central axle), since the bearings for Bessler’s wheel were at the center of his wheel. The intermediate cylinders/rollers of Bessler’s bearing were two part replicated upon the central axle/cylinder of his bearing. The two-part replication of patterns within the bearings could be symbolized by chiasms within the declaration. Less likely the two-part replication of patterns within the bearings might also be in reference to the two-part pulls of gravity, according to the principle. I say less likely, since such pulls down could be represented by the ordinary rhyming poetry elsewhere in his book or especially by the hidden chiastic dual-end-points elsewhere in his book. Future analysis of the declaration may clarify the situation.
Even if by some slight chance Bessler's many scriptural references are not found to form a huge level chiastic structure, at least they serve as a strong reminder of the important part that God has played in providing the Bessler principle itself, in making Bessler aware of the idea (p. 28 of PM97), in helping him to aggressively pursue the idea (pp. 26-29 and 40 of PM97), and in helping Bessler bring forth his very low-friction bearings. I think that Bessler would not have succeeded even after his best efforts, if God had not showed him the "strangely invigorating dream" (p. 29 of PM97), which allowed him to create his very-low-friction great-mechanical-support bearing. God saw Bessler's diligent efforts to construct a very-low-friction bearing and blessed him by showing the well-prepared Bessler, in a dream, a workable solution to his problem. See in the above paragraph “Bearing Formation Dream” my current best guess of what Bessler’s dream might have been.
Many chiastic levels are present in Orffyreus's Apologia, as well as within Bessler’s invention/principle itself. The full title of his Apologia had at least two second-level chiasms. The chiastic structure indirectly points to his little book within Apologia. The little book, in terse coded-symbolic form for the inquiring student, "explains" many things using the Bessler principle. The little book also "explains" how Bessler built his mechanical finest-quality-steel-surface roller-bearings so that they had very-low friction, using nearly pure-rolling without-slipping. During bearing formation, Bessler apparently grew the contact surfaces of his bearings using a mixture of finely-ground and purified ferromagnetic meteorites/iron, fine-grain ignition gunpowder, and mercury. The ferromagnetic "shot balls" were somewhat preferentially-asymmetrically-attracted to exposed magnetic domains on the lobe sides. The gunpowder somewhat preferentially provided small explosions on the lobe-hole sides, when struck by the shot balls. The surrounding mercury provided ultra-short firing chambers and barrels for micro-shotguns. The final chiastic figure of Bessler's Apologia contains amazing final specifications, for lobe to lobe-hole, rolling-contact within his very-low friction bearings. The full final chiastic figure also shows various sizes and required angular sub-tolerances. Analyses are provided for the chiastic structure and decoded meanings of Orffyreus's little book. Bessler's amazing wheels are explained by two linked miracles: the Bessler principle and Bessler's miraculous very-low-friction mechanical-roller-bearings. I attempted to guess (above in “Bearing Formation Dream”) Bessler's strangely invigorating dream, which he received from God. The Orffyreus Declaration of Faith in Orffyreus's Apologia likely has a chiastic structure of many levels, with the help of Bessler's many scriptural references. Though I have not as of 2019 located any such structure, I suspect that it somehow would denote his very-low-friction roller-bearings. See Fig. 67. It would fit his chiastic pattern, since the whole of Apologia appears to chiastically-symbolically represent his entire wheel, according to the chiastic structures that I have been able to unravel within it.
Initial Assembly of Orffyrean Roller Bearing. By interpretation and analysis of Bessler’s little book, including his final bearing specification figure, this is my best guess for what were the major details for Bessler constructing his Orffyrean roller bearing. The nine intermediate cylinders were each initially of radius R. The central cylinder was initially of radius 2R. The inside radius of the containing cylinder was initially of radius 4R. The minimum value for the initial thickness of the containing cylinder, which Bessler used, was R. The outside diameter of the containing cylinder was R + 2(4R) + R = 10R = three-quarters of an inch for the roller bearings of his Kassel wheel. Thus, for his Kassel wheel bearings, R was .075 inches. The length of each intermediate cylinder was approximately 22R. The cylinders were made from molten iron using fine refractory molds. On each end, nine hot-rolled thin-plates of iron were placed (between adjacent pairs of intermediate cylinders) to a distance of R so that the interior cylinders could be bound by wrapping. The corners and end edges of the inserted spacer plates were rounded so that they not catch on the exclusion zone boundaries during bearing surface formation. The thickness of each thin spacing plate was such that (where the plates touched the intermediate cylinders) the plate thicknesses covered an angle of approximately 1.05756° with respect to the center of the bearing. The measurement of plate thickness was more accurate. It was calculated as approximately R(.05212086) above in the paragraph with heading “Calculation of Thickness of Spacer Plates” within the section “B.3 Some Little Book Analysis” and within the paragraph labelled “(4)” within “15.8 More Discussion”. Each end was dipped into an annular clay mold of molten tin. The inside radius of each annular clay mold was of radius more than 2R so that the tin didn’t touch the central cylinder of radius 2R and left a gap for formation mixture to be later inserted. The outside radius of the annular clay mold for the molten tin was of radius much larger than 4R. For the outer wall, the inside radius of the annular clay mold for the molten tin was of radius very slightly less than 4R so as to allow constrained movement between the tin and the inside of the containing cylinder during bearing formation. The depth of the tin was more than R. The thin iron-spacer-plates were of width slightly less than R by length at least about 3R to allow for spanning the approximately 1R gap between the molten tin and the intermediate cylinders. The clay mold was carefully removed after the tin hardened. Again the outer radius of the tin was very slightly less than 4R so that it would later be just held in place by the containing cylinder, allowing slipping. The tin annulus needed to provide enough support for the iron spacer plates. After nine grooves were made in the outer radius edge of the soft tin annulus, the grooves later allowed passage of formation mixture to the outer portion gaps between the intermediate cylinders. The inner radius of the tin was less than 2.5R but much greater than 2R (for example 2.2R). The tin both allowed support for the iron spacer plates and later allowed passage of formation mixture to the inner portion gaps between the intermediate cylinders. The tin annulus contained the end portions of the thin iron spacer plates which extended beyond the intermediate cylinders. A tin annulus was similarly provided to hold the ends of the nine iron spacer plates on the other end. On each end, nine small-reusable iron-spacer-disks of radius R and just fitting lengths about R were dipped in formation mixture and were inserted into the gaps, between the intermediate cylinders and the tin annuli, so that the iron spacer plates are not bent during bearing formation and so that the regions of non-formation of the surface lobes will not be extended by more than R into the interior cylinders. The containing cylinder was slightly expanded by heating so that as the cooler interior bound cylinders were unwrapped, the unwrapped end was inserted into the containing cylinder until they had the same middles.
Formation of Orffyrean Roller Bearing. After cooling of the containing cylinder, a formation mixture (of mercury, fine ignition gunpowder balls, and purified very finely-ground ferromagnetic meteorites-and-iron) was pressed in from an entrance end. Each tin annulus end was covered by an annulus of iron of inside radius very slightly greater than 2R and outside radius very slightly less than 4R, so that little formation mixture would leak out but so as to little inhibit rotation of the cylinders. Each covering annulus of iron just touched the annulus of tin though separated by a very thin “lubricating” layer of formation mixture. The bearing was rotationally exercised to allow micro-explosions so as to asymmetrically grow surface lobes and dig out their corresponding lobe-holes on the neighboring surface. The finest grade of steel was so formed on the surfaces. Lobes were grown outward from the original surface. Slight inward pressure was applied to each covering iron annulus end to not lose formation mixture during the surface formation and to keep the tin annuli from moving outward. The covering end iron annuli were removed. If a tin annulus came out in the process, it should no longer be needed to provide the thin iron-plate angular constraints. I suppose that new formation mixture was similarly pressed into the entrance end, until new formation mixture came out the exit end. There was a second exercise cycle. I suppose that there was another replacement of formation mixture. There was then likely a third exercise cycle. The process was stopped immediately, when there was ever an unexpected sudden slightly tight binding due to lobes just colliding, beyond the normal bindings. That was essentially the same stopping condition for later repairing of bearings, except for there not being any tin annul. The accuracy, of Bessler’s construction of his roller bearings, was such that it allowed a maximum of approximately.500° of growth of lobes, toward a nearly touching adjacent intermediate cylinder, with respect to the center of the bearing, without lobes from the adjacent cylinders colliding. There could have been more growth, if there had been more perfect placement or if there had happened to be no collisions until after even greater growth.
Finishing Orffyrean Roller Bearing. The annular tin constraint and annular iron end covering were removed from each end. The bearing was completely exercised/rinsed of formation mixture, by using water and by temporarily using the iron annuli. During the cleaning, the roller bearing was exercised, without any formation mixture, to wear off any over-extended lobe ends, until it was very smooth in operation and no more new/used formation mixture came out of the roller bearing. By observation of the merged surfaces on each end, Bessler saw that effectively each surface lobe rolled within its corresponding surface lobe-hole for an angle of about 25° with respect to each other. To protect such views of the Orffyrean roller bearing, I think Bessler cut nine triangles from the containing cylinders at each end of his bearings and bent down the portions in between them, without causing any extra rubbing. Because of the use of mercury, the construction procedure for the Orffyrean roller bearing should not be repeated nowadays, without proper safety and environmentally protective procedures.
Initial Robot Training. Nowadays given the apparent effect of the mercury on Bessler, we will need to train robots for safe automated production of the Orffyrean roller bearings. We likely can’t use robots for automated construction of Orffyrean roller bearings, until people have had enough experience building Orffyrean roller bearings say by construction in controlled environments. Such people may need to be dressed in full body suits that somehow protect them from the harmful effects of the mercury vapor. If the filters in the suits can’t filter out the mercury vapor, then the people would need to be provided with air supplies free of mercury vapor.
Bearing Specifications. The Table B.4 shows Bessler’s previously unknown essential-formation-parameters or specifications, for his roller bearings, arising out of particular features in Bessler’s symbolic figure located at the end of his Apologia. I filled in the table, according to Bessler’s final figure of Fig. 82, by using imagination, measurements, inspiration, and reasoning. See Fig. 67 for some of those bearing parameters, according to an end view.
Table B.4. Bearing specifications from Bessler’s final figure.
|
Feature |
Bearing Specification |
|
roller angle arcs |
about 25.8° of contact between lobes and lobe-holes |
|
insert missing angles |
9 intermediate rollers almost compactly filled in |
|
half degree line |
approximately .5° of lobe growth |
|
length to diameter |
angular constraints allowing .500° of lobe growth |
|
interior circle |
central roller having radius of 2R |
|
inner container |
containing cylinder having interior radius of 4R |
|
largest circles thickness |
thickness of containing cylinder being R |
|
inner ring |
point of closest contact having radius of about 3R |
|
radius about inner ring |
intermediate cylinders having radius of R |
|
bare outer/inner thickness |
angular constraint plates inserted R on each end |
|
edge length of arc |
(20+2)R=22R for length of intermediate cylinders |
Nowadays, the thickness of the containing cylinders can be more than R as long as separate protections are provided to keep dirt, etc. out of the ends of the roller bearings.
More 3D Implications. In a somewhat three-dimensional view of Bessler’s final symbolic figure of Fig. 85, one can see both bare-or-lobeless R-length interior ends of the containing cylinder, with the help of the arc wedges, when one ignores the second innermost white ring. In that view, of the more original figure shown on p. 189 of PM97, one can see many lobes on the inner surface of the containing cylinder. In that view the innermost particularly dark circle is the open space or darkness beyond the bearing on its other side. Bessler shows about four stars in that space, with the brightest one being at the very center. Again see p. 189 of PM97. I think that Bessler is thus saying that the stars out in space are powered by rotations about horizontal axes, with the great energies per unit time coming from the huge fluxes of two-part gravitons. I didn’t show the other three stars in my attempts to illustrate Bessler’s final figure but I did make that center space black except for the one central brightest star. I could see six to eight “stars” for that region shown on p. 239 of AP08. The illustrations shown on p. 240 and p. 353 of AP08 didn’t show any stars in that region. Neither did they show any of the somewhat polar format lobes hanging out in space that can be seen elsewhere in the figure on p. 239 of AP08. I think that his final figure is not only for specifications of his bearing but it graphically shows great implications beyond, according to his curious multi-facetted manner of illustration. I think that it was artistic, while it simultaneously served a variety of purposes.
Bessler’s Perpetual Motion Wheels. Bessler used two of the Orffyrean roller bearing for rotating a balanced new wheel about a horizontal axis to form his most basic Bessler wheel for perpetual motion powered by gravity. Internal modification of the wheels allowed the formation of his demonstrated/tested wheels. I think that the Kassel wheel had eight weights sliding along eight internal peripheral wires, as illustrated in Fig 31.
Wonder-bearings Produce Wonder-wheels. Here are reasons why Bessler’s very-low-friction wonder-bearings were wonder-wheels.
● The lobes on the altered surfaces of cylinders could stay in rolling-without-slipping contact with their lobe-holes for relative rotations of about 25°, instead of near 0° for points on the normal surfaces of cylinders.
● No lubrication in the wonder-bearings meant there was no surface tension of lubricants to absorb energy.
● No lubrication in the wonder-bearings meant there was no motion of lubricants to absorb energy.
● There was no rubbing/slipping anywhere in his wonder-bearings.
● There were many just fitting intermediate cylinders in the wonder-bearings.
● The wonder-bearings were cooler in use than normal bearings because of much distributed contact, having small local surface pressures, whenever there was any contact. This allowed Bessler to support extremely massive load while they were being rotated.
● Because Bessler’s wonder-bearings were such very low friction bearings and because of the then-manifest Bessler principle in his very low friction wheels, Bessler could show, demonstrate, and test his energy-producing, “perpetually-operating” wonder-wheels.
I think that God has most benevolently blessed us with fossil fuels until and beyond the time of our learning that he has energetically blessed us greatly in ways, which we could not previously imagine.
The scriptures or words of the prophets of God may provide clues regarding the actual workings and details of many things.
In the Oct 2010 Conference talk, "The Transforming Power of Faith and Character" by Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, he said "Faith is a foundation building block of creation. I am confident that the Savior Jesus Christ uses faith in His capacity to act under the direction of Father in Heaven. The Master used it to create the most remote galaxies as well as to compose quarks, the smallest elements of matter we know of today. Yet, I have faith that there are yet smaller building blocks in the wonder of creation." (http://lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study à General Conference)
"There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." Doctrine and Covenants 131:7-8
"Ye are all the children of light ..." 1 Thessalonians 5:5
"I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering." Isaiah 50:3
"I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering." 2 Nephi 7:3
"I clothe the heavens with blackness, and make sackcloth their covering." Doctrine and Covenants 133:69
"If You Could Hie to Kolob" W. W. Phelps, 1792-1872, hymn #284, Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1985. Among many interesting words, the hymn contains the words, "... There is no end to matter; There is no end to space; ..." (https://www.lds.org/music/text/hymns/if-you-could-hie-to-kolob?lang=eng)
The https://www.mormon.org/me/2QZ5/Alden paragraph was entitled, "Gravity and the Living Universe", within my 24 October 2010 entries for "About Me". That mormon.org site was made available by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. On 10 Oct 2014, my wife (Lindy), and I watched the movie, "Meet the MORMONS" at a theater in Lancaster, California (where we saw some prior details at meetthemormons.com). The term “Mormons” or “Mormon” were erroneous and confusing holdovers for the name that others gave to the members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Various incorrect nicknames unfortunately crept into the language over time. Without being negotiable, the Lord Jesus Christ on April 26, 1838 specified the name of his Church as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as may be seen in Doctrine and Covenants 115:3-4. Also see Doctrine and Covenants 20:1-2, Doctrine and Covenants 136:2, 3 Nephi 27:3-9, 1 Corinthians 1:11-13, the 7 Oct 2018 Sunday morning conference talk by Russell M. Nelson (https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2018/10/the-correct-name-of-the-church?lang=eng), (Oct 2011) https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2011/10/the-importance-of-a-name?lang=eng, (Oct 1990) https://www.lds.org/general-conference/1990/10/mormon-should-mean-more-good?lang=eng, (Apr 1990) https://www.lds.org/general-conference/1990/04/thus-shall-my-church-be-called?lang=eng, and (Apr 1985) https://www.lds.org/general-conference/1985/04/taking-upon-us-the-name-of-jesus-christ?lang=eng. I need to correct my potentially misleading language. I am not a disciple of the ancient prophet Mormon. I am a disciple of my Lord, Jesus Christ. I am a member of the restored Church of Jesus Christ, namely The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Please see https://www.lds.org/topics/church-organization/the-church-of-jesus-christ?lang=eng&old=true for a brief discussion on the historical organization of the Church.
"But God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty;" 1 Corinthians 1:27
"... by small and simple things are great things brought to pass; and small means in many instances doth confound the wise." Alma 37:6
"... and by very small means the Lord doth confound the wise ..." Alma 37:7
"The weak things of the world shall come forth and break down the mighty and strong ones, ..." Doctrine and Covenants 1:19
Parable of Talents. The parable of the talents Matthew 25:14-30 is exemplified in the Bessler principle. When they traded with more talents then they gained more talents. Those who trade with none of their talents receive nothing and even lose what talent they may have originally had. If the rotational axes are perpendicular to the gravitons, there is increase in the rotational motion and the more so according to original rotational motion being greater. If the rotational axes are parallel to the gravitons, there is no increase in the rotational motion and eventually friction will even remove the original rotation that it had.
Hidden Messages Revealed. We now have the decoded or translated hidden messages of those coded little books of both Orffyreus and Leedskalnin that we may now read in plain English words. See B.4 and D.4 for the translated or decoded words. The meanings of Orffyreus’s words were hidden for about 2011− 1717 = 294 years. The meanings of Leedskalnin’s words were hidden for about 2015 – 1936 = 79 years. Yet it is much more important that we daily read and study messages sent to us from God.
Hidden Scriptures Translated. On 6 Oct 1536, William Tyndale was strangled to death and then immediately afterward his body was burned at the stake (https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2010/04/the-blessing-of-scripture?lang=eng) for the crime of translating most of the Bible into English and publishing much of his translation. He didn’t live long enough to complete his translation and publication for the entire Bible. Do we honor his great sacrifices and the great sacrifices of so many others that the scriptures may now be so readily available? Do we regularly read them, ponder them, and learn of them so that we gain insight/help in our own situations, thus honoring the many great sacrifices by others who have brought us the scriptures?
Joseph Smith Jr. was working on a translation of the Bible but he was assassinated before he could complete the project. I say assassinated since he was murdered by a mob on 27 Jun 1844 (while in protective custody) while running for President of the United States. He was gaining political support. Part of his platform was to have Congress “pay every man a reasonable price for his slaves out of the surplus revenue arising from the sale of public lands, and from the deduction of pay from members of Congress” (https://www.lds.org/ensign/2009/02/joseph-smith-campaign-for-president-of-the-united-states?lang=eng) which might have ended slavery in the U.S. by 1850. One could wonder if Joseph Smith, Jun., could have avoided the bloodiest of all wars in the nation’s history had he been elected president, but he was not even given a chance in this regard.
Free access to the scriptures may be found at (country and language selectable) example URLs:
scriptures.lds.org
http://www.lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bible?lang=eng
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm?lang=eng
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament?lang=eng
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/pgp?lang=eng
http://www.lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study à Scriptures à 2013 Edition
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/new-edition?lang=eng
http://www.lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study à Scriptures à Study Helps
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/study-helps?lang=eng
http://www.lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study à Scriptures à Bible Videos
https://www.lds.org/bible-videos?lang=eng
http://www.lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study à Scriptures à Formats and Downloads
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/formats?lang=eng
Free access to the hymns and other music may be found at (country and language selectable) example URLs:
http://www.lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study à Music à Hymns
https://www.lds.org/music/library/hymns?lang=eng
http://www.lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study à Music à Children's Songbook
https://www.lds.org/music/library/childrens-songbook?lang=eng
http://www.lds.org/ à Scriptures and Study à Music à Library
https://www.lds.org/music/library?lang=eng
Some Pass-Along Cards invite people to receive free copies of some scriptures:
The Holy Bible. Receive a free copy of the Holy Bible King James Version by calling 1-888-537-1212 or 1-800-453-2900. Consider the foundation contributions that Tyndale’s works of translation of the Bible had on that version of the Bible. Tyndale vowed to “a cleric who argued against putting scripture in the hands of the common man”, “If God spare my life, ere many years I will cause a boy that driveth the plough, shall know more of the Scripture than thou dost!” (https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2010/04/the-blessing-of-scripture?lang=eng)
The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ. Receive a free copy of The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ by calling 1-888-537-2200 or 1-800-322-8881. The book was so important that God sent a resurrected person/angel back to the earth to deliver the plates to a young prophet of God so that the messages of the plates could be translated into English. That prophet later said about the book, “… a man would get nearer to God by abiding by its precepts, than by any other book.” The ancient inhabitants of the Americas did not have the book available to them. Though written anciently, the book was written with the foresight of ancient prophets of God explicitly for the people in these last days. How many books are there delivered to the earth, by people coming back from the dead?
In my individual scripture study (as of 29 October 2018), I am marking each verse that I think applies to Jesus Christ or is related to Jesus Christ. As I have been doing so, even after much prior study, it is a little surprising to me how many verses in The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ that I am finding apply to Jesus Christ. I currently have a goal to mark with a “C” or “c” beside the first spot in each verse that applies to Jesus Christ, for all the scriptures. That would allow me to later mark a verse that I previously did not recognize applied to Jesus Christ. I might also mark a previously unrecognized earlier spot in a verse.
More Pass-Along Cards. There are many other Pass-Along cards with free things, including those providing videos about Christmas (first Christmas gift from God, of His Son's special birth) and Easter (the Lord's special death followed by His special living forever), as suggested by all the special two-part gravitons:
(1) HE IS THE GIFT - John 3:16 - Discover The Gift - Embrace The Gift #ShareTheGift christmas.mormon.org - View two minutes 43 seconds video (or see on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzjFEMmM0Xs) and
(2) #BecauseHeLives HeLives.mormon.org - View two minutes 27 seconds video (or see on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZqTRSVA1YA).
Small, Weak, Simple, and Powerful. The most powerful sources of power come from the weakest of things. Does this not suggest things of God? See Doctrine and Covenants 1:19 and Alma 37:6-7. Great energy is accumulated, during the simple rotations of nuclear-ground-states, by small extractions of power from many weak two-part gravitons. An unmeasured amount of energy has been produced and will continue to be produced in stars without count, as many two-part gravitons induce greater rotation of nuclei about horizontal axes. Unmeasured amounts of matter have come into being (in the furthest sight of God) and unmeasured amounts of matter will come into being, as the weak two-part gravitons pull down on opposite fundamental charges temporarily available within simple starlight.
Universal Economy of God. Even rotating atoms, the far traveling photons, and the much further traveling gravitons are not wasted in the economy which is of God. These simple things are allowed to play great parts in the heavens and beyond.
We read in Alma 30:44, "... all things denote there is a God; yea, even the earth, and all things that are upon the face of it, yea, and its motion, yea, and also all the planets which move in their regular form do witness that there is a Supreme Creator."
All things denote there is a God: (1) from the rotating nuclear-ground-state rapidly rotating about a horizontal axis, to the great lumbering planet slowly rotating about a horizontal axis, (2) from the dense earth beneath giving rise to a hosts of two-part gravitons, to the births of new-fine spirit-matter-space pulled down-out from light, (3) from the vast spiral galaxy expanding (so as to make room for stars seemingly without number spreading outward, trying to fill the increasing void), to the slowly moving moon as it is just blocking the view of the sun's photosphere during a total solar eclipse, (4) from the tree reaching its arms toward the spreading heavens, to the lonely graviton in total sacrifice that matter rotating toward it might turn a little more according to its prior turning toward it, and (5) from the new lamb drawing its first breath after arriving, to the tired-old lion before departing mortality. All temporal and spiritual things do denote there is a God.
We further read in Moses 6:63, "And behold, all things have their likeness, and all things are created and made to bear record of me, both things which are temporal, and things which are spiritual; things which are in the heavens above, and things which are on the earth, and things which are in the earth, and things which are under the earth, both above and beneath: all things bear record of me."
Some Graviton Comparisons to the Lord. The graviton bears record of the Lord. The marvelous birth of the only-begotten in-the-mortal-flesh Son-of-God is suggested by the extremely low probability birth of the graviton from its two perfectly aligned discrete electric field parts. The sinless perfect life of the Lord is suggested by the perfect straight path of the penetrating graviton. The miraculous atonement/death of the Lord is suggested by the miraculous total sacrifice of both parts of the two-part graviton. The active intelligence in the total sacrifice in the absorption of the two-part graviton suggests the great intelligence involved in the great atoning sacrifice of the Lord, that I as a mortal am not able to fully understand. The beckoning of the Lord to follow Him in his perfect path is suggested by the pulling down of matter by the graviton to more follow its straight path. The atonement of the Lord making repentance possible (or turning unto Him according to the prior turning unto Him) is suggested by more turning of matter according to its prior turning, during the absorption of the two-part graviton. The universal gifts of the resurrection of all mortals made possible by the atonement of the Lord is suggested by matter being given the gifts of eternal life by the pulling down of the fundamental charges temporarily available in light, by the two-part gravitons. Associated with our salvation because of the Lord's atonement there are the free gifts of grace and great love for us, not coming from ourselves. Those free gifts might be compared to the free gifts of new mass-energy and new space available at the time of the formation of the new spirit matter by the pulling down of the graviton. These gifts of new mass-energy and new space do not come by any prior translational motion of the spirit matter temporarily available in light prior to becoming new spirit matter. The energy part of the gifts is little more than enough to make up the energy difference between being and not being. The space part of the gifts is little more than enough to make up the space difference between being and not being. It cost the graviton everything to bring the new matter-energy and new space forth. I think that there is little extra space and kinetic energy provided by the graviton to the new matter in the all-consuming process, but whatever the graviton has it fully or unselfishly gives. The gifts of grace and love can later bear fruit as we repent and come unto God.
Turn by Turning. See Zechariah 1:3 where we can read "Turn ye unto me, saith the Lord of hosts, and I will turn unto you, saith the Lord of hosts." There are many similar expressions found in the scriptures. As a few examples, consider Jeremiah 31:18; Lamentations 5:21; Deuteronomy 4:30; Psalms 22:27; Doctrine and Covenants 88:63.
Some things will be turned upside down. Consider "turneth it upside down" as we see in Isaiah 24:1. That could apply to a variety of things including the change in understanding of how the sun actually works and the Bessler pendulum turning itself upside down under seemingly its own power.
Bessler principle Suggests Faith Precedes Miracles. The Bessler principle typifies the idea that faith is necessary before miracles. See Ether 12:6-22; 12:30-31; Hebrews 11:1-40; Matthew 13:58; Mormon 9:20-21. We must turn the wheel first about a horizontal axis. We may not see the resulting initial rotating nuclear-ground-states, yet they are there because the wheel was turned. Then, after that trial or test, comes the miracle of the rotating nuclear-ground-states receiving additional angular speed from the two-part gravitons, which additional energy, if not being sapped by friction, will cause the greater visible miracle to occur; the wheel rotates with greater angular speed. Bessler's very low friction wheels bore witness to this process. Even more so the McKinley low friction demonstration bore witness to this process, since it began turning from a near standstill of the low-friction bearing initially forming.
More to More and Less to Less. The Bessler principle given low enough friction suggests that more angular speed can increase to even more angular speed. The Bessler principle given enough friction suggests that less angular speed can dwindle to even less angular speed. With a particular amount of friction, as with Bessler's Kassel wheel, there could be more added upon more and less proceeding to less where there was initially little. On p. 16 of PM97, it indicates that a gentle push with two fingers could get the 12-feet-diameter 700-pound wheel to quickly attain an angular speed of 26 revolutions per minute. As the wheel at rest stayed at rest, apparently with a much smaller initial push from rest it would lose that slight angular speed which it received and would go back to a completely resting position. Matthew 13:12 reads, "For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that he hath." Also see Matthew 25:29. That verse is one of the verses near the end of the parable of the talents which reads, "For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath."
Smith's Work Preserved while Bessler's Work Destroyed. The lies possibly causing the destruction of the work of Bessler may have had a similarity to some of the hidden lies intended to destroy the work of the Lord through Joseph Smith Jr. See Doctrine and Covenants 10:12 and 10:23-28. Except for the lost 116 translated manuscript pages of the "Book of Lehi" (that were never retranslated so as to foil an evil plot by enemies to discredit the translation), the initial work done by Joseph Smith Jr. was preserved. The destructive thing that was intended for Joseph Smith's work actually happened earlier to Bessler's work. The work of Bessler's wheel would need to wait about three hundred years to come forth again. Except for various objects rotating in space and except for the modern-day example of the 1968 low friction demonstration at my McKinley Jr. High School, we in 2019 are still waiting for the restoration of the amazing mechanical wheels with such low friction properties as Bessler's wheels.
Joseph Smith had many earlier hidden enemies. Then he had many later enemies and some of those were those who had previously been close to him. Some of the prior close friends who became his enemies eventually returned to Joseph Smith's side by his continued hope for such enemies. We should forgive all but they may need to earn back our trust.
Bessler had various powerful enemies. Bessler's enemies included Gärtner, Wagner, and Borlach, as we see on pp. 32-33, 36-39, 64, 66-67, 69, 126, 138, 142, and 166 of PM97. Often they essentially lied in their attempts to show that Bessler lied or that his wheel was purely a fraud. Since Leibnitz was on Bessler's side (about the invention somehow being important and true), the main rival to Leibnitz, namely Newton, became a powerful enemy (hidden behind the scenes) to Bessler, as we see on pp. 49, 57-59, 63-64, 84, 90, 104, 116-118, 157, and 158 of PM97. The "testimony" of Bessler's wife's maid was especially damaging, though the apparent lies or misguided statements that she told could not hold up under close scrutiny, as we see on pp. 110, 161-163, 168, and 169-170 of PM97. Bessler didn't seek to make his enemies into his friends by extending the "olive branch" of peace to them. He just knew he was right and boldly stood his ground. Bessler was not about to give away his invention for free, save in coded form, requiring knowledge of it to fully understand it. Joseph Smith gave away what he learned from the Lord for free.
Edward Leedskalnin kept his device hidden or secret, except for speaking of it in coded fashion in his book. By keeping his device secret, Leedskalnin faced relatively little persecution. Nonetheless he was not free of persecution, since prior to moving his Rock Gate Park, he was beat up for not revealing his secret.
In varied amounts, many have suffered in part for the information that they held. Some were Eugene Mallove, Paul Pantone, Martin Fleischmann, Joseph (Josef) Papp Jr., Edward Leedskalnin, Nikola Tesla, Joseph Smith Jr., Johann Ernst Elias Orffyreus (Bessler), William Tyndale, John, James, Peter (Simeon or Simon), Paul (Saul), Luke, Mark, Matthew, Stephen, Jesus Christ, John the Baptist, Nephi, Abinadi, Nephi, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Abraham (Abram), Melchizedek, and Enoch. Do we honor these brave pioneers for the words, deeds, and messages that they brought forth?
Search for Kolob. Where is the location of the great star, Kolob, which was seen by Abraham? Some clues about its location are available from the scriptures.
Obedient Matter May Respond to Gravity. The Bessler principle suggested (in Chapter 12 “MATTER INTELLIGENCE”) that matter exhibits intelligence with respect to the absorption of gravitons. To extend this idea, if intelligent/obedient matter could be selective in their graviton absorptions, then graviton absorptions could be diminished or enhanced in particular directions. Attractive gravitons heading in other directions could also be selectively absorbed. The Lord walked upon the water (see Matthew 14:25-26; Mark 6:48-49; John 6:19). The Lord descended out of heaven (see 3 Nephi 11:8 and 1 Nephi 12:6). The Lord ascended into heaven (see Mark 16:19; Luke 24:51; John 3:13; Acts 1:9-11; 3 Nephi 11:21; 18:39; 19:1; 26:15; Doctrine and Covenants 20:24). Israelites passed over Jordan on dry ground at the time the Jordan River overflowed all its banks (see Joshua 3:15-17). To me, these scriptures suggest evidence that obedient matter may change its absorption of gravity with respect to particular directions.
Is there scriptural evidence that much larger bodies of matter can obediently change their absorption of gravity in particular directions? If so, what would that imply with respect to Kolob?
Consider Earth Internal Rotation. Isaiah 38:8 reads, "Behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down." See 2 Kings. 20:9–11 which reads, "And Isaiah said, This sign shalt thou have of the Lord, that the Lord will do the thing that he hath spoken: shall the shadow go forward ten degrees, or go back ten degrees? And Hezekiah answered, It is a light thing for the shadow to go down ten degrees: nay, but let the shadow return backward ten degrees. And Isaiah the prophet cried unto the Lord: and he brought the shadow ten degrees backward, by which it had gone down in the dial of Ahaz." God is able to rotate a body as large as the earth. Also see Joshua 10:12–14 which reads, "Then spake Joshua to the Lord in the day when the Lord delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the Lord hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the Lord fought for Israel." As context about what was moved or changed, see Helaman 12:14–15 which reads, "Yea, if he say unto the earth—Thou shalt go back, that it lengthen out the day for many hours—it is done; And thus, according to his word the earth goeth back, and it appeareth unto man that the sun standeth still; yea, and behold, this is so; for surely it is the earth that moveth and not the sun." These scriptures suggest that the earth can change its internal rotational motion by obediently changing their directional absorption of gravitons. These things should also apply to motion of the earth out of its orbit. God doesn't need to push it. He just needs to command the obedient earth and the obedient earth obeys.
Matter Obedient to God. See as a detailed scriptural example of this obedience, Helaman 12:8-17 which reads, "For behold, the dust of the earth moveth hither and thither, to the dividing asunder, at the command of our great and everlasting God. Yea, behold at his voice do the hills and the mountains tremble and quake. And by the power of his voice they are broken up, and become smooth, yea, even like unto a valley. Yea, by the power of his voice doth the whole earth shake; Yea, by the power of his voice, do the foundations rock, even to the very center. Yea, and if he say unto the earth—Move—it is moved. Yea, if he say unto the earth—Thou shalt go back, that it lengthen out the day for many hours—it is done; And thus, according to his word the earth goeth back, and it appeareth unto man that the sun standeth still; yea, and behold, this is so; for surely it is the earth that moveth and not the sun. And behold, also, if he say unto the waters of the great deep—Be thou dried up—it is done. Behold, if he say unto this mountain—Be thou raised up, and come over and fall upon that city, that it be buried up—behold it is done."
Ether 12:30 is another example of an obedient large amount of matter, as the mountain Zerin was moved by faith. Examples such as these suggest the power of God with respect to or over gravity, as it interacts with matter.
Assume Earth to Move Back to God. Let us assume that God will move the obedient earth back to or nearer to God (whose throne is near Kolob) at the beginning of the millennium. There appears to be a chiastic history of the earth centered about the atonement-death-resurrection of our Lord, Jesus the Christ. The earth had a paradisiacal glory, there was a fall of man after which the earth fell from heaven to its current location, the Lord came at the meridian of time, the earth will be moved back to or nearer to the celestial throne of God, and the earth will receive again its paradisiacal glory during the millennium. See Genesis 2:10; 3:6, 3 Nephi 1:1; Luke 22:44; Articles of Faith 1:10. Also, see Genesis 2:17; 5:5; Abraham 3:4; 2 Nephi 9:6; Alma 42:7. We should not be so constrained by a false conservation of energy mind-set, that we consider it impossible for God to quickly move the planet earth to a new location, if it suits his purposes, given Luke 1:37, "For with God nothing shall be impossible." What do the scriptures suggest about such a journey? Where does the scriptural evidence suggest that the earth will be moved to?
Earth to be Moved out of Its Place. Given the vast distances that the earth will need to be quickly moved to have a new heaven with different star constellations, given the rapid speed that angelic beings can travel, and given the quantum connectedness of all matter in the universe, gravity is likely not the only means of propulsion by God but gravity can contribute much. Gravity could be (or could not be) intelligently/obediently absorbed so as to assist the earth in being taken back closer to Kolob at the beginning of the millennium. There could be more attractive absorptions, for gravitons traveling in one direction and/or less attractive absorptions, for gravitons traveling in the opposite direction. The earth by rapid motion, toward large masses could encounter more attractive gravitons in front than it receives from behind. I will show portions of some scriptures that might be related to earth's motion at the beginning of the millennium.
"And it shall be as the chased roe, and as a sheep that no man taketh up …" (Isaiah 13:14 and 2 Nephi 23:14).
The passing of local gravity concentrations, corresponding to the earth quickly going by stars on the more rarified periphery, would not likely seem to match the description of "as the chased roe". I don't think that there would be enough jumps of a hunted roe, associated with a peripheral move of the earth within this galaxy. Also, as seen in the following examples (of portions of scriptures), it would also seem unlikely that the earth would be going to a very great star on the periphery of our galaxy. A very massive star on the edge of the galaxy could be disruptive of the normal motions of other stars there (and so would likely not exist on the periphery of our galaxy). Also, for the earth to so tremble or shake or be as the chased roe by quickly going by gravity producing stars, I think that means that the earth would be traveling at greater than the speed of light.
"… I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall remove out of her place …" (Isaiah 13:13 and 2 Nephi 23:13).
"… I will shake the heavens, and the earth, and the sea, and the dry land;" (Haggai 2:6).
"… I shake not the earth only, but also heaven." (Hebrews 12:26).
"… the stars shall fall from heaven, …" (Matthew 24:29, Doctrine and Covenants 29:14).
"And the stars of heaven shall fall, …" (Mark 13:25).
"… the stars shall be hurled from their places." (Doctrine and Covenants 133:49).
"… the stars fall from heaven." (Doctrine and Covenants 45:42).
"For not many days hence and the earth shall tremble and reel to and fro as a drunken man; and the sun shall hide his face, and shall refuse to give light; and the moon shall be bathed in blood; and the stars shall become exceedingly angry, and shall cast themselves down as a fig that falleth from off a fig tree." (Doctrine and Covenants 88:87).
It would also seem unlikely from those descriptions for earth to be going to another galaxy. As we look out into space we look back long ago in time so that our galaxy may actually be much larger than it actually now appears. Views of other galaxies are their appearances according to extremely old/outdated information. As the earth is moved, newer information will be viewed, as we get closer to the sources of the information. I think an exceedingly long time of stars/galaxies not appearing to move was not described. Neither was a lack of bumping described. A gravitationally bumped earth could make stars appear to tremble or appear to be angry. As the stars approach going by, they would be appearing to increase in their speed in one direction, somewhat like figs falling down in one direction from a fig tree.
Here are portions of some of the scriptures concerning Kolob.
"And I saw the stars, that they were very great, and that one of them was nearest unto the throne of God; and there were many great ones which were near unto it;" (Abraham 3:2). Also see the next verse.
"… These are the governing ones; and the name of the great one is Kolob, because it is near unto me, for I am the Lord thy God: I have set this one to govern all those which belong to the same order as that upon which thou standest." (Abraham 3:3).
"… Kolob is set nigh unto the throne of God, to govern all those planets which belong to the same border as that upon which thou standest." (Abraham 3:9).
"Kolob, signifying the first creation, nearest to the celestial, or the residence of God. …" (Facsimile No. 2, Fig. 1).
"Is made to represent God, sitting upon his throne, …" (Facsimile No. 2, Fig. 3).
"Represents God sitting upon his throne, …" (Facsimile No. 2, Fig. 7).
"… Kolob is the greatest of all the Kokaubeam that thou hast seen, because it is nearest unto me." (Abraham 3:16).
"… Kokaubeam, which signifies stars, or all the great lights, which were in the firmament of heaven." (Abraham 3:13).
So Where Is Kolob? My current best guess based upon available scriptural evidence would be that Kolob is located almost at the very center of our Milky Way galaxy. It may rotate slowly with the same internal and external rotational rate as many great stars surrounding it. Assuming that the earth will be moved back nearer to God (whose throne is near Kolob) at the beginning of the millennium, the earlier discussion strongly suggests that Kolob is not in another galaxy.
Kolob Not God's Residence. I don't think that Kolob is the celestial or the residence of God. Still, it is near/nearest God's throne or near God, according to Abraham 3:9; 3:2-3; 3:16; Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 1. Kolob is nearest the throne of God, according to Abraham 3:2-3 and Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 1. Kolob is the first creation, according to Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 1. Both Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 1 and Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 2 use the term "the celestial" so I think that they together clarify its meaning. All these scriptures should be studied to understand the terms.
Kolob Greatest Light. Kolob is the greatest of all the stars or great lights that Abraham saw, according to Abraham 3:13; 3:16.
Rotation of God's Throne about Kolob. Both Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 3 and Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 7 contain representations of God sitting upon his throne. Both those figures are not at the center of the circular Facsimile No. 2. Also, Kolob, signifying the first creation, as represented in Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 1, is located at the center of the circular Facsimile No. 2. A throne, upon a planet, could maintain a near or nearest relationship to Kolob and still change locations if it slowly rotates around Kolob as suggested by Facsimile No. 2.
Basic Location of Kolob. As far as I can determine, there is only one place that meets all these above constraints on Kolob. Kolob would seem to be a very massive bright star located nearly at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. I think that Kolob is not a massive black hole (or at least not yet), according to Abraham 3:2; 3:3; 3:13; 3:16. If Kolob ever became so massive that it were to become something like a massive black hole, God could command a part of it to depart and the obedient portion would do so. I suppose that the celestial or the residence of God or the throne of God rotates around Kolob at the same rate as Oliblish. Also, "… Oliblish, which is the next grand governing creation near to the celestial or the place where God resides; …" (Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 2) rotates around Kolob. That is also suggested by "… one thousand; answering to the measuring of the time of Oliblish, which is equal with Kolob in its revolution and in its measuring of time." (Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 4). Such things could be possible, for example, if the throne of God is located at a possibly “unstable” point of rotational equilibrium between Kolob and Oliblish (and assisted by the gravitational pull from a variety of many great stars near to Kolob, yet all around, referred to in Abraham 3:2). Think of the line segments between their centers forming a triangle, as in Fig. 86, with the triangle rotating at a fixed rate of one revolution per 1000 years (see for example Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 4). If they each have the same internal and external rotational rates as the rate of that triangle, then there would be essentially no tidal fluctuations on any of them (including the planet having the throne of God, meaning the celestial residence of God). There should be no periodic disruptions with respect to gravity on any of these bodies.
Fig. 86. Relationship between Kolob, Oliblish, and the throne of God.
Fig. 86 attempts to show a triangular relationship (not to scale) between the centers of Kolob, Oliblish, and the throne of God. There should be a constant small rotational rate for all of them about the center of the galaxy. I drew the point for the center of the galaxy outside Kolob (to better get the idea across what it represents) but it is more likely within Kolob itself near its center, given that there are many other great stars near to Kolob. The many other great stars (in many locations and in many directions with respect to the center of the galaxy) are just symbolized by a single circle to help one understand the idea of the triangular relationship. A revolution of Kolob about the center of the galaxy is the same time as a rotation of Kolob about its center.
A revolution of either Kolob or Oliblish or the throne of God all would take the same time. That time would also be equal to an internal rotation (or turning) of either Kolob or Oliblish or the throne of God. Other scriptural references to that time of one thousand (of our earth years) are Abraham 3:4 and Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 1. An ordering of intermediate rotation periods between earth rotation time (one day) and Kolob rotation time (one thousand years) is referred to in Abraham 3:5-17. One of the intermediate rotation periods is apparently for the moon. The rotation period of the moon is approximately 27 earth days, which is curiously roughly also the equatorial rotation period of the sun.
Location of Throne of God. The throne (or celestial or residence or planet) of God would likely not be located at the partly “unstable” equilibrium point directly between Kolob and Oliblish. This is because Kolob, being the first creation (see Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 1) and the greatest star (see Abraham 3:13 and 3:16), would be larger in mass than Oliblish, being the next grand governing creation (see Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 2). Such a partly unstable equilibrium point between Kolob and Oliblish would be closer to Oliblish, which would not be consistent with Kolob being nearest the throne of God, according to Abraham 3:2-3; 3:9; Facsimile No. 2 Fig. 1. That is why a triangle was drawn in Fig. 86 to suggest these relationships. Also a triangle is suggested by the relative relationship of Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3 all within Facsimile No. 2. That God can influence or correct potentially unstable local equilibria with respect to gravity is suggested by the scripture "And the Gods set them in the expanse of the heavens, to give light upon the earth, and to rule over the day and over the night, and to cause to divide the light from the darkness. And the Gods watched those things which they had ordered until they obeyed." (Abraham 4:17-18). God provides any required extra stability. The throne of God and Oliblish rotate around Kolob. Likely the throne of God and Oliblish along with Kolob form a triangle that slowly rotates about the center of the galaxy. The galactic center or center of mass of the galaxy should lie approximately within the triangle and that center should be closest to Kolob.
From near the earth, we would likely not be able to see the great star Kolob, because of many other stars and much obscuring new matter nearby, which new matter came forth from the much light and gravity near there. The much new matter would be for the use of God (such as to form planets and stars). The throne of God is likely upon a planet, as suggested by past visions regarding the throne of God. See Revelation 7:9-10; 1 Nephi 1:8; Alma 36:22; Doctrine and Covenants 137:1-4; 2 Nephi 28:23; Jacob 3:8.
Kolob's Location Discussion Summary. The short answer to the question "Where is the location of the great star, Kolob?" is that Kolob is the greatest, brightest star likely located very near the center of our galaxy. God does not live on Kolob. Yet Kolob is the very great star nearest to the throne of God, which throne is upon the celestial planet where God resides. Because of the presence of much gravity and much radiant light, there is much new obscuring matter in the space near the center of our galaxy. The much new dark matter is available for use by God.
Search for Locations Using Full Evidence. Scientific truth and spiritual truth should merge into the same common truth known to God (whether we are searching for Kolob or Cumorah or the expanding infinite universe or Shim or Outer Darkness). As David A. Palmer repeatedly showed in his 1981 book In Search of Cumorah (SC81), we can use the scriptures and a variety of scientific evidences to test out hypotheses with respect to the locations of things. Palmer's book applied many tests to comparatively answer the question, where on the Americas was the final site, Cumorah (or earlier called Ramah), of the destructions of two great civilizations, the Jaredites and the Nephites, spoken of in The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ?
Book of Mormon Geographies. The results of scientific tests should be done within the context of particular geographies for The Book of Mormon. We can try to determine which proposed geography best scientifically matches The Book of Mormon. We should be able to consider other proposed geographies according to careful consideration of the scriptures, according to the best scientific information available so far, and according to available topographies. I generally favor Palmer’s proposed geography (with some alterations, which I note below) over that of James Warr’s Mormon’s Clues: A New Look at Book of Mormon Geography (2006). See Chapter 6 “Geography of the Book of Mormon” of Paul R. Cheesman’s 1984 book The World of the Book of Mormon. Again, I generally favor Palmer’s proposed geography (with some alterations).
Book of Mormon Time Frame. Associated with any particular geography must be a particular time frame for the evidence. That would be the case whether we are considering Kolob or Cumorah or the expanding infinite universe or Shim or Outer Darkness. Here is a time frame within which we could consider The Book of Mormon. The time of the Jaredites, from the time of confounding of the language of the people at the great tower of Babel to their destruction might be estimated, as being about 2700 B.C. to about 600 B.C. (see p. 226 of Palmer’s SC81). The time of the Nephites would be from the time of their leaving Jerusalem in 600 B.C. (prior to the time of the Babylonian captivity of Jerusalem) to their destruction in 385 A.D. in the New World.
Some Highlights of Palmer's Proposed Geography. I mostly agree with David Palmer's proposed geography for The Book of Mormon. I think that it makes much sense that the land of Zarahemla was the central depression of Chiapas (see p. 173 of SC81). I think that it makes sense that "the head of the river Sidon" (Alma 22:27) was probably the headwaters of the Grijalva (see pp. 184 and 199 of SC81). I think that his identifying Kaminaljuyu (near Guatemala City) with the city of Nephi makes sense (see pp. 176 and 198 of SC81). Palmer's excellent correlation between Jaredite history and the cultural history of the archaeological Olmecs makes much sense (see pp. 18 and 125-145 of SC81). I think that Palmer's proposed location of Cerro Vigia or "lookout hill" in southern Veracruz (see p. 123 of SC81) as the location of Mormon's Cumorah spoken of in The Book of Mormon (Mormon 6:2; 6:4; 6:6; 6:11; Ether 15:11) makes much sense, according to the large number of tests that he did.
Cerro Vigia (or Mormon's Cumorah) is just a hill when compared with the large mountains of the Tuxtlas. The descriptor, “hill”, is thus appropriate.
Mormon's Cumorah Different from Moroni's Cumorah. Palmer made it clear that we should not confuse Mormon's Cumorah with Moroni's Cumorah, which was not named in The Book of Mormon. Palmer wrote on p. 19 of SC81, "It is commonly believed that Moroni buried the metal plates in his care in the Hill Cumorah. However, the Book of Mormon does not tell us where Moroni hid the records." Moroni's father, Mormon, did write, "… they are to be hid up unto the Lord that they may come forth in his own due time." (Mormon 5:12). Also see 1 Nephi 13:35. Moroni did write, "Therefore I will write and hide up the records in the earth; …" (Mormon 8:4). Moroni did write, "And I am the same who hideth up this record unto the Lord; …" (Mormon 8:14). Moroni did write, "… I am commanded that I should hide them up again in the earth." (Ether 4:3). Moroni did write, "And I seal up these records, after I have spoken a few words by way of exhortation unto you." (Moroni 10:2). Within The Book of Mormon, Moroni neither said that he would be hiding the records in the hill Cumorah nor said that he would be hiding the records in the hill Ramah. The hill Ramah was the earlier name for the hill Cumorah according to the Jaredites, as we see in Ether 15:11. Some confusion may be associated with the use of the word "again" in Ether 4:3. The expression “… hide them up again in the earth.” would not necessarily mean that they were to be again hid up at the exact same location where they were previously hid. I think the plates of Ether (as well as many other plates) were previously hidden up in the hill Shim (see Mormon 4:23; 1:3-4; Mosiah 28:20; 28:11; 22:14; 8:9; 21:27; Ether 15:33; 4:1). I think that the hill Shim is a hill south-southeast of Cerro Vigia (see Ether 9:3 for some clues). Mormon hid up in the hill Cumorah (Mormon’s Cumorah) all the records which had been entrusted to Mormon except the few plates which he gave to his son Moroni (see Mormon 6:6). There were about 36 years from the destruction in 385 A.D. of the Nephites, as a people, at Mormon's Cumorah (see Mormon 6:5) until Moroni's sealing up the records (somewhere in the earth) in about 421 A.D. (see Moroni 10:1-2). Moroni had plenty of time to travel from Mormon's Cumorah to Moroni's Cumorah.
Change Proposed Geography. Despite my many agreements with Palmer's proposed geography, I think that there should be an alteration of the eastern edge of that geography. I think that the "east wilderness" (see Alma 50:9) should have actually corresponded to the entire Yucatan Peninsula. That would allow the "straight course from the east sea to the west" (see Alma 50:8) to be somewhat a nearly east to west boundary edge line of mountains. It would have been a natural protective barrier with its east end near the modern city of Livingston, near the water "point" of the Gulf of Honduras. The Gulf of Honduras would correspond to "the sea east" (see Helaman 3:8). The boundary line of mountains could have been fortified at strategic points. See Alma 50:13-14 where it states, "And it came to pass that the Nephites began the foundation of a city, and they called the name of the city Moroni; and it was by the east sea; and it was on the south by the line of the possessions of the Lamanites. And they also began a foundation for a city between the city of Moroni and the city of Aaron, joining the borders of Aaron and Moroni; and they called the name of the city, or the land, Nephihah." The fortified line needed to keep the Lamanites out of the east wilderness, especially after all the effort was expended to drive them out of the east wilderness (see Alma 50:7). The alteration of Palmer's proposed geography might also make The Book of Mormon geography slightly more consistent with Alma 22:32 which reads, "And now, it was only the distance of a day and a half’s journey for a Nephite, on the line Bountiful and the land Desolation, from the east to the west sea; and thus the land of Nephi and the land of Zarahemla were nearly surrounded by water, there being a small neck of land between the land northward and the land southward." Palmer pointed out on p. 31 of SC81 that that scripture did not read, "from the east sea to the west sea". That situation is supported by Helaman 4:7 which reads, "And there they did fortify against the Lamanites, from the west sea, even unto the east; it being a day’s journey for a Nephite, on the line which they had fortified and stationed their armies to defend their north country." I think that the phrase "were nearly surrounded by water" makes more sense with my alteration to Palmer's proposed geography. With respect to Santa Rosa, there was roughly about 30° or 40° to the west-northwest that was not surrounded by water and there was roughly about 35° or 0° to the east-southeast that were not surrounded by water. The angles depend upon which land-water boundary points are selected. Also I think that the phrase "on the south by the line of the possessions of the Lamanites" makes more sense with my alteration.
More Details. The city of Moroni is now under water (according to 3 Nephi 8:9). I suppose that the city of Moroni would have been located somewhere in the vicinity of the current city of Livingston, but then the city of Moroni would not have been under water. The city of Moroni would have guarded the eastern coastal route around the mountains. Two other cities guarding access through that line of mountains were Aaron and Nephihah. A naming convention in The Book of Mormon was provided in Alma 8:7, which states, "Now it was the custom of the people of Nephi to call their lands, and their cities, and their villages, yea, even all their small villages, after the name of him who first possessed them; and thus it was with the land of Ammonihah." The city of Aaron may have been originally named after Aaron, the brother of Ammon. I suppose that Aaron led the way for the people of Ammon going to the land of Jershon. They likely followed some headwaters of the Usumacinta River drainage, located east of the headwaters of the river Sidon or now called the Grijalva River (see Map 9 on p. 248 of SC81). They likely followed those tributary waters of the Usumacinta River through a mountain pass and to the land of Jershon. As Aaron led the way, he was likely concerned about their defense and ways that they could be defended in the future. Ammon, a mighty swordsman, would likely have brought up the rear in case they were followed and attacked from behind. After they settled in Jershon, they were later followed and there was a tremendous battle (Alma 28:1-2). I suspect that the battle occurred near what would become the protective city of Aaron that served to guard the way through the mountains. Part of that route was curiously suggested by Palmer (see Map 5 on p. 244 of SC81) as the earlier “Limhi” expedition going to near Cumorah, while looking for a way back to Zarahemla.
Limhi Expedition. I suspect that the actual route of the “Limhi” expedition was somewhat near the Pacific coast (along a long narrow neck of land not very wide, going from the southeast to the northwest) on the southwest side of the relatively narrow Sierra Madre and then across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to Cumorah. I say that route since such a route to Cumorah might have had qualitatively quite similar instructions as actually back to the land of Zarahemla. The overall directions would be very close, since Kaminaljuyu, Santa Rosa, and Cerro Vigia lie on nearly a straight line. Any surviving verbal instructions (to initially begin a journey to return to Zarahemla, if need be) may have lost details to become global instructions something like: go around to the left, keep going, and then go back to the right. The quantitative distances may have been lost or never available in the instructions, as we might get a hint of when we consider Mosiah 7:5; 7:16; 11:13; 22:8; 22:11. For example some lost local instructions for returning to Zarahemla might have been something like, “Go around to the left of the land of Shilom, keep going round about on the left side of the hill which is north of Shilom, and then bend your course back to the right to proceed to Zarahemla.” They may have initially gone to the west instead of to the west-northwest in their initial going to the left sides of things.
Assumption that Zarahemla Found and Destroyed. They might have considered that they had actually returned to the land of Zarahemla and incorrectly assumed that Zarahemla had been destroyed, by slightly misinterpreting the local instructions as global instructions. They went around to the left and then back to the right with roughly the correct final directions. For evidence of the incorrect assumption that Zarahemla was destroyed, consider Mosiah 21:25-26 or see p. 49 of SC81.
Distance Reconciliation. It would have just been that larger distances would have been covered on the Limhi expedition, but that some of that land near the Pacific coast may have been somewhat more open or free of obstructing vegetation (allowing free running, as possibly suggested by Alma 56:31-42) than on the actual return route to Zarahemla (easy to get lost in, as suggested by Mosiah 9:4 and 7:4-5). Total travel time for the Limhi expedition though unstated could be described as "lost in the wilderness for the space of many days" (see Mosiah 8:8) or "lost in the wilderness" (see Mosiah 21:25). That travel time might have been quite comparable with the earlier group led by Zeniff which spent "many days' wandering in the wilderness" (see Mosiah 9:3-4) or the much later inquiry (turned rescue) group (sent by King Mosiah) which "wandered forty days" (see Mosiah 7:2-5). Both the earlier Zeniff group and the later inquiry group had gone generally southeast from the city of Zarahemla (plausibly Santa Rosa according to p. 173 of SC81) to the city of Lehi-Nephi (or simply the city of Nephi, that is likely Kaminaljuyu according to p. 198 of SC81) in the land of Lehi-Nephi (see Mosiah 9:3-4; 9:6; 9:8).
Isthmus of Tehuantepec. There is a narrowest and most defensible point near the southeast portion of Tehuantepec's coast, by the Pacific, that could block the coastal corridor. I think that defensible point or narrow coastal pass is where some mountains come nearest to the water and might be near the 360 A.D. Nephite city of Desolation (see Mormon 3:5-7). The coastal corridor on the Pacific side goes somewhat from the east-southeast to the west-northwest. After getting past the place where the coast could be blocked, there is a slight gap in the mountains on the south or rather southeast end of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The expedition sent by Limhi about 121 B.C. was likely looking for a place where they could "turn right" and this finally seemed to be the way that they could get through the mountains. The expedition sent by Limhi could have (on a large scale) turned slightly to their right so that they would then be going somewhat in the direction from the south-southeast to the north-northwest after they crossed the gap in the mountains at Tehuantepec and headed for Cumorah (in their search for Zarahemla). When close enough, Mormon's Cumorah or Cerro Vigia, becomes a distinctive landmark because it is somewhat isolated. That would partly explain Limhi's expedition heading toward it. See the next paragraph for further explanation of why they may have headed toward it. Cumorah-Ramah would be visible from far away and especially if there were no trees on the plains nearby it to block its view (see Helaman 3:3-10; Mormon 3:5; 4:1; Alma 22:30-32; 46:17; 50:34; 63:5; 3 Nephi 3:23-24; Ether 7:6).
Limhi Expedition Directed to Plates. In about 121 B.C., as the Limhi expedition headed across the top of the gap in the mountains, they might have seen a point of light in the distance that they might have thought that they should head for. They might have seen this point of light, if it were not a cloudy day. Then, as they crossed the plains, the Limhi expedition might have still been attracted to reflected light coming from the very top of Cumorah-Ramah. This could have happened if the prophet Ether had, for example, created a circular arrangement of reflective things about the very top of Cumorah-Ramah. He could have for example placed swords with their points down into the earth with the most reflective available helmets/head-plates on top of the hilts. He could have also used the most-reflective most-corrosion-resistant shields and breastplates in his circular arrangement. Decorations of gold surfaces might work well.
A surrounding circular arrangement of visible reflective things could have served somewhat as a type of light beacon, to shine across the land of Cumorah and beyond. If it were not cloudy it could have attracted the attention of the expedition sent by Limhi. With light reflecting off the hill top, anyone coming into or having visibility of the land of Cumorah would have been attracted to such a spot, out of sheer wonder.
Long Distance Light. Could a reflected light have been seen by the Limhi expedition across about 130 miles (between Cerro Vigia and the gap in the mountains at Tehuantepec)? I would suppose so, if it had not been cloudy near sunset, if a portion near the top of the gap had been somewhat shaded, and if the sun had still been shining on the top of Cerro Vigia. The eyes of people are more sensitive to such things as stars, if they are not exposed to a large amount of nearby bright light. We might be able to see a small angular portion of light from far away, if our eyes are in the dark, and if our eyes are located where there is not much background light. For example, if there is not much surrounding light pollution, we can see sunlight reflecting off of faraway satellites. There was little light pollution interfering with the sight of Limhi's expedition (except indirectly from the sun itself). If observers in Limhi's expedition near the top of the gap in the mountains at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec saw a small amount of light coming from Cerro Vigia, then they would have likely wanted to go there and investigate. They would have seen prior signs of destruction, but they may have wondered if there were any survivors, who might be willing to help them out with respect to freeing them from their captivity.
I suppose that Ether would have created such a display (see Ether 15:33) only after he had finished his record and only after Coriantumr had left the land of Cumorah. I think that there would have likely been no trees (at that time in the tree desolate land, Helaman 3:5-11) on top of Cumorah-Ramah to obscure any such display built by the prophet Ether. With millions of people dying in the battles (see Ether 15:2), the prophet Ether could have chosen from many things in making a display. The last battles were near Cumorah-Ramah (see Ether 15:11). Some of those battles included mighty men, their wives, and their children, all of whom were armed and clothed after the manner of war (see Ether 15:15). The very last battles had the largest combatants (see Ether 15:26). Ether might not have needed to go very far to find enough suitable items for such a display within which to hide his plates. Ether could have made hundreds of trips to construct an appropriate display (see Ether 15:33) within which to hide the plates so that they would be found.
Limhi Expedition Finding Plates. At the very center of the circle (at the very top of the peak) Ether might first have placed a corrosion-resistant small circular shield (concave side down), then on top of it his twenty-four gold plates, and then on top of them a large-heavy corrosion-resistant circular shield (concave side down) to cover/protect them all. See Ether 15:33; 15:15; 15:24; Mosiah 8:9-11; 21:27. He might have selected as the smaller bottom shield, a shield with an almost flat place in its center, but such that its center place was large enough for the plates to lie upon. The top larger shield might have been somewhat conically shaped in its center so as to better contain the plates and so as to also prevent condensation water droplets from dripping on the plates.
Mysterious Plates. The people of Limhi may have been greatly puzzled by the manner in which they had found the twenty-four plates of gold. I wonder if they had seen a line of sparkles or the edge of a halo-like ring at the top of the hill Cumorah. Surely the finding of the mysterious plates created various questions concerning how and why they were lead to find the plates. Whatever strange or curious things they had seen, the people of Limhi and Mosiah were “desirous beyond measure” to have the mysterious plates translated so that they would know about the people who were destroyed. See Mosiah 8:11-21 and see Mosiah 28:11-20. I am appreciative that a portion, of those mysterious plates, is available for us to read within The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ. The light/revelation associated with the finding and the translating of the mysterious plates might also explain why Mormon’s Cumorah originally received its name by the Nephites. David Palmer (with references) said “Cumorah” meant “Arise-O-Light” or “Arise-Revelation” on p. 21 of SC81. The top of the hill could have continued to give off light until all the reflecting things were removed from its top. By then the name could have been well established. That would also give reason why the land of Cumorah could have received its name from the name of the hill called Cumorah. See Mormon 6:2; 6:4-6.
Omer's Shim Location Relative to Ramah. A portion of Ether 9:3 reads, "Omer departed out of the land with his family, and traveled many days, and came over and passed by the hill of Shim, and came over by the place where the Nephites were destroyed, and from thence eastward, and came to a place which was called Ablom, by the seashore,". I think that the colony at Ablom gave rise to what would become the heartland of the archeological Olmecs. Omer might have passed by Shim as he was heading toward the visibly-isolated Ramah-Cumorah off in nearly the north-northwest direction (coming from the south-southeast). Omer surely would not have headed directly toward the main Tuxtla Mountains, as they would have been more obviously blocking his way.
In Search of Shim. This is my best guess for the location of the hill Shim. First find it by backwards tracing. If one starts at Cerro Vigia (Ramah) and one heads south-southeast (that is directly toward the Tehuantepec gap in the mountains), as one directly goes toward the lowest portion of the broad gap in the mountains, there is a broad valley as one leaves the plains (of Heshlon, see Ether 13:28). The broad valley might be identified as the valley of Gilgal (see Ether 13:27-30). As we enter the valley or as we leave the plains, we encounter a very long ridge line going almost in the direction from the east-southeast to the west-northwest. I like to think that the very long ridge line marks the boundary between the valley of Gilgal and the plains of Heshlon. A river comes out of the valley of Gilgal and cuts the very long ridge line. One can, for example, see these things on the Internet using the Google Earth plug-in. On the east end of the ridge line and just on the north side of the ridge line, there is a hill, which I think is the hill Shim. The hill is small compared to the surrounding mountains, so the term hill would seem to be appropriate. We would be passing the hill on our left as we are going up toward the gap in the mountains. If Omer were going in the opposite or correct direction, along such a route, then he would have passed Shim, with Shim on his right hand side (see Ether 9:3). It might have taken Omer more days to travel, as there would have been more trees for him in about 2430 B.C. (see Palmer p. 128), than at the time of the Limhi expedition in about 121 B.C.
Shim Scriptural Consistency. The location of the hill Shim needs to be contextually consistent with the scriptures Mormon 1:3-6; 2:16-17; 4:23; Ether 9:3. I think that, because of verse 6, the battle sequences in Mormon 2:2-9 was along the Pacific coastal corridor or invasion route (in about 327 A.D. to 383 A.D.), which I think was nearly identical to the route taken much earlier by the Limhi expedition.
The other possible invasion route was through the narrow pass-corridor which was blocked by the city of Bountiful. The narrow pass-corridor was often surrounded by water on both sides. See pp. 31-32 of SC81. Bountiful "became an exceeding stronghold ever after" (see Alma 53:4-5, which words were written by Mormon). It was secured by the Nephites until Mormon's epistle to the king of the Lamanites (see Mormon 6:2) for granting the gathering of the Nephites unto the land of Cumorah for battle. The Lamanites would finally get Bountiful and they wouldn't need to bury the dead after the last battle with the Nephites.
Given that the invasion route on the Pacific side was being discussed, there was then a retreat near the coastal corridor to the land of Jashon, which city of Jashon was near the land Antum (where the hill Shim was according to Mormon 1:3 and Mormon 2:16-17). That puts another main constraint upon Shim besides the Omer constraint. There are also other slight contextual constraints because of Shem in Mormon 2:20-21, Desolation in Mormon 3:5-8 and 4:1-19, "up" (in Mormon 3:10 and in Mormon 4:1), Teancum in Mormon 4:3-7, Boaz in Mormon 4:20-21, and town and villages in Mormon 4:22. I suppose there can be a reconciliation of these contextual constraints, if there had been new settlements and strategic fortifications on the Pacific coast side (see Mormon 3:1), during 346 A.D. - 350 A.D. - 360 A.D. - 361 A.D. (see Mormon 2:22; 2:28-29; 3:1; 3:7). The nearness of the land Antum to the city of Jashon might be reconciled if the land Jashon had been the land at the top of the Tehuantepec mountain gap, and if Antum had been the name of the land just to the north extending to the plains (and just including the hill Shim). Antum might be somewhat comparable with the valley of Gilgal (see Ether 13:27-30). Either the city of Jashon or the city of Shem might be within the land of Moron (see Ether 7:5-6 and Ether 14:6). Those things might satisfy the almost opposing "nearness and "farness" constraints. The land of Antum needed to be near to the city of Jashon and Shim in the land of Antum needed to be somewhat far because Omer had to be departing from the land of his inheritance, as he traveled many days, and came over and passed by the hill Shim on his way to Ramah-Cumorah. The opposing constraints might be satisfied by locating the hill Shim right at the plain/valley boundary and curiously enough there exists an actual hill located at that boundary.
Wilderness of Akish. Because of the destruction of the trees prior to the time of the destruction of the Jaredites, the mountainous regions, locally toward the east of the valley of Gilgal and toward the east of the plains of Heshlon, had more trees in them. Because of that, I imagine that the wilderness of Akish was in the mountains to the east of the valley of Gilgal and to the east of the plains of Heshlon. The river that cut through the boundary line ridge has a large branch coming from the east (or from the wilderness of Akish).
Keep Away from Akish. Omer may have been trying to stay as far away from Akish as possible, since Akish was seeking his life (see Ether 9:1-3). The Lord warned Omer that he should depart out of the land. Ether 9:3 didn't specifically say that Omer was warned against Akish, but if he had been specifically warned about Akish, then he might have been extra cautious. Omer may have taken a path more on the west side of the valley of Gilgal and the plains of Heshlon so as to stay as far away from Akish and his friends as possible (who might have been around the wilderness of Akish). Omer had a choice of whether to head to the left or the right side of the Tuxtlas, as he could not go through them. He might have chosen to head toward the left side, as that would have been further away from the wilderness of Akisk. This might explain why he went in the north-northeast direction which was towards Cerro Vigia rather than toward the other side of the Tuxtlas. Another reason for Omer heading toward the left (or west) side, as he crossed the plains (as he went north), could have been that going in that direction was slightly higher and may have avoided more river crossings.
Why then would Omer turn east when he got to the vicinity of Ramah-Cumorah? I suppose that excessive water (and the then large amount of foliage, undergrowth, etc. associated with the much water) was a major problem north and especially northwest of Ramah-Cumorah at that time. To the west and the northwest would have been the waters of Ripliancum (see Ether 15:8). Palmer on p. 242 labeled them as the Papaloapan Lagoons. The water/vegetation likely made travel increasingly difficult at that time as Omer proceeded northward or closer to Ramah-Cumorah. The Tuxtla Mountains blocked Omer's traveling to the northeast. Omer apparently had only one choice remaining and that would have been to change directions and head east. He headed east until he got near the seashore by the Gulf of Mexico.
Settling of Olmec Heartland. Ether 9:13 reads, "Wherefore, Omer was restored again to the land of his inheritance." Even though Omer was restored to the land of his inheritance after the Jaredites were nearly completely destroyed, I think that there was a major building up near Ablom (on the Gulf of Mexico side) which was to become associated with the archeological heartland for the Olmecs. I think that not everyone went back with Omer to the land of his inheritance. Palmer on p. 128 of SC81 estimated a date for Omer of 2430 B.C. These things might explain the riddle of how the Jaredites could have landed on the Pacific coast, yet there is so much early archeological evidence for the Olmecs on the Gulf of Mexico side. They did not originate from the Gulf of Mexico side even though there is suggestive evidence of that happening.
Moron. I suspect that Moron was situated so that the kings who dwelt there could control the trade and military related movement across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. A king might also prefer to live in a place that is somewhat higher up so that it would be cooler there. Notice that the word "up" was used with respect to the land of Moron in Ether 7:5 and 14:11. Such a strategic importance of the location of Moron would explain its long term importance in Jaredite history. As evidence that Moron was high up along the access route across Tehuantepec, consider the sequence of battles in Ether 14:3-7 and 14:11-14. Again, I suspect that the wilderness of Akish was in the mountains on the east side of the access route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, but north of the gap in the mountains. Near the time of the destruction of the Jaredites, there were more trees further to the east in the mountains southeast of the valley of Gigal and southeast of the plains of Heshlon. I think that the land of Moron would have been above (south) of the valley of Gilgal but just on the north side of the Tehuantepec mountain gap. I guess that the location, San Jose Mogote, that Palmer labeled as Moron on Maps 3 and 7 of SC81, might better be associated with the land of Corihor (see Ether 14:27-28).
I tried to find a best fit geography for The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ with respect to the given evidence. Any attempt at a proposed geography should be subject to further scientific testing and analysis. The Book of Mormon (first English edition published in 1830) is so important that God sent a resurrected person/angel, Moroni, (who was previously dead, yet who was a mortal living adult from 385 A.D. to 421 A.D. and who was the last of the prophet-historians of the Nephites) to provide the book that it might be translated by a modern-day prophet for the benefit of the people of the earth that we might have those words today. The Book of Mormon fulfills ancient prophesy about the stick of Joseph (meaning the son of Jacob/Israel, which Joseph also served in bondage in Egypt). See Ezekiel 37:15-19. The Book of Mormon contains references to such curiously-interesting things as very-low-friction mechanical-compass spindle-pointers (see 1 Nephi 16:10; 16:28-29; Alma 37:38-40) which were apparently never lubricated and optical materials prepared to shine light in darkness (see Ether 3:4 and 6:2-3). A people who were aware of such things as these could leave archeological markings tied to their geography. Such a people might not be bound down to a false "conservation of energy" mentality and so might find energy solutions outside the "current norm". Novel energy solutions could show up in their buildings, in their art work, in their writings, and in their means of transportation.
I am not addressing the questions of where could be the locations of kingdoms of glory for various degrees of glory, since in an infinite everywhere-expanding-increasing universe there would be plenty of room for locating such kingdoms. Without being too specific in location, I will try to discuss where a kingdom without glory might generally be located. In an infinite everywhere-expanding-increasing universe, where might referenced outer darkness be located?
I think that there is an earlier casting out into outer darkness and then there is a final casting out into outer darkness. I think that the final casting out into outer darkness is not the same location as the earlier casting out into outer darkness.
Here are some brief comments first on the earlier casting out into outer darkness and then I will give more comments on the final casting out into outer darkness. I think that many of the spirits cast out earlier would not be included with the final casting out of the most evil spirits. There is some overlap of terms. Overlap of terms may make it a little difficult to analyze locations. If the blurring of the terms serves to help people to repent now, while the repentance is most productive, then such blurring or overlap of terms would be beneficial.
Earlier Casting Out. According to Alma 40:13-14 there is a casting out of the spirits of the wicked into outer darkness prior to their resurrection. I suspect that this earlier outer darkness is down within the earth. It is down and within. It is "out" from God. With respect to an earthly reference, it is out or away from "above". Then later, according to Alma 40:23; 40:26, there should be a casting out of the wicked. Depending on the judged status of individuals by God, with respect to such things as prior evil conduct and repentance, that later casting out could be to different locations and may not necessarily be into outer darkness.
Casting Out into Outer Darkness. Here are some scriptures regarding being cast into outer darkness. One could try to separate the references to "the earlier casting out into outer darkness" and the references to "the later casting out into outer darkness". I will not try to separate out the two types. Some scriptural references might apply to both. People can do their own analyses. Then I will make comments or make guesses on possible locations for the later or final casting out into outer darkness of the most evil.
"Then said the king to the servants, Bind him hand and foot, and take him away, and cast him into outer darkness; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." (Matthew 22:13).
"And cast ye the unprofitable servant into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." (Matthew 25:30).
"And then shall it come to pass, that the spirits of the wicked, yea, who are evil—for behold, they have no part nor portion of the Spirit of the Lord; for behold, they chose evil works rather than good; therefore the spirit of the devil did enter into them, and take possession of their house—and these shall be cast out into outer darkness; there shall be weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth, and this because of their own iniquity, being led captive by the will of the devil." (Alma 40:13).
Here are some more scriptures.
"These shall go away into outer darkness, where there is weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth." (Doctrine and Covenants 133:73).
"But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." (Matthew 8:12).
"Q. What are we to understand by the four angels, spoken of in the 7th chapter and 1st verse of Revelation? A. We are to understand that they are four angels sent forth from God, to whom is given power over the four parts of the earth, to save life and to destroy; these are they who have the everlasting gospel to commit to every nation, kindred, tongue, and people; having power to shut up the heavens, to seal up unto life, or to cast down to the regions of darkness." (Doctrine and Covenants 77:8).
"Even in outer darkness, where there is weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth." (Doctrine and Covenants 101:91).
Cast into Outer Darkness Commentary One. Those were some scriptures related to evil choosing spirits being cast into outer darkness. I have heard an idea about the most evil spirits being cast into a black hole, to be confined to a point, as they previously would have no part of the Spirit of the Lord. Because the evil spirits would not previously obey the law of God for their own good, they would be greatly constrained according to their choices. If any black hole confinement is to be the final location for evil spirits, one should consider such black holes.
Nature of Black Holes. A black hole is supposedly so large in mass/gravitational attraction that light would not be able to escape from it. I don't think that the matter within a black hole could be a pure point. Many fundamental charges, if all were somehow on top of each other, might produce gravitons but they would have no gravitational pull on any of those other particles, as the gravitons proceed outward. They could not pull back on themselves, since the gravitons would have left the pure "point" particles. There would thus be no force to hold the matter in a pure "point" configuration. There might be an additional exclusion to prevent a finest fundamental particle from being on top of another finest fundamental particle. From these analyses we can conclude that a black hole would neither have its mass concentrated at a pure point nor have its mass concentrated at the size of a fundamental particle.
We would need to consider non-pure-point black holes. Though we might not see light emerging from a non-pure-point black hole (assuming for the moment that such black holes can exist), I suppose that light falling upon one would go down inside (increasing in frequency and energy as it goes) so that there could be much brightness going down to its "surface". The energy of the photon usually goes somewhere by conventional thinking. It usually does not disappear into nothingness. Photons of light can cause matter to move. Kinetic energy of a fundamental particle can be reduced, when the absorption of an attractive graviton pulls it (and another opposite fundamental particle) back down from the upward direction that it is going. This assumes that the particle does not go back down and regain the lost kinetic energy by being pulled down by other gravitons. The kinetic plus “potential” energy of a particle falling into and coming out of a so-called potential energy well is energy conservative by standard analysis. That standard energy conservation ignores the impulse timing discrepancies associated with the two-part gravitons, which can provide extra rotational kinetic energy to pairs of oppositely-charged fundamental particles. A non-pure-point black hole might have an ultra-bright ultra-high-temperature surface because of all the energy that should be available there. Above and below the surface of the black holes there would be much electromagnetic radiation (light). It would not be dark at all within such a black hole. Black holes (if they exist) might be dark to outside observers but they would be the complete opposite of dark to an observer cast within one, assuming the observer could somehow survive the ordeal.
Evil Spirits Likely Not Cast into Black Holes. Hypothetical black holes, having much gravity, would allow much local production of new matter and so reasonably should be near God or some of God's new creations. Recall from above that Kolob, the very great star or light, is not dark (Abraham 3:2; 3:3; 3:13; 3:16) and is nearest to the residence or throne of God. With black holes neither being internally dark nor being outer (with respect to nearness to God or some of God's new creations), I think that evil spirits would not be cast into outer darkness by being cast into black holes.
Automatic Prevention of Black Holes Forming? The ultra-high temperature interior surface of a black hole might suggest that a star, prior to approaching the mass needed to become a “black hole”, might automatically be prevented from forming a black hole. Ultra-high temperatures would be associated with matter traveling at ultra-high speeds or matter rotating at ultra-high internal angular speeds or both. Prior to a black hole forming and prior to nuclei being ripped apart by immense gravitational pulls, a very massive star might give off vast quantities of light and matter, because the Bessler principle would increase the internal angular speeds of nuclear-ground-states or opposite fundamental pairs about horizontal axes. This could then further increase the ultra-high temperatures because of the increased internal angular speeds of internal states. The great internal-angular-speeds of states might occur near and above the star surface well before a black hole could form. The ultra-high temperatures would be associated with ultra-high frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, if not much higher because of nuclear/internal processes. One might somewhat think of solar corona photon frequencies but much more intense than the weak rate of production associated with solar corona radiation. The ultra-high frequency or ultra-high energy photons, when well interacting with matter, would then create ultra-high energy and ultra-high speed matter. Much rotating matter might nearly attain escape velocity or be later reinforced by interaction by other ultra-high energy photons so as to escape. The photons could still have high energies even after being gravitationally red shifted. It might not be possible to form a black hole because of all the matter being ejected, in large part due to the Bessler principle increasing temperatures within the black hole candidate.
If that argument is considered insufficient for prevention of black holes forming, we could consider the composition of matter. Matter including finest fundamental particles or spirit matter is obedient to God so would not remain in the form of a black hole, if such is contrary to the will of God. God could require some spirit matter within a black hole to not receive gravitons from the direction of the black hole’s center, which would cause the matter to be promptly ejected from the black hole because of gravitons received from elsewhere. I suspect that because of the absorption of gravitons and because of the example of Kolob, without regard to how large a star becomes, it will not become a black hole. Such very massive stars would become firm/stable anchor points in the forever expanding infinite universe. Such very massive stars could be considered as great sources of matter, if much matter is ever needed.
Cast into Outer Darkness Commentary Two. Another idea associated with those scriptures is that those most evil spirits who wanted to be completely free of the Spirit of the Lord might be literally cast out into that surrounding outer dark matter. They would be free to do whatever they want to do. But in that nearly-empty or matter-spread-out blackness, what can they do of consequence? They would inherit a kingdom of dark spread-out matter, associated with little happiness. They could travel greatly in this kingdom. They would be able to see many things from afar, which could sadly remind them of opportunities forever lost. They would be able to see distant lights associated with brighter kingdoms, which could serve as reminders of what could have been, if only long ago they had chosen good instead of evil. They would be free to try to influence newer spirits. Still, who would pay attention to a devil promoting failed-evil, except possibly a future devil, who might be given partial information? The temperature of that outer darkness would be an extremely cold 3°K, associated with the background temperature of space. It would be a cold, dark relatively-empty-or-isolated place.
Cast into Outer Darkness Commentary Three. Another idea associated with those scriptures is that those most evil spirits eventually might be cast out collectively within a small world into that surrounding outer dark matter. It would likely become a cold world, slightly colder than our current moon. It could internally rotate about its own axis about once a month so that many of its nuclei could have angular speed about horizontal axes so as to keep its temperature from being too low. Nuclei in a transient or slight atmosphere could rotate about horizontal axes to keep its surface from being too cold. Those evil spirits (who want to) could hide in great darkness within such a world. Those evil spirits could be hiding within the world, when it is cast out and down. Consider Job 34:22; Alma 36:15; 12:14; 2 Nephi 12:10; Revelation 6:15; Amos 9:3; Doctrine and Covenants 1:2. Something like the moon could be a world which could be cast out and down (into such cold-dark-empty yet collectively-massive realms) to serve such a purpose. The moon (or the lesser light) has ruled the night as may be seen in Moses 2:16; 2:18; Genesis 1:16; 1:18; Abraham 3:5; 3:6. I think that this third commentary would be the more likely situation, than the casting-out possibilities associated with the first two commentaries. The evil spirits would in such a dark world have the greatest happiness associated with their evil choices. Still, it might not be considered happy at all (as slightly suggested by the prior words "weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth" found in Moses 1:22 or Doctrine and Covenants 101:91 or Doctrine and Covenants 133:73). Nonetheless, they would not have much incentive to leave, as they would be less happy to leave their abode and go out into the light, to view eternal sequences of new glorious kingdoms arising or expanding. The evil spirits would inherit a kingdom of cold darkness. They would effectively be greatly constrained according to their prior evil choices. A world more massive than the moon could collect much matter with time and might allow a more radiant atmosphere to eventually be formed or collected. Hydrogen from the background of space could come and go from a moon-like place. A brighter more-radiant place would likely not be a happier place for the evil choosing spirits to inhabit for eternity. I suppose that they would not inhabit a planet more massive than the moon. I suppose that such a moon-size-mass world would be less massive than telestial or terrestrial or celestial worlds (of increasing glory and happiness). See 1 Corinthians 15:40-41; Doctrine and Covenants 88:25-26; 88:17-20. I suppose that those worlds of glory would have more "normal" atmospheres.
The Casting-out Process. There would be gravitons coming from all directions (even far out in space) which could help assist such a world to be cast out (by God according to the obedience of the matter on that world) into such dark realms and to be slowed down (by God according to that world's obedience). It could eventually have approximately zero speed relative to the massive yet empty or isolated cold-dark matter. Friction would help to slow down the speed of the dark world to approximately the speed of the sparse dark matter. Doctrine and Covenants 133:73 used the word "These" which might suggest a single collective casting out. Matthew 8:12 used the plural subject "the children" which similarly suggests that there would not be multiple castings out to deal with all the most evil spirits.
That there should eventually be a world location for the portion of outer darkness, that the evil spirits will be cast out into, makes sense. Consider Doctrine and Covenants 88:37, "... there is no space in the which there is no kingdom; and there is no kingdom in which there is no space, either a greater or a lesser kingdom." Also consider Moses 1:33, "And worlds without number have I created; and I also created them for mine own purpose; and by the Son I created them, which is mine Only Begotten."
If the most evil spirits are cast out into outer darkness while residing in say the moon, how much room within the moon would that be per evil spirit? If there were about 100,000,000,000 spirits when a third of the hosts of heaven were cast out of heaven long ago (because of rebellion against God’s plan), then that would mean there were about (100,000,000,000/3) evil spirits. See Revelation 12:4 and 12:7. The volume of a sphere is from the formula associated with Fig. 2, V = (4/3)pr3. Since the radius of the moon is about 1738.3 kilometers according to p. F-146 CRC, the volume of the moon per evil spirit would be about ((4/3)p(1738.3 kilometers)3)/(100,000,000,000/3) = (4p(1738.3 kilometers)3)/(100,000,000,000) ≈ .660 kilometers3 = 660,000,000 meters3 ≈ (871 meters)3 per evil spirit.
If one is studying the wheel with respect to the scriptures and scientific evidence, one should do the study within the context of an understood geography with respect to the scriptures. Wheel related discoveries (as related to the scriptures) need to be interpreted within a geographic context associated with the scriptures. That is one reason why I previously covered The Book of Mormon geography. I didn't cover Biblical geography, as I think it has been better studied, including the idea that Horeb or Mount Sinai might actually be on the Arabian Peninsula. See Galatians 4:25, which would mean that the children of Israel really did pass through the Red Sea on dry ground, as stated in the scriptures (Exodus 14:1-15:4 and 1 Nephi 17:26-27). I understand that chariot wheels (Exodus 14:25) have been found in the Gulf of Aqaba.
Wheels in the scriptures can have low friction and on occasion can almost take on a life of their own.
* Isaiah 5:28; 2 Nephi 15:28
* Ezekiel 1:1-15-16-19-21; Ezekiel 3:13; 10:2-20; 11:22
* Daniel 2:34-35; 2:44-45
* Daniel 7:9
Here are some other scriptural references to wheels. Judges 5:28; Ecclesiastes 12:6; 1 Kings 7:30; 7:32; 7:33; Psalms 83:13; Proverbs 20:26; Isaiah 28:27-28; Jeremiah 18:3; 47:3; Ezekiel 23:24; 26:10; Nahum 3:2.
Here are some other scriptural references to wagons. Genesis 45:19; 45:21; 45:27; 46:5; Numbers 7:3; 7:6-8; Ezekiel 23:24.
There are many other scriptures that though not providing proof might suggest the use of wheels. Here are a few examples from The Book of Mormon: "carried by my father" Mormon 1:6; "did take up all the records" Mormon 4:23 ("hundredth part": Jacob 3:13; Words of Mormon 1:5; Helaman 3:14; 3 Nephi 5:8; 26:6; Ether 15:33); "machinery" Jarom 1:8.
There are many scriptures that indicate the use of wheels. Here are a few examples from The Book of Mormon. Consider "chariots" in Alma 18:9-10; 18:12; "chariots" in Alma 20:6; "chariots" in 3 Nephi 3:22 and in 3 Nephi 21:14 (similar to Micah 5:10).
Other examples indicating the use of wheels include "chariots" in Joshua 11:5 and many more examples in the Topical Guide, under "Chariot".
Smooth highways suggest wheels or transportation with lower friction. Here are a few examples from The Book of Mormon, where it is useful to be thinking of a particular geography for the scriptures and evidence related to such things.
3 Nephi 6:8 reads, "And there were many highways cast up, and many roads made, which led from city to city, and from land to land, and from place to place."
Helaman 14:24 reads, "And many highways shall be broken up, and many cities shall become desolate."
3 Nephi 8:13 reads, "And the highways were broken up, and the level roads were spoiled, and many smooth places became rough."
The Liahona suggests an idea that very low friction mechanical bearings are possible.
1 Nephi 16:10 reads, "And it came to pass that as my father arose in the morning, and went forth to the tent door, to his great astonishment he beheld upon the ground a round ball of curious workmanship; and it was of fine brass. And within the ball were two spindles; and the one pointed the way whither we should go into the wilderness."
Alma 37:38 reads, "And now, my son, I have somewhat to say concerning the thing which our fathers call a ball, or director—or our fathers called it Liahona, which is, being interpreted, a compass; and the Lord prepared it."
Alma 37:41 reads, "Nevertheless, because those miracles were worked by small means it did show unto them marvelous works. They were slothful, and forgot to exercise their faith and diligence and then those marvelous works ceased, and they did not progress in their journey;"
1 Nephi 16:16; 16:26; 18:12; 18:21; 2 Nephi 5:12; Alma 37:38–47; Doctrine and Covenants 17:1.
There was never any mentioning of the Liahona being oiled. Oiling a bearing, such as an Orffyrean roller bearing, would increase its friction, by creating a surface tension, where previously there was none. It wouldn't be pure rolling without slipping. Oiling such a bearing would cause a certain amount of stickiness.
Wheels were one of Palmer's 15 types of archaeological information requires for a candidate site for Cumorah. See pp. 72 and 106 of SC81. Palmer, on p. 122 of SC81, provided a discussion of wheels in Mesoamerica relative to the wheels characteristic on pp. 66-67. He referred to 30 examples of wheeled toys and he showed, on p. 122, a picture of a toy, found in Veracruz, rolling upon four wheels. If there were toys with wheels in the hands of the children, surely the adults used wheels in their adult "toys". How could the massive Olmec monuments be moved without the use of the wheel?
See Chapter 18 “The Wheel” of Paul R. Cheesman’s The World of the Book of Mormon 1984.
Turn the Turner. I recommend that we all turn the turner and turn to the Lord so that either our problems will be largely solved by our receiving extra help (in turn during our trials) or we will have greater long term happiness (despite the trials of our faith) associated with our eventually receiving extra help (in turn). We will have trials no matter what, as we turn the turner for our long term benefit. There are three kingdoms of glory and one kingdom without glory (see Doctrine and Covenants 88:4; 88:22-24; 1 Corinthians 15:40-41). I recommend that we all strive to go to live eternally in the brightest-happiest kingdom. Consider Mormon 9:3 and 9:14.
Adhere to Moral Absolutes. We should adhere to the moral absolutes provided by God. From an eternal perspective, moral relativism is much more dangerous than incorrect and misleading theories of physical relativity. Obeying God’s commandments for happiness has benefits for us, which are current and eternal.
Grace. One can’t earn grace in the least. It is a free gift from God but if one rejects God, one shouldn’t expect grace. We need to turn unto God and God helps us. Can we turn unto God without God’s help? I think not. Consider for example the first verse of Helaman 5:37-48. I think even turning unto God requires God’s help. We serve God because of our love of God. We can’t earn the least amount of grace by our works. My daughter’s name is Grace. We named her Grace in part because I recalled other people (not members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) incorrectly saying that Mormons believe that they are saved by their works. We can’t by our works attain the least portion of our salvation. Of course we members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe in grace. We believe in the free gift of grace purely coming from God. How does the idea of “works” relate to the idea of “grace”? See "The Gift of Grace" by Dieter F. Uchtdorf in the May 2015 Ensign (https://www.lds.org/ensign/2015/05/sunday-morning-session/the-gift-of-grace?lang=eng). Consider Romans 6:1-2. In 2 Nephi 25:23 “after all we can do” does not mean “because of all that we can do”. See Alma 24:11. Also, with respect to works and faith, consider James 2: 14-22 or see the Joseph Smith Translation (JST) corresponding to those verses. I recommend that we all repent, turn to God, and notice the help coming from God. Such a process has helped both me and Bessler in receiving help from God.
Pleasant Clear-Night Strolls. As we are strolling along during a clear night, do we consider the miracle of the spreading out of the heavens and the galaxies everywhere? As we are again strolling during a clear night, do we take it for granted that we do not rapidly freeze to death in most places on the earth?
The change from day to night is quite comparable temperature-wise to the change from daylight to light excluded by a total solar eclipse. I heard that the temperature dropped by 20° (20°F = 11°C =11°K) during the total solar eclipse of 21 Aug 2017. The temperature drop was neither a drop of roughly 200°F nor roughly 400°F. Within the light-transparent atmosphere, there is no obvious long-term higher-elevation storage of heat from the visible light, save in lower-elevation heating of the ground, plants, etc.
The temperature of the ground below us is ambient temperature (sometimes approximately 294.26°K or 21.11°C or about 70.00°F) but the background temperature of space is about 3°K or about -270. °C or about -454°F. What could be the hidden thermal inertia between these extremes? There is typically very little except for a miraculous hidden source. According to the zeroth law of thermodynamics, bodies that are exposed to each other come to an equilibrium, which we consider to be a common temperature. The average of those two temperature extremes is about 148.63°K or about -124.52°C or about -192.135°F. That would be cold enough to freeze the greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide into a solid, which transitions from a solid to a gas at -78.5°C (p. B-80 CRC) or 196.65°K. Not even on the poles of the earth does it get that cold. Still, we neither freeze nor does the carbon dioxide (that we in part breathe out) freeze solid. This miracle occurs every night in all weather conditions for every season of the year.
What is this overlooked miracle that allows us to live? If we understand the miracle, would that make us any less appreciative of the actual generally-pleasant situation? We could make a variety of comments, but I think we should address one of the most ignored portions. We are in part bathed by gentle radiation produced at night that comes from above but the source of the energy for the radiation is very illusive or seemingly comes out of nowhere. Many individual tiny weak things are coming to our thermal rescue. The energy has a source of energy. Please continue to study this book, if you would like to better understand the source of the energy and the miraculous pleasantness. There would seem to be a miraculous defying of the zeroth law of thermodynamics that appears to be working in the favor of those desiring pleasant clear-night strolls. Power is continually acquired at night by rotating nuclear-ground-states in our atmosphere above, but not so much power is acquired so as to fry us. We should appreciate the balance in that just the right amount of power is acquired. The energy source is not unlike that of the mysterious solar corona, but for us it is just the right amount of extra power to buoy up our temperatures without being dangerous. We should be thankful for our God-given atmosphere including our upper atmosphere. Consider Genesis 1:7.
Pleasant Noontime Walks. Similarly we often take it for granted that we do not freeze to death on our pleasant noontime walks or hikes or bicycle rides. The average surrounding temperature (in all directions about the earth) even including a sun-sized circle (covering about a half an angular degree) which has a temperature of the sun's photosphere (less than 6000°K) is still approximately the background temperature of space or about 3°K. If we waited for an equilibrium temperature to be attained between the earth and its celestial surroundings that temperature would eventually go to 3°K, without any other sources of heating. A temperature of 3°K would cause helium to liquefy, as helium is a liquid just below 4.215°K (p. D-142 CRC) and our atmosphere would mainly become a cold solid/liquid (thus prohibiting any help from the greenhouse effect using carbon dioxide). As we just saw above, carbon dioxide transitions from a solid to a gas at 196.65°K. Oxygen is a liquid from 54.75°K to 90.18°K (p. D-142 CRC). Nitrogen is a liquid from 63.29°K to 77.35°K (p. D-142 CRC). Earth's oceans would be frozen solid, as normal water freezes at 0°C or 273.15°K. On our noontime walks, we neither see streams of liquid helium nor liquid oxygen nor liquid nitrogen flowing down from the mountains, but rather we might see streams of ordinary water flowing, if we are fortunate to live near such streams. The internally rotating nuclear-ground-states in our atmosphere with the assistance of the two-part gravitons provide a gentle miraculous help for us, beyond the insufficient outward original heat or heat from radioactive decay coming out from within the earth. Nuclei in the earth often internally rotate with approximately the same angular speed as the earth itself. Those many inside nuclei and those rotating nuclear-ground-states in our atmosphere, with the assistance of gravity provide extra help from a gentle source. We generally pleasantly survive our noontime walks without our blood freezing. We often take this and similar miracles for granted. We see but we don't see the blessing, as it is always there. We feel but we don't feel the overlooked miracles, as they are always there.
Many More Overlooked Miracles. There are many more overlooked miracles such as: the sun shining brightly, energy for ultra-high temperature radiation of the solar corona somehow coming out from a lower temperature body, Jupiter radiating energy, tiny symmetrical miracles of snowflakes forming by rapid rotations about horizontal axes, jet engines producing much power, railroads more than doubling their mpg by doubling the number of their wheels, GEET reactors producing extra fuel efficiencies, turbines with greater rotating mass producing more power, nuclear chemistry coming from cold fusion or the interaction of rotating nuclear-ground-states, Papp engines working because of extremely rapid angular speeds of hydrogen nuclei internally rotating about horizontal axes, the wheel at the McKinley low friction demonstration starting from rest then rotating as long as the students cared to watch it, large energy coming because of the ultra-low friction connection between Leedskalnin’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, and Bessler's Kassel wheel turning for 54 days (p. 93 of PM97) because of very low mechanical friction. It was Bessler who, in his little book, gave me the clue that the miracle of the formation of the snowflakes could be explained by his principle. Bessler's little book (in scripture-like fashion) expands into a multitude of clues/explanations of many miracles, if we just let it do so, by pondering and asking questions of his little book, likening his words to much of the physical world around us.
If we scientifically explain these many miracles, would that take away from their wonder? I suppose not, especially if we consider the underlying common explanation is both wonderful and miraculous. If not considered wonderful and miraculous, the underlying common explanation should at least be considered as having many profound scientific implications. The underlying common explanation should at the very least require that some fundamental long-standing scientific beliefs need to be amended, if not discarded. Though subject to science and "provable" by science, Bessler's underlying ultra-fine explanation almost skates upon an ultra-fine boundary between science and the miraculous (because of the presence of many ultra-fine “non-observables”, with respect to mortal man but not with respect to God). Man can model these things and get predictable results, but it is God who knows these things. God knows the beginning and the end. See Abraham 2:8; Revelation 1:8; 21:6; 22:13; John 14:26; 16:30; Acts 15:18; Isaiah 41:26; 46:10.
I was a December-born 14-year-old boy, when I was shown in the spring of 1968, during a partial assembly at my school, the truth about what actually happens during rotations about horizontal axes with very low friction. I didn’t ask for the information in mortality but I and my McKinley Junior High School classmates were shown what happens anyway. I was soon reminded somewhat of the situation by my older brother’s repeated sentence, “Turn the turner.” My family didn’t know why the first born child of our family had said what he twice said. Still, the twice repeated message did cause me to consider the situation. In hindsight, it seems as if I had “signed up” for a task prior to my coming here to earth and it seems as if my oldest brother, with the help of God, was succinctly reminding me of my forgotten task/promise. See Numbers 16:22 (27:16); Job 38:7; Ecclesiastes 12:7; Jeremiah 1:5; Matthew 6:9; Luke 11:2; 3 Nephi 13:9; John 8:58; 9:2; 16:28; 17:5,24; Acts 17:28; 2 Timothy 1:9; Titus 1:2; Hebrews 12:9; Jude 1:6; Revelation 12:7-9; Moses 3:5; Abraham 3:22; Doctrine and Covenants 2:2. With further help from God on many occasions, I was much later fully “given” the decoding key so that I could then translate or decode two old little-coded-books. One little book was from the Old World and one was from the New World. Now people may read what I think were the previously-hidden intended messages of those little-books. In hindsight, though I received much formal education during my life, I should have realized that, with the help of God, I had been given a decoding key (for physical understanding) during the spring of 1968. It just took me a very long time to realize that I had been given by God, in 1968, the decoding key of the Bessler principle. We are not just dependent upon the Bessler principle messages from the Old World. We now also have messages from the New World, from a nearly independent source of information concerning a completely different device that makes manifest the Bessler principle. They each provide similar and complementary information sources that emphasize and verify the other sources of information concerning the Bessler principle. It is the same Bessler principle, though it may have different names, symbols, and manifestations.
That restoration of truth event, with the help of God, reminds me of another situation where a December-born 14 year-old-boy, Joseph Smith, Jun., with little formal education, did ask God (by prayer according to the directions in James 1:5) in the spring of 1820, which church he should join. He was given an unexpected answer from God the Father and His Son Jesus Christ. Though he may not have realized it then, the boy had apparently previously “signed up” for the task of restoring the fullness of the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ, by being a prophet of the Lord and by receiving messages from angels of God. The fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ along with His Church would need to be restored (Revelation 14:6) by God to the earth after the destruction of the Church of Jesus Christ (including the deaths of all the apostles, save John who will tarry until the Lord comes), which destruction had caused the Dark Ages. Consider Galatians 1:6; 2 Thessalonians 2:3; Acts 3:20-21; John 10:16; 3 Nephi 15:15-24; Amos 3:7; Genesis 12:2-3; 49:22-26; Deuteronomy 33:13-17; Psalms 85:11; Ezekiel 37:16-20; Isaiah 29:4-18; 2 Nephi 2:3-27; 26:14-18; 27:1-29; 29:1-14; 33:7-11; John 21:21-23; Matthew 16:28; 3 Nephi 28:6-9; Moroni 10:3-5; 10:29. The Protestant Reformation would have not been necessary, if there had been no falling away. Consider Martin Luther’s 95 Theses as evidence of Christianity having had strayed during the Dark Ages. Because there was a falling away, there needed to be a Reformation. The Reformation then prepared the way for the later Restoration by God of His Church (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). That the Restoration in the last days would come with the assistance of the blessed Gentiles is suggested by Isaiah 49:22-23 or 1Nephi 21:22-23 or 2 Nephi 6:6-7. The last shall be first and the first last. See Matthew 20:16 or Luke 13:30 or Mark 10:31 or Jacob 5:63 or Ether 13:12 or Matthew 19:30. With the Restoration in the last days of both the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ and the Church of Jesus Christ, more truth could later come forth or be restored. When the boy was older, with assistance from God, Joseph Smith was able to translate ancient scriptures from both the Old World and the New World. We may now read those translated scriptures. We are not dependent upon just the gospel messages from the Old World. We now also have gospel messages from the New World, from nearly independent sources of information. The new messages from the New World mainly come from part of the “lost”/scattered tribes of Israel rather than principally from the tribe of Judah. The new and old messages each provide similar and complementary information sources that emphasize and verify the other’s important messages concerning the gospel of Jesus Christ. It is the same gospel of Jesus Christ, though different people may have varying observations, insights, and records. God made the gospel of Jesus Christ manifest to more than a single tribe of the house of Israel. Again consider John 10:16; Genesis 12:2-3; 49:22-26; Deuteronomy 33:13-17; Ezekiel 37:16-20; Isaiah 29:4-18; 2 Nephi 27:1-29; 29:1-14. Everyone is welcome to come to meetings/activities of the Church and to read/study more information from ancient/modern prophets of the Lord, as we all in our faith, prayers, and Christ-like-actions strive to come unto Jesus Christ, the Only Begotten Son of our Heavenly Father. For our greatest happiness, we all need to come unto Christ, turn more according to our prior turning unto God, and seek eternal-family-life, which things are symbolized by the miraculous-total-sacrificial two-part-graviton.
Difficulty Turning the Turner. It has caused me serious reflection why it has been so difficult to advance the truth of a fundamental physical principle, which should be clear from the preponderance of the data. Many may not consider the full data but would rather continue in their beliefs coming principally from a large-yet-limited subset having much ordinary friction. I am confident that the truth will roll onward, by experimental verification, with the help of God, who knows the full truth.
All spirit is matter. All things denote there is a God. Attempts have been made to locate various things related to wheels including: the location of Kolob, the geography of the civilizations associated with The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ, and the location of outer darkness. The turner needs to be turned. We can all contribute to this turning of the turner. We have overlooked many common miracles. Truth has been restored to the earth with the help of God.
ED.L.'s Encoded Little Book. The URL http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF15AkXWGmY ("The Incredible..." but now removed from youtube) showed two or three images from the beginning and two images from the middle of the book written by Edward Leedskalnin, A Book in Every Home, 1936 (BEH). Ed or ED.L. in those writings curiously referred to his book as a little book, just as Bessler had done. That same expression got my attention. There was another coded little book. Then when I read words from pages 14 and 15 of BEH, I began to realize that I somewhat understood what Leedskalnin was actually writing about. Maybe because of my knowledge of the Bessler principle and my experiences of decoding Bessler’s little book, the hidden meaning of Leedskalnin’s little book began to open up to me. I decided that I should purchase a full copy of the book (which I did from the URL http://coralcastle.com/) so that I could study more than just a few sample pages.
I think that Ed's book like Orffyreus's little book contains coded references to the Bessler principle and how he used it. Knowing that he was trying to reveal yet protect the secret of the Bessler principle helped me to break the code for the book. For example in the “AUTHOR'S PREFACE” Ed wrote, "... in this little book, I left just as much space as I used, ..." The meanings are somewhat subject to interpretation. One needs to use one's imagination as one attempts such a decoding. Here is an example of an earlier imaginative interpretation for what he might have meant. "This is a little book but when it is fully expanded by the knowledge of ED.L., it becomes a big book. When I use ED.L. I have to be careful to produce just as much power in the rotating repository of energy as I use. If I use more power than is being produced, then I will eventually exhaust the rotating repository and it will come to a complete standstill. If I don't use enough power, the rotations grow until eventually stopped by friction in the bearings or air friction or in the interconnections of the system or system instabilities by magnifying any small imperfections present. Such underuse of power is also not the way to operate the system. It must be kept in balance between power produced and power used, just as it must be kept in balance between pages written on and pages that need to be written upon." Now I did not chose to use that for my interpretation, since I thought I found a better interpretation in the context of the entire book. The process of interpretation sometimes is in part subjective. I don't give any absolute guarantee that my interpretation or translation or decoding is precisely correct. I just provided the best translation that I could at the time. With time, better or more obvious translated words may become more evident, as suggested by others, and as consistent with experimental results.
Some Decoding Symbols. Here is what I think you might keep in mind while you read the original passages by Ed and some of my interpreted words. It may appear that Ed is sometimes talking about people in an odd sort of manner but this is often not the actual case. Ed was often not talking about people at all, but rather only using the family/symbolic relationships to express the dependent relationships of his ED.L. ideas. It was one means of disguising or coding his story. Knowing this and the hidden ED.L. principle makes decoding somewhat straight forward. Ed is telling a story and providing details for the story. One just needs to find the story and thus uncover those details from the story.
Decoding Delays. Since decoding is somewhat straight forward (with those clues) and Ed died in 1951, why have we not translated Ed's little book (first published in 1936) long ago to learn of his secrets? I think that the reason is the same for why the translation of Bessler's little book was delayed for about three centuries. That same reason was because the Bessler principle had been and has been greatly suppressed (inherently by it being friction and angular speed masked and traditionally by established biases against perpetual motion devices). It should then not be any surprise that reasonable translations of both the little books have been delayed until the coming forth of an understanding about the Bessler principle. The same primary translation key for both little books was delayed until that translation key of the Bessler principle became available. A proper translation of Bessler's low friction bearing was predicated upon a primary understanding of the Bessler principle. The translation of Leedskalnin's operations was also predicated upon a primary understanding of the Bessler principle. Also, if someone didn't believe there was a Bessler principle in the first place, that person likely wouldn't have sufficient faith to use it as a key for decoding a little book of symbolic evidence.
Father Identification. One might think of the "father" as being the source of the power. As we shall see below, I don't think that he meant it that way. I think that his "father" wheel or cylinder was for stability, which was used in conjunction with the "mother" wheel or cylinder for moderation and control of the smaller mass children-wheels or cylinders. The rapidly-rotating daughter-wheel or daughter-cylinder was especially for producing power. Sure the father-wheel produces much power from the Bessler principle, but relative to its friction it is the rapidly rotating daughter-wheel that especially produces power. I had to try various ideas until I got things to make sense according to Ed's language, given my knowledge of the Bessler principle.
What about "girls" and "boys"? The son and daughter cylinders could be smaller or less massive cylinders somehow rotationally connected to the nurturing mother cylinder. The daughter or girl cylinder could rotate faster than the mother cylinder. The son or boy cylinder could rotate slower than the mother cylinder. Since chains can be efficient, I initially considered sprocket wheels on the father, mother, and daughter cylinders which were all connected by a chain. I learned during the process of translation of a more efficient connection between these cylinders than by using a chain. They could each have very special sprocket wheels. Suppose that there are Tm sprocket teeth on the mother cylinder and Td=16 (< Tm=24) sprocket teeth on the daughter cylinder. The numeral 16 in the expression "Sweet Sixteen" apparently mainly refers to the number of sprocket teeth on the daughter cylinder or Td = 16. Then the daughter cylinder would have an increase in angular speed by a factor of Tm/Td = 24/16 = 3/2 above the angular speed of the mother wheel. The son cylinder could be connected to the mother by a chain. The son sprocket wheel would be for doing work. If there are Ts sprocket teeth on the son cylinder and Ta sprocket teeth near the axle of the mother cylinder, then the son cylinder would have a decrease in angular speed by a factor of Ta/Ts below the angular speed of the mother wheel.
I think that the number of special sprocket teeth on the father cylinder, Tf, were Tf = Tm = 24. The mother and the father cylinders turn at the same angular speed. The girl can "shine" or rotate rapidly and so look good as it provides power. A "boy" is directly connected near the mother's axle where the translational speed is much less than the translational speed of the outside edge of the mother. The angular speed reduction factor for the son cylinder could be a factor of 16 less than the angular speed of the mother cylinder, if Ts/Ta = 16 but those numbers Ts and Ta were more of a matter of convenience and practicality, so they need not have a ratio of 16. The boy may be used to transfer power elsewhere so that it may be used. Boys could be relatively slow cylinders used for transmitting useful power externally. The slow boys might need angular speed to be reduced to be useful. The boys were slow relative to the mother and especially relative to the girls, but we should not initially assume that they were actually slow. One just needs to play with the ideas until one finds something that works. I had to use reasoning and Ed’s language to try to get the ideas right, until hopefully I came up with a reasonable decoding of his book.
No Grandchildren. The passage on p. 15 of BEH containing the words "the girls should be more carefully watched than the boys" didn't speak of grandchildren so apparently the girl-cylinder should avoid causing another even smaller cylinder to rotate even faster. That convention would help constrain the operational angular speed limits of the system and make it more reliable, predictable, and controllable.
Term Identification. The problem of correctly identifying the terms being used was a persistent problem in the decoding. I at first incorrectly considered the use of the term "girls" (pp. 3-4, 9-11, 15, 20 BEH). Since Ed used the plural "girls", that might suggest that a mother can have multiple daughters all rotating at approximately the same angular speed. If one needs more assets of rotational kinetic energy for a project, add more girls with that approximate rotational speed. Watching the girls would be more critical than the boys (p. 15 of BEH), but the way you may watch them might be through the slower rotating boys. The girls rotate too fast for journal markings on them to be easily counted. Don't spin the girls dangerously too fast (to become "overweight" (p. 15 of BEH) or overly fighting friction) or let them slow down too much (to become ED.L. unproductively or too "skinny"). The girls provide energetic prosperity but must be watched very carefully (pp. 2, 14-15 of BEH).
Later analysis showed that for cylinders the plurals for girls and boys were only used (p. 14-15 of BEH) because the plurals for their parents were used (p.14 of BEH). The use of plurals for girls and boys would also be appropriate, if we consider the many rotating nuclear-ground-states rotating within the daughter cylinders. Though unseen they were the primary source for rotational power from the Bessler principle. The girl's rotating nuclear-ground-states rotating within the girl cylinders were not directly connected to those cylinders and so provided rotational moderation in the system. Yes, the physical cylinders were “directly” connected but there was an important latency time associated with their connections with the rotating nuclear-ground-states within the wheels or cylinders.
Decoding Comparisons. Given knowledge of the Bessler principle, the decoding of Ed's book was somewhat clear, as that was primarily what he was protecting. It was a similar situation as with decoding Bessler's little book. I could decode each little book, since I understood the principle that each individual was primarily protecting but using. While decoding each of those little books, I also obtained something particular from each. In Bessler's case, the decoding showed how Bessler constructed his very-low-friction large-load-bearing bearings. In Ed's case, the decoding showed the techniques that allowed him to extract much power from the Bessler principle using ordinary-friction large-load-bearing bearings. Ed also provided ultra-low-friction sprocket connections between some of the cylinders. In each case, the particular uses of the principle would be somewhat irrelevant if there were not a Bessler or ED.L. principle in the first place.
Examples of Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo, "The Numbers - 7129 6105195", shown on https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030624847/in/photostream/ or URL of http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Raq4Zltens4 "Ed Leedskalnin - Secrets of Coral Castle Pt.8" indicated that Ed put two numbers into stone over the door to his bedroom. The numbers were 7129 and 6105195. Some people supposed that the numbers must surely be codes to the secret of the universe. Some people thought that the numbers might be the key to unlocking his code. In hindsight, the numbers were not the correct key to decoding the secret coded messages in his book, since the Bessler principle was the key that I used for decoding the hidden message in his book. Another part on YouTube, namely "Ed Leedskalnin - Secrets of Coral Castle Pt.11" said that the numbers were off a Federal form for obtaining citizenship. Immigrants would often inscribe such numbers on their doorways to show their status.
The URL http://www.coralcastle.com.au/April2012.html shows the number 6105195 for the Petition Number 7129 on a United States of America Certificate of Naturalization for Edward Leedskalnin dated 17 May 1944. It showed him as having a height of 5 feet 7 inches and a weight of 120 pounds. The numbers were not a code for unlocking the "Secret of the Universe". I suppose that Ed considered that ED.L. (meaning the Bessler principle) was a primary secret of the universe. I think that the Bessler principle explains (directly or indirectly) how many things in our universe work.
Eventual Decoding Key. Ed was surely aware that people would eventually realize his principle and then they would hold the key to decoding the secrets of his book. If one can already open the lock to his book, then one would not need any further key. There were many other clues provided in his book. On p. 27 of his book, he showed us a view of one of the special sprocket wheels, for either a father or mother cylinder. I think it was the magnetic sprocket wheel for the mother cylinder. Knowing the Bessler or ED.L. principle meant that while showing that sprocket wheel apparently rotating about a vertical axis, in actual use it needed to be rotating about a horizontal axis to provide a low friction interface with other such sprocket wheels so as to provide much generated power. As a verification of my analyses, Ed showed on the front cover of his book a drawing/painting of the front view of his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, which I will show later in this book.
Some ED.L. Commonalities with Orffyreus. Many people were extremely anxious to pry the secrets from ED.L. and Orffyreus. Both men spent much time finding detailed knowledge of things. Both ED.L. and Orffyreus took their secrets of the use of the Bessler principle to their graves. Though they kept their secrets in life, they both in life published and appeared to want it eventually known what they did. Knowing that each was mainly trying to protect (the Bessler principle) would seem to be advantageous in determining their secrets in hindsight. It had been quite advantageous in breaking Bessler's coded messages. See “APPENDIX B ORFFYREUS’S LITTLE BOOK”. Bessler protected his secrets chiastically (including Matthew 15:16) and he also protected them with coded symbols that were intended to make sense in retrospect. Like Bessler, Edward Leedskalnin's secrets were present yet hidden in his own little book publication. There seems to be hints of a coding according to his coded "name" of ED.L and according to his use of the expression "Sweet Sixteen". There was commonality in the Bessler principle, or as Edward Leedskalnin seemed to refer to it as ED.L. This principle does provide such universal details as to how all the stars in the universe receive almost all their power. His photos (dressed in a suit with ED.L. prominently displayed) seem to indicate that he thought he would someday be famous for knowing what he apparently considered to be his idea of how Energy can come from Delayed Leverage. Both men were masters of mechanics and both made modifications of their names to possibly denote this idea. I think "Orffyreus" indicated in hindsight how Johann Ernst Elias Bessler did many things. I think "ED.L." indicated in hindsight how Edward Leedskalnin did many things.
Comparison of Methods of Hiding Secret. Ed's preface might have played the same role as the first paragraph of Bessler's first encoded chiastic passage. In hindsight, they both suggested that there might be important information that needed to be dug out of the rest of the little book. For Bessler, his chiasms were necessary to point out where the little book proper was found within his little book. Bessler's deeds would not be revealed prematurely. One had to build his bearing(s), if one wants to see his results. The world would need to know his secrets to fully understand and observe his secrets. Bessler even chiastically drew a diagram showing his coded bearing specifications out in plain sight (for all those who could see it) at the very end of his little book, Apologia, but again one would need to actually build a bearing to those amazing specifications to observe Bessler's deeds. In comparison, Ed L. both showed a photograph of one of his magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels and drew a picture of his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders out in front view (on his front cover) for all to see it, who could see it. But one would need to actually build it and follow his instructions, if one wanted to see it being energy productive. For Ed L. his preface suggested that there was another better rewriting or interpretation of his little book. It wasn't necessary to point out where to look to find the little book, as it was for Bessler's little book. I have tried to rewrite or translate or decode both little books. When the principle of ED.L. would be eventually known to the world, the people would understand what he was writing about in hindsight. They would benefit from his many decoded pointers and insights. It would then be time to reveal all his hidden things. I think that the time for revealing all his hidden things has now arrived.
Common Principle Protection. Bessler and Ed L. protected a common principle, though they used the common principle in their own different ways besides decoding protection. In hindsight, Bessler and Ed didn't need to try so hard to protect their common principle, since many including some of the most highly educated have shown great resistance to believing it. It seems to turn their basis of reasoning completely upside down. I have seen cases where they don't even want to discuss the subject, either since they didn't want to admit that it exists or since they didn't believe that it existed. I suspect that they had insufficient faith to consider the preponderance of the evidence. If they keep denying the evidences or don't allow the evidences to be considered together as part of a total whole, then they can continue to deny the evidences separately, while maintaining their basis of self-consistent flawed reasoning.
It is the common "show me first" mentality. They want to first be shown the miracle without exercising faith to take the steps for realizing the miracle. God gives us commandments for our protection, which if the steps are followed result in blessings. Sometimes we receive hidden blessings associated with keeping the commandments. We can't expect the blessings of our obedience first and only then do we follow the commandments. What kind of faith would that be? The universe is just not "wired up" that way.
The Bessler principle contains its own self-protection from being known (or proclamations of the evidence, when proper steps are boldly taken), just as the commandments contain their own “self-protection” (or proclamations of the evidence, when proper steps are boldly taken). Both the Bessler principle and the commandments contain their own self-announcements, which naturally occur, as these things are properly followed. What is really needed is faith that these coded things can be made well known to everyone both for our own temporal-energy benefit and for our own eternal-spiritual benefit. I think that the world desperately needs these things properly decoded.
Though sometimes done improperly, we should not scientifically just throw out exceptions. We must make our considerations according to the complete data. For example, if we rotate a coral cylinder very rapidly about a horizontal axis and it gets hot only upon its first very rapid rotation, we should not just throw that data out as an anomalous exception. We should retain the whole data, even if the exception is not later exactly repeated for that cylinder upon later rotations. We should not just naively assume that there was no change occurring within the cylinder because of it initially being very rapidly rotated about a horizontal axis.
I have attempted to artistically transcribe just a few of Ed's encoded words/characters from his book, to give a hint about the strangeness of the book, prior to decoding. I will later in section D.4 attempt to provide a decoding or translation of the actual words/images, associated with his complete coded little book. You then can compare my translation of those portions with the small transcribed portion of his original words to see which you think are more appropriate. If you think that I have made an error in my decoding or translation of any portion of his little book, then (following Leedskalnin’s preface guidance) you can form your own translation of his words. I assume, as time passes, that we will have more experience with the actual Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Thus, there may be more improvements to the decoding that I did not anticipate. Someone may want to write an improved translation or I might provide some decoding updates on my Internet site (http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/). As I indicated above, one doesn't need another translation key for translating A BOOK IN EVERY HOME, if one already knows the primary translation key that Ed was trying to protect yet show, which could either be called the ED.L. principle or the Bessler principle. Leedskalnin’s translation key was well protected, since it was the actual yet-greatly-rejected physical principle. Bessler similarly had a well-protected translation key for his little book. So here are some attempted artistically-transcribed tiny portions from Ed’s coded book. Please keep in mind that Ed exclusively placed his page numbers at the bottom centers of his left hand side pages. He almost only wrote on the left hand sides of his book. The three exceptions to not writing on the right hand sides were: the encoded single-picture front-cover (which he wrote upon), the decode-beckoning preface-page, and the encoded single-picture inside back-cover. If I here show a centered page number, that means that in Ed’s coded book a new blank page begins immediately after it on a right hand side. That blank right hand side would be followed by another left hand side of a page with writing on it. I am not even attempting to replicate that highly unusual structure here.
…
A BOOK IN
EVERY HOME
________________
________________
Containing Three Subjects:
Ed's Sweet Sixteen,
Domestic and
Political Views.
________________
________________
By
EDWARD LEEDSKALNIN
________________
________________
Published by
EDWARD LEEDSKALNIN
Homestead, Florida
…
AUTHOR'S PREFACE
Reader, if for any reason you do not
like the things I say in this little book, I
left just as much space as I used, so you
can write your own opinion opposite it
and see if you can do better.
The Author
…
13
Domestic
The foundation of our physical and
mental behavior is laid while we are
in infancy, so the responsibility of our short-
comings rest upon our mothers and fathers,
but mainly upon our mothers.
Today, I myself would be better than
I am if my mother and father had known
how to raise me and the same is true for al-
most everybody else.
…
In my thirty years of studying condi-
tions and their effects I have come to the
conclusion that I can tell pointers to the
people that would be a good help to them.
That is why I wrote this little book.
14
…
26
…
Translated Words. Very often it was a matter of determining how the nouns, pronouns, and verbs needed to be decoded or translated in the context of an ED.L. viewing with respect to Ed's invention. The pronouns especially can change meanings. Here is a very partial key for substitution of a few words or phrases which might help in translating ED.L.'s little book, as one considers what the proper decoding is. The reader should not take this key as an absolute. It just provides a few examples to help people think about the situations. The situation was often quite fluid, as one may see when comparing the translation/decoding with the original or when trying to form a better translation. Over and over, one needs to follow the recipe that Leedskalnin gave in his preface. This process needs to be continued, as total evidence dictates.
book = large book
boy = slowly rotating smallest mass wheel rotating about a horizontal axis
child = smallest mass wheel rotating about a horizontal axis
domestic views = internal interactions or views within Sweet Sixteen family of wheels or cylinders
ED.L. = Energy from Delayed Leveraging
father = rotationally-stable largest mass and size cylinder rotating about a horizontal axis
fresh boy = unrestrained rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-state
girl = rapidly rotating smallest mass cylinder rotating about a horizontal axis
gums = base of sprocket teeth
home = ED.L. home
I = operator or developer or wheel with identity dependent upon the context
little book = little unopened booklet
looks = useful power
money = power
mother = rotationally-moderating large mass cylinder rotating about a horizontal axis
mouth = view of chain from side
movie star = moving small sprocket wheel
opinion = translation
people = wheels or cylinders or nuclei
property = energy property
political views = external interactions or views beyond or within Sweet Sixteen family of wheels or cylinders
shine = be productive
Sweet Sixteen = pure new lattice using 16 teeth for daughter sprocket wheel
taxes = energy produced
vote = choice for expenditure of energy taxes
you = Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders
Translation Preface - Some Sources. On 14 Aug 2013, I ordered from the gift shop at http://coralcastle.com/ a copy of the complete booklet, A Book in Every Home written by Edward Leedskalnin and published by him in 1936 (BEH). I received the booklet on 30 Aug 2013. The booklet contains the properly arranged full text, pictures, and symbols. Some of the text-only-portion for BEH may be found on the Internet. For example, the URL http://www.scribd.com/doc/13972267/A-Book-in-Every-Home shows a transcribed portion of the text. That transcriber left a message afterward, which in part said, "Now, if you find a code within these chauvinistic writings, please tell the world. There are thousands of people in the world who think his secrets are hidden within his writings." Pictures shown from the booklet may be found on the Internet.
I (AEP) agree that there are coded messages in the writings and I think that I have indeed reasonably decoded Edward Leedskalnin's little book, as well as I have also reasonably decoded Bessler's little book. Both decoding-translations of these little books used a similar decoding key of the hidden/suppressed principle that they held in common. I am trying to tell the world what I have found. Using the Internet, I previously told the world about the Bessler principle quite a while back. See for example my ProminentEmail20080304.txt 4 Mar 2008 or my RememberHistory.txt 17 Jun 2008 or my GravitySummaryNews.txt 19 Mar 2011 as listed under ”Bessler Principle or Physics” within the “BIBLIOGRAPHY AND NOTES”.
It is a little surprising that the world has not used that primary key to decode Edward Leedskalnin's little book. It would seem possible that I am not the first to decode Edward Leedskalnin's little book. Others may have decoded Ed's little book and kept the information private. I will proceed with my version of a translation. My decoding or translation makes reference to the front cover of Ed's little book. An example URL of the prior site, http://www.code144.com/2012/12/the-complicated-truth-about-decoding-coral-castle/, showed an enlarged high resolution version of a portion of an apparently original photograph used to make the front cover of Ed’s book. Details were visible that were barely visible on the printed book cover that I received. That cover shows a drawing/painting of an apparent little “home” on another cover of a small book with the same title (A BOOK IN EVERY HOME), which tiny book Edward Leedskalnin was holding in his hands while he was in his prior home. As the last figure of this Appendix D, I will show the higher-resolution version of the tiny home-book-cover that Ed was holding on the front cover of his small book. I had to insert some figures and words to try to make it a little clearer what I thought Leedskalnin was discussing. I discuss, at the end of my main translation, Ed’s front cover and other pictures found in Ed's little book. Discussion (of these things) needs to be a part of the translation, though they are not obvious upon first casual view.
Translation Comparisons. This is currently my best attempt of a translation or decoding of his book. As I translate, I will try, as best as I can, to maintain the same page numbering and paragraph structure so that you may more easily compare my translation with the original little booklet. Often each paragraph typically dealt with a separate idea, which is why I tried to insert headings for each paragraph. Separate paragraphs are inserted for the purpose of explaining figures. You may now compare my full translation with the original booklet (or at least a portion of the transcribed text) to see which version you think is more reasonable with respect to the actual underlying messages. As you read my decoded translation of Ed's little book, it is best if you follow along with the original, which is the way Ed wanted it (or them “side” by “side”). Others might come up with better translations, especially since I have not as yet actually built the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders that I think Ed is discussing from different views or perspectives. I am convinced that we should most definitely not leave the booklet in its original untranslated strange-words, if we want to understand the actual or complete messages that Ed has left for us to consider, after removing the coded disguises of the messages. I have left some gender and relationship information in my translation so as to assist in the understanding of various wheel or cylinder relations that I perceived. Others may want to expand upon what I have done so that his little book parable can continue to grow from a little book into a vast book with implications throughout the universe. Now begins my decoded-translation of ED.L.’s little book. AEP
A BOOK
WITHIN
EVERY HOME
EACH HOME CONTAINED
WITHIN A
HOME
Daughter Cylinder Depiction. For a Sweet Sixteen angular speed depicted by the 16 underscores of each solid line, there is a delayed higher-elevation pulling down by gravity after the first lower-elevation pulling down by gravity for rotations of opposite fundamental charges about horizontal axes creating a leveraging, which provides greater rotational kinetic energy.
________________
________________
Containing Three Views of One ED.L. Subject:
ED.L.'s Ideal Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders,
Internal Rotational Domestic Views, and
External Rotational Political Views.
Mother Cylinder Depiction. For less than a Sweet Sixteen angular speed, there is a delayed higher-elevation pulling down by gravity after the first lower-elevation pulling down by gravity for rotations of opposite fundamental charges about horizontal axes creating a leveraging, which provides greater rotational kinetic energy.
________________
________________
Written and Encoded by
EDWARD LEEDSKALNIN or
ED.L. meaning Energy from Delayed Leveraging
Father Cylinder Depiction. For less than a Sweet Sixteen angular speed, there is a delayed higher-elevation pulling down by gravity after the first lower-elevation pulling down by gravity for rotations of opposite fundamental charges about horizontal axes creating a leveraging, which provides greater rotational kinetic energy.
________________
________________
Published on Paper and Stone by
EDWARD LEEDSKALNIN, Director of Rotations within
Sweet ED.L. Homes at Homestead, Florida,
Earth, Solar System, Milky Way,
Visible Galaxies, ... Complete Infinite Universe
COPYRIGHT, 1936,
By Edward Leedskalnin
TRANSLATION OR DECODING COPYRIGHT, 2019,
By Alden Eugene Park
Small Decorative Marking. A small decorative marking was shown much like a small version of Fig. 87. The marking showed something like a modern yin-yang symbol surrounded on both sides by black isosceles triangles with the smallest angle vertices pointing to the center of a yin-yang symbol. The marking being small suggests that my principle occurs at the smallest of levels. Notice that the triangles do not actually touch the symbol so as to represent a desired lack of rubbing friction. This figure symbolically denotes that rotation about a horizontal axis with delayed pulls down by gravity is the source power for ED.L. or Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity. Though hard to draw, the actual rotational axis of the circular symbol portion should preferably be perpendicular to the figure through the center of the circular symbol portion. You can imagine there is a rotational axis between the inward vertices (or smallest angles) of the isosceles triangles, which axis goes through the center of the yin-yang symbol, sans dots. The lower black region is pulled down and then during the delay there is further rotation before the higher elevation white region is pulled down. The greater the angular speed about the horizontal axis means that a greater angular speed is imparted to the rotating symbol. The yin-yang symbol may thus acquire a greater angular speed as it rotates, though the greater angular speed will typically be given up to common or seemingly ubiquitous friction. The blackness of the lower portion of the yin-yang symbol represents the earlier darkness prior to the dawn both of partly-shadowed light and partly-shadowed gravity from the ED.L. sun. The white or bright region at the top or higher elevation portion of the symbol represents the rest of the light and the rest of the gravity after the dawn, meaning slightly later in time. As the earth rotates to go from darkness to dawning daylight, so too with rotations about horizontal axes is there an acquired rotational kinetic energy associated with the time delay of the pulling down. Though the up-front original figure may have looked merely like a small unobtrusive decoration, it is meant to denote my source power principle of ED.L., just like the prior unobtrusive or decorative pairs of thicker-above-thinner solid particle-like horizontal-lines of 16 underscores. The higher elevation portions contain the rest of the pull-downs or signify that the pull-downs are complete. The yin-yang symbol was drawn without showing the usual dots on the yin-yang symbol, which if they had been shown, those missing dots could represent distinct pull down points.
Fig. 87. Yin-yang rotation about horizontal axis, sans dots.
Decoded Marking. Now for this translation showing decoded things I also show the modified figure in Fig. 88. This figure now shows those obviously-left-out dots, which I now tell you, partly represent distinct pull down points for the smallest portions of matter. For the ED.L. principle to be symbolically conveyed by this figure, the yin-yang symbol could simply be rotating either clockwise or counterclockwise about a horizontal axis (perpendicular to the figure through its center). The triangles symbolize the need for a horizontal axis about which rotations may be made, with as little friction per unit of rotating mass as possible. For the clockwise rotation case, after the lower white dot in the black region is pulled down the black dot in the white region keeps rotating downward clockwise before it too is pulled down with different leverage, to cause the total rotational speed about the center to increase in the clockwise direction. For the counterclockwise rotation case, after the lower white dot in the black region is pulled down (with some leverage) the black dot in the white region keeps rotating in a counterclockwise direction before it too is pulled down but with different leverage so that the total rotational speed increases in the counterclockwise direction. In either rotational case, because of the time delay and the rotational speed, the circular symbol portion will attain a greater rotational speed by differences in leverage or rather by my ED.L. principle. The extra Energy is obtained from the separate time-Delayed applications of Leverage by the two attractive impulses of gravity. That is the main point of my translated book. Still, I encourage you to read and study my translated book so that you will know how I applied my principle of ED.L. in actual sweet practice. Besides the two dots having a sub-microscopic purpose of demonstrating my yin-yang or ED.L. principle, there is also a macroscopic purpose. The two dots in Fig. 88 could represent the two hot spots on each cylinder face of the ancient two-chamber liquid-filled cylinder.
Fig. 88. Yin-yang rotation about horizontal axis, showing dots.
DECODED AUTHOR'S PREFACE
Please Decode My Little Book. Reader, please reason out the symbols beyond the unlikeable-strange encoded things that I directly said in my little unopened booklet. It should expand by proper decoding into a huge book that you and many others would greatly like to read. It will contain the secrets that you have been repetitively asking me (over the years) or rather it will contain the most important secrets about how I built my castle home. For each pages-view in my little unopened booklet proper, I left just as much blank space on the right-hand side of the page as I have written on the opposite left-hand side of the page. Both sides can be simultaneously viewed without turning a page. I did this to strongly urge you to stretch your translated opinions and imaginations about it, so that the actual messages of my book may often be written on the right hand sides. You can write with very tiny characters and words if necessary. Sometimes you may need to form a meaning somewhat opposite to what I wrote. Use care but don't be afraid to experiment with the words and actual wheels. Please feel free to substitute words or phrases or expand upon them, if you feel that will make it more understandable what I am actually writing about. If you still don't like what you find written after attempted substitutions, then you need to use greater reasoning in your analyses. Hopefully with exerted effort, you will find a better translation of my secrets than in the words I left hidden in my little unopened booklet. I hid it for fear of the great unleashed power that it would make available to contentious humanity. Yet, I trusted that there would be a proper time for its unveiling, since eventually all things would be made known {Matthew 10:26-27; Luke 12:2-3; Mormon 5:8}. Required moral constraints come with knowledge of such great power. The knowledge and most underlying physical symbols speak of the moral constraints {among many other things see Job 12:7-10; Alma 30:44; 37:7; Mark 8:33; Moses 6:63; Hebrews 8:5; Doctrine and Covenants 88:45-47; 64:33; 77:1-5; JST Revelation 4:6-11}. At some future time the world would know of my ED.L. principle. With my principle now being known, the time has arrived for decoding my book and revealing my guarded secrets. My ED.L. principle is the primary logical key for decoding my little book parable. Often you should use similar words that explain what I am actually writing to you in the context of the key. I don't think you can find a better way to produce energy from gravity (with tools found in, under, and about my Rock Gate Park Home or in junkyards nearby) than you will find with help of my correctly decoded translation. Ordinary roller bearings, vehicle parts, cement, and coral rock served as the basis for my tools. I have done very well with the tools made available to me by modifying or using them to make new tools, which I know quite well how to use. The test of your translation of my instructions or operating procedures will be to see if you can actually achieve the results that I speak of. We will see if you can do better than I have done. -- Given the darkness and light of writing, God left just as much new space, as He used for writing new matter upon. He can do no better than writing the smallest of characters, from His Light, consisting of oppositely charged spirit-matter. This helps keep the infinite expanding universe in cosmic balance, with respect to matter, space, and charge. For many years, I have read results from these smallest characters. I hope, as you follow my instructions, that you also will do better in reading your own results from these smallest characters, available and located in every home.
The Author, Designer, ED.L. Implementer, Instructor, and Encoder
ED.L.'s
Ideal Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders
Reasons Why "for Sweet Sixteen". This message is to the more than fifteen thousand people who have seen Ed's Place (seeing the Place where Energy came from Delay of part of gravity) in Ed's Rock Gate Park and I told them that I built it for my Sweet Sixteen. These are reasons why I could not produce my Sweet Sixteen the way I thought she should be produced. I would have liked the father, mother, and daughter cylinders to have been produced out of entire cylinders of shiny-new stainless steel but I had to settle for portions of dirt-cheap white coral rock. I especially wanted the small daughter cylinder to be produced out of shiny new stainless steel, for lattice structure integrity purposes but I couldn't afford that. Given the use of rock cylinders, I would have liked to have used entire or complete rock cylinders for the mother and father cylinders, but for assembly, design, and hiding purposes I had to use portions of cylinders to crudely approximate the complete cylinders. I would have liked the non-touching sprocket wheels connecting them to each be bordered by the poles of wide magnetic poles (to be stronger and more stable with respect to alignment). As you can later see for yourself on p. 27 of my little coded book, I had to settle for stacks of five alternating U-shaped magnets (per side of a tooth) to provide sufficient strength of teeth repulsion. The stacks of five alternating U-shaped magnets made assembly of the three magnetic sprocket wheels trickier. Having stacks of five alternating magnets, on a side of each tooth, did make easier the removal of stray magnetic fields, at the teeth ends, but it required precise alignment of the magnetic sprocket wheels. That is not how I wanted to build my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. These are also reasons why I did not get immediate credit for the approximate version of her or my Sweet Sixteen invention that I did construct and beneficially use. I will use the non-ideal invention until it is time to destroy almost all of it, so that it will be in hiding until its return.
Invention Protection. In Ed's Place in Ed's Rock Gate Park, I provided and gave lasting fame to the name Sweet Sixteen. I did so without using money to produce that fame. The lack of money was a primary reason why I would not consider getting credit for my Sweet Sixteen invention. I would have needed money to properly apply for a patent for such an invention and to protect the invention. More importantly, since I received a total of $1500 from the 15,000 visitors, I would have needed to demonstrate my invention to patent it and I was not about to do that. Has the wheel been invented yet? Filing a patent on the wheel would be difficult as many firmly believe that it has already been invented long ago. Still, some parts of using the wheel are not obvious at all. Though I could produce all the mechanical power I needed, I didn't have enough money and I didn't have enough power to control the proper use of my invention by others. I also didn't want others to improperly use the invention or cause much trouble using my invention and the many other derivatives of the wheel. Thus, for moral and economic reasons, I kept my invention a trade secret, in my trade of building stone furniture. I also could not afford to build my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders the way she really needed to be built. Again, ideally I should have at least used pure shiny-new-non-rotated stainless steel for the cylinders but I could not afford to build her that way. I had to settle for building her using readily available coral rock. It was a poor man's smart substitute. I should have also used single solid cylinders for the father-cylinder and the mother-cylinder, but to be able to more easily assemble/disassemble my device, I used equal radii separate-portions of cylinders. I did that so that size-constrained connecting sprocket wheels could be placed within both the father-cylinder and the mother-cylinder. Rotating coral Rock sufficiently (but not too rapidly) about a horizontal axis is the real Gate to this Park, as long as the interfaces and rotations within my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders have low enough total friction. I am ED.L. or Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity and my place is where friction has been sufficiently reduced to experience me by rapid rotations, yet not so rapid so as to destroy me. I have the substitute for her here at my most recent Rock Gate Park, since here may be found: much sweetly-new-non-rotated coral-limestone-rock, much water, many tall straight pine-trees, many junk vehicles, and many potentially well-behaved visitors. Was the Sweet Sixteen invention all mine or “Ed’s”? No or not exactly. It came from God, it came because of God, and it came because of the active and gracious symbol of God’s glorious gravity. Keep in mind Joshua 22:34 for the special symbolic altar named Ed. As with that scripture about Ed, Ed’s Place in the new Rock Gate Park is to be a long standing testimony/witness and special symbolic altar of the Lord being God. I worked “alone” constructing the old Rock Gate Park and I work “alone” as I build the new Rock Gate Park but I had and am having much help from God in my doings.
Meaning of Sweet Sixteen. Now, I am going to tell you what I mean when I say "Ed's Sweet Sixteen". As you should have guessed by now, "Ed's Sweet Sixteen" does not mean an actual sixteen year old girl. Rather it means a brand new "girl" invention. It is also new since it was never previously rotated much about a horizontal axis. I am retaining its sweetness by its properly restricted rotational use. If "Ed's Sweet Sixteen" had meant an actual sixteen year old girl, this book would have seemed very strange prior to being translated. But such strange things are not what this translated book is actually about. This properly translated book is about other strange yet experimentally quite verifiable things. Properly translated, the girl invention wheel was producing useable mechanical power acquired by means of power transfers from many freshly-new cases of slightly-more-rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states within her. At the same time, I as the invention operator was using that acquired power for the credit of my Sweet Sixteen invention.
Invention Produces Power Internally with Low Friction. I, ED.L., by properly applied knowledge, will provide all the transitioned-power-needed from rotating nuclear-ground-states internal to my girl-invention. My girl-invention will not need to seek any additional rotational kinetic energy from any other external body rotating near her for I believe that there
1
is not another boy-cylinder or father-cylinder in this current world that is as good with respect to internal useful mechanical energy production, as my rapidly-rotating girl-cylinder is. Those boy-cylinders and father-cylinders must never be in direct rotational association with my girl-cylinder. Similarly any other father-wheel/cylinder ought to rotationally-respect their own governed family of wheels/cylinders enough to not allow any man-wheel/cylinder or boy-wheel/cylinder to be directly rotationally coupled with their family's rapidly-rotating rotational-energy-productive daughter-wheel/cylinder. To have low friction yet high-power-production, the daughter-cylinder and its sprocket wheel, by means of magnetic repulsion must never be physically touched by another cylinder or sprocket wheel or chain.
Rotating A Wheel Leaves Internal Impressions. Any rotation of a wheel-body leaves its effect upon the body. It causes many nuclei within the body to rotate at approximately the same angular speed as that external body being rotated. When the rotation is about a horizontal axis, it causes the nuclear-ground-states within to primarily rotate about a horizontal axis. These nuclear-ground-states are caused by the ED.L. principle to internally rotate with larger angular speeds about horizontal axes. Energy is so produced locally-internally and more so when the body containing them is rotated more rapidly. The nuclei, within a rotating father-wheel or a more slowly rotating boy-wheel, do not rotate as rapidly as nuclei within a rapidly rotating girl-wheel. Thus, more internal energy is locally produced by nuclei within such a rapidly rotating girl-wheel. Also, associated with the rapid rotations of the girl-wheel the constituent-structural lattice-bonds are tenderer and more subject to centrifugal-alterations or rotational-impressions than the more slowly rotating boy-wheel and father-wheel. Because of the rapid angular speed of the girl-wheel, its entire physical constitution is tenderer than that of the boy-wheel or father-wheel. Why would any rotating body want to somehow acquire or be closely associated with the internal rotational damage-impressions found within another more rapidly rotating body?
Energy Transfer through Intermediary. An energy-productive rapidly-rotating daughter-cylinder is the best thing in this world for supplying rotational kinetic energy to its rotationally associated slower rotating fellow-cylinders. It is humiliating, from an reduced energy reception standpoint, to receive kinetic energy from an energy productive girl-cylinder, through the intermediary of its mothering cylinder, but it is necessary for separate other purposes, such as maintaining power stability and doing practical work. It is not humiliating, for the containing girl-cylinder to directly receive rotational kinetic energy from the slightly-more-rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states contained within that cylinder.
Rotationally New Cylinders. All girl-cylinders that are rotating with an angular speed less than or equal to the Sweet-Sixteen angular-speed should be sweet or rotationally brand-new cylinders. All the rotational kinetic energy that the brand-new girl-cylinders collect from their internally rotating nuclei within should be sweetly transferred to their rapidly-rotating total-atomic-lattice selves. Except for friction and except for external energy extraction, the entire containing girl-cylinder should then rotate more according to the extra rotational kinetic energy acquired by gravity from the rotating nuclei within. If a girl-cylinder is not rotationally sweet and is not brand-new, when rotating less than or equal to the Sweet Sixteen angular speed, then the mamma-cylinder was to blame for her girl-cylinder having previously rotated too fast in angular speed. It was the mamma-cylinder's primary duty to directly supervise her girl or daughter-cylinder so as to not allow any uncontrolled or excessively rapidly-rotating-nuclei within the daughter-cylinder. The mamma-cylinder's magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel is directly rotationally connected to her daughter-cylinder's magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel. Thus, the mamma-cylinder must make sure that those rapidly-rotating-nuclei, within her daughter-cylinder, not damage the rotational kinetic energy transfer properties of the daughter-cylinder. The mamma-cylinder must keep those fresh or newly very-rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states from ever appearing within her daughter-cylinder. The mamma-cylinder does this by absorbing extra rotational kinetic energy from her daughter-cylinder, which sweetly absorbs rotational kinetic energy from the rotating nuclear-ground-states within before they can begin to freshly or independently rotate much more rapidly than the lattice of the daughter-cylinder can allow. The mamma-cylinder must set the proper example of not rotating too rapidly herself, as she knows that the daughter-cylinder rotates even faster.
Mother-cylinder Damage Relative to Daughter-cylinder. It would be much less likely that a rapidly-rotating-nucleus would rotate too fast within the slower rotating mamma-cylinder,
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than for a rapidly-rotating-nucleus to rotate too fast in its more rapidly rotating daughter-cylinder. Such an unlikely fresh-unconstrained rotating nuclear-ground-state would by experiment likely do much less damage to the more stationary or less rapidly rotating mamma-cylinder than an unconstrained nucleus within the mamma-cylinder's more rapidly-rotating girl-cylinder. The energy productivity of the mamma-cylinder, damaged by rotating nuclear-ground-states within her, is of less concern than the damage of energy productivity within the more rapidly rotating daughter-cylinder. With its lower angular speed, it would be difficult for a rotating nuclear-ground-state to hurt the mamma-cylinder. Her role as a mamma-cylinder is more of a regulator or moderator than a sweet energy producer. As a mamma-cylinder, she may have already gone through all the experience that can be gone through, including constrained rotation experiments, to make sure that she would not fall apart. So in her case it would be all right to subject her to rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states, since the slower angular speed of the mamma-cylinder would slow down the rotating nuclear-ground-states.
Unrestrained Wheel Rotations Taught by Devaluing Examples. But all the blame does not rest on the mamma-wheel alone. Things taught by direct practical application coming from the schools and from the churches are greatly cheapening the worth of rotational kinetic energy productive girl-wheels. The truth about preserving such rotational energy productivity is not being taught anywhere, in large part because of highly improper examples by those who should be upholding the proper standards. The eternal or at least perpetual energy situations are not even being considered. In oft repeated regular practice, no one is even embarrassed from a conservation standpoint, as they drive their vehicles using very rapid angular speed to picnics. They don't even consider that they ought to be using moderating mother-wheels so as to prevent the energy-productive rapidly-rotating girl-wheels from rotating too fast. They don't even make any attempts to prevent fresh-highly-excited rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states from rotating too rapidly within the rapidly rotating girl-wheels. They also send the vehicles out with very-rapid angular-speed to woods, parks, beaches, and other places. When they just begin to send forth the vehicles to these locations, there are initially not very rapid internal rotations of the nuclei yet, since such nuclei initially only slowly rotate within slowly rotating wheels and axles. But, as the angular-speeds increase en route, the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states become more unrestrained in their angular speed. Such unrestrained rotational coupling behavior, of first-level angular-speed coupling in degrees per second, is repugnant from the standpoint of preservation of useful energy transfer characteristics within the originally sweet-energy-productive girl-wheels. Those useful energy transfer characteristics should have been protected, rather than destroyed. The schools and the churches not only implicitly condone these energetic abominations, but they also imbibe and partake by direct practice of these energetically scathing evils. The schools assume many rules and foolishly preach that non-repeatable observations are outliers and should be effectively thrown out. At least the churches are smart enough to understand many of the actual rules and to wisely preach that even a single non-repeated mistake can have unfortunate eternal implications, except through sincere repentance. With wheels or cylinders, the only true repentance for past errors is the make the wheels or cylinders anew, with fervent refining heat, while not being rotated.
Local Destructions from Unrestrained Rotations by Nuclei. Now, I tell you what the first-level angular-speed coupling in degrees-per-second is, within the rotating daughter-wheel. The first-level angular-speed coupling in degrees-per-second is when the rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states begin to locally create bits of loose soil within the daughter-wheel-or-cylinder by slight-local-outward rotating patting, slight-local-outward rotating rubbing, and internally-outward local rotating swelling creating outward squeezing within the daughter-wheel-or-cylinder. This process starts in that way, but the process soon begins to dull the rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum receptiveness in both directions. It dulls the receptiveness of the internally-rotating nuclear-ground-states to the rotational motion of the surrounding atomic lattice of the daughter-wheel. In the other direction, it also dulls the receptiveness of the atomic lattice of the daughter-wheel to internal rotations of nuclear-ground-states within the lattice. Further bits of soil are produced as the process continues. There is no sweet angular momentum "kick" received by the daughter-wheel. With little produced "kick", the daughter-wheel is blindly caused by the vehicle's engine to rotate at greater second-level angular-speed coupling in degrees-per-second. This greater angular speed creates greater angular speed in other rotating nuclear-ground-states which locally by the ED.L. principle produces even greater local rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum within the nuclear-ground-states. That greater local energy production, without being outward transferred, progressively creates greater local damage which further reduces receptivity of rotational energy. Then eventually, at some later time, during some future rotational episode, when
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the right sweet angular speed comes along, there is no mechanical response from the daughter-wheel, as there should have been without prior destructions by the overly-excited rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states within the daughter-wheel. The response to the angular speed increase of the daughter-wheel is a dead response or lack of response, as if some symbiotic relationship had died. The response was previously worked out or killed by all the overly-excited rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states doing internal damage to the local atomic lattice. Because of the enhanced effect of the ED.L. principle at the largest angular speeds, there was such great local heating from the much radiation and the electron interactions that severe damage was done to the outward transfer of rotational kinetic energy to the rotating wheel or rotating axle. The great rotational kinetic energy is wastefully expended on local heating and local breaking off of tiny portions of the lattice. The useful rotational kinetic energy response has been lost because of the damage done by the rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states. Why should it be that way, when it might have been more usefully provided, if things had been arranged or done differently?
Sustained Productive Transfers of Rotational Energy to Lattice. Everything we do within the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders should be for the good of sustained production of useful mechanical rotational kinetic energy from gravity. But it would obviously be bad to locally produce much fresh rotational kinetic energy in unrestrained fashion within a rotating nuclear-ground-state, as the great extra energy, locally produced and retained, would destroy part of the local atomic lattice structure within the rapidly rotating daughter-cylinder. With the daughter-cylinder having a Sweet Sixteen rotational speed or just above, then the girl-cylinder will be about as rotational energy productive as sustainably possible. But with an unrestrained highly-excited rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-state within the girl-cylinder, having a Sweet Sixteen rotational speed, then by the ED.L. principle it is more rotational energy productive than at all prior stages of lower angular speed. That rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-state is too small to do useful mechanical work by itself, but it is energetically too large to be confined within a low binding energy nursery lattice cage incapable of absorbing its freshly-acquired extra rotational kinetic energy. The great locally produced power of the rotating nuclear-ground-state destroys a local surrounding portion of the daughter-cylinder's atomic lattice. It can end up later as a small unbound particle within the cylinder that could be likened unto a loose piece of dirt or soil. Such a bit of destructive work is not conducive to transferring of locally produced rotational kinetic energy to global rotational kinetic energy within the daughter-cylinder. That is such destructive behavior is not conducive to doing productive work in the daughter-cylinder. The mother-cylinder must slowly correctly interact with the daughter-cylinder having the correct Sweet Sixteen angular speed in the daughter-cylinder and having the correct 24/16 angular speed relative to the mother-cylinder, so as to properly restrain the rotating nuclear-ground-states within the sweet daughter-cylinder. It is right for the daughter-cylinder to interact with the nuclear-ground-states that are restrained and remain well-connected to the lattice. It is wrong at all times for the unrestrained very rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states to internally damage the rapidly-rotating daughter-cylinder and so create useless soil within it, not attached to the cylinder's atomic lattice-structure.
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Rapid Rotation Generates Great Heat. Now, how can you find out if I am right? Select any new, never-rotated wheel that is likely to become very rapidly rotated by rotational-coupling-contact with some other body. Watch the wheel constantly and eventually when its angular speed is great enough it will become very hot on its face (even if friction with the air is minimal). For example, select any new iron railroad wheel that was never previously rotated but that now is likely to be very rapidly rotated. Watch the wheel every day, all day long, - rain or shine - and one day the wheel will show a rusty red color on its face. The face shows what has happened deeply internally at the finest structural levels. At some point, after the wheel was rotated so rapidly that it had acquired great excessive heat. That heat was internally generated from the nuclear-ground-states rapidly rotating about horizontal axes within the wheel. Those rapidly rotating nuclei pick up much rotational kinetic energy from the two-part gravitons, according to my ED.L. principle. This great excessive heat should not have been applied to the wheel. The great heat even changed the temper of and created small pores within the iron wheel making it quite subject to rusting. As a window to the cold outside can cause moisture inside a warm house to condense on it, the great heat in the wheel, as the hot wheel cools, can cause pockets of hot moist air to condense and cause the surface of the wheel to rust and turn red. Holes within a wheel show up as pits on the face of the wheel. Pits created in the surface of the iron wheel by the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states, allow moisture to enter the wheel and make its surface a rusty red. The face of the wheel is a window that shows what has internally gone on, deep within the wheel. The window shows that a terrible inner transformation occurred deep down within the wheel, which transformation should not have been done.
Great Rotation Destroys Structural Sweetness. It is shocking to imagine that someone rotated the girl-wheel so rapidly, about a horizontal axis, that an extreme heating event could occur and could give the wheel a hot red face. Even if that wheel was originally one hundred percent pure-sweet stainless steel, after such extreme heating the wheel would not be one hundred percent pure-sweet. As soon as the girl-wheel acquires such experience, the sweet structural integrity of the wheel begins to leave right away. The first such extreme-heating experience produces the most impressive changes to the wheel's sweetness. The first sweet experience between the lasting or permanent partnerships, between the rotating nuclear-ground-states and the lattice of the girl-wheel is also the most impressive. It must be very carefully established and bounded by proper procedural rules. The sweet structural integrity needed for best performance of the rapidly rotating girl-wheel needs to be preserved for continued and effective use. The sweet structural integrity of the fast girl-wheel needs to be preserved so that it can better communicate gross angular speed of the girl-wheel to rotating nuclear-ground-states within the wheel. The sweet structural integrity of the fast girl-wheel especially needs to be preserved so that it can better communicate the collected ED.L. mechanical angular-momentum responses of the nuclei to the entire containing girl-wheel. The fast girl-wheel is less productive and valuable, if that sweet structural integrity has been cheapened to the point of non-responsiveness with respect to transferring rotational kinetic energy to and from the entire atomic lattice.
Preserve Original Wheel Sweetness. That is the reason why I want the rapidly rotating girl-wheel to be preserved by its mother-wheel with all the sweet structural integrity that it originally or naturally had. This
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means, before any other wheel ever rotates the girl-wheel, the original structural integrity needs to be preserved so that it can fully represent or put forth all the rotational kinetic energy that it acquires by ED.L., with none of the extra energy going to distortion of the lattice of the girl-wheel. The rapidly rotating girl-wheel needs to be selectively preserved so that it completely delivers the rotational kinetic energy that gravity naturally provides to it. Like a living animal, the girl-wheel needs to be guided-alone almost instinct-like by the entire rotational impressions it receives from gravity, with as little deviation between internal and external rotational behavior as possible. The girl-wheel needs to respond to rotations and its internal rotations need to be responsive to the wheel’s rotational motion, without choosing some other greater or lesser rotational path.
Sweetness Preservation Rules to Follow. When I started out doing rotational-sweetness experiments that would make it possible to obtain a rapidly rotating girl wheel or cylinder that would fully two-way communicate the rotational energy between the rotating nuclear-ground-states and the atomic lattice, I developed sweetness preservation rules with respect to mainly the mother and daughter-cylinders. Though possibly over restrictive, my rules for successfully preserving sweetness are as follows.
Maintenance of Mother-Daughter Rotational Sweetness. The rapidly-rotating Sweet-Sixteen daughter-cylinder had to never have been previously rotated appreciably about a horizontal axis. Preferably it should be new-shiny-clean stainless-steel cylinder with great structural integrity, with a sprocket wheel solidly attached, and with a center axle solidly attached. But I like and can afford new white-coral-rock that has never been previously rotated about a horizontal axis for my small-yet-extremely-massive Sweet-Sixteen daughter-cylinder. I know that the rock that I have dug out of the earth has never been rotated much. This likeable rock is abundantly available slightly below ground level near my new Rock Gate Park home in Homestead, Florida. Such a massive amount of even-more-likeable stainless-steel would cost a fortune but massive amounts of new coral limestone rock are available for dirt-cheap costs here. If I don't buy the rock from someone else to save me time, I do need to spend the time to dig it out but I have plenty of power freely available to me for the digging. I have as much power available to me as I need or want. The daughter-cylinder had to be mildly disposed to transfer rotations of its nuclear-ground-states to likeably-productive total rotations of itself, without getting hot and losing its temper. The temper must be maintained by the nuclei not independently "running away" to attain great-internally-rotating angular-speeds much beyond those of the daughter-cylinder's own total rotational speed. The mothering cylinder needs to be sweetly deserving of receiving the kinetic energy from the daughter-cylinder by the mother-cylinder providing much rotational kinetic energy within to stimulate sufficient rotation in the daughter-cylinder and having a low friction interface with the daughter-cylinder, using magnetic repulsion to keep it at a distance. The daughter-cylinder should be so separately high in rotational angular speed, relative to the mother-cylinder, by a factor of 24/16 = 1.5 that there would be no temptation for the slower rotating nuclei of the mother-cylinder to rotate with nearly the same large angular speed as that of the daughter-cylinder. That means that the mother-cylinder must not circumvent the role of the daughter-cylinder. That further means that the mother-cylinder must not act behind the daughter's back by producing very rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. The mother-cylinder previously wanted to have a daughter-cylinder of its very own, but the mother-cylinder must never have previously had another daughter-cylinder of its very own. A mother-cylinder can have at most a total of one daughter-cylinder ever. It can't have any more than the one. The same rotational angles must be maintained between the mother and its daughter cylinder. Switching the daughter’s rotational direction would count as another daughter, which must not occur. The father-cylinder previously wanted a wife-cylinder of its very own. A father-cylinder can have at most a total of one wife-cylinder ever. It can’t have any more than the one. The same rotational angles must be maintained between the father and its wife-cylinder. Switching the direction of the wife-cylinder meaning the mother-cylinder would count as another mother-cylinder, which must never occur.
Residual Effects of Prior Connected Rotations. The reason why I set these rules is that I knew from past trials that rapidly rotating these three connected cylinders would produce several conditions within the cylinders and within their associated magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels. These conditions would leave their effects within the Sweet Sixteen daughter-cylinder, within her mother-cylinder, and within their respective magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels. I did not want prior lingering effects from other past usage experiences to conflict with the current usage effects. I did not want any of those structural and local integrity effects, from prior experiences of rapid rotating and local energy production (while stressed by transferring of angular momentum) to be left over or additionally superimposed upon the father-cylinder, the mother-cylinder, and the Sweet Sixteen daughter-cylinder.
Maintain Same Sprocket-wheel Associations. A daughter sprocket-wheel will economize (by not wasting any energy to friction), go hungry (by feeding very little rotational kinetic energy to itself), and endure other hardships (for example by having its magnetic teeth compressed) before it would dare resort to dressing itself with the outward defective covering cylinder worn by another daughter sprocket-wheel. That includes an angular rotation of its own cylinder. The same angular association must be maintained between the sprocket wheel and its cylinder. The same direction of angular orientation must be maintained. Another magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel would dress up in
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its own thread-bear outward defective covering cylinder before it would dare resort to wearing another defective covering cylinder or even a different rotational association of its own cylinder. These restrictions are only a magnetic sprocket step away from another rotational body’s cylinder. The same sprocket-wheel associations must be maintained across the sprocket wheel step.
Defect Cleanup in Cylinders is Ineffective. Having such exchange cases, the present possessor would need to clean up any defects left in the prior cylinder. Now you see, to clean up the leavings in another cylinder is not only inefficiently humiliating, it is impossible to repair the lattice defects without the lattice connections being made anew. It could have been avoided, if the cylinder with newly located defects had not been introduced. The cylinders need to be 100% good or have no rotational alterations. That is also why I, as the operator of my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, was so successful in resisting the natural urge to operate at very large angular speeds, which larger angular speeds could produce more rotational kinetic energy by my ED.L. principle. If I were to operate at such very large angular speeds, there would be a much greater likelihood of defects to occur. I also thus resisted the production of wasted-destructive heat energy associated with excessively large rotations of nuclear-ground-states in the daughter-cylinders. There must be mechanical restraint in the angular speed of the daughter-cylinder by its mother-cylinder and procedural restraint so that the angular speed of the rapidly rotating daughter-cylinder doesn't become overly large. Cylinders would not need to be substituted, if in the first place, undesirable defects were not created.
Relative Rotational Sweetness. Now, regarding the interface for the mother to daughter cylinders, we must discuss the relation of sweetness relative to another cylinder. There can only be one hundred percent sweetness with respect to one and only one cylinder. For example, a rapidly rotating daughter-cylinder can only be sweet to one and only one slower rotating mother-cylinder. The daughter-cylinder must not have two mother-cylinders. To illustrate the example, consider two potential mother-cylinders with respect to sweetness for a new never rotated smaller daughter-cylinder. Initially the unaltered daughter-cylinder would be considered structurally-rotationally-sweet with respect to either of the potential mother-cylinders. If one of the rotationally slower mother-cylinders is rotationally connected to the rotationally faster daughter-cylinder, then with appropriate internal structural modifications, both in the daughter-cylinder and in that mother cylinder, for rapid enough (but not too large) angular speeds, then only that connected mother-cylinder would properly consider that the daughter-cylinder to be its one-hundred-percent sweet daughter-cylinder. The other potential unaltered mother-cylinder would
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not properly consider that daughter-cylinder, to be sweet with respect to itself, since that daughter-cylinder had not been modified with respect to it. Keeping the same relative orientations, the same starting point of relative phase angle, and the same relative directions of angular velocities between a mother-cylinder and its sweet daughter-cylinder is necessary with respect to maintaining sweetness. Changing those relationships could change or alter the appropriate internal structural characteristics and relationships induced in both the daughter-cylinder and the mother-cylinder, thus making the daughter-wheel not as sweet. Each cylinder must also maintain a fixed phase angle relationship and orientation with respect to its sprocket wheel to maintain sweetness. There is the opposite consideration with respect to relative mother daughter sweetness. A mother cylinder can upon connection only be completely sweet with respect to only one connected daughter-cylinder. To preserve relative rotational sweetness, if I had to change one of the three primary cylinders (father, mother, and daughter), I replaced them all by new little-rotated versions.
Father-cylinder Mother-cylinder Ideal Rotational Relationships. Even rotationally we always strive for perfection. That is why the bigger and more massive sweet father-cylinder should be yoked to its half-massive perfect-sweet mother-cylinder. The father-cylinder provides strength and stability so as to help diminish sour jerks and rotational deviations. The mother-cylinder has the same identical outer radius as the father-cylinder, for the purpose of maintaining the same structural integrity for the same angular speed. The ideal father-cylinder is twice as long as the mother-cylinder. To be perfect there must be two, but where there are two there is no room for a third. Thus, there cannot be another father-cylinder for the mother-cylinder to be connected to. Also, there cannot be another mother-cylinder for the father-cylinder to be connected to.
Life-like Relationships within Family of Cylinders. The father-cylinder with its greater mass tends to strive for rotational perfection. The mother-cylinder simultaneously needs to deal with a rapidly-rotating energy-productive daughter-cylinder, a slowly rotating son-cylinder often doing work, and an unperturbed husband-cylinder trying to smooth out the bumps. My Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders acts much like some living things. It has just one head of the family, which head is the father-cylinder. Like a rooster with his flock, there is no room for a second rooster. My Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders can hibernate like a bear, it moves from origin to death like an animal, it is energy productive like a plant, it contains memories of its experiences, and it (by its energy production, through its use) makes it possible for other such Sweet Sixteen families of cylinders to come forth. A rotating nuclear-ground-state can provide energy and angular momentum to the lattice of the daughter-cylinder. If another rotating nuclear-ground-state somehow comes into being quite nearby, like an extra added rooster to a flock, there will be a fight between them to the death. The nearby lattice of the girl-cylinder can't absorb all the rotational kinetic energy of both nuclear-ground-states. The one that successfully communicates outward its rotational kinetic energy, keeping its angular speed under control, will not burn itself out from unrestrained local angular speed. The surviving one will in the future continue to "live" by producing useful rotational kinetic energy to the daughter-cylinder. Such fights should be avoided if at all possible.
Moral Thought in Family of Cylinders. Lower forms of life are greatly guided by instinct according to things of the present. As soon as the other rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-state is gone, things somewhat return to normal in the daughter-cylinder, except for the memory of what happened, which memory is embodied in the lattice arrangement. Those memories influence future choices and chances for transfer of energy and angular momentum. We, having moral agency, with guided assistance from God, though bound by our prior unrepentant sins, are guided more by reason and thought
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than by instinct. Thus, if pure (meaning free of sin defects), the present, past, and future all come into consideration. From God, there is one correct standard for proper behavior. Now if it is not good today, it was not good yesterday, and it won't be good tomorrow. Similar consideration applies to the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The father, mother, daughter, and son cylinders are by experience and relationships specially bound to each other. Also, a defect-experienced girl-cylinder has memory of wrong rotational energy transfers in the past, so without being recast as a new structural entity, is physically bound to make or not make those same defective rotational transfers of energy in the future. The bindings can even cause local heating from the rapidly rotating nuclei to spread or extend the defective regions. Such a defect-experienced girl-cylinder, without being recast anew, cannot be free of structural defects for proper rotation transfers. That means it cannot be one hundred percent sweet now and onward according to its prior defectively guided choices for what it did or did not do with produced rotational kinetic energy.
Selection Process for Sweet Rotating Nuclei. The rapidly rotating girl-cylinders are wrong in quickly looking for their permanent partners of rotating nuclear-ground-states from which they can on a sustained basis collect rotational kinetic energy. That is according to my experimental observations, when I have watched the cylinders and the magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels, within the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The first-arising rotating nuclear-ground-states are too quick in angular speed to be long-time dependable in providing useful power. One could say that they have quick emotions. All nuclear-ground-states with quick emotions are irresponsible and short lasting. They can have hot tempers, which can quickly produce much wasted heat and only for a very short time do they transfer rotational kinetic energy to the whole of the girl-cylinder. They go from being very hot to being very cold. The process of selection needs to properly be a slow one to better maintain transference of the most angular momentum to the entire atomic lattice of the girl-cylinder.
Types of Rotational-kinetic-energy Production. There are two kinds of production of rotational kinetic energy for the charitable good of all cylinders -- short term and long term. The short term has production of rotational kinetic energy in the present and only a little in the future. The long term provides production of rotational kinetic energy in the present, past, and future. It is more desirable, as it is sustained production. It is slower and not as sensed with respect to heat generated but it will last longer. Initially during startup, the operator makes sure that gentle power is provided through the son-cylinder so that the mother-cylinder can provide gentle power to the daughter-cylinder by pushing, through their connected repulsive sprocket wheels. See Fig. 89. This can be more easily observed by the lower chain to the son-cylinder being slightly tighter, as it provides the starting power. If we ever effectively observe the daughter-cylinder quickly jumping from being pushed to suddenly doing the pulling, then that would be the incorrect procedure and should not have occurred. The way that the incorrect procedure is observed in practice is that there suddenly is a change from the bottom chain being tight to the top chain being tight. That means that the daughter-cylinder suddenly starts providing much power, but the power is too much, too soon. If at all possible we should avoid that incorrect destructive procedure of cranking up the speed on the daughter-cylinder until the daughter-cylinder jumps or suddenly changes from it being pushed to it suddenly doing the pulling. We don't want to see the tight chain on the bottom suddenly going loose and the top chain suddenly going tight. It induces too many short-term rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states to come into being in the daughter-cylinder. Rather it is better, near the time of the transition to the Sweet Sixteen angular speed in the daughter-cylinder, to very slowly crank up to that Sweet Sixteen angular speed in the daughter-cylinder so that it is just productive. The daughter-cylinder should keep away from any rapidly-rotating nuclear ground state "fast-fellows" trying to quickly begin to rotate too rapidly within the daughter-cylinder. This is especially important the very first time the daughter-cylinder becomes energy productive for the benefit of its long term rotational kinetic energy production. The jumping of the chain may be associated with rapidly-rotating nuclei in the daughter-cylinder that are wholly or quite selfish with respect to retaining rotational kinetic energy. They retain much energy to very near themselves without sharing their rotational kinetic energy charitably with the entire atomic lattice. They have no consideration of what their actions of rotating too quickly in angular speed would locally do to the tender local lattice in the girl-cylinder. The girl-cylinder bound by weak atomic lattice connections could be damaged by the locally energetic power production, so the girl-cylinder
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should have the better deal with respect to transferring outward nearly all the rotational kinetic energy. It should not locally retain much if any extra rotational kinetic energy. If the girl-cylinder doesn't get the better deal, the little nuclei's powerful selfishness is a brutish characteristic that may be extremely hard to train out of it, if it is even possible because of the damaged lattice structures. The rotating nuclear-ground-state that acquires too high an angular speed relative to the surrounding rapidly rotating girl-cylinder would not be gentle on the cylinder locally, if its relative angular speed cannot be limited. The situation causing a fairly quick tightening of the upper chain is not a gentle situation. Such improper advances must be avoided by proper moderation by the mother-cylinder and father-cylinder. It would not be a gentle situation, if the long-term purpose is not known with respect to the eventual state of the relations for power production and outward transfer (of usable energy and angular momentum) at the finest of levels. The purpose of the sweet-girl-cylinder, as it is growing in angular speed, should be to find permanent two-way internal relationships for sustained or long lasting power production. With the angular speed of the rotating nuclear-ground-states limited by full transferring of its extra energy to the girl-cylinder, this would be a permanent relationship but the relationship must be slowly established during the girl-cylinder's rotational youth. The rotational youth occurs at much lower angular speeds. It is not desirable for the girl-cylinder to be around nuclear-ground-states that can't give to the girl-cylinder useable excess energy. If the energy goes to wasted heating in the lattice, then the eventual energy (and angular momentum) will be lost to the cylinder and is not useful for mechanical power production within the cylinder.
Fig. 89. Sprocket wheels for ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Figure 89 Comments. The side view in Fig. 89 (which is much like Fig. 70) is without showing supporting frame, and tire wheels. For the three magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels the outer solid circles represent cement support edges for the magnets. For the daughter sprocket wheel, maybe I should have drawn the outer cement support edge further out, according to the tan circle. Maybe I should have drawn the centers of the magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels slightly closer to each other. The innermost circles represent axles, though the more massive cylinders need larger axles. The next innermost circles, which are tan, represent inner cement edges for the supports of the magnets in the magnetic sprocket wheels. As you may see near the end of my little coded book on p. 27, I am providing you with the unpainted mother example of my magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels so that you may see how they may be constructed. For all the four wheels, the outer short-dashed circles represent outer edges of the solid cylinders. The cylinders do not interfere with each other because of spatial arrangements. Dashed lines in Fig. 89 represent the connecting chain between the mother-cylinder and son-cylinder. The magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels don't interfere with the chain, by further spatial arrangements. The arrows somewhat give relative indications of the angular speed and direction. The son cylinder may actually be much slower than depicted by its arrow length. The out of page directions of the angular velocities for the mother-cylinder and son-cylinder are opposite the into the page directions for the angular velocities for the father-cylinder and daughter-cylinder. The centers of the three main cylinders correspond to the centers of the sprocket wheels.
Sixteen Teeth on Girl's Magnetic Sprocket Wheel. There must be no fewer than 16 teeth on the magnetic sprocket wheels of the girl-cylinders, when interfacing with the 24 teeth on the magnetic sprocket wheels of the mother-cylinders. Again an example of the magnetic sprocket wheel for the mother-cylinder with 24 teeth is shown on p. 27 of my untranslated little book. The magnetic sprocket wheel for the father-cylinder would be similar. Again see sprocket wheel relations in Fig. 89. Exactly 16 magnetic sprocket teeth for the daughter-sprocket wheel allow repeatable associations with the mother-sprocket wheel. Fewer than 16 magnetic sprocket teeth for the daughter-sprocket wheel would increase the angular speed of the girl-cylinder relative to the mother-cylinder or the father-cylinder. The lattice of girl-cylinders with less than 16 magnetic-sprocket-teeth should not be allowed to associate with the over-rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. The lattice of the girl-cylinders rotating at the Sweet Sixteen angular speed should only associate with the permanent partner nuclear-ground-states rotating at the proper angular speed. With over-rotations of the nuclei the hearts of the lattice gets internally bruised or damaged by such exposures of accumulated local energy not redirected to the lattice. By the time they have had many exposures to the nuclei rotating faster than the proper Sweet Sixteen angular speed, the atomic lattices have been bruised so badly that they are no longer good for receiving rotational kinetic energy or angular momentum from the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states within. The hearts of the lattices should have been preserved for later more-favorable permanent situations at the fully-grown-up Sweet Sixteen angular-speeds.
Exchanges Induce Greater Exchanges. The nuclei and lattice start out as slight cooperative exchangers of energy and angular momentum. They may seem to be cooperative sharing friends, but without restraint and because of my ED.L. principle they end up as unstable wanting parties. They each want much more energy and angular momentum. They cannot be just stable gentle friends. A
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stable friend would not ask for greater angular speed, which in turn feeds back greater angular speed in the other in somewhat of a cyclic fashion. With exchanges of energy and angular momentum for higher angular speeds, and with the ED.L. principle, they each assist the other in going to greater out of balance exchanges.
Exchange Disparity with Increased Angular Speed. Let us see what happens, when they are selecting their energy and angular momentum exchange partnerships in their rotational youth long prior to the mature Sweet Sixteen angular speed. These nuclei and local lattice initially effectively select each other based on the likeable amount of useful energy and angular momentum received from the other. Beauty is in the beholder's receiving eye. The rotating nuclear-ground-states receive useful energy and angular momentum from their surroundings, including the surrounding atomic lattice regions. The surrounding atomic lattice regions then receive useful energy and angular momentum from the rotating nuclear-ground-states within. The liking for useful received energy and angular momentum remains but the amount received greatly changes during the time period corresponding to an increase in angular speed (for the lattice) by a factor of 10. The amounts received by both parts of the partnerships change so much that you would not recognize them, if you had not seen them now and then. The rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states get the best part of the deal almost every time, because they also receive energy and angular momentum from my ED.L. principle. By that time they should be fully grown up in angular speed. The rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state will especially receive much more locally-selfish energy and angular momentum from the full surroundings relative to the useful amount that the surrounding lattice receives from the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. Relative to receptions by the rotating nuclei, the surrounding atomic lattices will have faded in capability of reception of useful energy and angular momentum from the nuclei for causing the local lattice regions to rotate as a whole. Such a separate partnership is like a dissolved partnership. Any local lattice regions, which initially formed partnerships with rotating nuclear-ground-states with angular speed five times larger than those lattice regions, are headed for a disappointing partnership with time, as the surrounding lattice regions age in angular speed. The lattice gets very little energy and angular momentum from the rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. The lattice does get many harmful pin points of heat destruction. The rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states get much energy and angular momentum non-beneficially removed by immediately surrounding points of the lattice. This all could be avoided with the right kind of an education. There should have been very little difference in the angular speeds of local lattice and nuclear-ground-state, when initially forming lasting partnerships.
Sheets of Lattice Deformations. Now, here are a few words about many nuclei receiving an education from sheets within atomic lattice school books. There are rapid rotations and extra rotational interactions, which with time deform the lattice pages in the books, as they receive that extra energy and angular momentum in the daughter cylinder. Individual nuclei receive rotational educations of energy and angular momentum from the pages/sheets of those lattice books in our ED.L. schools and homes. All those lattice books and daughter-cylinders
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from twenty-five years ago (that rotationally educated nuclear-ground-states) are wrong now because of accumulated gradual transformations of the lattices. Those lattice books that are good now with respect to teaching correct rotations, will be wrong again twenty-five years from now because of accumulated transformations of the lattices. With proper use, the fast sweet girl-cylinder will last at least twenty-five years in lattice reception sweetness. If the lattice books were wrong long ago, they are wrong now and the rotating nuclear-ground-state that is taught rotation from the wrong lattice sheets is not educated but rather is rotationally misled. All atomic lattices (that because partnerships are written upon) are wrong in some amount because of that writing coming from rotating nuclear ground states. The rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-state who is thus not rotationally educated (to the proper angular speed) cannot write an atomic lattice book of lasting partnerships. The rotating nuclear-ground-state that is rotationally educated by a prior lattice book, while not rotating overly fast is not really educated but is rather rotationally misled from prior rotations. The rotating nuclear-ground-state who is misled cannot write a lattice book which is rotationally correct for the future.
Misled Rotational Education. The misleading began when the far distant rotating nuclear-ground-state ancestors began to teach by passed down example their rotating descendants. They knew nothing in their proper relative non-rotations with respect to the lattice, but they passed on their nil knowledge of not properly relatively rotating to the coming rotating generations. Each rotation of a nucleus is a rotational generation for it. It went so innocently that no cylinder body noticed the lack of proper-relative-rotation education being passed on. That is why the rotating nuclear-ground-states are not properly rotationally educated.
Rotational Education of Wheel and Its Nuclear-ground-states. Now I will tell you what rotational education is, for both the daughter-cylinder and its internal rotating nuclear-ground-states, according to my reasoning. To be educated, the senses, of both the cylinder local lattices and their rotating nuclear-ground-states, need to be refined. They all need to be aware of things and respond to things at a distance through their senses. The cylinder and its nuclear-ground-states begin as brute rotations. They remain and die as
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the same brute rotations and eventually die a rotational death because of friction, if they do not become refined and polished. The rotating nuclear-ground-states need to acquire fine rotations from the distant lattice of the rotating wheel and then to acquire fine further rotations from the two-part gravitons, coming from a great distance by my ED.L. of gravity. The nuclear-ground-states need to gently transmit the acquired energy for the polished-collective benefit of the lattice, if they are not to become selfish dangerous brutes. Coarse internal holes in the lattice prevent it from being internally polished. The coarse internal holes were caused by prior dangerous brutes in the form of energy-selfish rotating nuclear-ground-states. The atomic lattice wheel properly needs to, in a polished fashion, gently sense, send, and receive corrective energy to/from the rotating nuclear-ground-states. It needs to selflessly share and graciously receive from the rotating nuclear-ground-states that they may be rotationally “one” with each other. To not graciously receive gentle energy from the rotating nuclear-ground-states would create a dangerous buildup of rotational kinetic energy by the nuclei. Both coarse internal holes in the lattice as well as unattached nuclear-ground-states within the holes are too coarse to be polished. With refined polished feedback, the main base of rotational education is useful rotational "self-respect". Any wheel-lattice or rotating nuclear-ground-state without such rotational self-respect cannot be educated. The main basis of self-respect is the willingness to gently-rotationally learn from the others, with the self-respectful learning going the other way also. It makes nearly a closed loop. The main foundation of refined rotational education between the lattice and the rotating nuclear-ground-states is they have mutual rotational self-respect relative to each other. The foundations of mutual rotational self-respect is the willingness to learn to diminish angular speed differences with respect to the other, to receive angular momentum from the other for the good of both, to believe only in the angular speed variations that can be proven out by received observations, to possess appreciative acquired angular momentum from the other, and therefore with the help of the other to control their mutual angular speeds.
Limits of Sweet Rotational Education. Now, if a nuclear-ground-state lacks the willingness to learn of and correct for its angular speed variations with the lattice, it will remain as a locally damaging rotational brute. If the nuclear-ground-state does not initially acquire angular momentum from the lattice it would forever remain at a low angular speed, which would later not allow it to increase its angular speed from my ED.L. principle for the later good of the lattice and collected useful power. The rotating nuclear-ground-state should do what is right by benevolently gently sharing useful energy and angular momentum with the lattice. If you believe in acquiring rotations from gravity without there being any proof of it, then any feeble-minded person can lead you. But, I am giving you definite instructions in this decoded little book, whereby you can prove with available tools that rotational kinetic energy can actually and usefully be acquired from gravity on a sustained basis according to my ED.L. principle or my principle of Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity. If a rotating nuclear-ground-state does follow some deviant rotations from the sure body of the cylinder, then any feeble graviton from below can lead it to more rotational deviant behavior. If the rotating nuclear-ground-state lacks correct appreciation for the reception of angular momentum from the lattice, then that takes away the incentive for later acquisition of rotational kinetic energy for the later good of the lattice. If the rotating nuclear-ground-state lacks self-control of its angular speed, then it will never know the proper limit of rotational controlled interaction with the lattice or rather the proper angular-speed limit of its controlled sweetness.
Rotationally Uneducated. So all those rotating nuclear-ground-states and all those surrounding local lattice regions that are lacking these good internal characteristics in their makeup are not rotationally educated.
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Internal
Rotational Domestic Views
Overview Foundation of Domestic Production of ED.L. Rotations. The foundation, of gross physical rotations of wheels about horizontal axes and the fine nuclear-ground-states rotating within, is laid in the smallest relative rotations of finest particle-pairs for the fine gradual growth of total rotations. In the most internal scale ED.L. home, the induced rotations of the finest spirit matter within depend on the surrounding mother nucleus and depend indirectly on all the large more massive fathering matter rotating around the nucleus. The fathering matter consists of other nuclei and atoms external to the nucleus. Though the fathering matter stably moderates the rotations of the nucleus according to its rotational rate, it is the rotational influence of the mother nucleus that mainly establishes, moderates, and limits the rotational growth of the infant spirit charge children-matter-pairs within. The infant spirit-charge children wouldn't have initial rotation if it were not for their parents. That is initially how it is for the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, at all scales. The macroscopic Sweet Sixteen ED.L. home is somewhat similar to the ED.L. home, considered at the most microscopic or sub-atomic scales. Producing useful rotational kinetic energy from gravity is something we desire but we need to learn how to produce this rotational kinetic energy. If we tried to do it with just a single cylinder, there would be associated problems of: how can we provide the initial angular speed to the cylinder so that it can acquire more angular speed, how can we avoid the cylinder rotating so fast that it becomes dangerously unstable or internally destructive, and how can we extract the rotational kinetic energy so that it can be practically used in a useful manner. We can't solve these problems with a single cylinder alone. We need the daughter cylinder to gently interface with another larger, more-massive moderating cylinder, which is the rotational-energy-moderating mother cylinder. See Fig. 89. From the rotational infancy of the daughter cylinder, the rotational progress and shortcomings have depended upon the father and mother cylinders but mainly upon the mother cylinder because of it is the closest and has the most “direct” contact. The responsibility for proper rotational upbringing of the daughter cylinder rests upon its rotating cylinder parents but mainly upon the mother cylinder. The father cylinder provides stability but the mother cylinder provides the most direct lifting and correcting guidance.
Acquired Rotations from Delayed Gravity. Today, each spirit child pair would be rotating more rapidly about a horizontal axis, if their surrounding mother nucleus and more surrounding fathering matter provided a better environment for rotationally raising the pair in greater angular speed. Previously, each individual pair of spirit-charge children was greatly-but-not-completely rotationally-influenced by their surrounding parents. Still, the parents did not by themselves raise the pair of spirit-charge children to greater angular speed about a horizontal axis. The parents by themselves were incapable of doing so. They needed assistance from a fine pair of separate downward pulls within each graviton. According to the two parts of gravity and the prior rotational influence of their parents, there is then an extra influence that earlier pulled down on one lower spirit charge (of the pair) and now pulls down on the higher elevation opposite spirit charge. See the yin-yang figures, Fig. 87 and implied Fig. 88, which I provided near the front of my translated book regarding rotations about a horizontal axis. Because of the time delay between that prior then and the current now, the higher elevation spirit charge of the pair had continued to rotate according to its prior course before it now is also pulled down. This causes the pair of opposite spirit charges to rotate about each other with more angular speed than they previously had under parental control. This extra rotation of the many pairs of opposite spirit charges in turn has an extra unasked for rotation of the mother and then of the completely surrounding father. Now the pair of opposite spirit charges has an extra acquired rotational angular speed, as compared to the prior then. The pair is now rotationally better about a horizontal axis than it was then. I call this principle ED.L. after my own name or Energy from Delayed Leveraging associated with part of gravity being delayed or simply Energy from Delayed Leveraging. The same is true for almost all of the neighboring pairs of opposite spirit charges. They too almost always pick up additional angular speed as they rotate about horizontal axes. Though pull-down parts of some gravitons may be located slightly in front of their other pull-down parts, there are other gravitons located in the opposite order, so that effect almost averages out to nearly the same result as if neither part of gravity were ahead of the other part. Also, whenever both parts of gravity pull down at the same time on both spirit charges of a pair of opposite spirit charges, there will be no angular speed increase. The parental cylinders need to raise the daughter cylinder to large enough angular speed so that because of ED.L the daughter cylinder might be better-raised rotationally than it was.
Overcoming Rotational Friction by ED.L. You can use contractions of muscles of your body to apply mechanical leverage to pedal a bicycle so as to rotate a cylinder about a horizontal axis to larger angular speeds. Any rotational speed increase possible at such a fine level may be technically remarkable but it may not be very noticeable from a practical standpoint, if it doesn't make some sort of a physical mark. Rotational friction, coming from the fathers and then to the mothers, will absorb the small extra rotational kinetic energy produced in the children. Still, if you keep it up, increasing the angular speed of the surrounding fathers and mothers (by low-friction chain-and-magnetic-sprocket-wheel methods from the son-cylinder) to ever greater angular speeds, at some time for a new daughter-cylinder, you will eventually be able to see an increase by itself that is permanent. There will come a point for which there is such an increase in angular speed that the acquired extra rotational angular speed in the spirit-children (within the daughter-cylinder) is so noticeably larger that it is not consumed by low rotational friction in the bearings (for the father, mother, daughter, and son cylinders) and the low-friction connections. At that point it becomes a permanent effect that would by itself progress to greater angular speed. We induced the initial large angular speed and it increased to an even larger angular speed. It could continue to increase until there is a balance between rotational power produced and rotational power removed. In that sense, it is a permanent effect or a physical mark. It applies to any new-solid rotational body you might wish to consider, as long as the rotational friction relative to the total mass is low enough. Thus we see that, to rotationally appear the best we can, we need to acquire learning of such rotational angular speed from others so that by outside gravity we will be able to acquire greater rotational angular speed.
Conclusion of ED.L Overview. I have been studying causal conditions and their resulting effects with respect to ED.L. since 1906 or for 30 years. I conclude this overview of internal rotational ED.L. by saying that I can provide very helpful procedural pointers and lessons learned in the use of the wheels, axles, and cylinders for ED.L. That is why I wrote my little unopened booklet. I supposed that the idea of ED.L. would eventually become widely known. When the idea of ED.L. becomes widely known, I can then provide much valuable information extracted from of my experience and study. I didn't want my acquired knowledge to be wasted, but I didn't want the information given out before people were ready to receive it. With the analyzed opening of my little booklet and with my principle now being known, the time has finally arrived for the information that I so steadfastly-carefully protected and guarded, to go forth to the people of this world. This page 14 and its opposite previously blank-but-now-decoded new page 14 mark the very center of my little book. The previously blank right sides of the book are now figuratively covered with much very fine-tiny writings since my little coded book has been decoded and expanded into a huge book. The internal nucleus is the very center of each atom. The nucleus rotating about an internal horizontal axis is central to rotational energy being picked up from the two-part gravitons, according to my ED.L. principle.
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For G O O D Results. See Matthew 19:17 or Mark 10:18, "there is none good but one, that is, God". Special steps from God must be taken to accomplish g o o d results, from air-gapped Gravity using a non-touching-magnetically-separated father-cylinder O, next to a non-touching-magnetically-separated mother-cylinder O, which is next to a non-touching-magnetically-separated Daughter-cylinder, which Daughter-cylinder especially increases in angular speed. See Fig. 89. The G O O D results are especially the powerful rotational kinetic energy production in the daughter-cylinder, while causing the least wear on bearings and low friction connections, relative to the energy produced. The special steps mean that the mother-cylinder (somewhat after the fashion of sprocket wheels in a watch) needs to carefully watch by direct low-friction physical connections the angular speed of her darling children-cylinders. Again see Fig. 89. The mothering nuclei within the daughter-cylinder need to keep a careful watch on the spirit children charges within. The kinetic energy radiating spirit charge children within will reach a point where they rotate faster than the mothering nuclei of the daughter-cylinder. The daughter-cylinder can be induced to shine by producing her most valued asset of rotational kinetic energy using internal glorious gentle “radiations”. In the harsh extreme, like a rapidly rotating railroad wheel, the daughter-cylinder would increase its rumbling sound as it increases its energy productivity. Such destructive behavior must be completely avoided by watching carefully. The son-cylinder can be induced to shine by providing rotationally useful work outside the ED.L. home. The son-cylinder should provide steady work with a minimum of jerks so as not to cause problems for the ED.L. home. The son-cylinder must not pass on too much energy in too short of a period of time so as not to cause problems for the ED.L. home. The daughter-cylinder should be more carefully watched than the son-cylinder, since the daughter-cylinder needs to both rotate fast enough to be energy productive but not rotate so fast as to become unstable by being overly energy productive and causing internal local heating damage. The valuable energy produced by the daughter-cylinder needs to be carefully cultivated and harvested by the mother-cylinder. The larger mass of the mother-cylinder, relative to the daughter-cylinder or the son-cylinder, provides rotational moderation. That mass ratio is ideally about a factor of eight. The father-cylinder is ideally about a factor of two in mass larger than the mother-cylinder. The ideal factor of 16=8*2 can be quite common in my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The mass of the father-cylinder divided by either a son-cylinder or a daughter-cylinder is ideally about the optimally-sweet factor of 16. There is an angular speed factor of 24/16 for the daughter-cylinder divided by the mother-cylinder. During a production run, there is a fixed angular speed factor for the daughter-cylinder divided by the son-cylinder, which is helpful in watching the angular speed of the daughter-cylinder. These fixed factors allow cylinders to be watched by the operator. Watchfulness is needed, since there is an optimally sweet angular speed for the daughter-cylinder that must not be exceeded, so that the sweet cylinder is not destroyed from within.
Avoid Excessive Angular Speed of Daughter-cylinder Nuclei. Don't allow the angular speeds for the nuclei of the daughter-cylinder to be over fed by gravity until they have grown too large around their middles. Over feeding the girl-cylinder angular speed from gravity can cause an outward force that could structurally slightly curve outward its middle. Over feeding the girl-cylinder can in part be manifest by outward curving of the lower portion of the chain to the boy-cylinder, because of operator neglect. See Fig. 89. Such over feeding can occur when the operator neglects to remove sufficient energy from the ED.L. home. Energy is removed from the ED.L. home by the boy cylinder providing work outside the ED.L. home. One must not allow the nuclei of the daughter-cylinder to become oblate spheroids that are too curved or large, in a central vertical plane (going through each nucleus) that is perpendicular to the polar axis. They must not be too large in equatorial circumference and too short in horizontal polar axis diameter. Especially do not feed the speed at the outermost edges of the daughter cylinder, Rdωd. With air frictional forces being approximately proportional to the square of the speed, (Rdωd)2, those frictional forces can be reduced by a factor of four, if the speed there is reduced by a factor of two, by the radius being reduced by a factor of two from the radius of its father or mother cylinder, Rf = Rm = 2Rd. Do not allow by neglect the total length of the curve around the daughter cylinder (its circumference, p2Rd) to be too large. Actively choose the circumference of the daughter cylinder, p2Rd, to be half the circumference of the father or mother cylinder, p2Rf = p2Rm. Consider the total air frictional force, Fm, on the outermost ideal mother-cylinder-surface, p2RmLm, relative to the outermost ideal daughter-cylinder-surface, p2RdLd. With the frictional forces there on the ideal mother-cylinder-surface, p2RmLm, being about four times as much, with the axial length, Lm, of the ideal mother-cylinder-outermost-surface being twice as much as the axial length, Ld, of the daughter-cylinder-outermost-surface, and with the circumference, p2Rm, of the ideal mother-cylinder-outermost-surface being twice as much as the circumference, p2Rd, of the ideal daughter-cylinder-outermost-surface, then the total air friction there on the ideal mother-cylinder-outermost-surface would be approximately 16 times as much as on the ideal daughter-cylinder-surface, neglecting angular speed. The frictional forces on the mother cylinder also have greater torque than on the daughter cylinder because of the lever arm radii being off by a factor of two = Rm/Rd. Now include everything including angular speed. With relative cylinder axial lengths of Lf = 2Lm = 4Ld, with relative cylinder radii of Rf = Rm = 2Rd, and with relative angular speeds of 24ωf = 24ωm = 16ωd, then the air frictional forces on the outermost portions of the cylinders are Fd = kp2RdLd(Rdωd)2, Fm = kp2RmLm(Rmωm)2, and Ff = kp2RfLf(Rfωf)2 for some constant k. Thus the relative outermost air-frictional-forces on the cylinders are Fd = (9/64)Fm = (9/128)Ff = (3/64)(Fm + Ff). With outermost air-frictional-torques on the cylinders of Td = RdFd, Tm = RmFm, and Tf = RfFf, then the outermost relative air-frictional-torques on the cylinders are Td = (9/128)Tm = (9/256)Tf = (3/128)(Tm + Tf). The air frictional forces and torques for the daughter cylinder are small relative to the corresponding ones for the mother cylinder and/or the father cylinder.
Productivity through Self Restraint. The daughter-cylinder and the son-cylinder, to productively shine, need to restrain themselves. On some of the darkest nights, I have seen a slight shining glow coming from the daughter-cylinder likely from some electrons colliding with rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states at the surface. The daughter-cylinder can internally give off gentle-useful productive radiation, if it is properly restrained. If the daughter-cylinder rotates too fast the rotating nuclear-ground-states within can acquire too much angular speed from gravity. They can rotate much faster than the surrounding daughter-cylinder and cause rumbling and locally cause internally-damaging excessive heating. Such would not be graceful behavior. An unrestrained daughter-cylinder could cause its magnetically-repulsive sprocket teeth to actually touch the magnetically-repulsive sprocket teeth of the mother-cylinder. Other cylinders would notice the daughter-cylinder's lack of restraint by the improper energy going forth, including heat and sound. An unrestrained daughter-cylinder would not notice relative to itself its excessive angular speed but the connected cylinders would notice. If the son-cylinder works without restraint it can ungracefully cause such things as jerking of the work or even snapping of its chain. Other connected cylinders would notice the son-cylinder's lack of restraint, as any jerks are transmitted to them. Even if the son-cylinder has much energy to expend, if the restraining chain is broken, this could stop performance by the expenditure of useful work and the ED.L. could run away. A cylinder which abandons restraint by the chain breaking, doesn't notice its own relative speed relative to itself, as there is no change. Other cylinders would notice the chain break, even if the non-restrained cylinder keeps on spinning, since the rest of the ED.L. home would behave quite differently. If a chain breaks, an emergency brake restraint would need to be applied to keep the system from rotating too rapidly for its own good. If the son-cylinder is unrestrained by abandoning work, when it should provide work, that would lead to run-away situations that are almost as bad as the chain breaking. The son-cylinder might not notice a problem with itself but other cylinders would notice. For example, the son-cylinder not providing work could cause the daughter cylinder to self-destructively not be restrained. If the son-cylinder suddenly uses too much energy in unrestrained fashion, the nuclear-ground-states in the son-cylinder and the chain connection from the son-cylinder might not notice that it is using too much energy but the other cylinders would notice, for example through repulsive sprocket teeth touching (in a manner that should never occur). The other cylinders should not lose their rotational kinetic energy in such an ungraceful manner. They would notice if the kinetic energy reserves are depleted so much that the ED.L. family of cylinders is no longer useful energy productive.
Defect Recognition. If there is something wrong with the angular speed of a wheel, then that is the first thing that is noticed from a global perspective of other wheels or things. From a local perspective a wheel cannot notice its own defective and neglected angular speed. The global perspective works for defect recognition of angular speed because all the macroscopic wheels, in the ED.L. home, are nearly proportional to each other. The linkages of the rotating nuclear-ground-states within the wheels are not direct because of a delayed response. The especially important rotating nuclear-ground-states rotating within the daughter-wheel cannot be directly viewed. Also since the daughter-wheel angular speed is rotating so fast, its angular speed cannot be properly directly recognized from its blur. Instead it would be advantageous to have another slower rotating wheel point it out so that the relative macroscopic angular speed can be better recognized. The slow son-wheel should be of great assistance there. Observations on one cylinder may quickly indicate that something is wrong and could be improved elsewhere in the connected Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Observations on other cylinders may similarly quickly indicate angular velocity defects and neglects on the first cylinder. To correct those defects and neglects, they will need to be pointed out. To directly point out the defects and neglects by the adjoining cylinder
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would not be as meaningful as indirectly pointing them out, because then they may be more recognizable in a proper context. That is why contextual means of pointing out defects and neglects are provided by this book. Here are some more examples of defects and neglects.
Side View of Chain "Mouth". The most striking neglect that should come to the attention of the operator is the side view of the "smiling" mouth formed by the chain going between the ordinary sprocket wheels of the mother and son cylinders. See Fig. 89 for a side view, showing the chain relative to the magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels. The pleasing smile by that chain is always pleasing to the operator, when it is properly regulated on the top and the bottom. When the smile is unrestrained above or below it is not pleasing to the operator. If either unrestrained above or below it means that the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders is not in proper balance with respect to power production and power delivery. When smiling, only the tops of the sprocket teeth should be showing outside the chain. As soon as the bottoms (or "gums") of the sprocket teeth show inside the chain, it spoils the good effect. When the gums are showing this in three ways does harm to all three primary cylinders. There are three manifestations of this common triple harm. First, showing the gums means that there is excess slack, which slack allows questionable performance associated with unexpected short releases and jerks of the chain. Second, it makes too big of an increase of angular speed on the mother-cylinder side of the mouth, which large angular speed can damage the daughter-cylinder and make things unstable. Third, the upper and lower lips of the mouth are then too far apart for proper gripping of the sprocket wheel corresponding to the mother-cylinder. Having the chain thrown outward (with the lips apart) by rapid angular speed is not a proper operating condition, as it is damaging. The mother-cylinder should especially avoid showing an abnormally large side of the mouth, as there should not be slackness or lack of gripping with respect to the chain for the mother-cylinder's sprocket wheel. The mother-cylinder should not do anything to impair the steady long-term energy production, such as allowing the chain coming from it to have too wide a mouth. The daughter-cylinder must not do anything that would impair her best looks of energy productivity, especially in the future. The daughter-cylinder needs to be going fast enough to produce energy, but the daughter-cylinder needs to convey away produced energy so that the internal rotating nuclear-ground-states are properly restrained. The small sprocket-wheel at the mother-cylinder end can look like a rapidly moving star, which need to be more culturally refined and constrained. Also, public "singers" on the mother sprocket teeth (singing with the chain holes rapidly going on and off those sprocket teeth) and others (on the son sprocket wheel end) all need to be more culturally refined and constrained. If the chain mouth is open too wide, due to overly rapid motion, then it would appear that the sprocket wheels lacks refined adherence to the proper standard. If the sprocket wheels knew how bad it looked, then they wouldn't be doing such with their drive chains. No doubt the "singers" have been practicing before
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a looking glass, but a looking glass only shows the front view. The front view does not show the chain in a side view, with such an enormous opening. Later in this decoded little book I will show you a front view, which you could have seen in my little coded book, if you knew where to look for it. When looking at the front view, the chain is apparently restrained to only be going in a vertical direction. They don't know how bad it actually looks when looking from the side. The looking glass shows only the front view so it does not show the neglects and defects that show up in the side view. Those neglects and defects need to be pointed out by somebody else with a side view, such as in Fig. 89.
Preferable Defect Recognition by Own Family Cylinders. It is painful for the daughter-cylinder to feel the hot pin points of the very-closely-associated rotating nuclear-ground-states within, which come about if the daughter-cylinder neglects to hold down its speed to a reasonable amount. It is painful for the son-cylinder to be jarred from other external connections, when it has bitten off too much work to do in too short a time. Such ways are not friendly ways of receiving information about neglects and defects. It is better to receive information about neglects and defects from other cylinders of one's own Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The mother and father parent-cylinders will not embarrass the children-cylinders when providing information about those neglects and defects early on. The mother-cylinder to the children-cylinder should especially provide valuable feedback, preferably while the children-cylinders are in their rotational infancies.
Proper Chain Rotational Direction. The first thing that the side-view observer needs to do is to watch the chain-mouth of the rotational infant son-cylinder, which is connected to the mother-cylinder. See Fig. 89 for the chain location relative to the cylinders. External power is initially supplied to the son-cylinder. Depending upon the initial rotational direction, this starting power would cause either the upper or the lower portion of the chain to be stretched nearly taunt, so that all the cylinders can rotationally grow in angular speed. That would mean for the bottom of the chain-mouth hanging open that the top portion of the chain-lip would need to be stretched tight while initially rotationally growing. Then, when fully grown rotationally, associated with the daughter-cylinder providing power,
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there would be a reversal of the tightness and looseness. That would cause the chain-lips to be too close together for a proper unobstructed fit. Those portions of the chain could interfere with each other. I (Ed) recommend you use the reverse process, as you raise your baby son cylinder. During infant rotational growth, the chain needs to be stretched tight on the lower portion of the mouth and looser in the upper portion of the chain so that when fully grown rotationally, the upper portion of the chain will often be stretched tight (or tighter) and the lower portion of the chain will be looser. That puts a smile on the chain-mouth in the long run, with less chance of the portions of the chain interfering, during normal extended operation. This allows there to be less contact between the chain and the ordinary sprocket wheels during normal operation. That also means that the rotation of the chain (of the mother cylinder and of the son cylinder) needs to be counterclockwise, as is indicated in Fig. 89.
Mothers Moderate Children's Angular Speed. The mothering cylinders (and especially within the mothering daughter-cylinder) should keep close watch on the behavior of their children nuclei within. As soon as the cylinders notice by communicated energy produced, any ungracefully excessive action or contraction within, the mothering cylinder needs to immediately correct the ungraceful action, since the actions leave their effects. If the nuclei within the daughter-cylinder speed up too much, too rapidly, the mothering daughter-cylinder immediately and with the delayed assistance of the mother-cylinder need to slow down those nuclei to avoid unfortunate effects left by the nuclei rotating too rapidly in an uncontrolled manner. Also if those nuclei within the mothering daughter-cylinder slow down too much in angular speed, the mothering daughter-cylinder (with the delayed help of the mother-cylinder) needs to immediately speed them up before the cylinder and the spirit charge children within become energy unproductive. To small rotational children, who are growing in angular speed, it doesn't matter how ugly the scar pits look. But when they are grown up to the Sweet Sixteen angular speed, they will be most productive of rotational kinetic energy, if their face and interior have not been pitted or scared by previously unrestrained rapidly rotating nuclear-ground-states. With more interior scars and pits, the rotating nuclei would be less able to communicate outward their acquired rotational kinetic energy. A disfigured face and interior cannot be satisfactorily energy productive. The foundation for the cylinder's energy productivity will need to be laid while the rotational angular speed is small. There should be a very gradual buildup of initial macroscopic angular speed prior to being kinetic energy productive.
Chain Should Gracefully Smile at All Times. I provided simultaneous conditions for the chain applicable to the transition as well as both when the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders is growing toward energy productivity and when the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders is energy productive. See Fig. 89 for reference. -- Here are some of the specific chain conditions, when the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders is growing in energy toward energy productivity. A graceful slight smile or curve of the chain is pleasing in side view, so as to decrease total bearing friction and to indicate proper balance between progress toward energy production and gently establishing lasting energy production. If the smile is not perfect, the effect of its future pleasing energy production is marred. To obtain more lasting results for energy production, with a minimum of complications, I advise you follow these heuristic constraints. Don't allow the top portion of the chain-mouth to smile too big. Don't separate the sprocket wheels too wide so as not to make the mouth too wide. The smile should not be too wide. There should only be a slightly curved smile on the bottom portion of the chain. The bottom curve should curve less than the top curve. There needs to be enough of a slight smile below to help keep the bottom portion away from the top portion of the chain. Don't rotate so fast so as to draw the chain near both ends away from the gums. On the top portion of the chain, don't allow that upper portion of the lips to smile so much that the chain covers or droops over more of the gums, meaning the bottoms of the ordinary sprocket teeth. This means there should only be a slightly curved smile on the upper portion of the chain. Don't draw either of the lips to one side more than to the other. Relative to the sprocket centers, there should be a balancing of the chain curve angles, where they contact the sprocket wheels on each side. Don't draw both lips to one side so as to avoid the chains touching, colliding, and getting terribly twisted there, when they contact or interfere with each other. The concern is especially on the mother-cylinder side, where the ordinary sprocket wheel diameter is less. -- At the gradual transition to energy productivity, there should be a gentle exchange of the smiling curves between the upper and lower portions of the chain. It should gently transition from slightly smiling more above to slightly smiling more below. None of the previously mentioned anomalies of the lips should occur during the transition. -- Here are the specific chain conditions, when the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders is energy productive. Energy must be gently removed to maintain these conditions. A graceful slight smile or curve of the chain is pleasing in side view, so as to decrease total bearing friction and to indicate proper balance between energy production and use. If the smile is not perfect, its energy productive pleasing effect is marred. To obtain more energy productive results, with a minimum of complications, I advise you follow these heuristic constraints. Don't allow the bottom portion of the chain mouth to smile too much by opening the bottom portion of the chain-mouth too wide. Don't have too much friction by the mouth being too wide, by the mother and son ordinary sprocket wheels being separated too far apart. On the top portion of the chain, don't allow energy production to decrease so much that the upper portion of the lips smiles so much that the chain covers or droops over more of the gums meaning the bottoms of the ordinary sprocket teeth. This means there should only be a slightly curved smile on the upper portion of the chain. The top curve should curve less than the bottom curve. The top smiling curve should be more nearly straight than the top smiling curve. Don't draw either of the lips to one side more than to the other. Relative to the sprocket centers, there should be a balancing of the chain curve angles where they contact the sprocket wheels on each side. Don't draw both lips to one side so as to avoid the chains touching, colliding, and getting terribly twisted there, when they contact or interfere with each other. That concern is especially on the mother-cylinder side, where the ordinary sprocket wheel diameter is less.
Things to Avoid While Growing in Angular Speed. During the initial time period when angular speed should be growing within the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, there should not be too much smiling on the upper portion of the chain-mouth connecting the mother-cylinder and the son-cylinder. See Fig. 89 for reference to the son-cylinder rotating too fast, too soon, having too much of a smile on the son's upper chain. Such excessive smiling (causing the daughter-cylinder to rotate too fast, too soon) will in due time
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produce permanent decreases in the angular speed of the sprocket wheels located in the sides of the mouth. It would be better to save the smiles until the daughter-cylinder is grown up in full gentle production of rotational kinetic energy and then put those gentle smiles more especially in the lower chain. The angular speeds of the daughter-cylinder and the son-cylinder should be watched closely, while they are growing in angular speed. The fingers of the sprocket wheels at the ends of the chain-mouth must not cause the chain-mouth to be opened too wide by overly-rapid angular speed of the chain throwing the chain outward, as if jamming two objects (the two sprocket wheels) into the mouth that are too big. The two sprocket wheels at the ends of the chain-mouth must not both be too big in angular speed. The fingers of the sprocket wheels at the ends of the chain-mouth must not cause the chain-mouth to be stretched above and below too tightly as the extra friction in the chain would promote a decrease in angular speed. The fingers of the sprocket wheels at the ends of the chain-mouth should not be stretched tight only below (making an ugly face), by providing too much manual input energy too soon, since the proper conditions must be approached in a gentle fashion. As another reason for the chain-mouth not being made into too ugly of a face with the bottom portion of the chain being straight, the top portion must then not dip so low that it touches and interferes with the bottom portion of the chain-mouth. All those actions should be forbidden for the sake of future sustained production of rotational kinetic energy by the rotating nuclear-ground-states within the daughter-cylinder.
Front View of Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders. You should train your eyes to narrowly look out through their middles between both lids to three-dimensionally diffractively view the middle of the tiny somewhat-rectangular, home-like little-book picture that I artistically drew for you and now show to you on the cover of my encoded little book. Neither look at the forehead of the face of my little home picture nor look at its chin. Look at its bright "eyes" and equalize the lens blurring diffractions from both spots to just the properly trained amount. If you squint both your eyes just right, it will then produce surprised creases on your forehead, as you view more and more of my little ED.L. home from the front. See Fig. 90 as a clue to that view. The Fig. 90 does not show much of the chain. The figure does not show the supporting frame, complete axles, and tires. You may then see in the light of day, in perspective three-dimensional-view with shadings, the front of a large example of my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, which ED.L. home I used to produce my coral home. A large view of the little picture may more easily allow both your eyes to be used in viewing, if you use properly equalized diffraction with both your eye lids, since that is what I did while I produced it. -- Two gray or dark tires support the horizontal father-cylinder portions of white coral rock, which ideal father-cylinder is approximately twice as long as the ideal mother-cylinder in front of it. Both parent-cylinders-portions have the same radius for reason of the same structural dynamics. Two dark-gray tires support the white-coral mother-cylinder portions. The left tire/wheel supporting the mother-cylinder portions shows a dark hubcap at its very outer-end middle. Extra mass in the axles for the father and mother cylinders help to account for the missing middle portions of those cylinders. Each white-coral child-cylinder is approximately half the radius and half the length of the ideal mother-cylinder. That means that the mass of the ideal father-cylinder and axle is approximately 16 times the mass of a child-cylinder and axle. Each of the four “cylinders” rotates about its own horizontal axis of symmetry, using ordinary bearings. The children-cylinders are shown to be centered in front, though it would not need to be built that way. The entire father, mother, and daughter cylinders could have been alternately aligned along their line of magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels, but that is not how I currently built it. The fast daughter-cylinder is above the son-cylinder so that the daughter’s symmetric-center lies on an invisible line formed by the symmetric-centers of its parents (or see the “visible” horizontal line of symmetric-centers in Fig. 89). The son-cylinder is below the daughter-cylinder and out in front, as I later show according to portions of other side views of the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The ordinary sprocket wheel for the son-cylinder is on the right side of the son-cylinder. Again see Fig. 90 for somewhat of an approximation of the front view of my Sweet Sixteen family-of-cylinders, without showing the things in perspective view, and without showing the framework, complete axles and supporting wheels/tires. None of the cylinders touch the shaded ground of the road. There is a metal frame above the mother-cylinder, which not only provides extra mechanical support for the mother-cylinder, daughter-cylinder, and son-cylinder, but it and the father-cylinder’s supporting tires also provides mechanical support for the father-cylinder. That frame could on many occasions be used to help haul blocks around. It is being used as a slow trailer to help move Rock Gate Park. If you see Rock Gate Park being moved, during this year of 1936, then you may see the primary structural support for my Sweet Sixteen family-of-cylinders, with the bottom of the frame well hidden. I am taking the chance of leaving my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders well hidden within/under the frame during this move. I am doing that because I constantly need it to do much at both locations during the move so I always need it available to me. The son-working-cylinder is somewhat supported by two outer big "toe" tires with almost the same axle length as the mother-axle. The extra mass of the axle of the son-cylinder allows the son-cylinder to not be quite as large as the daughter-cylinder. The reasons for this relatively long length of son-cylinder-axle are: so that it can chain connect with sprockets near the exposed axle of the mother-cylinder to a large sprocket on the son-axle, so that bumps in the road do not cause the son-axle to change orientation much, so that it can be easily hooked to a manual starter system, and so that there are a variety of sizes/places for the working cylinder to provide work externally. The nearest portion of the frame rides on two small gray "toe" wheels out in the front to provide stability. In front of my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, road mirages appear reflecting from the road's surface. -- The flat-straight road continues on behind my Sweet Sixteen family-of-cylinders. In perspective view, the road leads straight off to the horizon where a huge block home may be found on the horizon. My Sweet Sixteen family-home of cylinders is the gate for the road that both led to building my home of stone and in earlier form led to building the pyramids. Besides looking like a roof top, I drew the road beyond the frame of my Sweet Sixteen to also look somewhat like a pyramid. My Sweet Sixteen family-of-cylinders can also in special situations be a type of vehicle which could have been used for hauling blocks of stone along old "roads". The roads could have both led to building my home of stone and long ago led to building the pyramids. One ED.L. home leads to another ED.L. home, etc. One uses my ED.L. principle to follow the straight road using rotations about horizontal axes, as I have explained in this translated book. -- Three new-complete stone-sentinel-columns stand guard off or near the edges of the road, which cylinders may be used later, if caused to rotate with axes of symmetry about horizontal axes. These three columns are the same relative sizes as the three ideal primary cylinder types in my Sweet Sixteen family-of-cylinders. The smallest cylinder is just barely standing on the road, as the daughter-cylinder provides the road. The father and mother cylinders are the guardians of the road. -- All sweet ED.L. family homes have and will lead to other sweet ED.L. family homes with this process going on forever, but visibly much further back in the past than we can currently see in space. -- See Fig. 91 for an implied top view of the Sweet Sixteen family-of-cylinders without showing the supporting frame, the complete axles, the tires, and the wheels. The father, mother, and daughter cylinders almost form somewhat of a triangular or inverted pyramid shape. Fig. 92 is another top view after a 90 degree rotation. I am providing the road and the vehicle on the road for knowledge of energy self-sufficiency, for the benefit of those coming later. -- I am the road. I now reveal a small version of myself that I drew on the middle and on your right side of the far road, while I'm standing on top of the frame of my ED.L. Sweet Sixteen family-home. The frame supports ED.L. The frame can easily support my weight, since it can support the weight of a block of stone. I am now standing facing you while wearing a white suit and a black mortarboard hat shading my face. I am holding in my right hand, in front of my suit, a tilted dark-color version of my Book within and about Every ED.L. Home. Also, with my straight left arm I not only present to you my ED.L. Sweet Sixteen family-of-cylinders-home upon which I am standing but I also point out a lower elevation light-color different-tilt version of my book. The two books are offset in elevation and in horizontal location. The letters of the book have been rotated relative to each other. This allows a leveraging to be applied by the two parts of gravity to rotating matter, as I explain in my little book. With rotational locations of the smallest portions of matter considered as letters, there is truly a book in every rotating ED.L. home, which book changes with time, according to the new tiny rotations within. I am looking with my face directed to my left and down at the light-colored book that I am pointing to, so that the top edge of the mortarboard is square-flat and not pointed. The smallest neutral portions of my ED.L. rotational-home obtain rotational Energy from gravity according to Delayed Leverage associated with the degrees of rotation of fundamental matter about horizontal axes, in between the times of the two parts of gravity absorption. Can you see the huge leverage angle difference (slightly more than a quarter of a turn) corresponding to the relative tilting of the books and letters of the books (previous-below versus now-above)? I have previously graduated and I am now a full degree master or full professor in the ED.L. college. With my practical knowledge gift to you, I fully expect you, to in turn, graduate much further ahead of where you would have been otherwise. The ED.L. college has trained many ancient masters, though that training has long ago and currently been lost or suppressed by some of the most powerful and supposedly "educated". Consider the history concerning the pyramids and concerning the ancient yin-yang symbol. Books can be destroyed but manifestations of the ideas continue. See Fig. 87 and Fig. 88, which figures speak of two separate absorptions. Consider the greatly-flawed theories of gravity by Newton and Einstein. Those flawed theories don't include any sinks or rather absorptions for discrete gravity, which discrete absorptions cause the “forces” due to gravity. Those flawed theories also mistakenly lump both discrete parts of the impulses of gravity together into a single local force (or worse yet a single local curvature of the geometry of space-time), when there must actually be two separate attractive discrete-absorptive pulls down usually at different times. Also consider the long-standing extreme-academic suppression of any alternative energy-non-conservative viewpoints. To say one has a gravity-powered perpetual-motion machine has been heresy in the greatest degree, but that is what I present to you here. The world will learn the truth of this heresy. The skeptics say they just want some proof, so here I present much proof. If you build this, my Sweet-Sixteen family-of-cylinders and explicitly follow my detailed instructions, you will have all the proof-energy that you need. -- ED.L. -- Gravity is a very special attractive two-part form of very simple light. I now explain two dots that I placed in my little-book picture. Those two dots are parallel to the right edge of the road and separated from the road edge by me (ED.L.). Their lightness arrangement, of white above black, is the same with respect to relative elevations, as many things that I have shown in my little book, including Fig. 87 or the yin-yang symbol, sans dots. That lightness arrangement is intended to help represent my ED.L. principle. There is a white dot to my right side of my head and somewhat above my right elbow. There is a black dot far below me and to my left. That black dot is directly below the rightmost (my leftmost) visible-rectangular portion of the father cylinder (or directly below the “window” or “eye” on your right). The line between the two dots nearly corresponds to the line going from my right shoulder to my left foot. The line between the two dots goes through my left foot. The center of rotation for the two dots is between me and my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, near the upper left corner of the rightmost (my leftmost) visible white rectangle of the mother cylinder. The two dots serve as another visible reminder of my principle that the two separate pulls down of gravity are often separated in elevation and horizontal position. For objects rotating about horizontal axes, the delayed pull-down at the higher elevation often imparts extra rotational energy or ED.L. I now explain two more dots that I placed in my little-book picture. Those two more dots are parallel to the left edge of the road and separated from the road by me (ED.L.). The dots have the same lightness conventions as the dots shown in my decoded yin-yang symbol of Fig. 88. The same ED.L. principle still applies. These opposing pull-down dots are extremely-separated edge dots, as a reminder that ED.L. can be a great effect. There is a black dot near the upper right corner and a white dot in the lower boundary of the picture. Even the way that I hold my little-book artistic drawing up by the opposite diagonal corners is suggestive of possible differences in elevation and horizontal positions of the two pull downs of gravity, according to my principle of ED.L. I meant all these things to be subtle yet clear after much consideration.
Fig. 90. A front view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 91. An implied top view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 92. Another top view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Different Side Views. Here are differently “disguised” side views of my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. In case one leg is shorter for a person walking, then one shoulder could sometimes be lower than the other. If one views the full side view of the sprockets in Fig. 89 after a 90 degree rotation, then in Fig. 93 the “leg” of the mother-cylinder to the daughter-cylinder would be shorter than the “leg” from the mother-cylinder to the son-cylinder. In Fig. 93, a magnetically-repulsive sprocket-tooth diameter in the head/shoulder of the father-cylinder would be going up on the side with the longer leg and down on the side with the shorter leg. That situation can be “disguised” with rotational stooping by viewing the figure so that others might not notice it by stooping or rotationally tilting the Fig. 93 so that the ends of both legs have the same nearness to the ground. In pretend “walking” on the legs in Fig. 93, the longer leg takes shorter slower steps which could rotationally tip or stoop the figure over. Upon stooping the shorter leg takes longer-faster steps, urgently needed to rotationally tip the figure back to its near vertical position as in Fig. 93. Little progress is made with such ungraceful walking, with such opposing motion. -- Using power from the son cylinder, the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders could gracefully move or “walk” itself along the straight flat-horizontal road that I drew for you on the front cover. The two small supporting toe wheels should be a carried out a little to the side so that one can "walk" or move with better structural support. Also for more stable graceful structural support, the two small-toe supporting wheels for the frame are out in front of the son-cylinder, while the two powering-son-cylinder big toe-wheels touch the ground, as toes normally do. See the tiny picture on the front cover of my little book for the further out locations of the big and small toes. Fig. 94 shows a view (from the side) of the small toe-wheels. Both small toe wheels appear to be at the same location in that side view. Two larger-radius big-toe narrow-wheels support the son-cylinder from the side. Those big-toe narrow-wheels are out to the side as might be seen in the little picture that I provided for a front view. All the toe wheels keep my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders from stooping or tipping over. Normally shorter steps would make more graceful the walking for those with different sizes of legs, as verified by the different sizes of supporting wheel-legs in Fig. 94. The wheels, at the end of the “legs”, provide the very shortest of steps. The wheels for supports for the father and mother cylinders in Fig. 94 somewhat appear as lifting “high heels” for such “feet”. Fig. 89 could be considered as a greatly stooped backward version of Fig. 93. For those who, as suggested in Fig. 93 might need to stoop over because of a shorter leg, other high
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heels used in the shorter legs would help to keep their bodies more erect.
Fig. 93. A rotated side view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Fig. 94. A side view of my ED.L.'s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders showing small toe-wheel location.
Reasons Girl-cylinder Leg Shorter. Often young girls have shorter legs than old boys so this requires those girls to take many-more smaller steps than those boys, to go the same distance. Such is the case with my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Smaller steps might appear to be taken by the girl-cylinder leg than the longer boy-cylinder leg, since the girl-cylinder leg is shorter than the boy-cylinder leg, as seen in Fig. 93. These are reasons why the daughter-cylinder leg is shorter than the son-cylinder leg. By the girl-cylinder leg being shorter, it allows a close magnetic sprocket connection with the mother sprocket-wheel, while maintaining low friction. By the girl-cylinder leg being shorter, the body of the girl-cylinder neither jumps up and down as much nor swings from side to side as much as the boy-cylinder leg, as somewhat suggested in Fig. 94. The position tolerances in the girl-cylinder magnetically-repulsive-sprocket-wheel leg connection are more critical than the position tolerances in the boy-cylinder leg chain connection.
Study-Train Best Modelled Rotational Nuclei. Through study of various mothering-cylinders, the mothering-operator needs to study the best long-term productive rotating-nuclei-children within, to select out the best training model for training the most long-term productive rotating-children. I have studied various cylinders including the daughter-cylinders and son-cylinders under a variety of conditions, so as to produce the most long-term effective children within. I expect you to continue in this study. So far my studies have provided or picked out some conclusions. The study and teaching, if done gently, in nurturing fashion, at the gradually-approached, never-exceeded lowest Sweet-Sixteen productive angular-speeds of the surrounding mothering daughter-cylinder, assists in the selection of the most long-term useful-energy-productive rotating nuclear-ground-states.
Check List. All these need to be checked by an ordered list prior to starting up and producing power: same directionality of magnetic sprocket wheels, same directionality of cylinders, magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels need to be in prior standard phase relationships to each other, magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels need to be in prior standard phase relationships to their respective cylinders, cylinder horizontal positions firmly in place, sprocket wheels' horizontal positions firmly in place, cylinder bearings lubricated sufficiently, cylinder bearings in place, stable magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels squeezed into proper relative places (not into unstable magnetically-attractive places), cylinders swept, cylinders having no cracks, chain in correct locations along its axes, chain not to interfere with anything, chain not stretched too much, chain with proper tensions, chain lubricated, other bearings lubricated sufficiently, other bearings in place, external connections for removing excess power, external connections for producing initial power, external connected wheels, starting device connections, tires at correct locations, tires blocked, external brake set, cylinder brake removed, gear properly set, emergency stops prepared, and goggles on (or covering in place about Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders). The priority and order can change according to the required situations. Any external connections through the son-cylinder mean more checking. Past behavior may suggest modifications to the check list. Someone needs to make sure that everything has been examined and approved. A few slow rotations (in the specified rotation direction) for the most rapid angular speed daughter-cylinder are needed to double check the interconnections. All the checks are to be done to save embarrassments that could arise within the Sweet Sixteen family-of-cylinders or externally. It by necessity needs to be a properly concerted effort of the whole family of cylinders in the ED.L. home. Embarrassments could include a multitude of situations, with a partial list including: needing to return to a stop as tension was wrong, needing to return to a stop as the chain connection ratio was incorrect, needing to return to a stop as there was no way to waste excess power produced, brakes not set according to desired gear, rupturing of a cracked cylinder, magnetic teeth chattering due to wrong phase connections, flying debris causing problems, and needing to return to a stop as something should have been lubricated. With my alternating poles in my sprocket teeth, a slight horizontal misalignment of the magnetic sprocket wheels would mean embarrassing attractive instability rather than the desired repulsive stability.
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External
Rotational Political Views
Basis for External Rotational Reasoning. Before I say anything about the governing of rotations transmitted externally from the energy-productive Sweet-Sixteen family of wheels, let's establish a basis for reasoning. All our good rotational ideas should produce good and lasting rotational results. Anything that is rotationally good now would have been rotationally good in the past and it will be rotationally good in the future, under any same good circumstances. Any rotational idea that is not covered by this broad basis is not good rotationally. For example, all lines of good rotational transmission need to retain the rotational kinetic energy, without the energy being lost to friction. That applies both to the prior upstream situations and the future downstream situations. As another example, if a good object is not at all rotating, it remains not at all rotating in the future by gravity and it was in the past not at all rotating by gravity.
Correctly Non-rotating. To be rotationally right, meaning correctly non-rotating, one's right-finest-thoughts on what is non-rotating must be based on actual natural measurements from the finest levels. One can only tell what is non-rotating with respect to the greatest-mothering natural-rotational frame (in which gravity travels in straight lines), by direct measurements of rotations relative to that frame. That allows one to determine whether something is correctly non-rotating meaning rotating with respect to that greatest-mothering natural-rotational frame. That is an empirical relative basis of rotational right and rotational wrong.
Definition of Rotationally-Right Non-rotating Object. My definition of a rotationally-right non-rotating object is any object in nature that exists without any artificial rotational modification and all other rotating objects are rotationally-wrong (meaning rotating). A rotationally-right object is perfectly nonrotating. Gravity does not change the rotation angles of a rotationally-right non-rotating object. The earth is rotationally wrong, but only a little wrong. It slowly rotates once a day. Gravity provides some heating for the rotating earth.
Rotationally Right Versus Rotationally Wrong. Suppose that I am correctly affixed to a rotationally-right object. Suppose that you are rotating with respect to this rotationally-right object. Now you might say that my rotationally-right object is a rotationally-wrong object. You might say that I am affixed to a rotationally-wrong object. We observe that we are both rotating with respect to each other. Only at most one of us can be rotationally-right. Since I am the one that is rotationally-right, I would say that you are rotationally-wrong yourself because you came into this rotating world through natural rotationally modifying circumstances that you had nothing to do with. So as long as such
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a different rotating thing exists as yourself (where you acquire rotations because of your prior rotations), I am rotationally-right and you are rotationally-wrong. If two frames/objects are both rotationally-right, they must not rotate relative to each other. The two rotationally-right frames/objects may have different translational velocities, but they do not rotate relative to each other. In both rotationally-right frames, discrete gravity travels in straight lines. In neither rotationally-right frames would discrete gravity travel in a curved path. That is fine theoretically but there needs to be a natural practical application. Only those objects are rotationally-right, for which gravity going to them will, when absorbed by the objects, not cause the objects to be inclined to naturally different rotations. The object which is rotationally-right is non-deviating from its express direction in accordance to its absorbed gravity not causing it to rotate more. Consider that bad or wrong thoughts cause greater deviations from the correct path or direction, when one is taking and staying on a morally-wrong path. There is only one absolute morality coming to us from God. There is no relatively-correct morality that is correctly different from God's morality.
Friction Counters Rotations. There is a natural tendency for all rotationally lively things to take it easy rotationally. You watch any ordinary rotationally lively thing you want to, and you will see that as soon as they fill up with angular speed about a horizontal or prone axis, they will tend to take it easy rotationally, because of friction. They slow down in angular speed to a stationary location, with respect to their surroundings, about the prone rotational axis. Friction can cause heating.
Good Management Overcomes Rotational Ease. The physical rotational comfort or the rotational ease is the only thing in this world that tends to satisfy rotationally. We are drawn to it. It cannot be overdone since rotational speed is always nonnegative. Rotating the other way is also a rotation. It is the basis of all our rotational actions. All moving wheels cannot take things rotationally easy because there is too much competition from other moving and rotating wheels. Only those wheels which possess good rotational management will succeed in overcoming rotational ease by exploiting domestic animals, independently-moving automatically-powered devices, machinery, other wheels, natural moving resources, and the amazingly-abundant energetic-natural-resource of the two-part gravitons.
Production and Consumption of Rotational Energy. Everything energetic in this universe will have to be produced, if it is to be consumed. We get much energetically from the sun and the sun produces because of the rotational energetic ED.L. principle. To those entities which have to energetically produce the things that they consume, their consumption of energy is not making it easier for them to produce energy. It takes energy to produce energy. My Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders requires energy to produce energy. The energy produced then needs to later be consumed. The rotating systems, which pass on rotational kinetic energy beyond my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, consume rotational kinetic energy. If the rotating systems do not also produce rotational kinetic energy themselves, then they will be consuming their easy rotational future so that a difficult rotational future will be coming to them, with the loss of their rotational kinetic energy.
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Government of External Rotations Protects Necessary Property. You have been told that government is for the purpose of protecting "life" and property. The government of external rotations is more correctly for the purpose of protecting necessary "property" and life. No rotational body wants your life but every rotational body wants or desperately needs your property. Every rotational body requires its own rotational mass-self. Every rotational body needs rotating mass-self, for the purpose of continued extraction of rotational kinetic energy from the two-part gravitons, which gravitons come from beneath your property. The government of external rotations protects the life-like physical property of rotational kinetic energy, which every rotational body by friction would want to destroy. Every rotating body desires that life-like physical property of rotational kinetic energy.
External Energy-property Conquering. In International dealings, when an army conquers the land, they often don't want the people, they want the physical property. Similarly in the external dealing beyond my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, the conquering of the graviton producing land requires the ownership of the physical property of rotational kinetic energy, which requires ownership or control of the rotational property of the cylinders rotating at Sweet-Sixteen angular speeds about horizontal axes. As the cylinders rotating at the energy productive Sweet-Sixteen angular speeds cover the land, they must be well controlled by the conquering army, to suppress any local rebellion. The powerful controlling forces of the army must regularly spread out over the supply lines of power, establishing "forts" at regular intervals to put down insurrections. The thieves and the bandits are a part of the controlling process. The friction-sneak-thieves desire the rotational kinetic energy, which they always take when you are not looking. You never see them, as they do their sly work. They don't care about you as they know their disguises are too good for you to see them coming, as they extract rotational kinetic energy from the energy productive cylinders rotating at Sweet Sixteen angular speeds. Standing guard or robbing every energy-productive cylinder is a more massive slower rotating bandit-cylinder. This larger domineering cylinder, as part of the supply line, plays the controlling and power extraction roles of a mother-cylinder. It can siphon off excess energy-money, if need be to maintain balance. The bandits are the size and angular speed of the mother-cylinders, relative to the daughter-cylinder that its bandit is guarding (or brazenly extracting rotational kinetic energy money from). The bandits are directly connected to each other, by chains/cables connected to equal large-radius sprocket wheels/cylinders. For stability purposes, the bandits and their guarded daughter-wheels/cylinders are generally smaller in size and mass than the upstream source cylinders in the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. They are not required to be eight times smaller because of the extra friction that is not present in the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Chains/cables of them act somewhat as a power conduit. The thieves and bandits won't harm you as long as you let them have the energy they want. How could you stop the energy-larceny anyway? If you push the rotating cylinders faster yourself, you would with great local pains (with destruction of lattice sweetness in the guarded daughter-wheels/cylinders) only give the thieves and bandits temporarily more energy to remove. If you try to stop the cylinders, you would do damage to yourself and the cylinders' capabilities. No, you need to let them take control of the cylinder-property. Hopefully, after they have had their way, they will leave energy-life intact. The energy-life upstream in the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders may even be helped, as the external transfer of energy helps avoid too much energy accumulating at the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders source. The downstream captive-daughter-cylinders need to be operating at Sweet Sixteen angular speeds as there needs to be energy-money for the thieves and bandits to take. They take much but they don't take so much that the energy-lives of the downstream cylinders are taken.
Protection of Power by Selective Energy Removal. Now you see no rotational body wants to take away the power-life of the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders or any of the downstream cylinders rotating at Sweet Sixteen angular speeds. They only want some of the energy-property produced. You are the protector of the power-property, as you decide how much of the energy-property is allowed to be removed, at the working end often downstream, so as to keep its power-life in balance. All land-property is intrinsically valuable according to its capability of being extremely-energetically productive. You are the protector of your land-property by controlling your energy production on it.
Just Energy Taxes Based on Energy Production. If any rotational kinetic energy government spends more energy than it justly acquires by proper taxation, it is doomed to failure. Such an excessively-spending government will decline to a rotational death. To be lasting, government of rotational energy must be just. This means it will have to protect all the energy-property alike and all the energy-property will have to pay equal taxes. That means big energy-property is taxed with big energy-taxes. Small energy-property is taxed with small energy-taxes. The taxes are the inefficiency costs to friction explicitly required to run the rotational government. The total local frictional costs (for each pair of Sweet Sixteen angular speed cylinder and its mothering-cylinder) are proportional to the rotational kinetic energy produced. Rotational energy government cannot exist without taxes so only those who pay energy-taxes
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should vote in the rotational government and vote according to the energy-taxes that they pay. The voting means the choices in the rotational government of how to spend the energy-credits.
Energy Non-producers Shouldn't Vote on Distribution. It is not sound to allow the energy-unproductive weaklings to vote on energy distribution within the rotational government. Any device or pair of devices that is too weak to produce a rotational energy livelihood is not strong enough to vote, because their energy removing influence weakens the total energy state. A decreasing energy state cannot exist very long. Every energy state needs to maintain total rotational kinetic energy to be sound and lasting.
Energy Voting Proportional to Energy Production. By voting, the voters dictate the energy-state's distribution-destiny for the future, since future energy production depends upon the energy state. To allow energy non-producers to decide the distribution of state-energy is not wise. Voting of energy distribution should be proportional to energy production for the energy state. Sweet Sixteen families (or externally Sweet Sixteen cylinders and their paired mothering cylinders) should vote in their governing proportionally according to the energy they produce. Their voting should be proportional to how they carry the burden of producing rotational kinetic energy for the energy state.
Equal Voting Is Unwise. An unwise thing about equal voting by unequal energy-producers is that it gives weaker energy-producer-pairs of loafing-mothering-wheels and their weakling-daughter-wheels the power to take the energy-property away from connected producers and stronger external devices. Another unjust thing about equal voting by unequal energy-producers is that it gives weaker energy-producer-pairs of loafing-mothering-wheels and their weakling-daughter-wheels the power to demand for themselves an energy-easy life from productive upstream-leading external-devices.
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Survival of Only Net Energy Producing Branches. Self-respecting energy-producers will not stand such an injustice for long. It is not the energy-producers' fault when another producer is too weak to produce enough energy. The producer's angular-speed-life of its daughter-wheel associated with its mother-wheel is just as rotationally sweet as the angular-speed-life of the power-reduced and power-unproductive daughter-wheels associated with their mother-wheels. Given equal angular speeds of the daughter-wheels in the branches, it is best to keep the pairs in the power-lines proportionally productive relative to their masses. All branches of mother-daughter-cylinder pairs of energy producers are effectively independent, so everyone in that branch will need to take care of energy production for themselves. If they cannot take care of themselves by producing within the branch the energy that they consume at the end of the branch, then they should perish and the sooner they perish by having that branch removed, the better it will be with respect to energy production of the rest of the energy-distribution-tree.
Energy Consumption in Branches According to Energy Production. To be lasting, the energy-government should be built in the same way as the supreme power of the land, namely "the army". The land-mass-property in each branch has intrinsic power from all the many leverage arms produced by the ED.L. principle. Energy-governments rise and fall according to the acquisition and spending patterns of energy by the governments, but the army always remains. The strength of the armies depends upon the local energy produced in each branch of the army. There is no equality in the army so there can be no equality in the branches. If a branch of pairs of mother-daughter-cylinders is not an equal energy producer to another branch, then they cannot be equal energy consumers at their ends.
Leading According to Energy Production. Fifty percent of the external cylinders, namely the mother-cylinders, don't want to lead in energy production, they want to follow. The mother-cylinders want some other rotating mass-body to furnish the energy for their energy living-expenses. As long as such a condition exists, the mother-cylinders are not equal with their
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leaders, namely their daughter-cylinders, which lead the way in local energy production. That is the reason why every rotating mass-body should be put in the right place according to their physical-energy controlling and production abilities. Splits for branches may occur at external mother-cylinder axles so that the numbers of mother-cylinders and daughter-cylinders will be equal on each branch. That is an example of how all cylinders are placed in the branches according to their physical and mental abilities. The mother-cylinders make the decisions for power routing and the daughter-cylinders being the physical-energy producers.
Branches Sharing Total Energy Income. There is only one way for branches to share the total natural rotational energy income. It is proportional to their sharing the energy production. If a branch of the cylinders is not producing equal natural power as another branch of cylinders, then it cannot share equally in the natural power consumption. No branch of cylinders is providing any energy for another branch of cylinders. A branch of cylinders is only providing energy for itself to consume.
Each Branch of Cylinders Considered Individually. Each branch-of-cylinders should be considered as an individual branch of cylinders. If a branch of cylinders wants an energy excitement, it will need to experimentally test the thrill out by itself. If a branch of cylinders has an energy consumption pain, it will need to energetically bear the pain by itself. If a branch of cylinders wants to eat excess energy produced so as to maintain its proper energy-health, it will need to locally eat that excess produced energy by itself. No other branch of cylinders can eat the excess energy for another branch of cylinders. If a branch of cylinders wants to consume some desired energy, it will need to produce the desired amount of energy by itself. For expediency's and management's sake, it is usually best to treat each branch of cylinders as completely separate. If a separate branch of cylinders is too weak or too lazy or lacks machinery or lacks good management to produce the desired healthy energy, then it will need to be removed and thus rotationally perish. That is all there is to it.
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Power Source Photo. This is the magnetic repulsion sprocket wheel with 24 magnetic teeth {all 24 teeth are visible in Jeremy Stride’s photo “Magnetic Flywheel in the Tower” https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884601362/in/photostream/} used with my mother-cylinder for the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders that I originally made here at my old Rock Gate Park. This magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel is the same one that was used at the time that I drew the picture for you that I show on the front cover. The white cement between its magnetic teeth can’t be seen, since they are hidden in front view by the daughter’s magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel. The white cement, between its magnetic teeth, is also hidden in back view by the father’s magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel. The cement portions between magnetic sprocket teeth for the father and daughter wheels were painted black so that their end turnings would not be very visible, during most lighting conditions, especially while the base of the platform was hidden. I plan to complete the move of my Rock Gate Park in the next few years, after publication of this my little book in this year 1936 at its new location in Homestead. I am here poorly disguising my magnetic sprocket wheel as an electrical generator for illustrative purposes. It really is used as part of a power generator but this is obviously not the way that it was used to generate electrical power. Just look at the rest of the photo for a variety of clues that this is not the way it should be used to generate power. Notice that there are various horizontal axis devices in the photograph. I didn't connect the mother “cylinder” to the daughter cylinder using the ordinary friction devices of pulleys, gears, chains, and wheels that you can see in this photo. Rather I connected them directly by low-friction stable-repulsive magnetic fields using the special sprocket-wheel (shown in this photo) and another special sprocket-wheel having only 16 magnetic teeth. To disguise the use of such special wheels, I sometimes stored such magnetic sprocket-wheels with their axes in the vertical direction to make sure that the teeth not be damaged. I, Ed Leedskalnin, pose in my photo, as I demonstrate how to hand crank about a vertical axis this very special type of such a sprocket wheel. This demonstrates that it really can rotate about an axis. The magnetic sprocket wheel properly needs to be rotating about a horizontal axis and certainly not hand cranked about a vertical axis. Does not the rest of my photo shout out that message? I meant it to. These types of magnetic sprocket wheels were central in the construction and operation of my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. They with their very low friction are holders for my perpetual motion power generating device. My Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, which I designed and invented, was the only automatic source of power that I used for generating electricity. I would have liked to have had 24 U-shaped magnets with their 48 large-wide magnetic poles facing outward on the edges of my mother or father sprocket-wheel. Because I couldn't make my U-shaped magnets wide enough (from the magnets available to me), I needed to instead use five alternating stacked U-shaped magnets instead of using wide U-shaped magnets. Alternating the magnets kept them stable and helped keep down the stray external magnetic fields. I obtained the magnets from old vehicles. The magnets were bent and held in place by cement. The four D-shaped supports were for extra mechanical support for the rapidly-rotating magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel. The handle was not present for actual usage as the mother-cylinder’s magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel. The handle is now there to help disguise my primary source of power associated with my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Each north magnetic pole was placed next to the south magnetic pole of a neighboring U-shaped magnetic. The U-shaped magnets had straight ends but were bent in their middle so that they initially only touched at their pole edge ends. There was slight extra gradual bending of the ends associated with their repulsive use. Together each pair of five alternating poles touched other opposite five magnetic poles to form a type of a sprocket "tooth". There are 24 such sprocket teeth on this mother sprocket-wheel. When in actual use for generating power, this mother-sprocket wheel rotates about a horizontal axis and interfaces with other similar sort of sprocket-wheels on each side. The sprocket wheel on the mother wheel with 24 such teeth is associated with a smaller radius sprocket wheel on the daughter wheel with 16 such teeth. The daughter-sprocket-wheel is small enough to provide the required extra angular speed yet not so small that it causes the teeth to come into contact when properly used according to my instructions. That is why I use the word "Sixteen" in my term "Sweet Sixteen". This mother-sprocket-wheel of 24 teeth causes the daughter-sprocket-wheel of 16 teeth to rotate 1.5 = 24/16 times faster than the angular speed of the mother-sprocket-wheel. For connecting the mother and the daughter, the circumference of the mother sprocket-wheel is 24*t, where t is the width from the start of a tooth to the similar start of the next tooth. The circumference of the connecting daughter sprocket-wheel is 16*t. Thus their circumferences or radii differ by a factor of 24/16 = 3/2. The father and mother cylinders were connected, with each having one of those magnetic-sprocket-wheels of 24 sprocket teeth. The father, mother, and daughter cylinders each have one of those special sprocket-wheels with respectively 24, 24, and 16 sprocket teeth. The magnetic repulsion connection of these special wheels is a more efficient means of transferring power from one cylinder to another than efficient chains. The reason for this mechanical efficiency is because there is no physical touching of the mechanical parts to create any rubbing friction by their interface. The three sprocket-wheels collectively hold power within my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, as they are the interface power guardians. I set a reasonable rate of power production from a Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders and I wasted excess power in unsupervised fashion (often using well-controlled friction by rotating/pumping water, using water pumps from old vehicles). With much mechanical power automatically available from the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, I then used parts from old vehicles to generate all the electricity that I needed for my radio and my various experiments. Notice that like my displayed yin-yang symbol my top shirt-portion is light while my bottom pants-portion is dark. That according to my principle was my true power source. My primary power source was not from me hand cranking. My primary power source was from ED.L. providing lever arm cranking. My primary power source was my ED.L. principle (as I symbolize with my light and dark clothing) that was providing the power. My hand cranking is a symbol of a different lever arm cranking at the higher elevation so as to supply power through my principle.
Three Blank Pages. I have included three blank left-side pages, which were blank also on their prior other sides, representing the three primary cylinders and their three required-interfacing magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels. These blank pages (28, 29, and 30) on the left hand sides were intended to give people extra room to write notes, as they tried to decode/expand my book. {The blank pages 29 and 30 had modern inserts on two of their right (or “other” viewed) sides, providing “STATISTICS ON THE CORAL CASTLE OF FLORIDA” apparently so as not to waste the space, but these statistics were apparently not in Ed’s original booklets, since he used the name Rock Gate Park instead of Coral Castle.}
Inside Back Cover Photo. {See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" for times 2:48-2:51 into the video for a version of the photo. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbY8R-M1NxE "Coral Castle Mystery Solved with AMAZING new footage!" near 0:44 for a portion of the photo.} Inside the back cover, I show tripods and other symbols. There are some lines in this photograph including some nearly horizontal lines and poles. Can you see a horizontal axle suspended below the top of the nearest tripod? Connected pulleys may be suspended below the top of the tripods. Why would I put boxes on top of my tripods? Elongated boxes help provide mechanical support at the top of the tripods and help keep my connections/pulleys dry along the direction of the axles. The flat top boxes also help keep birds from nesting at the apex. I want to keep my pulleys clean and well lubricated. -- The reason I wanted to photograph these particular boxes on tripods is symbolic. Notice that at the tops of the two nearest tripods show boxes of different lightness. The slightly lighter one appears to be above the darker one and also offset in the horizontal direction. Both tripods appear to have single nearly-vertical lines formed by poles visually coming down from the boxes. Many gravitons come from straight down. Down could be defined with respect to the direction that a graviton is coming from. Both of the two parts of a graviton pull straight down in the vertical direction that the graviton came from. These things should serve as a reminder of my ED.L. principle. Because of the horizontal, vertical, and timing offsets for receptions of the two parts of each graviton, greater rotational-kinetic-Energy about a horizontal axis is supplied by the Delayed Leveraging of gravity. There is symbolically extra time and elevation covered by the half of the graviton pulling down on the higher-light box, from the time and elevation associated with the first half of the graviton pulling down on the lower-dark box. Those distances are not to scale, as they only provide indications. Like my previously shown yin-yang symbol, there are various other things in this photograph showing lighter things above and darker things below. Besides those top two boxes on tripods, those other cases include white clouds in the sky and portions of stone. The bottom portion of the photo is dark, with vegetation coming up from below. The top portion of the photo is white, with the exception of some dark needles that are half cut off by the horizontal top-edge white-border. It might remind us of the lower pull down by the first before the above white-border pull down for rotations about horizontal axes. -- Notice that I on purpose showed long coniferous needles in the picture to denote that gravitons go out in all sorts of directions from their source masses. Here is a mnemonic which you may have heard, "Pine needles come in a packet. Spruce needles are square, sharp, and single. Fir needles are flat, flexible, and fragrant." The reason I am mentioning this mnemonic is because these needles that I showed in this picture are neither spruce nor fir needles. These needles shown are pine needles. Their needles come in packets. How many needles are in each of their packets? Look closely and you may be able to see that these needles come from a particular variety of pine tree having two long needles per packet. This pine tree is the South Florida slash pine {see http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/pinus/elliottii.htm}. That situation is just like a two-part graviton, which has two electric fields in each packet. The two electric fields came from opposite fundamental-source-charges a long ways away. For objects rotating about horizontal axes, when the two electric fields each pull directly down at different times at different horizontal and vertical locations, there is a torque created by each endpoint of a pulling slash from below. -- I tried to show my tower of blocks held together in positions on top of others so that you would think of gravity holding them together. The white blocks on the very top each have dark blocks below them at some distance. There are also dark blocks below each of them in elevation and offset horizontally. The blocks on the top of the building are also somewhat like teeth which may remind us of the interconnecting magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel teeth. Because my magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel teeth don't actually touch they (when on top after rotation) have vertical sides and they can be nearly flat on top like the blocks on the top of my tower. Notice the relatively large gaps between pairs of blocks. There is room for inverted/opposing blocks of the same type and spacing to fit between those blocks with still some space left over. There is similarly plenty of space between the teeth of my magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel. Also, the blocks are not tall. They are comparable to their widths. Somewhat the same situation occurs with my sprocket teeth. They are inserted between other sprocket teeth only slightly further than the widths of the teeth. The width of a tooth includes both touching magnetic poles of the tooth. That careful insert position helps to make sure there is no actual touching or rubbing of magnetic sprocket teeth as they turn. See Fig. 89. Also see my example of my magnetic sprocket wheel example on page 27. Can you see a few alternations of shadings of blocks within the tower at a vertical edge (white dark white) or (dark white dark)? That might remind us of the alternation of magnetically opposite poles at the edge-repulsive interconnections for just a few of my connected blocked-sprocket-wheel teeth (SN SN SN SN) for one magnetically repulsive sprocket wheel and (NS NS NS NS) for the repulsively connecting adjacent sprocket wheel. After the teeth are intermeshed the teeth may repulsively in turn be either (SN NS SN NS SN NS SN NS) or (NS SN NS SN NS SN NS SN) depending which go first, as the teeth come together and go apart.
Barren Back Cover Top Photo. There are no two-part plants sprouting up out of the planter (as were shown on the front cover of my little book) to represent the two-part gravitons. There is only one tree, with skimpy foliage, shown that is sprouting up from below. Having only one attractive-absorptive part of the graviton coming up from below would not be effective, as part of a two-part graviton. Without both parts, I could not use my principle. I am standing vertical in my full dark suit. My pants are black and my suitcoat is black. I am showing almost none of my white shirt. My downward pointing tie is cut off. With these symbols, if we had only one absorption, a single pull down would not be effective for energy production. With only one absorption in each graviton, there could be no extra rotational energy produced by delayed leverage from any nonexistent delayed absorption of another part of the graviton. My principle just wouldn't work with only a single absorption. My principle also would not work, if there were two absorptions at the same time, which would effectively be very much like a single absorption. Without an effective principle, I would have little extra to show for my efforts. I have relatively barren fruits to show for my labors compared to the picture below. I am showing very few of the necessary produced furnishings of my home in this photo. Though I have a properly tailored dark suit to wear, I don't even have a tailored chair to sit in. I could work hard rotating stones about horizontal axes and have nothing to show for my efforts, without my ED.L. principle. Nothing extra rotationally would be gained or produced, if there were only one effective absorption associated with each graviton. The two moon-like portions are each only half showing corresponding to only half of the absorptions in each case. The steps for further progress upward are mostly blocked, by an improper ED.L. of only one absorption. The two chairs in the background are equal size and shape. They are very close together. Both face the same direction with respect to rotations about a vertical axis. Both the tops and bottoms of the chairs are light. They would produce no leveraged rotation. One of the chairs is blocked. They would produce no rotational kinetic energy, since they don’t use my principle. I would need to take off my suit top and fully use (by rotations) both the two-part absorptions, if I want to produce many furnishings for my home. -- A top photo pull-down without a bottom photo pull-down would produce no rotational energy but a top photo pull-down after a bottom photo pull-down would provide plenty of rotational energy.
Fruitful Back Cover Bottom Photo. {See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uPEtch6FrQ "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 1" at 4:08-4:10 into the video for a view of the photo.} Now this is more like it or more what I (ED.L.) am (is) fully capable of doing. There are two main trees sprouting up from below. They both have major branches. A third tree in the background shows a major split. Having both parts of the attractive graviton coming up from below would be effective in providing more energy to rotating matter, by means of my ED.L. principle. The upward-vertical-growing trees appear to sprout out from the massive stones below. The trees produce abundant foliage above suggesting they bear much fruits as abundantly visible below them. I have allowed the seeds of the much fruit of rotational turning to fall down and be planted so as to spring forth as fruits of greater rotational turning. You can see the great harvest of many examples of the stone furniture that I fruitfully built using my principle. Now I have a comfortable chair to rest in. My efforts were effective because I used my ED.L. principle, which relies upon the two-separate time-absorption pull-down-parts of the attractive graviton. The two chairs in the background have different lightness above and below. Relative to the moon-like object their relative rotations are about a horizontal axis. With my principle, even small relative rotations provide some fruit for rotations about horizontal axes. Symbolically the increased leveraging of the chairs occurs after the other tree branch is taken or after the other set of steps is taken. The effective use of my principle allows me to relax in designed comfort upon the very fruits of my labors or rather upon the fruits of the labors of my principle. I (ED.L.) am rotated about a horizontal axis. My above white shirt and my below black pants represent the two absorption parts of the graviton. My downward pointing tie is showing. I show a single portion of a moon-like or crescent object. Half of it is buried below the ground in darkness, while the above half is in the light above. It represents the successful two-part absorption of the gravity that allows my effective principle, which rotations about the middle allow me (ED.L.) to produce many observed fruits in this photo. The similar orientations of rotated me and my moon-like rotated object are providing the same messages to you, if you have eyes to see the symbolic messages. The two split sets of steps, guided by the tree split, allow further upward progress to be enhanced (rather than blocked) by the two separate downward-pulls of my principle. -- This is the restful end of my book, provided by ED.L., for my restful benefit with plenty of fruits. I can rest now after having told you my secrets. -- ED.L.
Inside Cover Top Photo Plenty. There is plenty of light in this top photo on the inside cover. There are plenty of rock creations and plenty of trees apparently growing out of the rocks in this photo. Abundant vegetation life appears to be springing forth from the very rocks in this photo. Energy does come forth from matter by my principle using plentiful gravity, which helps life to go forth because of the light, which comes from my principle. As we receive the greater gravity-light by rotating about horizontal axes, then greater rotational energy is available. -- The photo shows celestial bodies, such as Saturn and a moon. This should be a reminder that all celestial bodies receive primary power directly or indirectly from my ED.L. principle. The much bright sunlight (from the sun) seen in the top photo comes from my principle because of rotations of matter about horizontal axes within the photosphere of the sun. The rotating rings of Saturn may remind us of matter internally rotating above sources of gravity. A moon can be shadowed by a blocking or absorption of light. A moon can also cause a partial blocking or partial absorption of gravity. Even upon absorption of a graviton in a small portion of matter, a part is absorbed before the rest of the not yet shaded portion of the graviton is absorbed. -- There are two chairs offset vertically and horizontally that should remind you of ED.L. or my principle of Energy from Delayed Leveraging by the two-parts of gravity. The lightness is slightly different in the two chairs. I will suggest one reason why the higher chair is darker. The two chairs are facing differently. The two electric fields in the graviton that both pull-down may be considered to be facing or pointing differently. The two portions of the graviton are intrinsically different but different facing chairs were the best symbols that I could come up with for them. There is a pull down associated with either chair, since people are able to sit on each chair because of the many tiny pull-down-blows of the two-part gravitons. The top portion of the graviton (higher darker chair) could on rare occasion be absorbed by a lower fundamental charge (darker charge) long before the lower portion of the graviton (lower lighter chair) is absorbed by an upper fundamental charge (lighter charge). That would create a huge ED.L. effect. Such a huge effect would be quite rare but could happen. The two separated electric fields in the graviton can pull down on opposite separated fundamental charges. -- I am oriented in a similar configuration as the moon-like object above. There is a lower shadowed graviton absorption in the rotating moon-like object that allows me or my principle to operate. The lower absorption of the moon-like object is not explicitly shown. Rather it is symbolic according to the depicted light or gravity “shadow” on the moon-like object. I have a lighter upper top, as I sit in my chair. The lower part of me is not shown, corresponding to a lower absorption. There are no black pants shown on me. The pants have been blocked or cut off by the photo edge. My top and my pants have different horizontal and vertical locations. I had to rotate about a horizontal axis to sit in the chair. Those various things represent my principle of ED.L. -- Directly below the Saturn-like planet, there is a "V" split in the light rock below a dark portion of rock suggestive of the two parts of each graviton prior to the absorption of each part. The white Saturn-like planet with rotating rings is above a black block. These things also represent my principle of ED.L. -- The photo also serves as a reminder that symmetrical snowflakes would not form, if not for rapid rotations about horizontal axes, as powered by the ED.L. principle. See the inserted white snow-ball-like circle or represented nearly-pure-white end of a cylinder (which could rotate rapidly about a horizontal axis to acquire power) in front by my knees or near the lower seat of ED.L. power. The inserted circle could also represent a small pure white sun. -- In the photo some things tend to be brighter “above” and darker “below”. That should suggest my principle. My arms (in the top portion of me) are bent suggesting a different leverage because of the delayed reception of the higher elevation downward pull of the last half of the graviton. -- As another reason for the colors of the chairs, the top darker chair is actually closer to the gravity producing depicted celestial bodies. In that sense the darker chair is at a lower elevation. The two chairs, with their nearly opposite rotational angles, can acquire greater rotations about axes that are horizontal with respect to those shown celestial bodies, because of my principle. The actual absorption points of the finest fundamental particles do not rotate, but it is their fine rotations about each other that count. The chairs are facing the way they are heading, as the two chairs rotate around each other. -- Plenty comes from the top photo with its later pull-down, which gravitons come from sources deep down below in the earth. See the lower photo with its sparse-by-itself pull-down.
Inside Cover Bottom Photo Sparse. The bottom photo of the inside cover shows an extremely barren or sparse situation. {See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" at time 2:58 into the video for a version of the photo. Also see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uPEtch6FrQ "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 1" at 3:43 into the video.} Vegetation is at a minimum. There is as a backdrop mainly showing a single stationary desolate face of white coral rock. There is no major dark below suggesting that my principle is being used to rotate rock about horizontal axes to produce greater rotational energy to do work for me. This rock is obviously quite stationary. With the rock all the same color, there would symbolically not be any lower absorption and thus no work done by my principle. I have had to work very hard to quarry rock with only my own manual efforts available. As signified by my standing vertical with dark pants and a white shirt, despite my inaction, the two part gravitons are constantly operating, with typically first one pull-down absorption below followed at a later time by another pull-down absorption above the first. I am not benefiting in the least from the operation of those two-part gravitons. I myself am enslaved or yoked with great manual burdens that produce very little for me to show. Do I show many fruits of my labors in this photo? No. Why not, since I do display a horizontal axle? The horizontal axle shown suggests rotations about a horizontal axis with great friction. It has two dangling chain links dangling from it, suggesting a sort of bondage. The axle is bound by a rope to the higher somewhat horizontal bar. This suggests more than high friction rotations. It suggests confined forbidding of any rotations. A strong solid connection between the axle below and the bar above speaks of constraint of any axle rotations about a horizontal axis. Such constraint is quite primitive and leads to almost nothing coming out of the process. There is just a little piece of metal coming up out of the end of the axles. Nothing of substance is gained. The bar above (that connects the two ends of the branch) suggests that the two absorptions, though at different times are ineffectively connected, so as not to further greater rotations.
Inside Cover Bottom Photo AT WORK. Notice the lower photo on the bottom inside the front cover where I wrote the words, "AT WORK", upon the portion of the photo showing the white coral rock. {See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" at time 23:29 into the video for an example version of the photo.} Also in that photo it shows a horizontal axle. I am now telling you that the coral rock is only at work, when it is rotated about a horizontal axis. I am wearing a white shirt on top and dark pants below. When the ED.L. principle is working, like the yin-yang symbol I drew for you (a couple of pages later), the upper pull down by gravity is delayed after the earlier, lower pull-down. The yin-yang symbol similarly had white on its top portion and dark on its bottom portion. How was this massive limestone pit dug? Now I ask you, "With my white shirt and my dark pants, do I look like I am dressed for being at strenuous manual work?" No. It is not me that was at work. It was previously removed portions of limestone (powered by gravity) that were "AT WORK". It was especially my daughter-cylinder that was at work, when it rapidly rotated about a horizontal axis. -- The "Y" branch splits into two equal portions. The "Y" branch was selected as a reminder that though the graviton is one, it branches out into its two equal parts when it is at work. First there is a pull-down by one part (when they were together in the entire graviton) and then later there is a pull-down by the other remaining part creating a leveraging about the axle, according to how much rotation was experienced between the pulls down. Together they make a total downward pull. Because of the difference in the times of the downward pulls, they create a difference in leveraging for matter rotating about a horizontal axis. There are two holes in the "Y" branch. The two holes represent the two pulls down. See the two holes in Fig. 88. The lower light hole is when the two parts of the branch were together. The upper or higher elevation shaded or darker hole is on one of the upper portions of the "Y" branch, representing the higher elevation pull down. The two holes are offset both vertically and horizontally. My two arms being straight down signify the two straight downward pulls of the graviton. We must remember that if the quarried limestone is not rotating about a horizontal axis, then the two separate downward pulls by each graviton will come to naught. The word “AT” is directly above the word “WORK”. The two words suggest two downward pulls one above the other. The “AT” has two letters and the “WORK” has four letters. The two parts of the gravitons work upon my four rock cylinders (father, mother, daughter, and son) as they rotate about horizontal axes. With low enough friction, my four rock cylinders work because of the higher principle based upon the two separate and distinct pulls down. For the six total letters, all these factors are important to the working of my magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels of either 24 or 16 teeth, since 24=2*2*6 and 16=2*2*4.
Front Cover. I delayed discussion of the front cover till later in the book since you likely paid little attention to it at first glance. {See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" for times 1:30-1:40 for some examples of the front cover.} That is how I designed it to be. It is extremely informative but only when you seriously consider it in the context of my book. My front book cover clearly shows in the lower right corner the book’s title on three lines in large capital letters.
A BOOK
IN EVERY
HOME
There are two words above two words above one word indicating in every single graviton that comes up from its home below it has two parts and can provide two pulls down. Like every separate letter in a book, the two pull-down points have different configurations at the times of the graviton’s lower and higher pull-downs. That is how gravity works. My front book cover also shows me holding a tiny version of the book with the same title on two lines in small but relatively large capital letters.
A BOOK IN
EVERY HOME
There are three words above two words indicating that, by those two downward pulls of each graviton, three magnetically connected cylinders receive rotational energy. The rotational speed up factor in my Sweet Sixteen is three to two. That is how I used gravity to produce much power. The 16 letters in the title should remind you of my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. -- The camera view for the full cover is slightly upward, as I am standing upon a block within my prior coral rock home, holding the tiny book. The tiny book also shows on its cover the previously discussed blockish curious drawing slightly looking like a home. That previously discussed drawing (see the discussion regarding my original page 19) actually shows a tiny front view of a large example of my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. That was the primary message of my front cover, though my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders was difficult to recognize from just its front view. -- My front-book-cover shows that my tiny portions of the white coral rock can rotate about horizontal axes. Below the picture of me on the front cover, I less clearly wrote the word "ED" which denotes both me and Energy from Delayed absorption leverage by the higher part of the graviton. I on top provide the higher leverage. My arms in the picture and my arms within the tiny drawing are all at different leverage angles. All the arms, except for my lower left one in the tiny drawing, are bent at about a quarter of a turn or less. That one arm (my left arm as I nearly face you) in the tiny drawing is straight.
Outside Front and Outside Back Covers. On the outside front and outside back covers, I show photos of me within my home and some of my ED.L. creations within my ED.L. home (prior to my beginning to move my Rock Gate Park). Each view in the three photos is similar yet different. The camera locations were high (looking down for the bottom back cover), middle height (looking level for top back cover), and low (looking up for the front cover). My positions, the camera locations, and the different camera view angles should suggest different elevations and angles with respect to gravity. -- The bottom picture on the back cover shows much productivity through ED.L. The bottom picture on the back cover shows me reclining (by my prior rotation of myself about a horizontal internal axis) with my white shirt higher and my dark pants lower. Compare this with the portion of the yin-yang symbol that I showed to you a couple of pages into my little coded book. The yin-yang symbol was ED.L. productive with light and dark shadings. In that yin-yang symbol the dark region was lower than the light region. The dark region is the earlier, lower-elevation portion, which is pulled down by half of gravity and the light region is the later, higher-elevation portion which has a delayed pull down by the other half of gravity. For a rotation about a horizontal axis, the delay by gravity of the higher elevation pull-down by gravity provides Energy from the Delayed Leverage of gravity or ED.L. -- There was little ED.L. productivity for the top back cover photo, where there is only one color for my pants and my top portion. Both colors are needed for ED.L. productivity. -- The front cover shows productivity even though I am wearing the same full dark suit as on the top back cover photo, which has little ED.L. productivity. How can that be? Well, at an even slightly higher elevation on the front cover, I am wearing a full white suit in the tiny drawing that I drew and that I am holding up. In the tiny drawing, I am standing on top of the front view of my large version of my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. That is providing the complimentary lightness allowing the increased productivity. Light was above and dark was below, according to my current symbols. Suggestive of the increased productivity is the foliage on the front cover. Notice how the plants on the front cover shoot straight up out of the ground in the vertical direction, like many gravitons. Can you see some pairings of the shoots of the vertical plants which are also like gravitons? They like the gravitons come in pairs or rather by twos. Those curious plants had not yet grown in the earlier view on the top back cover, where the absorbing me is standing at an earlier lower-down location on the ground. Both absorptions are needed for ED.L. productivity. One absorption is not good enough. -- As I recline in my chair (on the bottom back cover), it is as if the chair and I present an equal number of teeth to each other, where the other is not. Both are repulsive but there is no friction as long as there is no rubbing. In the connections between the parent cylinders and also between the mother cylinder and the daughter cylinder, there is no touching and no friction. There is only restful repulsion, as I am demonstrating. I am also able to rest because of the leveraging provided by gravity after the extra delay of absorption above. This is my healthful chair, with a good tilt angle with respect to gravity, which has helped to extend the life of my lungs. Work is good but adequate proper rest under proper conditions is also necessary. My Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders allows me to have the rest I need, as it does the truly difficult work. Consider the top photo on the outside back cover. Just because you can't see all of a letter "C" in the photo doesn't mean that it is not there. You need to believe in correct hidden things that you may not currently be able to fully see. Now consider more carefully the outside front cover, which may again be compared to the top photo on the back outside cover.
Again Outside Front Cover. Can you see the fully-shown slightly-rotated large-capital-letter "C" that I carved for you on the front cover? I assume that you can see it. I selected the letter "C" to denote a particular leverage angle. It also somewhat looks like a partial eclipse or shadow of a moon-like object. It can also remind us of gravitational shadows. The area of the shadow is about half the area of the whole. A partial gravitational eclipse locally occurs when half of an attractive graviton is absorbed and then the other half of the attractive graviton is later absorbed. Now, can you see part of another greater-than-quarter-turned large-capital-letter "C" where just its tail-half portion is showing above the ground? One "C" is higher in elevation and one rotated "C" is at lower-elevation. Does not my rotation of a huge rock letter “C” suggest to you that I am rotating huge rock Cylinders about horizontal axes? I am not exactly spelling it out for you but you should begin to see it for yourself. A portion of the lower “C” may be considered to be hidden or absorbed below ground level. The two letters are not directly over each other. They are offset spatially (horizontally and vertically). The two-part gravitons are represented by the two-part vertical growing plants below the two visible versions of the large capital-letters “C”. The graviton absorptions are offset both spatially and temporally to create differences in leverage. Without rotations, the pull down torques would be opposite with respect to their centers, so would not produce any leveraging. The leveraging increases with increased angular speed about a horizontal axis according to my ED.L. principle. -- With the letters corresponding to leverage letters of a book in every ED.L. home, one can see that Energy is provided from Delayed Leveraging of gravitational partial-attractive-absorptions or rather ED.L. With accumulation, I obtain great power to rotate huge rocks because of the varied angle leveraging from the many-small, two separate-time-and-location downward-pulls by each graviton. These rotated letters serve as the same reminder as the approximately quarter-turn rotated books that I, in my tiny white suit, showed to you within the tiny ED.L. home figure that I drew for you, as shown on the front cover. Again, look very carefully to see me. I am standing upon my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders (front view) that I spoke of previously in the main section "Internal Rotational Domestic Views", large paragraph "Front View of Sweet Sixteen Family", p. 19. In my right hand I am holding a dark-cover slightly-rotated version of the book. With my left arm, I am pointing to a light-cover greatly-rotated version of the book below, near my feet. -- Learning the messages within the books in every ED.L. home requires something as fundamental as learning the alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are the rotations of the finest of things and their associated leverage angles associated with the times of their pulls down by the two-parts of gravity. Using the letters of the alphabet, many continuing stories can be written within the 16-letter-coded A BOOK IN EVERY HOME or this 48-letter-decoded A BOOK WITHIN EVERY HOME EACH HOME CONTAINED WITHIN A HOME. I have referred to many nested levels in my coded book and in this my decoded book. The nesting, of sweet ED.L. homes within greater sweet ED.L. homes, extends to an infinity of ever larger sweet ED.L. homes, which never ends when going ever outward. Such are the never-ending stories within our structured infinite universe. With these stories, from only a single portion of an ED.L. home, a great many volumes can be filled with vast numbers of letters of that rotated discrete or digital alphabet. Notice that in the little book being held up by me (ED), "A BOOK" is written on part of the top line in small capital letters before (or somewhat to the left of) my large slightly-rotated carved higher elevation "C". The higher elevation carved “C” is somewhat above ED (me) in the black suit. The carved “C” is also above the tiny version of ED (me) in the white suit. Notice further that "A BOOK" is written at lower elevation in large capital letters somewhat to the left of my other large but greatly-rotated partly-hidden carved "C" with my name "ED" written twice below my own picture of me (ED). You need to look very carefully to see that larger “ED” written in black letters on a somewhat dark coral rock that I am standing on. It is written below and to the left of the “A BOOK” written in large capital letters. You need to look even more carefully for the smaller letters “ED” near and almost directly above the larger letters “ED”. It is about half the size of the lower one to remind us that the remaining higher elevation portion of the graviton is only half the original graviton before initial absorption. There is a slight horizontal offset in their centers in addition to their vertical offset. The smaller “ED” is written between my two feet. There is one letter per foot just as there are two pull-downs from each bit of gravity allowing ED to stand on its two “feet”. There are two pull-downs of ED occurring in the rock, just as the two ED’s are shown in the rock with one nearly above the other. That is the principle that I stand for and upon. By symbols, we repeatedly may effectively see in a simple crude-circular-rotating pattern the first-five letters of the alphabet (ABCDE with those higher-elevation/smaller capital-letters, about the slightly rotated “C”, not all individually rotated much):
ABC
ED
That is by symbols we again may effectively see in a simple crude-circular-rotating pattern, on the front cover, the repetition of the first five letters of the alphabet (ABCDE with those lower-elevation/larger capital-letters, about the greatly rotated “C”, not all individually rotated):
ABC
ED
Can you see them or their repeated symbols going around in circles? The last "C" was greatly internally rotated somewhat as we would expect partially connected letters to rotate as they go around in a circle about a horizontal axis. The actual very small letters may be considered to be nearly attached to a wheel rotating about a horizontal axis. They would all internally rotate by about 360 degrees on each cycle, if they remain somewhat rotationally stationary to their neighboring letters or neighboring nuclear ground states or neighboring fundamental opposite charge pairs (which pair members are the asynchronous recipients of the two parts of each absorbed graviton). This is A Book about Cylinders rotated about horizontal axes so that Delayed leveraging by two-part gravitons can provide much more rotational kinetic Energy.
My book and the rocks of my Rock Gate Park are quietly and even more quietly signed on my front cover by "Energy from Delayed leveraging by gravity".
Front Cover Foreword After-Word. How did I build my Rock Gate Park? It's not difficult, if you understand the elementary ABCs of sweet rotational leveraging by gravity and that is what this little book is all about, with its primary example being my Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. You may consider my decoded little book to be both a primer and a graduate school textbook for Energy from Delayed Leveraging by the two-parts of gravity. ED.L.
Measurements of Front View Family of Cylinders. From the printed front book cover of BEH, I measured about 5.4 mm for the horizontal length of the white father-cylinder total portions. I measured about 2.1 mm for the horizontal length of the white mother-cylinder total portions. I measured about .9 mm for the horizontal length of the white daughter-cylinder. I measured about .8 mm for the horizontal length of the white son-cylinder. I measured about 1.3 for the bright portion or 2.1 mm for the full diameter of the parent cylinders. The cylinders would have axle masses, which might partially account for the cylinder partial lengths not being factors of two. I measured about 1.2 mm for the diameter of the daughter-cylinder. I measured about 1.1 mm for the diameter of the son-cylinder. Separating the son and daughter cylinders was difficult as they visually overlap in their front view. See Fig. 90 or my prior drawing of what a front view might look like. The son-cylinder is below the daughter-cylinder. My measurements roughly agreed with the proportions of the cylinders that I drew. Adjustments could be made for the axle lengths since the relative rotating masses would be more important than the relative lengths and dimensions.
For purposes of structural
integrity for their common angular speed, the radius of the father-cylinder and
the mother-cylinder were approximately the same. They just differed in total horizontal length
by a factor of about two or 1/2. My
measured value was 2.1/5.4
The children-cylinders had
approximately the same horizontal length (.8 mm compared to .9 mm). The ratios to the horizontal length of the
mother-cylinder were .8/2.1 (
Extra Inward Hidden ED.L. Homes. If Ed's drawing/painting had actually been a front view of his secret Sweet Sixteen family of wheels (or his secret ED.L. home), then this would mean he provided extra nested inward levels of hidden ED.L. homes (Sweet Sixteen family of wheels, individual sweet wheels, rotating nuclear-ground-states, and rotating opposite fundamental charges) that he was showing beyond his two or three or four simple-visual nested levels (Ed's castle home, within which Ed is showing his drawing/painting of a book "home", within which Ed in an even smaller self is holding a dark book “home” and pointing to another light book “home”).
With Ed’s symbolic emphasis on light and matter, there is also a home within every home, as new spirit particles come because of every lasting particle, since each lasting particle, with the help of their opposites, provides homes for many new spirit particles. The spirit particle pairs do so by providing gravity (with their opposite internal pairings) and then the gravity pairs often producing new spirit matter by pulling down within light.
Moving Frame for Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders. Ed moved his Rock Gate Park from the tip of Florida to the present location near Homestead in 1939, which was three years after he published his 1936 book, which stated that it was published in Homestead, Florida. See the 1939 year of move carved in stone on the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" near time 0:44. Regarding such an apparent date-place discrepancy of three years, I can only guess that he planned to make the move to near Homestead in advance and it took a very long time to complete the move of his massive park. One can’t typically move a massive rock castle overnight. Maybe he began the move by about 1936 so he could properly claim that it was being published in Homestead (using photos taken at the prior location), but he completed the move in 1939. That would remove the three year discrepancy.
Frame Nearby While Moving His Park. I think that the frame or his main source of power was always very close by when he needed to move massive objects of his Rock Gate Park. If the bottom of the frame was not enclosed, he would have needed to remove any cylinders and magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels from the frame holding a Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, so as not to openly show his secret. I doubt that he had two sets of cylinders and magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels to avoid transporting them with each trip. For ready access to power, I think that he simply hid his cylinders under his enclosed frame. Having massive cylinders/wheels lower on the frame would help provide a lower more-stable center-of-mass. I think that Ed kept his frame and his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders with him at almost all times during his move of Rock Gate Park.
Protect Cylinders/wheels during Move. Ed allowed his Sweet Sixteen frame to be slowly pulled down the road as a trailer to carry massive things to the new location for Rock Gate Park. It would have been quite obvious that the frame had its own source of power, if the frame carried the things by itself slowly down the road to the new location, with Ed steering the frame. I don’t think that Ed allowed his primary cylinders and their repulsive sprocket wheels to rotate, while the frame was being transported down the road. There would have likely been an internal brake applied to stop all four cylinders from rotating. If Ed had installed a transmission associated with the son cylinder, he could have set it to a neutral gear and applied a separate internal brake to the son cylinder to prevent the other three cylinders from rotating. There would likely have been metal on the bottom to protect the view of the three primary cylinders and the three magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels. In addition to helping provide stability, the metal on the bottom would also protect the primary cylinders and magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels from mud splatters, while the frame was moving. As J. E. E. Bessler never drew attention to his bearings, Edward Leedskalnin never drew attention to his frame, which I think always contained his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, during the time of the move. Ed drew attention away from his frame, when he was shown on film moving a massive rock block rolling on logs, while using block and tackle to move the block slowly along. Another film indirectly drew attention away from his frame by showing him manually hoisting by many pulls down on a chain. That was not how he generally hoisted things. Still, the pull-downs straight down with his two hands were symbolic of the two pull-downs by each graviton.
There might have been reasons for cementing axles to the cylinders, though I don’t think he did so for his frame. If they were cemented, then they would be more solidly attached and they would remain attached with temperature changes since their linear coefficients of expansions (for cement and steel) are very close. I suspect that Ed cemented the axles to his massive vertical axis stone gates. If cylinders had not been cemented to their frame axles, he could have detached everything from the frame. Jacks could have later been used to remove the tires and wheels. A portion of a large cylinder, by itself, could be rolled around, if need be but I don’t think he did that. For the father and mother cylinders, I suppose based upon the geometry, that Ed likely used magnetic sprocket wheels with each radius less than the radius of its associated cylinder. See Fig. 89 and Fig. 91 to see how that could be possible. Ed could have then rolled around the large cylinders by themselves but rolling them using tires on each end would have been less damaging to the cylinders. Once items were removed from on top of the frame, he could have moved the frame by itself or loaded items on the frame and moved the frame with items loaded on it. The example URL of http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_modernmegalithsus02a.htm reports a frame being towed by a friend with stone blocks loaded on it. Ed did the loading and unloading all by himself. I suppose that he had much help from the power source of his nearby Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Selectively Tapping into His Power Source. I was wondering if Ed. L. had a device that allowed him to clamp onto a slowly-moving powerfully-pulled cable and that could later be released at some time of his choice. That might allow him extra flexibility in applying large forces spread out over time. I imagine that he could attach as many pulleys to his massive rock structures as desired and later detach the pulleys when not needed. If he had extra cable length, he could have clamped the ends together and the clamp(s) could go through the pulley. Inefficiencies of cables and pulleys would not allow a widespread distribution of power, as I think his section on government or external viewpoint addressed his solution for widespread distribution of mechanical power. Here is another possibility for selectively or flexibly tapping into his power source.
He also could have used locally inefficient transmissions, clutches, and gears from old vehicles, if he needed such capabilities, such as different speed gears for different tasks, a reverse gear for corrective positioning, and a "neutral" gear for wasting energy (say by pumping water), when something was being correctly positioned or adjusted. Wasting energy would have been important for an ED.L. power producing device not to accumulate too much power. Now days we would not need to waste the power. We could send excess power out to the power grid, for example.
Some Ratios. The ratio of the mass of the ideal father-cylinder to a child-cylinder would be about a factor of 16=2*2*(22). With respect to the interconnections, I think that the father and the mother had equal angular speed, on the average. As linked through the mother-cylinder, the angular speed of the daughter-cylinder would (on the average) differ by a factor of 24/16 = 3/2 from one of the parents. The daughter-cylinder would be a factor of 1.5 faster in angular speed than its mother-cylinder. Depending upon the particular numbers of sprocket teeth used, the son-cylinder could be a factor of say 8 slower in angular speed than its mother-cylinder. There would have been sufficiently available bicycle chains, truck timing chains, and sprocket wheels for his purposes. Ratios of teeth on ordinary sprocket wheels give ratios or inverse ratios of angular speeds.
Number Sixteen. Fig. 95 shows three of the ideal numbers of 16 in the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. These three numbers of 16 are: ideal mass of father-cylinder / mass of son-cylinder, ideal mass of father-cylinder / mass of daughter-cylinder, and number of teeth on daughter-sprocket-wheel. There were many 16's on the title page. On the title page, there are possibly three pairs of 16 underscores. There are 16 letters in A Book in Every Home, which book title was repeated. There are 16 characters in "Ed's Sweet Sixteen". There are 16 characters in "Political Views." if you count the space. There are 16 letters in "Homestead, Florida". The 16's kept cropping up elsewhere in prominent places. There are 16 characters in the heading, "COPYRIGHT, 1936," if you count the space. The 1936 has a 16 on its ends with 9 and 3 in the middle, where adding those digits is 12=24/2. Alternatively, taking 16 from 1936 is 1920, which when you add those digits is again 12=24/2. If you count the space, there are 16 characters in the heading, "AUTHOR'S PREFACE" shown on the back or rather other front side of his p. 1. Also on that same curiously normal preface page (which wasn’t written on a back side, as Ed typically wrote only on the back sides within his little book) "this little book" has 16 characters if you count the two spaces. The heading on p. 1, "Ed's Sweet Sixteen" had 16 characters not counting the spaces. The term, "Ed's Sweet Sixteen", was seen once on the title page and thrice on p. 1, where it was even put in quotes on one of the occurrences on that page one of Ed's little book. Many times there were 16's that cropped up within "Ed's Rock Gate Park" which incidentally has 16 characters. I don't think that these things were accidental.
Fig. 95. Side view of Ed's Sweet Sixteen family of wheels for ED.L, showing three numbers of 16.
Why 16 Sprocket Teeth? The 24-tooth, magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel was obvious since he showed it on p. 27 of his book, showed it in other photos that he left behind, and left the magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel itself behind. I think that it was the magnetic sprocket wheel corresponding to the mother cylinder. I think that the magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels, corresponding to the father and the daughter cylinders, were never openly shown like he showed the mother magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel. I think that the father magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel had 24 teeth and the daughter magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel had 16 teeth. I think that the cement was painted black in the large gaps in the magnetic sprocket wheel for the father and daughter sprocket wheels. Evidence for this being the case for the daughter sprocket wheel may be found on the front cover of Ed’s book. I think that the black paint helped hide the two end sprocket wheels, if conditions were ever such that they might be seen. The mother magnetic-sprocket-wheel didn’t need to be painted black, since it was internally hidden. Ed gave a large number of clues about the existence of the magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel for the daughter cylinder. Reason and Ed's writings tell us that the daughter cylinder had to rotate faster than its parents. There would need to be a choice for the number of its sprocket teeth approximately near 16. Choosing it as exactly 16, allows repetition of the relations in the magnetically-repulsive sprocket teeth. That is, since 24=2*2*2*3 and 16=2*2*2*2, then with two turns of the parent and three turns of the daughter, the magnetic sprocket teeth relationships are repeated or rather 2*24=3*16=48. With two full revolutions of the mother cylinder, it is back at its starting point. With three full revolutions of the daughter cylinder, it is back at its starting point. Both cylinders have in those turns rotated through the same number of total teeth, namely 2*2*2*2*3 = 48 teeth. The number 16 was far enough away from 24 to give larger angular speed of the daughter cylinder, but not too much greater. The number 16 was close enough to 24 that the magnetic sprocket wheel connections between the daughter and mother were feasible or rather physically doable. If useful energy gained goes approximately according to the square of the sweet angular speed, then the square of (24/16) is 1.52 = 2.25 which is a significant energy increase factor, due to angular speed increase of the daughter cylinder, as compared to angular speed of the mother cylinder. It is more than a factor of two increase.
For an idea of the Sweet Sixteen magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel, see 24:8-10 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" for a glimpse of the Sweet Sixteen wheel with 16 "teeth" or 16 opposite poles, according to a device that could have been built with parts from a Model T.
More Title Page Analysis. Within the following additional title page analysis (with comments in curly braces), there were only one or two or three words per line.
A BOOK IN
EVERY HOME
{There are a total of 16 letters in the title, which title was identical to the title on the picture of the little book Ed was shown holding. There are three words above two possibly suggesting out of two-part gravitons coming from their home below, energy is delivered to the detailed stories of three principally-connected cylinders or possibly suggesting in the ED.L. home there is a three to two speed up factor.}
________________
________________
{There are 16 underscores on two lines.}
{ED.L. comes from two separate pulls down on pairs of fundamental matter rotating about horizontal axes in a Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. ED.L. especially comes from the daughter cylinder where there is a speed up factor of three to two in it, where there are three turns to complete its pacing cycle.}
Containing Three Subjects: {This has 24 characters ignoring spaces.}
Ed's Sweet Sixteen, {This has 16 characters ignoring spaces and comma.}
Domestic and {This has 12=8+4 characters, including the space.}
Political Views. {This has 16 characters including space and period.}
{There are three words above three words above two words above two words, possibly suggesting there are three cylinder subjects, with three rotations in the Sweet Sixteen daughter cylinder, for every two rotations in a domestic parent cylinder, with external power coming from two-part gravitons from far below.}
________________
________________
{There are 16 underscores on two lines.}
{ED.L. comes from two separate pulls down on pairs of fundamental matter rotating about horizontal axes in a Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. ED.L. comes from the within the connecting mother cylinder, where there are two turns to complete its ED.L. pacing cycle.}
By
{Two letters in one word suggesting a single graviton is absorbed by two pull down parts, with one above the other.}
EDWARD LEEDSKALNIN
{There are two words suggesting ED.L., since each graviton was composed of two parts from the large mass below.}
________________
________________
{There are 16 underscores on two lines.}
{ED.L. comes from two separate pulls down on pairs of fundamental matter rotating about horizontal axes in a Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. ED.L. comes from the within the connecting father cylinder, where there are two turns to complete its ED.L. pacing cycle.}
Published by {There are 12 characters including the space.}
EDWARD LEEDSKALNIN {These two words suggest ED.L.}
Homestead, Florida {There are 16 letters.}
{There are two words above two words above two words suggesting a graviton is published by absorption of its two parts, causing extra Energy to be obtained from the Delayed two-part Leveraging from upward traveling gravity originally created in original home matter from two parts.}
Number Twenty-four. There were 24 teeth in his shown magnetic sprocket wheel shown on his page 27 of his little book. On the title page "Containing Three Subjects:" had 24 characters ignoring spaces.
Factor of Eight. A factor of eight = son-sprocket-wheel radius / mother-axle-sprocket-wheel radius = son-sprocket-wheel teeth / mother-axle-sprocket-wheel teeth was one possibility. Different values could be used for this, if different sprocket wheel sizes were used. The number of teeth of 24, 24, and 16 on the magnetic sprocket wheels each contain factors of eight. The factor of eight is the greatest common factor for 24 and 16. There are 2*4 = eight characters in "Ed's Place" on p. 1. There are 2*4 = eight letters in "Rock Gate". The title on p. 14, "Domestic", had eight letters.
Factor of One. A factor of one is understood but not shown in Fig. 95 corresponding to 1 = father-wheel radius / mother-larger-sprocket-wheel radius = father-sprocket-wheel teeth / mother-sprocket-wheel teeth. This represents approximately the same angular speed for the mother and the father-cylinder. The father-cylinder on the average neither rotates faster nor slower than the mother-cylinder. There are slight instantaneous variations as the angular speeds are slightly different, but the average values are approximately the same. The ratio also represents the father-cylinder and the mother-cylinder being equally yoked. Though they differ in mass, they are united in angular velocity between the extremes of the children-cylinders. The mother and father-wheel being connected but not being directly connected allows slightly transitioned interactions with the children-cylinders, while providing much stability. It is the less massive mother-wheel that cushions the interactions between the extreme children-wheels. The mother-cylinder and the father-cylinder are energy productive with respect to the Bessler principle but it is neither a permanent nor runaway effect because of friction, as it is with the more rapidly rotating daughter-wheel.
There could be an opposite side view of the 24-tooth sprocket wheel showing that some material was removed. If Ed effectively used opposite poles of magnets (24 opposite poles) to repel the other sprocket wheel teeth so that there is no rubbing between the teeth, then he may have found a lower friction connection between the cylinders than by using chains. This is likely the situation since he directly made photographs of the sprocket wheel of 24 teeth.
Bigger Sweet Sixteen Families. Could Ed have enlarged an existing Sweet Sixteen family of stone cylinder by adding more children? My opinion is that it would have been possible, but if he ever tried it he would not repeat the experiment. It would be best if the children were directly linked to the mother-cylinder for reasons of stability but he could have linked two children-cylinder of the same size together with the same angular speed. That would have effectively doubled the mass of the child-cylinder. I suppose that effectively doubling the mass of a child would have made things a little more unstable. Any rapidly rotating daughter-cylinders would be less subject to the control of their mother-cylinder. Any son-cylinders would also be less subject to their mother-cylinder. I suspect that, in the interest of retaining stability, Ed would have avoided having larger families (with more children-cylinders) in his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. That would have also have created confusing links with more friction. Also having more children-cylinders would have changed the working balance that he was used to. It would have made things lopsided. My guess is that he never tried it out, since he knew that it would not be a fun experience. Multi-children variants from the Sweet Sixteen would have also been more difficult to configure. He would have stuck with what worked.
More Power. So then what would Ed have done, if he had a job that needed much more power? Adding more children to a Sweet Sixteen family just wouldn't work, with respect to process stability. Either Ed could have used more Sweet Sixteen families at the same time (very unlikely) or Ed could have used a more massive Sweet Sixteen family (very unlikely) or used his government ideas to create downstream branches with sufficiently large sizes of mother-daughter cylinder pairs probably connected by ordinary sprocket chain connections. It would have been difficult for Ed, working alone, to have simultaneously watched over, controlled and used more than one Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders at the same time, unless he automated the process (wasting energy when overproducing and being sure not to under produce). Even if Ed had a trained assistant, I don't think that Ed would have wanted completely separate power source Sweet Sixteen families to potentially interfere with each other, while he was working on a single massive project. Ed could have either linked the families in serial or parallel connections or he could have formed more powerful families or he could have just taken longer to attain his goals. I suspect that the largest Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders that Ed created was depicted on the front cover of his book. He likely didn’t build extra Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, since they would have required that he produce more magnetic-sprocket-wheels, and it was difficult enough for him to build the magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels that he built.
No Chisel Marks on Rocks. One might ask why there is an absence of chisel marks on his coral rocks. Ed had plenty of rotary kinetic energy. Grinding and brushing were the norm. If he needed to get rid of excess rotational kinetic energy, Ed could have brushed rotating devices against a rock. He needed to keep his rotational kinetic energy in check so he had to often waste energy so that the Sweet Sixteen cylinders not rotate too fast. He could have rotated or pumped water if he didn't want to make any marks on the rocks and if he didn't want to wear down on his tools.
Digging Rocks. Drilling straight down into the rock might have been fairly straight forward with a metal rod rapidly rotating about a vertical axis boring into a hole with water in the hole to take away heat. He could have had rocks at the end of the axles to keep the ends from wearing away quickly. It might have been simpler if he used rocks or chucks of metal from vehicles rotating about horizontal axes to cut wide lines in the ground. He could have dug trenches all around the blocks that he was trying to cut out of the ground. He had plenty of power to use in cutting into the ground. He could have used more ordinary tools and done things more slowly, when his processes were subject to observation. He could have broken the blocks loose using sufficient leverage from any side. If any of his big blocks broke where they ought not to have broken, he could have used what was left for other projects or used the rock material to form tools. He could have filled in the huge pits, remaining from where the blocks were, with worn down rock or dirt. He didn’t fill in his largest quarry pit as it is visible today.
Rapid Shutdown. The slower boy-cylinders must not use too much power too rapidly or else it would bring the system to a halt. If unexpected visitors came to visit, Ed might pull on a shutdown wire to have the external devices use much power as quickly as possible. Maybe he also diverted power (in a controlled manner) to a fan spinning in water. Anyway, he could have shut down his operations so he would be free to quickly pack up the most critical revealing things. He probably would not let visitors inside the castle at night so that magnetically-repulsively-linked family cylinders would remain out of sight inside his castle and down inside his frame.
Safety Regarding Daughter-Cylinder. I suspect for purposes of safety, that it would be best to stay away from rapidly rotating daughter-wheels. When in use the rotating daughter cylinder and its magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel were safely down inside his frame. One could use the boy-cylinder or direct connections coming from it to keep "watch" on how fast the corresponding daughter-cylinder was rotating.
I measured about 81° (or 360°-81°=279°) of relative rotation for the "C" on the front cover. I measured about 111° for the relative rotation of the books in the drawn figures indicated by the small figure of Ed L. wearing a white suit. I could have easily gotten different numbers. Both were roughly a quarter of a turn (that is roughly 90°). The exact rotation angles have little importance. What is important is that they are not the same rotation of 0° and the rotations can in principle be large if the angular speed is large enough. There can be much leveraging by gravity with large enough angular speed.
Hidden Quantum Variables. The letter "C" itself could suggest normally hidden quantum variables (such as rotational angles or angular velocity or rotational kinetic energy). At the finest energy level the matter really is discrete, though on a larger normal quantum energy-scale for viewing variables, the variables for rotations of nuclear ground states are very well approximated as being continuous. Those were variables that we previously didn't know how to modify or interact with, since there seemed to be no way to get those nuclear ground states to rotate more. Now we should understand that with the Bessler or ED.L. principle there is a way for us to cause those nuclear ground states to rotate with greater angular speed in an apparently unquantized manner. Those variables of energy and angular speed were always there. They were just ignored or apparently hidden from our normal quantum or larger energy scale viewing. Those hidden “continuous” variables would be effectively continuous compared to the larger energy scales of atomic quantum variables and especially nuclear quantum variables.
Nucleus with Lattice Rotational Exchanges. The Sweet Sixteen rotational response involves both the Bessler principle and almost a rotational sort of Mössbauer effect. Instead of there not being a translational non-recoil because the nucleus couples with the lattice, there is a rotational coupling between the nucleus and the lattice. The rotational coupling is somewhat delayed and depends upon the materials and structure of the lattice. Ed informs us that the local lattice surrounding a nucleus can be damaged so that the rotational coupling can be damaged by over-rotation. The rotational coupling acts both (1) to initially increase the angular speed of the nucleus to the rotational speed of the lattice and (2) to later transfer acquired rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum from the nucleus to the surrounding lattice. It is understood that there is an acquisition of additional angular speed of the nucleus through the Bessler principle. Leedskalnin uses the word "looks" at various times in his little book. One possibility for the exchange is using "photons". It may be that speed-of-light photons (from the electron clouds, which electron clouds are somewhat rotationally coupled to the nuclear magnetic moments associated with the rotating charged nuclei) help quickly transfer the information. The process also sends useful energy and angular momentum the other direction. The process is almost a rotational analog of the translational Mössbauer effect, except the coupling for the rotation is not as strong as the so-called "electrostatic" coupling that allows translations of the nucleus to be effectively very well connected to the atomic lattice as a whole. Leedskalnin published his book before the benefit of the Mössbauer effect.
Suggested Means of Rotational Coupling. When the rotational connection is gentle, a rotating nucleus creates a magnetic moment which may or may not be able to slightly rotationally couple with its surrounding electron cloud which may be able to rotationally couple with the lattice. The gentle couplings may also go in the other direction to transfer energy and angular momentum the other way, from the lattice to the nuclear rotations. I think that Leedskalnin's procedures were to enhance that sort of gentle rotational coupling and connections. Notice that the nuclear magnetic moment is zero for each of carbon 12 (p. B-248 of CRC), oxygen 16 (p. B-249 of CRC), calcium 40 (p. B-256 of CRC), and iron 56 (p. B-261 of CRC). The nuclear magnetic moment for carbon 13 is +.7024 (1.11% natural abundance, p. B-261 of CRC). The nuclear magnetic moment for iron 57 is +.0902 (2.19% natural abundance, p. B-261 of CRC). The nuclear magnetic moment for cobalt 59 is +4.649 (100% natural abundance, p. B-263 of CRC). The coral rock contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3), so other than a slight amount of carbon 13, the calcium carbonate would have very little material with a normal nuclear magnetic moment. The rotational coupling would principally depend upon non-normal magnetic moments formed by internal ground-state rotations of the positive nuclei. A stainless steel with much cobalt and some carbon would have many contributors to nuclear magnetic moments. I suspect a stainless steel with much cobalt would be a rotationally "sweet" material to use for the daughter wheel or cylinder. Still, as Leedskalnin warns us, we better not rotate it too fast, so as to not destroy its rotational sweetness meaning the rotational coupling between the lattice and the embedded nuclei.
Damage to Sweetness. When the angular speed of the nucleus greatly exceeds the angular speed of the atomic lattice, the interaction can take on some forms that are damaging to the lattice. For example, a rapidly-rotating positively-charged nucleus can hit an attracted negative electron which can transfer undiluted energy and angular momentum outward to the lattice. The concentrated energy could do damage to the lattice connections. The energy could be in the form of a rapidly moving electron or an energetic photon. Such things should be avoided as much as possible so as to maintain sweetness of the lattice or to have as great a rotational connection between the lattice and the rotating nucleus.
Ed's Bicycle. I am guessing that one version of Ed's bicycle had no brakes, had no coasting, and had no tires at times, for purposes of greater internal efficiency. If he wanted to brake, he could have tried to pedal backwards to slow things down. He might have wrapped a chain or cable around the sweet back rim and directly used it to do small jobs. He could have caused a Sweet Sixteen cylinder to rotate rapidly from which he could have locally derived much power for somewhat larger jobs. His rim would not lose its sweetness as long as it was not rotated too fast. That suggests that, for his bicycle, a maximum sweet angular speed is associated with a linear speed of greater than about 15 miles/hour or 24 kilometers/hour. When Ed's bicycle had tires, it could have been used for a less bumpy bicycle ride.
Ed's Bicycle for Power Initialization. When it had tires, Ed's bicycle could have also been used for cranking up the son cylinder up to the appropriate speed. Ed could have simply pulled away the back wheel of his bicycle, when the speed was sufficient for the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders to start working by itself. Since Ed's Bicycle was shown in an uncropped picture and can even be seen on p. 27 in the cropped picture within his little book, it is supposed that Ed's bicycle was sometimes an important part of Ed's initialization of his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Guesses for Sweet Angular Speed. The sweet angular speed would need to be large enough to suggest old automobile angular speeds but not so large that the humor, of rotating too rapidly for ordinary circa-1936-or-prior vehicles, is not lost on p. 3 of Ed's translated little book, within paragraph "Unrestrained Wheel Rotations Taught by Devaluing Examples". Leedskalnin was trying to be funny in that paragraph and I tried the best that I could to preserve the humor of the situation. The humor provides a bounding of the sweet angular speed. Maybe an angular speed associated with wheels traveling at 30 mph or less would be low enough that the humor of the situation not to be lost. Larger angular speeds than say a value corresponding to vehicles traveling 30 or 35 mph might be destructive to rotational sweetness so there would remain humor in his decoded words. The angular speed would also need to not be so fast that it could not handle a chain (between the mother and son cylinder sprockets) or allow Ed's stated chain behavior. One misses the humor if one doesn’t understand that he is actually talking about rotational coupling or absence thereof between the lattice of wheels and the rapidly-rotating nuclear-ground-states within.
Future experiments will determine reasonable sweet angular speeds for new wheels of particular types of materials. Let us make guesses for what a sweet angular speed should be for iron so we can see how some of the calculations might go. The angular speed must be greater than the angular speed of Leedskalnin's bicycle, Bessler's wheel, and the McKinley low friction demonstration. I could guess high that a maximum sweet angular speed for iron would be associated with a vehicle going 56 kilometers/hour (or approximately 35 miles/hour) with tires of radius of 30 centimeters.
Conversion Factor. We can convert from miles/hour to kilometers/hour using (1 mile/hour) = (1 mile/hour) *(5280feet/mile) *(12inches/foot) *(2.54centimeters/inch) *(meter/100centimeters) *(kilometer/1000meters) = 5.280 *1.2kilometers *.254/hour = 1.609344 kilometers/hour.
Example Calculation. Suppose
we first try to calculate an example sweet angular speed for a brand new circa
1936 vehicle (with iron drive shaft, axles, and wheels never previously
rotated) traveling at 30 kilometers/hour (or approximately 19 miles/hour) for a
vehicle with tires of radius of 30 centimeters.
This means (30kilometers/hour) *(1000meters/kilometer) *(100centimeters/meter)
*(revolution/(2
I think that in 1936 that the vehicle manufactures were not rotationally removing the sweetness from the vehicles by not rotating them rapidly after the vehicles were produced. Nowadays I think that the rotational sweetness anomalies are removed by initial rapid rotations of the vehicles and comments are further provided to the new owners for further breaking in their new vehicles.
Vehicle Upper Bound. For the
same radius for 56 kilometers/hour (or approximately 35 miles/hour) there would
be a high guess of the sweet angular speed of (56/30)125revolutions/(9
That might be an upper bound for the sweet angular speed, since I think 30 miles/hour retains the humor of p. 3. The humor might begin to be lost for 35 miles/hour, since circa 1936 people might actually be driving to picnics, etc. at such a speed and there would be nothing for Ed to be complaining about (regarding improper rotational practices), if that speed corresponded to an actual sweet angular speed.
Bicycle Lower Bound. I think
we could get a lower bound from Ed's bicycle assuming a maximum speed of 15
miles/hour or 24.1 kilometers/hour and a radius of 30 centimeters. That would provide a lower bound estimate for
the sweet angular speed of (24.1/30)125 revolutions/(9
Underestimates of Sweet Angular Speed. Bessler's Kassel freely-rotating wheel rotated at an angular speed of 25 to 26 revolutions/minute, pp. 16, 20, 107, 108, and 110 of PM97. That would be .42 to .43 revolutions/second. Bessler's Kassel energy productive wheel rotated at an angular speed of 20 revolutions/minute, pp. 107, 108, and 110 of PM97. That would be .33 revolutions/second. I think that Bessler used previously-non-rotated new wood mainly for his rotationally sweet materials. The total weight of the Kassel wheel (mainly wood) was estimated to be 500 to 700 pounds pp. 16, 20, 198, and 200 of PM97. The Kassel wheel took two or three turns to attain its greatest angular speed p. 110 of PM97.
Gera Underestimate. Bessler's Gera freely-rotating wheel rotated at an angular speed of 50 revolutions/minute p. 16 of PM97. That would be .83 revolutions/second. I think that 50 revolutions/minute or .83 revolutions/second would be a reasonable underestimate of the sweet angular speed, associated with Bessler's very low friction bearing wheels. With more friction in the bearings, I think that Leedskalnin's sweet angular speed would have needed to be larger.
If the rotational rate of the apparently plastic wheel in the McKinley low friction demonstration was between 20 and 50 cycles per minute, those angular speeds would be between .33 revolutions/second and .83 revolutions/second, which would not provide any new constraint. The value of .83 revolutions/second could serve as an underestimate of the sweet angular speed for generic materials (iron or wood or plastic).
Simpler Energy Extraction Method. If the sweet angular speed were somehow known it might be possible for a sweet daughter-cylinder rotating at the sweet angular speed to directly be hooked up to a variable power dynamo or electrical power generator. If the sweet daughter-cylinder were producing too much power by the Bessler or ED.L. principle, then more power could be extracted. If the sweet daughter-cylinder slowed down too much, then less power could be extracted. If it works, such a procedure using modern devices and feedback circuitry might be a simpler and more efficient power method than using the purely mechanical Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The roles of controlling (mother-cylinder), stabilization (father-cylinder), power output (son-cylinder), and feedback control (operator) might be replaced by a single operator or eventually an automated operator, using properly designed feedback control algorithms corresponding to the sweet angular frequency and material properties of the daughter-cylinder. There would not be any need for separate father, mother, and son cylinders. Such an arrangement (if possible) should be less bulky and costly to build than Leedskalnin's Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. We probably should stick with Ed's arrangement, until a simpler arrangement can be shown to work and not destroy the angular speed sweetness of the material.
Was Ed Leedskalnin aware of Bessler’s writings and efforts? He could have been but I suspect that he was not. If Ed were aware of Bessler’s writings and efforts, then I suspect that there would be a greater spill-over of Bessler’s Orffyrean way of doing things in Ed’s way of doing things. If Ed were aware of Bessler’s Orffyrean roller bearing, I suspect that he would have tried to construct one for himself, but I am not aware of anything that suggested that he tried to do such studies. There were no indications that Ed became “mad” by over exposure to mercury. Though separated by almost two centuries, the two efforts (by Bessler and Leedskalnin) could be considered as “essentially independent”. Ed’s and Bessler’s efforts were connected by a common principle though. The two extremely inquisitive individuals somewhat explored different facets of the same common principle.
Was Bessler aware of a rotational sweetness sort of property of materials? Though I don’t have much data to back it up, I suspect that with his very low friction bearings he could have rotated some wheels too fast on purpose and then discovered that such wheels would not in the future work as well as an ordinary-rotationally-limited, energy-from-gravity-extracting “Bessler” wheel. Bessler was extremely motivated in his search for knowledge. I think that his great curiosity would have impelled him to over rotate certain test wheels, so he would have acquired some knowledge about rotational sweetness, similar to some of the knowledge that Ed acquired about rotational sweetness. Ed would have likely known more about rotational sweetness, since the subject was critical to his production of sustained power. Bessler did not need to fully explore such intricacies since his bearings already allowed wheels to be power productive. Inefficient sounds within some of Bessler’s wheels may have helped preserve rotational sweetness by preventing the wheel from rotating too fast, in addition to their helping to hide or disguise the source of power acquired by the wheel.
Conceptually Reconstructing Sweet Sixteen. There was a trial and error sort of process during my conceptual reconstruction of Ed’s Sweet Sixteen invention. I would make assumptions and compare them with the evidences to see how they stacked up. Later when I was reconsidering the son connection to the mother, I could have mentally tried magnetic sprocket connections between the mother and son but there would be associated problems: there wouldn’t be large enough mechanical leveraging and there would be an absence of feedback about the conditions that Ed is able to point out through the use of the chain. When I saw the front view on the cover (associated with decoding the complete paragraph on Ed’s p. 19), I figured that I got it essentially right. Later I saw that I wasn’t adhering closely enough to the front view by not having the largest cylinders broken up into small enough portions and I considered more closely where the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders was located during the move of Rock Gate Park. I also needed to mentally fit together the cylinders using the smaller visible size of the mother cylinder’s magnetic sprocket wheel as shown on page 27 to obtain relatively large radius entities for the mother and father. Considering the size of Ed in his little drawing/painting, I revised some figures based on that analysis. I suppose that I still need to do at least one more iteration to make the radius of the mother and father entities large enough, to include the more shadowed parts, but I figure that I am close enough to get the main points across. I also didn’t think that I got the sizes and spaces quite right but I got them somewhat right with respect to Ed’s little drawing/painting. Someone else, using some three-dimensional design software, should be able to do a better job.
Symbolic Entrance Fee Marker. The marker where the entrance fee of ten cents was deposited was quite symbolic. The entrance fee marker had a six-pointed star with the top and bottom points partly removed. It was a curious mixture of six and four pointed entities. Ed’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders was explicitly a mixture or merging of six and four pointed star entities, since 24/16 = 6/4 = 3/2 was the rotational merging factor. The star marker may be seen for example in Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Star of David" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030650663/in/photostream/ or in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uPEtch6FrQ "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 1" at 1:46-1:48 into the video where we can just barely read the writings or depictions. It is harder to read in the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" at time 0:38, but it better shows the “missing” top of the “star” sign. There is a brief close up view of the ADM sign at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDRg6C5C5WQ “Coral Castle - Unusual and Unexplainable Home Of Ed Leedskalnin” near time 0:35.
Fee Marker Details. Again, the marker had both its two vertical star points somewhat removed above and below. In the middle it had the words, "ADM.10¢." on the first line and "DROP BELOW." on the second line. Both lines were centered vertically with respect to the other line. All letters were large and capitalized. In “ADM.” the period after the “ADM” indicated that it was an abbreviation for the word “admission”. There were two symbolic words in the short sentence below and three or four abbreviated words or symbols above. The two below could have represented the two parts of the graviton. The three or four above could have represented the three non-touching cylinders or the four total cylinders of his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. In number of characters, the "ADM." was twice as long as the "10". Ideally the father cylinder was twice as long as the mother cylinder. The "10" was twice as long as the slightly rotated cent symbol (or “¢”). Ideally the mother cylinder was twice as long as the rotating daughter cylinder (and the mother cylinder was twice the radius of the daughter cylinder). It was primarily the daughter cylinder that supplied the extra rotations. The period “.” after the cent symbol (or “¢”) could have represented the son cylinder. The "10" was twice as long as the "." character-wise. Ideally the mother cylinder was twice as long as the son cylinder (and the mother cylinder was twice the radius of the son cylinder). The top line showed the order of the four cylinders. See Fig. 89.
The below missing star point was near the point where the money was deposited. The below things might symbolize something like these words. "Each smallest drop of gravity coming from far below causes everything to be pulled down by two separate pulls down. You might insert the bottom part of the coin first into the hole. As you drop the coin you may be holding the top part of it last. Gravity would cause a coin dropped to far below to acquire translational speed with time of the long drop. Similarly a cylindrical newly made object, such as a newly minted dime, rotating with little friction about a horizontal axis on its smallest scale has many an earlier pull down below and many a later pull down above, causing an increase in its rotational speed during the long time of the drop to far below. Your admission price of your smallest coin that you have now paid is very much like the price paid by many smallest drops of gravity going upward at the speed of light, while I built my Rock Gate Park. You have made your sacrifice and you may never again see your dime, but the effects of your dime will continue. Thank you. The tiny drops of gravity have paid their ultimate sacrificial price, as they will not be seen again. Only the effects of their having been present will be seen or may long endure. We should all be thankful for them. All the stars are powered by these symbolic two-part sacrifices. Symbolically with fast enough rotation on an ultra-small star marker about a horizontal axis, then opposite points could be pulled down non-simultaneously, causing it to rotate faster by ED.L."
The top of the fee marker was somewhat like a blurred version of a six-pointed hexagram or Star of David. Since a six-pointed hexagram is formed by the rotation of a three-pointed equilateral triangle, it might even be somewhat of a blurred mixture of a three-pointed equilateral triangle and a four-pointed square on end, but it didn't have any more points than six because of blurred overlap. Ed's sprocket wheels were quite like multi-pointed stars. The 16 tooth magnetically repulsive sprocket wheel of the daughter-cylinder was cleverly repeatedly merged with the 24 tooth magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel of the mother-cylinder, using simple numerical relationships. The 16 and the 24 teeth could have been represented by the marker. Four times four is 16 and four time six is 24. There were four characters in "ADM." There were four characters in "10¢." where we count the period. So mathematically according to the star sign, 4*4=16. The star-like marker itself is somewhat like a large multiplication symbol. There were four characters in "DROP". There were six characters in "BELOW." where we count the period as a character. So mathematically according to the sign, 4*6=24. I think that the marker is among other things simultaneously specifying two mathematical relations (4*4=16 and 4*6=24). Also again a merger of the six point star (Star of David) with a four point star (square) in the marker itself may suggest the ratio 6/4 which is 24/16 which is 3/2 or the merging factor that occurs in the magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels of the mother and daughter cylinders. Ed keeps repetitively providing his symbolic messages in a variety of compact forms.
Cent Symbol Rotation. Now one might ask, “Why was the line in the symbol for the rotating daughter cylinder rotated by a particular angle?” Ed chose the line through the cent symbol to be an angle of about 22.5° from the vertical. That chosen angle is slightly larger than the typical angle of the line in the cent symbol (¢) from the vertical. Well, with 16 teeth on the daughter's magnetic sprocket wheel, that would mean that the angle for each tooth is 360°/16 = 22.5°. Ed is again symbolically almost telling us direct information about the nature of the daughter's magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel. If you understand his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, then you should understand in many cases why he is selecting his symbols. In hindsight, they can be somewhat obvious.
Per Cent. I think that the reason that Edward Leedskalnin spelled “percent” as “per cent” on pages 5, 7, and 9 of his book (BEH) was to focus attention on the rotation associated with the line pertaining to the cent symbol (¢). Thrice he misspelled the word “percent” on purpose. If the line in the normal cent symbol is about 15° from the vertical, then that is another big hint about the normal angle between teeth in his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The father-cylinder and the mother-cylinder both have 24 teeth, which both mean an angle of 360°/24 = 15° from a point on a tooth to the same point on the next tooth. In hindsight, it appears that he was showing the angles between teeth in the magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels in his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinder. That would be 15° for the normal sprocket-wheel and 22.5° for the hidden sprocket-wheel. The hidden sprocket-wheel’s angle was openly on his admission or fee marker sign). Those angles would then translate to 24 teeth on his openly-shown sprocket-wheel (p. 27 of BEH) and 16 teeth on his hidden sprocket-wheel. The daughter sprocket-wheel was the third magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel.
Masonic Connections. The prior video http://www.code144.com/2012/03/watch-the-secret-of-the-universe-coral-castle-video/ made reference to artistic designs or symbols openly displayed in the Norman Hall Room of The Grand Masonic Lodge in Philadelphia. These things were quite visible during public tours. The video noticed somewhat of a correspondence to some of the same sort of designs or symbols that are also openly shown in Coral Castle. After the potential correspondences were mentioned on the Internet site, I also noticed other correspondences, which made me suspect a Bessler principle connection. That potentially could be a connecting thread. Here is a particular correspondence that I noticed.
Norman Hall Clock Code. The clock shown in the Norman Hall was readily visible to all taking the tour. The clock has letters in place of the usual hour numbers. See Fig. 96 for a simple depiction of this clock. It is clear that the clock depicts a type of code. But why might it make sense to code the hour labels of a clock? It might make sense to encode a great hidden rotational principle that should be clear to everyone, if they have eyes to see it. It is plainly in front of them. It would be very hard to miss it, but can they see what it represents? Can they see the principle right before their eyes? The clock depiction strongly suggests a numerical type of code. As we can see from the figure, they are thus obviously encoded 1(S), 2(E), 3(B), 4(M), 5(O), 6(C), 7(W), 8(E), 9(N), 10(B), 11(A), and 12(Y) with respect to their usual hour hand labels. The clock reads left to right “NEWCOMB” (below) and “BAYSE” (above) as a mnemonic for the letters. The only real question is how to break the underlying code and what the code meant. Since it is obviously a numerical code, and since I suspected that the underlying code represented the Bessler principle, one might initially consider the 26 letters of the alphabet as the numbers 1 to 26 to begin breaking the code. I am following the same sort of qualitative steps, as I used for breaking the codes of the two coded little books. I assumed the decoding key and saw where the key led. Similarly Bessler and Leedskalnin both showed important hidden things right before people’s eyes, if only people had eyes to see them. All these things appear to have been placed in very obvious ways completely out in the open so that eventually when the hidden principle became well known and understood, then their underlying messages regarding the hitherto hidden principle would become clear.
Fig. 96. Labels on clock in Norman Hall.
I can call the clock a little clock or a little coded clock. It is clearly coded and it appears to be an extremely compact representation. I suspect that that its open decoding would open up many ideas and possibilities. I suspect that its open decoding suggests an approach to promote a rotational energy revolution.
Clock Code Modulos. Since the Bessler principle likely being represented is rotational and since the underlying clock code is rotational, the first thing to consider for representing the clock code would be the modulos. The modulos are rotational wrappings like shown by a rotational clock. Those rotational wrappings or modulo mappings are simply the remainders after division by numbers. One of the modulo numbers that might be obvious to try would be the number (12) of the clock itself. That number also often came up prominently in Ed's little book. Another modulo to first try would be the 16 that was also quite prominent in Ed's little book, if the symbols are really speaking about the same underlying subject. We will see later that we probably should have more carefully considered the modulo 8 mapping instead of the modulo 16 mapping, but that is viewing the situation in hindsight. I don’t want to get ahead of myself. Here is an example of the modulo 12 mapping. The number two considering modulo 12 has a remainder of two, which is found when dividing two by 12. So a “B” or the second letter of the alphabet gets modulo 12 mapped to a 2. As another example, a 14 considering modulo 12 has a remainder of two which is found when dividing by 12. So an “N” or the 14th letter of the alphabet also gets modulo 12 mapped to a 2. Let superscripts of letters here represent the modulo or remainder mappings of the letter order with respect to 12: A1, B2, C3, D4, E5, F6, G7, H8, I9, J10, K11, L0, M1, N2, O3, P4, Q5, R6, S7, T8, U9, V10, W11, X0, Y1, and Z2. Let subscripts of letters here represent the modulo or remainder mappings of the letter order with respect to 16: A1, B2, C3, D4, E5, F6, G7, H8, I9, J10, K11, L12, M13, N14, O15, P0, Q1, R2, S3, T4, U5, V6, W7, X8, Y9, and Z10. Again, those modulo mappings are respectively the remainders for division by 12 and 16. In case you can more easily relate to a table, here is Table D.1 showing those modulos of the order of the letters for modulo 12 and modulo 16 mappings. I am including modulo 8 mappings in the table to support later analysis. Only the entries are shown for letters of the clock. The other entries are ignored, since they are not on the little clock. That keeps the Table D.1 uncluttered. For simplicity, I am ignoring many other fancier mappings but others may consider them, if they are so inclined.
Table D.1. Modulo mappings of letter order for the clock.
|
Letter |
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z |
|
Order |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
14 |
15 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
25 |
|
|
Mod 8 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
1 |
|
|
Mod 12 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
1 |
|
|
Mod 16 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
14 |
15 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
9 |
|
As suggested by the normal labels for the clock face, the divisors themselves could have been used for the mappings instead of zeros, since the letters H. L, P, and X do not appear on that little clock. It just doesn’t matter, as they are part of the ignored table entries. For the Bessler principle, recall that the top particle continues to rotate after the lower particle is pulled down, before the top particle is also pulled down. As a clock normally rotates clockwise, we could assume that the pair (of fundamental opposite particles) is simply rotating clockwise about a horizontal axis. The Fig. 97 would show the clock with modulo 12 mappings in the first ring outside and modulo 16 mappings in the outermost ring.
Fig. 97. Labels on clock in Norman Hall surrounded by modulo 12 and 16 mappings.
Clock Code Rationale. Here is somewhat a rationale for the clock mappings or why someone might want to select such letters for the labels on a clock, assuming that we consider the Bessler principle and modulo (12 and 16) mappings of the letters of the alphabet. The Fig. 98 shows those prior labels and the modulo mapped numbers in Fig. 97 but with all the modulo mapped numbers removed that would not suggest the Bessler principle. There are 19 remaining modulo mapped numbers. It is remarkable given only these two modulo mappings that Bessler-principle-suggestive mapped numbers survive for the entire clock. I am not especially concerned with which ring the numbers happened to come from, though similar analyses would produce qualitatively similar results, if we were to insist upon the Bessler principle idea that only different particles (represented by say separate rings) be allowed to participate in the two-part gravitational reactions. There exist explanations for all the letters being on the clock according to the mod 12 and 16 mappings, though not for the “Y” if we insist that a Bessler principle relationship be from only different modulo mapping rings. It is almost as if someone is openly speaking about the Bessler principle in coded digital form. Here are the many (19) surviving specific cases that might tend to be suggestive of the Bessler principle. I will start at the normal three o'clock, as the first pull down. I will use a rotation of the particle pair rotating clockwise about their center of mass (the center of the clock) or in the same rotational direction about a horizontal axis as a clock normally is viewed. These might be exemplary first and second positions of pull downs of fundamental charges: B2 or B2 à N2 or B2 or B2, M1 à A1 or A1 or Y1, O3 or C3 or C3 à S3, W7 à S7, E5 or E5 à E5 or E5, and N2 à B2 or B2. I separated the two pull down locations-times by an arrow showing the time order of the pull-down events. I count 2*3+1*3+3*1+1*1+2*2+1*2 = 6+3+3+1+4+2 = 19 such Bessler-principle-like relationships expressed by the little clock. One could directly count those 19 Bessler-principle-like relationships using Fig 98. For those relationships, we maintain the same numbers using only those two modulo mappings (modulo 12 and modulo 16). Those relationships are for spatial-temporal relationships for which we might somewhat expect the Bessler principle to work, when the appropriate angular speed conditions are met. Having the same mapped numbers before and after, I think means both the pull downs are associated with the same graviton. There were no Bessler principle relationships that were excluded because they were associated with rotations in the opposite direction from clockwise. In other words, no rotations showed up that were counterclockwise. Either there were no rotations or the rotations were clockwise.
Fig. 98. The modulo 12 and 16 labels for clock in Norman Hall suggestive of Bessler principle.
Can you see the 19 pull-down pairs of events in Fig. 98 as you follow a “lower” number pull-down event across the center of the clock to the other side and then possibly rotate clockwise to see the later or second pull-down event for the same or higher-elevation (than the first pull-down) in one of the circles for the same number as associated with the first pull-down event? If so, I think you will be seeing a digital depiction of the digital Bessler or ED.L. principle.
Symbolic Clock. To me this is suggestive that the Bessler or ED.L. principle is being graphically depicted in the curious labels of that clock in Norman Hall. It would be quite a coincidence for 19 such Bessler principle relationships to be expressed by the 12 letters selected for the clock. I am convinced (especially with later evidence) that the coded clock was provided to denote the Bessler principle (or whatever name they used for the idea then). This clock decoding was partly solved using the key of that greatly suppressed friction-masked principle. Still, we need to keep looking for better solutions.
Symbolic “G”. I have seen a "G" prominently displayed in front of the Masonic Lodge building in Ridgecrest, California. Could it stand for "gravity" or "God" or “good” or something else? I don't know, but each one seems to point to or lead to the others. Could the principle be a gravity principle or a principle of God by which much good is done in this universe? There can also be a “glory” associated with the use of the Bessler principle as Bessler points out at the very center of his little book. I think there was a “G” on a ring that my father had. I am sure that the “G” was not there because his name happened to be George. Other masons of different names also had the letter G on their rings. Some ancient stone masons or people dealing with massive stones rotating about horizontal axes would surely be aware of a fundamental principle of a great amount of glorious good energy coming from rotations of massive stones about horizontal axes because of God’s gravity.
Stone Mason Principle. I am thinking that the ancient knowledge principle known to some stone masons might be called the stone mason principle. It would be the same as the ED.L. principle or the Bessler principle or the yin-yang principle.
Two Columns Representing Two Separate Pulls Down of Gravity. In front of the "G" on the building were two balls, with each ball supported by its own column. I was thinking that they could represent two separate fundamental particles pulled down by the two separate parts of gravity. I suppose that anyone who was well aware of the stone mason principle might be well aware of the two-separate downward-pulls by each graviton. Those two-separate downward-pulls, of the stone mason principle, could be represented by the two columns.
I don’t know when the magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels were invented to better implement the stone mason principle. I suspect that they were invented very long ago. They may have been invented as far back as the times of the building of the pyramids.
Low Friction Rotations of Massive Cylinders. At some point people would have realized and treasured the idea that to better implement the stone mason principle (or reduce effort expended) they needed lower friction rotations of their massive stone cylinders. Such lower friction rotations included the bearings and lower friction mechanical connections between the massive rotating cylinders.
Steel. Steel was available at least in the Old World as far back as 600 B.C. (see 1 Nephi 4:9 and 16:18). Steel may have been available much earlier. The Jaredites coming from the Old World to the New World had steel about 2500 B.C. or within two hundred years after their arrival after about 2700 B.C. See Ether 7:9 and p. 128 of SC81. It is possible that there could have been roller bearings made of steel anciently. Roller bearings could also have been made of other durable metals/alloys and the bearings would have normally been lubricated.
Symbolic Columns. Maybe more careful study will show when and where these labor saving ideas came into being and how they were implemented. Surely God would know about all fundamental principles important to the universe. I have seen some scriptural hints of two columns which might apply to the fundamental hidden stone mason principle. The two columns appear to be referenced in the scriptures. The columns had separate names. See 1 Kings 7:21-22; 2 Chronicles 3:17; 4:12-13. Also see Temple of Solomon in the Bible Dictionary (https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd?lang=eng) and https://www.lds.org/ensign/1991/04/jesus-and-the-temple?lang=eng. The expression “Jachin and Boaz” in the Bible Dictionary (https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd?lang=eng) corresponds to the meanings “He will establish” and “In him is strength.” A graviton could be considered as a two-part symbol, “He will establish” (with the first absorption) and “In him is strength” (for the second absorption and possible increase of internal rotational kinetic energy). Such hidden symbols in each graviton could denote the Lord and His total sacrifice to establish all good in strength.
Digital Representation of Stone Mason Principle. It seems to me that the letters of the clock were specifically chosen to exemplify the Bessler or ED.L. or stone mason principle. That would further suggest to me that whoever was originally behind such a mapping knew something about the Bessler principle (or the ED.L. or stone mason principle) from theoretical or practical-application viewpoints. It is interesting that someone could come up with a digital mapping of something that we, at first thought, might consider to be an analog process. Upon further reflection, it may actually be fundamentally a discrete or digital process but it is not limited to 8 or 12 or 16 or 26 numbers. The clock crudely-digitally expressed the fine digital situation possibly for illustrative or coding purposes. A very large number of numbers are actually needed and the digital expression process is also angular speed dependent. It seems that someone or some people needed to have been congratulated but it is not clear to me who deserved to be congratulated. It is likely some persons (somehow anciently associated with the Masons) living long before the time of Leedskalnin. The ideas employed by Leedskalnin appear to (in part) have somehow come down to him from antiquity. The digital numbers of the clock were of specific importance with respect to building such a device that Leedskalnin built. Bessler penetrated all sorts of trades/crafts in an effort to learn their secrets but did he penetrate the masons? See pp. 24, 25, 26, and 29 of PM97. He made reference to making clocks/watches. See pp. 24 and 28 of PM97. I think that the device which he invented with the help of God was greatly different or superior to the device that the ancient stone masons apparently knew about.
Other Mappings? Are there other mappings that work better? A challenge is to use just the fewest (two) of the larger modulo mappings that still suggest many Bessler or ED.L. principle relationships. We saw above that using the two modulos 12 and 16, 19 Bessler or ED.L. principle suggestive relationships come from the survival of 19 modulo mapped numbers. Using modulos of 12 and 24, would provide only 16 Bessler relationships, which come from the survival of 14 modulo mapped numbers. Using modulos of 16 and 24, would provide only 10 Bessler relationships, which come from the survival of 11 modulo mapped numbers. I doubt that someone else can find two different larger modulo mappings (than say 12 and 16) that suggest more Bessler or ED.L. principle relationships than 19, for completely explaining the little clock in Norman Hall. I have not done an exhaustive search. I noticed that there were 16 primary teeth in the sun burst positioned just above the Norman Hall clock 10:18-10:24 of part 4 of http://www.code144.com/wiki/videos.
A Better Mapping. I found a “better” mapping but I had to reduce the modulo values. I found that modulos of eight and twelve allowed 21 (or 22) of the 24 modulo mapped numbers to survive. The Fig. 99 would show the clock with modulo 8 mappings in the first ring outside the letters and modulo 12 mappings in the outermost ring. The Fig. 100 shows those prior labels and modulo mappings in Fig. 99 with all the mappings removed that would not suggest the Bessler principle. That is only three (or two) of the 24 modulo mapped numbers were not associated with a Bessler principle relationship for the clock. Those modulo mapped numbers provided either 21 (or 23) Bessler principle relations. With these starting lower points, I found these 21 (or 23) = 6 + 4 (or 6) + 2 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 2 relations: B (6 = 3 + 3), M (4 (or 6) = 0 (or 2) + 4), O (2 = 1 + 1), C (2 = 1 + 1), W (1 = 1 + 0), E (4 = 2 + 2), and N (2 = 0 + 2). I had a question if the M point (which modulo 8 is a 5) could have its opposite higher fundamental-particle point rotate fast enough clockwise all the way around the circle from the 10 o’clock position (B) to the 2 o’clock position (E) associated with modulo 8 and modulo 12 mappings of E both being 5. It at first consideration might seem impossible, but we might want to think about it a little more. Maybe they could connect with a Bessler principle relationship, if the fundamental particle pairs are rotating very rapidly (somehow not limited by the speed of light or there would be more time available, if the electric field for pulling down the M had been spatially located ahead of the other electric field in the graviton for pulling down the E). The person(s) who coded the little clock may have wanted to include a special exaggeration for illustrative purposes. If that unusual event is somehow possible, there could be 23 Bessler principle relationships instead of 21, which is even better or four more than the 19 relationships corresponding to the modulo 12 and 16 mappings. There would be no need to reverse the rotational direction from clockwise to preserve any Bessler principle relationships. That is all the Bessler principle or stone mason principle relationships just happened to either correspond to clockwise rotations or no rotations. For the modulo 8 and 12 mappings, there happened to be was full modulo mapping coverage of the clock (and thus full explanation) for all letters of the clock. The coverage was complete even if we were to require that the two particles were completely separate, according to an additional requirement that they be on separate rings. The various sorts of unusual things did not just accidently happen. I think that there was design behind their occurrences.
Fig. 99. Labels on clock in Norman Hall surrounded by modulo 8 and 12 mappings.
Fig. 100. Modulo 8 and 12 labels for clock in Norman Hall suggestive of Bessler principle.
Proof? One might object to my “proof” that the Norman Hall little coded clock exhibits the Bessler principle, since it is sort of a circular argument. That is I assumed that it used the Bessler principle, then I assumed two modulos, and then I saw evidence that doing so signified the Bessler principle, according to only keeping those that did depict the Bessler principle. It is somewhat circular reasoning. The astonishing “proof” comes from the completeness in the survival of the numbers, the finding of such a large number of solution relationships, and the finding that the solutions were associated with rotations in only one particular direction (not counterclockwise). It is a matter of considering how likely these things should occur. I think that the observed complete situations are quite remarkable. I think that the encoder(s) was(were) attempting to not only represent the Bessler principle but also to provide information on how the low-friction magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels were previously configured in some time in the past so as to produce sustained power exhibiting the Bessler principle. If people do not agree with my reasoning, then I can see why they might not agree. Still, they could try other “random” sorts of clock labelling with letters, follow my “circular reasoning” procedures, and see how likely it is to arrive at such remarkable solutions, as we have seen. I think that the Norman Hall clock encoding was specifically selected to demonstrate such remarkable things.
Worse Mappings. There are worse mappings than those associated with the modulo mappings for 8 and 12 or the modulo mappings for 12 and 16. For modulos of 8 and 16, only 12 or 13 modulo mapped numbers would survive for a total of 12 or 14 Bessler principle relationships. For modulos of 8 and 24, only 11 or 12 modulo mapped numbers would survive for a total of 10 or 12 Bessler principle relationships.
Sweet Eight. The likely little clock solution of modulo 8 and 12 mappings would suggest a Sweet Eight solution, with the number of sprocket teeth on a magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheel being either 12 or 8. That would have the same angular speed performance as Ed’s Sweet Sixteen solution, since 12/8 = 3/2 = 24/16. The only difference is in the doubling of the number of magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth for each wheel. Ed likely was aware of the Sweet Eight solution (since it would have been simpler to build and Ed appeared to have some masonic connections) but he may have discovered that in practice, doubling the number of teeth gave superior or finer interactive performance especially between the mother and daughter magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels. It is clear to me that Ed preferred his Sweet Sixteen arrangement over other solutions. His Sweet Sixteen was paramount in many of his coded messages.
I think that the encoder(s) of the little clock were not aware of Ed’s Sweet Sixteen solution with 24, 24, and 16 for the number of magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth for the father, mother, and daughter cylinders. Otherwise I suppose that by careful selection of letters they would have tried to design a better clock encoding for modulos 16 and 24 than for modulos 8 and 12.
Anciently a Sweet Eight solution would have been easier to build than a Sweet Sixteen solution so I am suspecting that the Sweet Eight solution (having eight or twelve teeth) was what was used anciently.
Ed used more sprocket teeth in his family of cylinders, but his solution would appear to allow better performance. It would seem that Ed improved upon the Masonic sprocket wheel solution.
I suppose that I have correctly decoded the little coded clock. I think that it may have been a compact representation of a gravity-powered perpetual-motion device, having half the number of magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth for each cylinder as Ed’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. I think that there were 12, 12, and 8 magnetically-repulsive sprocket-teeth respectively associated with the father, mother, and daughter cylinders. I think that the little coded clock simultaneously represented the stone mason principle.
Why Coding? Why were the Bessler principle related things in Orffyreus’s little book, in ED.L.’s little book, and in the Norman Hall clock all coded using the coding key of the Bessler principle (or the ED.L. principle or the stone mason principle or the yin-yang principle)? Here are some possible reasons. (1) Long ago many people without direct Bessler principle experience generally didn’t believe in the principle. I suspect that some people in 2019 don’t believe in the principle enough to become angry, based on shallow non-evidence. Bessler principle codes avoid the anger, since potentially contentious people usually don’t have the foggiest idea what the codes mean. If those potentially contentious people understood the hidden meanings, then they would likely not be so contentious, assuming they also understood that the principle was correct. Faith or study or proper experimentation is required to properly learn the hidden meanings. (2) The codes automatically keep the knowledge private to the people (who did the encoding) or to whomever the codes were explained, whether by practical examples or by theoretical precepts. (3) The codes automatically keep concentrated, in the hands of the actual learned/knowledgeable people, any practical power made available from the principle. The codes tend to keep great power out of the hands of the ignorant. (4) The codes automatically avoid suppression associated with advocating the principle. Sometimes the suppression comes from the learned, who are not quite as learned as they should be or they claim to be. (5) The codes in hindsight would show that the encoders actually knew of the principle along with their other associated pragmatic messages, at the times of the encodings.
Accurate Solar Clock. Edward Leedskalnin built his own clock that still “runs”. He built an interesting-accurate solar clock in his final Rock Gate Park location that is perpetually working, when the sun is shining, during the operation times of the clock. I saw a video where I could see a dot shadow on the surface of his solar clock. In the same video, I could see examples of a pointed-top-diamond-window, of a flat-top-round-window, and of a Polaris pointer. Those examples provide views of perpendicular lines, in their stone windows. I initially thought that perpendicular lines could make a dot shadow upon the clock surface, where the line shadows cross. I now don’t think that any of those windows with their perpendicular lines created the clock shadow, because within the video for 0:32-0:43 or 1:41 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3KPJFOxB6s "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 3" near times 0:32-0:38 showed a view from above what was creating the shadow for his clock. It was apparently a small piece of metal that cast a shadow. As near as I could tell, the surface of Ed’s clock appears to be a portion of a sphere, with a constant radius from the somewhat “pointy” end of the small piece of metal. Though I had an aunt who lived in Homestead, Florida for a while, I have not actually visited Coral Castle. I have had to guess at some things according to their appearances. There seems to be a figure-eight-like-curve recorded for each hour and each half hour visible on the surface of Ed’s clock. See also for example, the figure-eight-like-curves just touching (where they are the widest) in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uPEtch6FrQ "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 1" near 4:48-4:51 into the video. Also see 5:59-6:30 showing another view of his solar clock, with a shadow mark approaching the 10 o’clock hour. For a full view of the rock portion of the shadow on Ed's solar clock, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDRg6C5C5WQ “Coral Castle - Unusual and Unexplainable Home Of Ed Leedskalnin” near time 5:27.
Reading Ed’s Solar Clock. For a particular hour or half hour, the location of the shadow mark on the clock surface would trace out, with about 365 points, a particular figure-eight-like-curve during the year. Ed would know which portions of the figures were being represented during a current time of the year so he could get the correct time. If the recording surface of the clock had been larger, it could have recorded more of the time for daylight hours. According to that limited display surface the clock appears to only capture times from about 9:00 A.M. to 3:30 P.M. One can interpolate to get intermediate times.
Possible Origin of Standard Hour. Ed's clock appears to remarkably suggest an ancient reason why we have our hours and half hours. If only the figure-eight-like-curves for the hours were shown, there would be large gaps between the figure-eight-like-curves. Ed filled in the gaps by supplying the figures for the half hour times. By doing this, there was neither any overlapping of the figure-eight-like-curves nor were there any gaps between the figure-eight-like-curves. The figure-eight-like-curves just touch at their edges. If there were more or fewer half-hours chosen to be in the day anciently (than 48), there would then either be overlap in the figure-eight-like-curves or there would be gaps. If anciently fewer hours than 24 per day were chosen as the standard hour, this would mean that for such a standard, there would have been gaps between any such figure-eight-like-curves drawn at such strange choices of hours and half hours. If anciently more hours than 24 per day were chosen as the standard hour, this would mean that for such a standard, there would have been overlaps between any such figure-eight-like-curves drawn at such strange choices of hours and half hours. It might seem that anciently the number of hours in the day (24) (and half hours in the day (48)) was chosen so that the figure-eight-like-curves would just touch. That apparent touching requirement corresponded to exactly 24 of such hours and 48 half hours per day.
Based on such an analysis, it would be reasonable to choose as a day consisting of either 24 time periods or 48 time periods. Going with a choice of 24 time periods for a full day would give a convenient 12 time periods per half a day, which of it is only six such bounded by noon, which would be more countable and more memorable. That may be an explanation for the origin of the standard hour. There are neither any overlaps nor any gaps for the figure eights (shown every half hour) corresponding to that particular choice for the hour (of 24 per day) as Ed's clock demonstrates. Ed's clock is apparently suggesting even more than the origin of the standard hour.
Clues from Solar Clocks. Ed is likely providing simultaneous clues about his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders and the ancient origin of related devices. The sun traces out figure-eight-like-curves at a particular actual time of day according to an accurate clock. The width of the figure-eight-like-curves provides rational for there being 48 half hours per day and thus 24 hours per day. All those numbers are prominently associated with his Sweet Sixteen solution. An eight is the largest common factor for his 24 and 16 sprocket teeth. The eights factor out when taking the ratio 24/16 = 3/2, which is the angular speed of the daughter sprocket wheel relative to the mother or father sprocket wheel. The 48 is the teeth repetition length for a full repetition interval. For the father or mother sprocket wheels there are two full cycles of 24 for a full repetition interval. For a location on mother earth, there are two full cycles of 24 half hours for a full repetition of a day of 24 hours. That might suggest a Sweet Sixteen device. A full day could consist of the time between adjacent starts of 24 of the “figure-teeth” associated with each hour. The Sweet Eight device (with 12, 12, and 8 teeth) might be suggested by there being two full cycles of 12 hours to repetitively show a day. That device may have influenced the selection of the hour as the standard period of time.
Twenty-four Sprocket Teeth. Given this standard choice for the hour, each day has 24 hours which may be suggestive of the 24 sprocket teeth in the father and mother sprocket wheels. Maybe the ancient people who originated the hour standard were also aware of the need for the 24 teeth in the father and mother sprocket wheels. I suspect not since they concentrated on 12 hours per half day, so I suspect they knew about 12 teeth for the father or mother sprocket wheel and eight teeth of the daughter sprocket wheel. If there had been a stone mason principle connection between the ancient and more modern groups, I suspect that neither group of people understood that the Sweet Sixteen design for the magnetic-sprocket-wheel for the family of cylinders was superior to a Sweet Eight design. I don't know what those groups of people actually knew. I only think that Ed was leaving strong clues or evidences about the need for using 24=2*12=3*8 and 16=2*8 teeth for magnetic sprocket wheels. Because of his showing and leaving behind an example of one, we can infer its use from knowledge of his principle and the many other clues for its use that he left behind, including the many commentaries in his book.
Absolute Rotations. Ed's solar clock works because of the earth rotates about a fixed axis relative to the "fixed" celestial stars. That axis of rotation approximately points to Polaris, the North Star. Every other earthly parallel axis to that axis also continually approximately points to Polaris. Ed provided such a pointer-to-Polaris axis. These ideas relate to Ed's discussion about absolute rotations in his "Political" section of his encoded book or rather section "External Rotational Political Views" of his decoded book. In other words, he is demonstrating that, in our celestial frame, such things as absolute rotations exist, including the idea of an absolute non-rotation. An absolute non-rotation is his definition of "right", on p. 21 of his published book. Other rotations with respect to an absolute non-rotation are "wrong", as we see on p. 22. He may have also been poking a little bit of fun at Einstein's relativity, where there are supposedly not absolute frames of non-translation. Ed's celestial frame is "locally" suggesting such an example of an absolute frame of non-translation. Later Einstein was understandably beginning to have strong doubts about his own theories of relativity, after I think he heard in 1954 of evidence (provided by Allais) of gravity from the sun being absorbed in the moon.
Sidereal Time. Using times of sightings of stars that are well off the polar axis star allows very stable measurements of the time. The measurement of a sidereal day by such means gives rise to a stable measurement of the time for a day, without wobbling according to season. Thus, the star sightings provide the times for the beginnings of sidereal days, which starting times would be extremely stable. They would only deviate, according to the slight slowing in the rotational rate of the earth. The slowing down is caused by the rotational slowing down by frictional tidal forces being greater than the increased rotations caused by the Bessler or ED.L. principle.
Solar Time. On the other hand or less reliably, measurement of time according to the sun causes time or the length of the day (the solar day) to wobble according to season. For example, because the earth is also rotating around the sun, the visual measurement of noon or the time that the sun is on a south-north line, with respect to a fixed location, corresponds to a different plane with respect to the celestial stars than the plane corresponding to the next day's noon time measurement. The difference in planes at noon time corresponds to different starting and ending times of each solar day, when compared with respect to the stable sidereal time.
Ed's solar clock demonstrates that for very accurate timings, there are deviations (by as much as + or - 15 minutes) of the apparent noon time during the year. Such time deviations would be according to deviations of the beginnings of days according to the solar day definition. One can define apparent noon time to be the time that the sun crosses a particular north to south plane attached to the earth and going through the polar axis of the earth. From Ed's clock, there would approximately appear to be no deviation instantaneously at summer solstice and winter solstice and at two intermediate points during the year. All other times in the year show deviations, according to Ed's clock. Nonetheless at summer solstice and winter solstice there are large deviations in solar time (across a solar day). Near those times of the tops and bottoms of the figure-eight-like-character, the clock times were near the same sun angle, but the "motions" of the points on the figure are perpendicular to that angle.
Both Ed's clock and the Norman Hall clock appear to be quite wise, and in more ways than the more obvious ways for telling time.
Leverage Angles from Gravity. For the Bessler principle mappings, expressed in Fig. 100, one can occasionally go directly across the clock from a lower elevation particle to its opposite particle. First the lower particle is pulled directly down and then a little later the higher particle is pulled directly down. Going directly across corresponds to low enough angular speed. Going directly across the clock means a difference of six hours or 180°. If one goes straight across the clock (0° beyond the 180°), there would be no energy-productive “net” leverage angle associated with the separate pull downs by the two-part graviton. If the angular speed is large enough, the angular variation can be large (beyond the 180°). Two of the cases (namely the case M1 à Y modulo 8 and the case O3 à S modulo 8) show a four hour separation or 120° from the initial to the final position. That is 360° - 120° = 180° + 60° = 240° or (two hours or 60° beyond straight across). Such a large angle would require a large angular speed. The angle variations of the dark and light books that Leedskalnin drew within his picture on the front cover of his book vary by roughly 120°. The angles of the letters "C" on the front of Ed's book differ in angle by something between 90° and 120°. It is hard to tell precisely what angle the C's differ by since the “lower C portion” is partly “hidden”. Anyway, they are clearly far away from the 0° = 360° - 0° or a non-rotating situation corresponding to going straight across the clock. Going straight across the clock, 180° + 0° = 180°, for no extra clock rotation, means both opposite particles receive canceling leveraging angles. I think that a non-rotating situation would correspond to just going directly across the clock and having no “total” leverage angle from gravity (because the material is not rotating). In different ways, I think that Ed is telling us that he is obtaining large leverage angles associated with the use of his ED.L. principle or Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity.
Ring Bell Twice. The phrase "RING BELL" (see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" at time 21:21 into the video) has two four letter words for a total of eight letters. Each graviton has two parts and the downward pulls are equal. See Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "How to Ring the Bell" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030698591/in/photostream/ or Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Bell at the Entrance" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884527598/in/photostream/ or http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDRg6C5C5WQ “Coral Castle - Unusual and Unexplainable Home Of Ed Leedskalnin” near time 0:59 for a small "RING TWICE" sign with the "RING" directly above the "TWICE" of the same length. The "RING TWICE" for the bell could correspond to two pulls down per graviton, which creates the Bessler or ED.L. principle. One would apparently originally need to pull straight down twice to ring the bell twice. Again, the word "RING" is directly above the word "TWICE", while each word was drawn with about the same length. That could signify that one graviton pull-down is often absorbed above the other pull-down. The bottom of Ed's circular bottom bell was somewhat level or horizontal, suggesting that the rotations of his family of cylinders needed to be level or with circular rotations about horizontal axes. Also a figure eight symbol could be drawn using two rings.
I think it is possible though less likely that ring bell twice could correspond to two rings or cycles of the 24 tooth mother sprocket wheel covering the same distance as three rings or cycles of the 16 tooth daughter sprocket wheel. That way both wheels come back to the same spot that they started from. Here is an explanation of that. If t represents the distance from the start of a tooth to the start of the next tooth, then 3*8t = 24t would be the distance around the mother's sprocket wheel. Also, 2*8t = 16t would be the distance around the daughter's sprocket wheel. So two rings or cycles of the mother's sprocket wheel covers a distance of 2*24t = 2*3*8t = 3*2*8t = 3*16t which also covers the same distance as three cycles of the daughter wheel, meaning they both come back to the same places that they started from. The word "belle" (with the same pronunciation as the word "bell") is a female term which could suggest the mother cylinder or could also be related to the daughter cylinder. Both those female sprocket wheels effectively ring or rotate the other.
Two from One. The URL of http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDRg6C5C5WQ “Coral Castle - Unusual and Unexplainable Home Of Ed Leedskalnin” near times 3:11-3:20 shows a swing (or a cot) held from two chains on each end with both chains merging to form one chain holding an end from above. Both ends were balanced with respect to their equal forces. It could say “two come out from one for support from gravity”. Two downward pulls come out from one graviton.
Sun Power at Entrance. The sun was depicted at the entrance with 16 teeth around it, like the daughter sprocket wheel. The sun also had a line going through it, with the upper line deviating more, as if suggesting that the leverage is greater further out on the solar corona, since there was greater angular speed about horizontal axes there. He was suggesting that the sun obtains its energy from his ED.L. principle. The slight change of leverage angle at the top also suggests the ED.L. principle itself, if there is a clockwise rotation about a horizontal axis, as viewed. The "RING BELL" message with the sun symbol contained many messages. One message is that the sun is powered by the two equal pulls down by each graviton. Each of the two pulls down is in the form of a discrete impulse.
Suppression of Stray Magnetic Fields in Sprocket Wheels. I think that in the 24 tooth sprocket wheel that there was part of an inner layer of U magnets with added bits of bolts and other metal scraps that were covered with cement. Those pieces of ferromagnetic material were added to reduce stray magnetic fields away from the sides of the sprocket wheel, when it rotates about an axis. The magnetic sprocket wheel must not be slowed down by magnetic attraction to portions of the frame that support the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. That the sprocket wheel was shown to rotate without rapidly slowing down is evidence that the stray magnetic fields were suppressed so as not to act as a type of friction to slow it down. A large metal plate on the side of the sprocket wheel would also help serve the purpose of keeping the stray magnetic fields away from the surrounding portions of the frame. I think that DBolts (to use Jeremy Stride’s language) are restraints for the curved pieces of metal that help the sprocket wheel to not fly apart when it is rotated rapidly. They and the curved pieces of metal are for mechanical support during rotating conditions. See Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Flywheel" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884549062/in/photostream/ as an example.
Sun Pyramids. I think that spyras (to use Jeremy Stride’s language or sun pyramids) in the Norman Hall that are dark have not been rotationally activated as much as those further from the surface of the sun. The dark ones are the rotating nuclear-ground-states with less rotational kinetic energy that are closer to the center of the sun. They are rotationally colder and thus darker. The darker ones have not attained as large values of angular speeds. They rotate less about horizontal axes than those which are further outward from the surface of the sun. The rotating nuclear-ground-states that are deep down in sunspots could be considered as examples of the dark spyras. The strong vertical magnetic fields deep down in sunspots just don’t allow the nuclear-ground-states to rotate about horizontal axes. The Bessler principle or the ED.L. principle is an important secret of the universe, applicable to such things, from how the sun works to how the pyramids were built.
3-2-1 Sign of Accomplishment. Why did Ed build a cement sign, with words shown in Fig. 101, besides its obvious reason of being informative? See Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "You Will Be Seeing Unusual Accomplishment" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030668139/in/photostream/ or see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" at time 7:20 or 10:10 into the video for a view of the sign. It had vertical centering in large, tall Courier capitals, except for the "ED" which was in smaller, shorter capitals offset in the lower right hand corner. I suspect the main words denote, by going up from below, there is one thing (gravity) coming from below that is broken up into two separate pull-down parts and provides energy to my three connected cylinders rotating about horizontal axes without actually touching. The message is signed by ED or "Energy from Delayed leveraging by gravity". I will make some more comments later. Some other messages that could be implied from that 3-2-1 word-inverted-triangle-or-pyramid sign of accomplishment might similarly be suggested by Ed's cement notice, which I will now discuss.
Fig. 101. Words on ED's sign of ACCOMPLISHMENT.
Power for Pyramids. Why did Ed build a cement notice (see Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Safety Sign" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030694299/in/photostream/), with words shown in Fig. 102, besides its obvious reason of being informative of personal safety? The notice was one line of one word, followed by two lines of two words on each line, followed by three lines of three words on each line. Though the totals for each number group were 1, 4, and 9, I doubt that he was trying to say that rotational power from ED.L. increases approximately according to the square of angular speed. More likely those words could be used to build a little pyramid out of cubes/blocks made from letters. Notice how that one top word square-block of letters could be center stacked upon four word square-blocks of letters, which could be center stacked upon nine word square-blocks of letters. Such square-blocks of words (one=1*1 above four=2*2 above nine=3*3) form a pyramid of square-groups above larger square-groups. Those words likely meant that the carefully safeguarded secret to building the pyramids is contained on these premises.
Fig. 102. Words on ED's cement NOTICE.
Carefully Notice Everything on These Premises. Here are some alternate meanings for that cement notice. Maybe the notice could have also meant something like, "(1) Try to carefully notice what was produced on these premises by every single graviton ever absorbed here. (2) Each of the two-part gravitons was composed of two pulling down parts. (3) Many of those pulling down parts provided extra rotational kinetic energy to one of three magnetically-connected three-dimensional cylinders on these premises, which cylinders rotated about horizontal axes with little risk of their sprocket teeth touching in the three sprocket wheels." It could also have meant something like, "Carefully notice that some fundamental numbers are important on these premises. The ratio of the number of sprocket teeth for the mother cylinder to the number of sprocket teeth for one of the father is 24/24 or 1." The ratio of the number of sprocket teeth for the daughter cylinder to the number of sprocket teeth for one of its parents is 16/24 or 2/3." It could also have meant something like, "(1) Notice of risk is hereby given to every single graviton that enters these premises. (2) Each two-part graviton completely risks both its pulling down parts, by possibly being absorbed. (3) Despite the warning, many of those pulling down parts could carefully provide rotational kinetic energy, in any one of the three principal rotating cylinders on these premises (in the father cylinder or in the mother cylinder or in the daughter cylinder) which cylinders rotating about three separate axles are both separated and connected by three magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels."
Entrance. Why did Ed build an entrance sign above his entrance, "ENTRANCE" besides its obvious reason of being informative? See Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Entrance Sign" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884515096/in/photostream/ or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" at time 7:20 or 10:10 into the video for a view of the entrance sign. The word "ENTRANCE" has eight letters, which may denote that his magnetic sprocket wheels had sprocket teeth that were all factors of eight. The mother and father sprocket wheels had three of the eights while the daughter sprocket wheel had two of the eights. These things are needed for entrance to Ed's way of doing things.
Entrance Accomplishment. To the right of the "ENTRANCE" sign and below it is the above discussed sign of three words above two words above one word, all centered above each other (as a reminder of Fig. 101). Also see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" near 7:20 or 10:10.
YOU WILL BE
SEEING UNUSUAL
ACCOMPLISHMENT
Again they could be saying, out of each single graviton from far below comes two downward pulls acting upon three possible cylinders rotating about horizontal axes. Each cylinder is rotationally connected to the other but without any of them actually physically touching. By the close proximity of the eight letter "ENTRANCE" sign, the entrance to this ACCOMPLISHMENT may be upon SEEING the UNUSUAL use of the factors of eights in the low-friction magnetic-sprocket-wheel teeth for the three cylinders (24, 24, 16) namely (3*8, 3*8, 2*8) which allows the ED.L. principle to be invoked. For the “YOU WILL BE” regarding the three cylinders, the number of their letters is 3, 4, and 2, which have a product of 24. The end “3” and “2” show the choices of the factors of eight = 4*2 for the magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels for low friction and special speedup of his Sweet Sixteen by a factor of 3/2. Ed shows over and over throughout his ROCK GATE PARK symbolic expositions on his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The relationships of these things can also be suggestive of his family of cylinders.
Blow Horn. The single line "BLOW HORN" consisted of two four-letter words for a total of eight letters or one may consider a product four times four being 16. See Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Blow Horn" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884537244/in/photostream/. Again eight is a common factor of both 24 and 16. These two words "BLOW HORN" may suggest that for many cases of a blowing of a horn there are rotations about horizontal axes which can be assisted in their rotations by the two separate equal-size pulls down by the two parts of gravity, according to ED.L. I suspect that his horn specifically used rotations of air molecules about horizontal axes, both externally and internally.
Balanced Right Angle. The right angle balanced on its ends (with its point or vertex upward) graphically-artistically suggests the leverage power of the well-balanced graviton. See Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "The North Wall, Very Very Heavy" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884588840/in/photostream/ of the balanced right angle. Out of the single graviton comes two parts which apply two equal forces directly downward, which two forces are applied to the matter within stone, which create well-balanced torques in the stationary non-rotating rock. For ED.L., the torques during rotations of rocks about horizontal axes are not well balanced, though the downward forces creating them are perfectly balanced.
Bathtub. Every way into or out of Ed’s bathtub (see Jeremy Stride’s Coral Castle photo of “Ed's Bathtub along the East Wall” https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030703281/in/photostream/) requires two equal steps. I think that it is suggestive of the two-part graviton upon two-step formation and two-step absorption. We are totally bathed is a sea of two-part gravitons that always requires two equal pulls down every time for its immediate use. Gravity is not a continuous sort of force. Rather it is characterized by pairs of impulse sorts of equal downward steps.
Lunar Clock. Ed’s moon clock {see Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Lunar Dial on the North Wall" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884602824/in/photostream/} appears to use shadowed-absorption of light coming from the moon. To tell the relative time, a piece of metal on the moon clock/dial blocks some light reflected from the moon, which light originally came from the sun. The moon also absorbs some of the gravity that originally came from the sun. The relative times from the moon and from the sun are somewhat close just as the father and daughter cylinders both rotate with the same identical rate relative to the rotating frame of the mother cylinder. I am not speaking of the internal rotational rates of the father and daughter cylinders. I am speaking of the overall processional rates of the father and the daughter cylinders about a stationary mother cylinder. The overall processional rates of the sun and the moon are close though not identical. The closeness of the rates allows Ed’s moon/lunar clock to have some practical use at times. During full moons, Ed’s moon clock is particularly useful for relative times and for lunar times that point out the direction of the sun, so it is a type of sun dial that can work at night. During full moons, the sun and moon rotate about the earth on opposite sides of the earth, just as the father and daughter cylinders are on opposite sides of the mother cylinder, in the frame of the mother cylinder. During full moons, the earth can cast light shadows and partial gravity shadows, which on rare occasion (during a lunar eclipse) may slightly affect the appearance and motion of the moon. The sun, earth, and moon may also be respectively qualitatively compared to the father, mother, and daughter cylinders, with respect to size (largest to smallest).
Apparently light and gravity self-shadows from a pair of moon-like sculptured objects are suggested in Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Facing North East" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884535884/in/photostream/. I don’t think that Ed made a mistake when he sculpted hole-like shadows in the moon-like objects. Rather than self-shadows from the entity itself, the hole-like shadows better suggest rare shadows from the planetary objects that the moon-like objects are rotating around at a considerable distance. Not only can there be visible light-shadows in such moon-like objects but there could also be partial gravitational shadows in such moon-like objects.
Masonry Skills. Ed used some very impressive masonry skills in his building of many things at Rock Gate Park. The skills visibly include the construction of the 24-tooth magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheel.
Connecting Sprocket Wheels. How would one connect magnetically repulsive sprocket wheels to create a very low friction sprocket connection? It is not quite as critical connecting the father and mother sprocket wheel, as they both have 24 sprocket teeth and they are both the same radial size. One just needs to be consistent about the teeth connected. All the magnetic sprocket wheels need to be connected to the same teeth interleaving amount, all the magnetic sprocket wheels need to be connected in a repulsive orientation, and all the magnetic sprocket wheels could be carefully moved together while in a holding frame. I doubt that Ed used that method. Much extra care must be taken when connecting the mother and daughter sprocket wheels. One could always have their sprocket teeth connecting particular points on the mother-daughter sprocket wheels. One should always so connect at particular points since, if there are slight deformations of the teeth, if it previously worked, and if the sprocket wheels are brought together for the teeth relationships, then it would tend to continue to work for the same prior operating conditions. Doing so would prevent the propagation of extra errors in the teeth.
I suspect that Ed used variable distances between the primary three cylinders to connect their sprocket wheels rather than having to simultaneously push in the three magnetic sprocket wheels onto their fixed axle locations. Because each tooth had alternating magnetic poles, being slightly off in an axial location would change somewhat stable repulsion to unstable attraction. I suppose that once Ed was able to assemble his magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels that he left them assembled correctly for a long while. I think that he chose to hide their presence within his frame rather than frequently going through the difficult processes of assembly and disassembly.
I also suppose that Ed’s frame had much ferromagnetic material in it but other than the axles and the surfaces (top and bottom) of his frame, he kept ferromagnetic support materials away from the magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels, as best as he could. See Fig. 89 and Fig. 91.
Some More/Repeated Number Symbols for Repulsive Sprocket Teeth. Consider Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photos "Star of David in the Moon Pond" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884598156/in/photostream/ or https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030630073/in/photostream/ or "Star of David in the Moon Pond" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030614031/in/photostream/ as an example of the six-pointed hexagram or Star of David in the center of the circular pond with 16 ripples on the pond’s inner edge. It was just missing a factor of four in the center to show the mother to daughter sprocket wheel interface (of 24 and 16 teeth). 6*4=24.
The six pointed small Star of David with a circular pool at its center {Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Star of David" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030654253/in/photostream/} could suggest that a factor of six might be important for maintaining circular rotations about axes. Possibly 4*6=24 and 4*4=16 are needed for making the circular cylinders rotate.
The name "Sweet Sixteen" has 12 letters. That was just missing a factor of two to show the mother to daughter sprocket wheel interface (of 24 and 16 teeth). 12*2=24.
The original name for Coral Castle, "Rock Gate Park", was three four letter words for a total of 12 letters. It could signify the three primary cylinders, each of which had a factor of 4 in them (4*6=24, 4*6=24, and 4*4=16). The twelve with the four would give a product of 48, which is the number of teeth for repetition of the sprocket patterns. Consider 12*4=24*2=16*3=48.
In "Ed's Place" there are two four character words for a total of eight characters, which eight was the greatest common factor for all the sprocket wheel teeth. 8*2=16. 8*3=24.
Some of these things are repetitions of early comments.
On the cover and title page, Ed's book title, A Book in Every Home contains 16 letters.
On the title page, "Containing Three Subjects:" contains 10+5+8+1=24 characters.
On the title page and on p. 1, "Ed's Sweet Sixteen" contains 4+5+7=16 characters.
On the title page, "Domestic and" would be 8+1+3=12, if you count the space.
On the title page, "Political Views." would be 9+1+5+1=16 characters, if you count the space.
On the title page, "Published by" would be 9+1+2=12, if you count the space.
On the title page, "Homestead, Florida" contains 9+7=16 letters.
On the title page and on the heading in bold on p. 14, "Domestic" contains eight letters.
On the title page, I imagine that there are three pairs of 16 underscores. It is very hard to count them. He may have actually drawn them in because of the slight end variations.
On the title page and the copyright page each line of “words” consisted of either one or two or three words, which could provide many symbolic comments.
On the copyright page, the heading, "COPYRIGHT, 1936,"contains 9+1+1+4+1=16 characters, if you count the space.
On the preface page, the heading, "AUTHOR'S PREFACE" contains 8+1+1+1+7=16 characters, if you count the space.
Ed directly showed in a photograph a magnetic sprocket-wheel with 24 curious sprocket teeth on what would be his p. 27.
On the title page, Ed centered the two-letter-word, "By" and he later below the next set of parallel horizontal lines gives a similar or parallel prominent centering of the 12=9+1+2 character "Published by", counting the space. This parallel emphasizing could suggest they need to be multiplied or 2*12=24.
Ed was going quite out of his way to provide factors related to his magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth.
Sixteen and Twenty-four. The numbers 16 and 24, which have a greatest common factor of eight, were seemingly important to Ed. Again, I think that 16 and 24 were the number of magnetic teeth on his curious sprocket wheels. 24/16 = 3/2. They provided a 50% speed up in the daughter cylinder beyond the mother cylinder or father cylinder. An increase in angular speed by a factor of 1.5 means that the square of the angular speed increases the rotational kinetic energy by a factor of 1.52 = 1.5*1.5 = 2.25, which can be a significant increase in kinetic energy. Mechanically the number, 16, was close enough to 24 for the teeth interleaving in the sprocket wheels to work in practice within his frame of cylinders for magnetic repulsion of sprocket teeth.
I counted 16 steps in Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Looking Down Tower Steps" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/6884582808/.
Forty-eight. I changed the original 16 character title A BOOK IN EVERY HOME upon decoding into a new title with 48 characters namely, A BOOK WITHIN EVERY HOME EACH HOME CONTAINED WITHIN A HOME. I did that since I figured that 48 = 3*16 = 2*24 is the total repeat distance for all his magnetic-sprocket-wheels. It goes along with his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders and it goes along with the total number of half hours in a day. Though I figure that the numbers were more important in the coded version than the decoded version, preserving a numeric code in the decoded title might have been something that Ed might like. A title of A BOOK WITHIN AND ABOUT EVERY SWEET ED.L. HOME EACH IN TURN CONTAINED WITHIN A SWEET ED.L. HOME with its 78 characters may have been too long.
ED. L. Summary Photo. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved" for times 0:41-0:47 which show Edward Leedskalnin dressed in a black suit and pointing (with his right arm at almost a right angle) to “ED. L.” that was written on a block. Ed’s wearing a suit suggests an importance or seriousness of the underlying messages associated with what he is pointing to. See these following characters “carved’ vertically above each other, which messages on the surface seem to form a curious mixture of the person Edward Leedskalnin and his Rock Gate Park:
MADE 1923
MOVED 1939
BORN 1887
LATVIA
ED. L.
I think that these things carry messages from different perspectives. The first two lines apply to his rock creation, Rock Gate Park. All the lines could apply to him as a person, since I think he began his Rock Gate Park in 1923, he finished moving it in 1939, and Edward Leedskalnin was born in Latvia in 1887. The precise vertical arrangements of the left edges, excluding the centered-offset “ED. L.”, might suggest gravity. The “ED. L.” itself very much suggests gravity. There is a slight tilting of the “B” in “BORN” by about 5°. It appears to me to be intentional, since the other beginnings of letters in “MADE”, “MOVED”, and “LATVIA” all appear to be properly vertical. Because of the tilting of the “B” in “BORN”, the tilting caused the “L” in “LATVIA” to be shifted over a little. Other individual characters in the “BORN” line appeared to be somewhat tilted also. There might have also been some slight tilting of individual characters in the “ED. L.” line.
Why am I mentioning these things? Ed didn’t rotationally carve these things in stone to just advertise basic facts about himself. He had a greater purpose. I think that the four mostly-left-aligned lines are suggestive of the four cylinders in Ed’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, which owe their power to the principle of ED.L. Notice the symbolic timing of 1887 in the individual-letter-tilted “BORN” line would be suggestive of the power appearing or originating or born in the daughter cylinder because of tilted leveraging in “ED. L.” Rotational power is then symbolically “MADE 1923” or is then mainly stored in the massive father cylinder by the adjacent mother cylinder. But it is the mother cylinder, which symbolically “MOVED 1939”, that completed the moving of the power to the offset-by-slant son cylinder, “LATVIA” that is not quite in line with the main three cylinders in Fig. 89. The vertical order, of the four mainly “left” justified lines in his photo, corresponds to the left to right order of the cylinders in Fig. 89. The vertical order, of those four lines in his photo, corresponds to the exact vertical order of the cylinders in Fig. 91, which is a view of the cylinders from the top.
Not only would those inscriptions apply to his sweet ED.L. home of the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders directly, but also they could apply to the process of ED.L. producing power in many sweet ED.L homes down within a rotating cylinder. The rotational leveraging could be BORN (symbolically in 1887) or by finest fundamental rotating pairs of opposite charges. Then the extra rotational kinetic energy could be MADE (symbolically in 1923) in each rotating nuclear-ground-state. Then rotational kinetic energy could be MOVED (symbolically in 1939) from the rotating nuclear-ground-state to the surrounding cylinder lattice (LATVIA) for doing external work. That is power obtained by ED.L.
Not only would those inscriptions apply to his producing rotational power on those scales but also in even smaller scale sweet ED.L. homes. The rotational leveraging could be BORN (symbolically in 1887) by part of a graviton pulling straight down on a lowest-elevation finest-fundamental-opposite-charge of a pair of such rotating opposite charges. Then after a pause the leveraging torque could be MADE (symbolically in 1923) by the second pull straight down of the upper opposite finest-fundamental-opposite-charge located at the highest elevation. Then the produced rotational kinetic energy could be MOVED (symbolically in 1939) from the individual motions of finest fundamental opposite charges to provide the greater rotating pair of finest fundamental opposite charges (LATVIA) to thus do greater external work. That power is obtained by ED.L.
ED.L. Representing Sweet Sixteen Family of Cylinders. Besides “ED.L.” itself representing “Energy from Delayed Leveraging” or “Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity”, the “ED” could have represented the two parent cylinders and the “L” could have represented the daughter cylinder with the surrounding two dots representing the two separate pulls down of each of the two parts of gravity. There are two time and space separated pull-down-points because of gravity occurring in the daughter cylinder that allows the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders to work. All three primary cylinders are specially-connected-with-low-friction on a horizontal line (with each having an orthogonal horizontal axis) but the daughter cylinder is rotationally singled out for special leveraged production of power from gravity. See Fig 89. Thus, Ed’s chosen symbol, “ED.L.”, itself could have also represented the essentials of his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Also each of the six characters in “ED.L.” could represent an essential portion of Ed’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. The “E” could represent the father cylinder. The “D” could represent the mother cylinder. The first “.” could represent the son cylinder, for providing work outside the home. The “L” could represent the daughter cylinder, with its especially important leveraging by gravity. The second “.” could represent the especially productive input source of power, provided by each graviton to the daughter cylinder. That is another way the ED.L. represents the power productive Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Father-Mother-Child. Here in this paragraph and the next paragraph are two related examples of the father-mother-child relationship of Ed’s primary three cylinders. For a suggestion of the three primary cylinders, consider a man's massive rocking throne, a smaller lady's throne next to it, and a child's throne next to the smaller throne https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uPEtch6FrQ "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 1" from 5:08 to 5:29 into the video. Though the video didn’t say so, I assume that the smaller thrones also could rock. Each rocking throne would suggest rotating about a horizontal axis (first one way and then the other way). Near 5:27, they all appear to be in somewhat of a rough horizontal line and the other two smaller thrones also appear as if they can rock. Rocking is a form of low friction rotation about a horizontal axis. The order of arrangement and sizes of the primary cylinders in his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders is suggested by the sizes and adjacencies of the thrones. Look at their sizes and heights. One could consider such as qualitative clues to the cylinder sizes and to the cylinder lengths. The chair heights and the cylinder radii are perpendicular to their respective horizontal axes. Notice that the child throne is slightly rotated about a vertical axis with respect to the other thrones. It is the daughter cylinder that especially provides rotations. The throne heights are parallel to the vertical axis and the cylinder lengths are parallel to their horizontal axes.
Near 5:35-5:39, it refers to the story of “The Three Bears” in the children’s playground, sculptured in stone. I assume that the story makes reference to a papa bear, a mama bear, and a baby bear. I assume you know which primary cylinders are being symbolized. I couldn’t see them very well but it almost appeared that they are somewhat in a rough horizontal line with the papa bear touching the mamma bear and the mama bear touching the baby bear.
Loving Transitions. In one view of the videos, there seem to be four benches around the heart-shaped table of the Homestead version of his Rock Gate Park. See times 3:58-4:02 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o15_DQUm94s "The Anti-Gravity Secret of Coral Castle - FULL VERSION" which to me seems to show that they were in a rectangular arrangement. One can think back to the star or ADM. sign which had four or six points. The fours were critical in the formation of the products of 4*4=16 and 4*6=24 which were essential to Ed’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. These ideas allow loving rotational sweetness to arise (within the cylinder family) and to be maintained by the transitions. I may have gotten the four wrong from one view, since another view, on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uPEtch6FrQ "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 1" near 6:53 or 0:17, appears to show more than four benches around the heart table. Transitioning between four and six may be what the benches of the heart table represent. The transitions allow loving sustained production of power to proceed, without damage to the family of cylinders. Maybe projecting/extrapolation from one viewpoint would suggest four benches, but viewing from another viewpoint would suggest six benches by projecting/extrapolation. Then 4*4=16 and 4*6= 24 would be the teeth for the sprocket wheels.
Twelve Rotations about Axes. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uPEtch6FrQ "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 1" from 4:27 to 4:39. I was wondering if there had previously been 12 chairs surrounding the Florida table? Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Florida Table" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030670539/in/photostream/ might suggest that there is some room for missing chairs or some of the chairs were pulled away. If missing chairs were filled in, then 12 chairs might suggest rotations about axes. Could a rotating entity be the table itself, which could have had some rotation (of some angular amount however tiny or large) about a vertical axis with respect to the actual more global state of Florida itself? How much of an angle is the table off from the actual state of Florida? Florida has two main branches in its shape, which might suggest an idea like 2*12=24. Because the earth is rotating, so also Florida is rotating and so also is the Florida table with its surrounding chairs. Since the surrounding chairs tend to internally face inward to the table, as we go completely around the table there is a full rotation of the direction that the chairs are facing. That could suggest that as a wheel rotates once, each nucleus within tends to rotate once internally. If the most southern chair represents the first pull down point (where Ed made his first pull-down home point), might other chairs about a rotating vertical axis Florida table potentially represent the later pull down point from the two-part graviton (including Ed’s later pull-down home point in Homestead)? Ed’s home could have been compared to a two-part graviton by him moving his home from Ed’s initial place at the tip of Florida to his new Homestead home.
Cooker. The cooker has two rotational halves about a horizontal axis and is held by two chains {Jeremy Stride's Coral Castle photo "Cooker" https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/7030646797/in/photostream/}. The two pulls-down on the two chains could denote the two pulls-down by the two-part graviton. The cooker having two rotational halves about a horizontal axis could denote the ED.L. principle of the two pulls down in each horizontal axis rotating wheel can cause each wheel to rotate more about the horizontal axis. With enough two-part pull downs, a rotating nuclear-ground-state can get extremely hot or its temperature can be extremely high. It came be of much higher temperature than any cooker’s temperature.
Theme Park. I think that Ed’s Rock Gate Park was definitely a theme park, but one must carefully notice everything in it, since everything there is related to the theme. One must carefully notice anything on the premises of his Rock Gate Park, as it is part of the theme. Ed said on page one of his book that “Ed’s Sweet Sixteen” didn’t “mean a sixteen year old girl” so he filled a book and a castle full of clues about what it really meant. All these messages were one message which had universal importance, since his underlying principle has universal importance and in particular his principle allowed his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders to produce sustained continual power.
Return of Sweet Sixteen. Ed wrote his book and built Ed's Place, for his Sweet Sixteen or rather for the return of his Sweet Sixteen. If someone can build and use Ed's Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, as he carefully described (and explained) in his properly decoded book and as he further symbolically described in his Rock Gate Park, then his Sweet Sixteen will have come out of hiding and “she” will have returned. Ed died waiting for his Sweet Sixteen to return out of hiding but with his book and his Rock Gate Park, I suppose that he died with full certainty that “she” would one day return. I think he knew that she would return: when his principle became known, when many of his symbols were decoded, and when his Sweet Sixteen solution was implemented as he meant her to be. He had great love for his coded subject. I think that he would eventually be the acknowledged “father” (or maybe more to his thinking “rotational-energy husbandman”) of his carefully-cultivated Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. Here in Fig. 103, at the end, is what Ed showed that she looked like from a front view, according to his own drawing/painting of her on the front cover of his little coded book, A Book in Every Home. The figure shows a view of a tiny portion of the front cover of Ed’s little book, showing the even smaller book. The image portion was obtained (and used with permission) from a small portion of Jeremy Stride’s high resolution image within http://www.code144.com/2012/12/the-complicated-truth-about-decoding-coral-castle/. The resolution of Jeremy Stride’s image was curiously somehow much better than that available on the printed book cover of Ed’s book. If anyone can locate the original drawing/painting that Edward Leedskalnin was holding, then it would be of much interest to people trying to further study the drawing/painting. I am guessing that he used mixtures of watercolors to paint the picture dot by dot, possibly using a photograph of his Sweet Sixteen, as a model to guide his painting. I assume that he destroyed any photograph and negative of his device. If anyone can locate the original best-resolution photograph or photographic negative used by Edward Leedskalnin to produce the front cover of his book, then that should also be of interest to people trying to study the drawing/painting, as best as can be done.
Fig. 103. Ed’s front view of his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
More Comments. I suppose that I could have made many more comments on symbols related to the Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, but I suppose that I have made enough for now. I have left a great many things unsaid about Ed’s Rock Gate Park and the entities related to it. With my comments on symbols related to Ed's Rock Gate Park, others should be able to apply the context or withheld key of the Bessler principle or the ED.L. principle or the stone mason principle or the yin-yang principle and come up with many more comments of their own, often regarding Ed’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders.
Future Decodings. Within the next 25 years, we may be able to form better decodings or translations of Leedskalnin's little book, after we have acquired more direct practical experience and after we have been able to verify the meaning of some of Ed's comments. I tried to decode it as best as I could but I suppose that actual hands-on experimental experience may shed greater light on how it should have been properly decoded.
Edward Leedskalnin's 1936 book, A Book in Every Home, after being decoded using the key of the Bessler or ED.L. principle, provided the solution to his Coral Castle riddle. Upon decoding, Edward Leedskalnin described his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. He described rules and instructions/procedures regarding how to properly get them to work and how to use the power for governing branches in sweet ED.L. projects. He discussed intricacies of rotations on different scales, especially with respect to the Bessler principle or the ED.L. principle or the stone mason principle or the yin-yang principle. The ED.L. principle was the means of obtaining Energy from Delayed Leveraging of two-part gravitons.
His Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders used ordinary vehicle/truck bearings, massive cylinders, and large rotational speed for the fastest rotating daughter-cylinder. The daughter-cylinder to retain its rotational sweetness needed to not be rotated too fast. The sweetness property of a cylinder was the rotational coupling property between the cylinder's rotating lattice and the internal rotating nuclear-ground-states within. The rotational sweetness was maintained with respect to only one mother-wheel, assuming directions of rotations were maintained, and assuming the same relationship with the daughter-wheel was maintained. Though coral rock was effectively used by Leedskalnin to produce large amounts of energy, I suppose there are other materials, such as shiny stainless steel containing cobalt, which may have rotationally sweeter properties. The father, mother, and daughter cylinders were each connected with their own ultra-low-friction magnetic-repulsion sprocket-wheels. In particular, the 24-tooth sprocket wheel of the mother cylinder was connected with the 16-tooth sprocket wheel of the daughter cylinder. The magnetically repulsive sprocket wheel of the father cylinder had 24 teeth. The ideal father and the mother cylinders each had the same radius. The daughter and the son cylinders had half the radius of the ideal mother cylinder. The ideal father cylinder had twice the mass of the ideal mother cylinder. The ideal mother cylinder had eight times the mass of the daughter cylinder. The daughter cylinder had the same mass as the son cylinder. The ideal father cylinder had 16 times the mass of the son or daughter cylinder.
With relative cylinder axial lengths of Lf = 2Lm = 4Ld, with relative cylinder radii of Rf = Rm = 2Rd, and with relative angular speeds of 24ωf = 24ωm = 16ωd, then the air frictional forces on the outermost portions of the cylinders are Fd = kp2RdLd(Rdωd)2, Fm = kp2RmLm(Rmωm)2, and Ff = kp2RfLf(Rfωf)2 for some constant k. Despite its more rapid rotational speed, the much smaller daughter cylinder had very low outermost air-frictional-force relative to either or even both of its “parent” cylinders combined {Fd = (9/64)Fm = (9/128)Ff = (3/64)(Fm + Ff)}. The outermost air-frictional-torque on the daughter cylinder was even smaller relative to those torques on the parent cylinders {Td = (9/128)Tm = (9/256)Tf = (3/128)(Tm + Tf)}. The outermost air-frictional-forces and torques, for the daughter cylinder, were small relative to the corresponding ones for the mother cylinder and/or the father cylinder.
Using modern methods (or with hints using Ed’s branch methods) and with knowledge of sweet angular speeds for materials, it may be possible to build simpler, more efficient devices for extracting power from gravity. Ed's little book and his Rock Gate Park were filled with symbols with respect to his Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders and greater implications of his ED.L. principle.
I may have decoded the little coded clock, which may be seen at Norman Hall in Philadelphia. I think that it may have been a compact representation of a gravity-powered perpetual-motion device, having half the number of magnetically repulsive sprocket teeth for each cylinder as Ed’s Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders. I think that the coded clock signifies an ancient Sweet Eight device, which had 12, 12, and 8 magnetically-repulsive sprocket-teeth respectively associated with the father, mother, and daughter cylinders. I think that the little coded clock also represented the stone mason principle. I think that Leedskalnin considered his Sweet Sixteen device a practical improvement over the more ancient Sweet Eight device. The doubling of the number of magnetically repulsive teeth was worthwhile because it allowed more fine constraints between the cylinders, without them being overly constrained. It was just the right amount of constraint. Apparently the Sweet Sixteen was a more reasonable intermeshing solution between the mother and daughter sprocket wheels.
Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE by Johann Ernst Elias Orffyreus (pseudonym for Bessler) (1716/1717) Germany, published by Orffyreus.
Das Triumphirende Perpetuum Mobile, 1719, by Johann Ernst Elias Orffyreus (pseudonym for Bessler) Germany, published by Orffyreus.
Bessler's Wonderful Wheel (Article, 1956) by Frank Edwards, [http://www.padrak.com/ine/BESSLER.html].
Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? by John Collins, 1997, Permo Publications; PO Box 2001; Leamington Spa; CV32 6YQ; United Kingdom (UK), ISBN No. 0 9531615 0 1.
http://www.free-energy.co.uk/ John Collins, Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? (1997).
"Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? Comments" by Eugene Mallove, IE, Vol. 4, Issue 21, Aug-September 1998, p. 53.
"The Legendary Wheel of Orffyreus A Review of Perpetual Motion" by Mike Carrell, IE, Vol. 4, Issue 21, Aug-September 1998, pp. 53-55.
"Comments on Perpetual Motion" by Thomas Phipps, Jr., IE, Vol. 4, Issue 21, Aug-September 1998, p. 55.
"Interview with John Collins, Author of Perpetual Motion - An Ancient Mystery Solved?" by Susan Seddon, IE, Vol. 4, Issue 21, Aug-September 1998, pp. 55-56.
"Bessler's Wheel - An Explanation?" by Steve O'Donnell, IE, Vol. 4, Issue 21, Aug-September 1998, pp. 57, 69.
Response by John Collins to IE #21 Reviews of his book "Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? Comments" by John Collins IE Vol. 4, Issue 23, January/February 1999, p.61-62, 68.
Vision of How the Bessler Wheel Worked. I saw, during a lunchtime prayer with my eyes closed, after silently asking God how the Bessler wheel worked, “a large-shiny-wheel chain-drive a smaller-shiny-wheel in pendulum fashion with curious pendulum-angular-amplitude increases (after small wheel sudden internal angular speed increases) just slightly after the times of expected pendulum angular extremities (when the small wheel was on the right side)” on 12 Jan 2000. See those quoted words within a version of my large 24 July 2001BesslerWheelPaper in its first chiastic section (E), which begins on p 31. The center of the larger shiny sprocket remained fixed. The distance between the centers of the shiny-silvery sprocket wheels always remained a constant. The chain never stopped going clockwise (not even when the pendulum angle stopped once during each motion cycle on the left side and three times during each motion cycle on the right side), though there was a slow-down between the times of curious angular-speed-up of the chain. Somehow remarkable energy was being delivered to the system, at and after the indecisive stopping of angular decrease from its prior maximum pendulum angle, before going to a new maximum pendulum angle, when the small sprocket wheel was on the right side. The centers of the shiny sprocket wheels appeared to be shiny solid, with no bearings visible at the centers of the sprocket wheels. I couldn’t see a Bessler pendulum operating but something was causing the strange pendulum motion, with slight angular decreases after the maximum angle, then a pause-stop in pendulum angle, after which it went to a new maximum pendulum angle, thus seeming to defy gravity. The whole vision, with smooth motions, suggested an idea of very low friction. The vision faded away when the pendulum maximum angle was great enough. Though I didn’t realize it at the time of the vision (on 12 Jan 2000), God apparently expected me to figure out the modern vision portions that were not being shown to me, if I wanted to know the essentials of how the Bessler wheel worked. Based upon my putting together things, I am now sure that Bessler (prior to his 1712 Gera wheel) did not see, in his invigorating dream from God, the same vision that I received from God. Bessler needed information about how to form the bearing with hints about the principle, while I needed clues about the principle with hints about the bearing. God tailored the visions according to the specific needs of the individuals. I was not shown the rotating nuclear-ground-states within the judiciously released-and-stopped wheel on the light-side of the unseen Bessler pendulum. The unseen wheel, on the light side of the unseen Bessler pendulum, was located opposite to the unseen heavy end of the Bessler pendulum. The unseen heavy end of the Bessler pendulum had the visible smaller-clean-shiny-sprocket-wheel with visible seemingly-modern holes connected by a visible clean-shiny-bicycle-like chain to the visible large-clean-shiny-sprocket-wheel, with visible seemingly-modern holes, rotating about the central pendulum pivot axis. I was not shown the two-part pull-downs of finest fundamental charges by each graviton. I was not shown the Bessler principle but rather I was expected to figure it out from the many evidences and observations available to me, including what I received in 1968 with the help of God. I was also expected to figure out the Orffyrean roller bearing from the evidences that I received or things that I would learn by careful study. I think that I have properly figured out both the Bessler principle and the Orffyrean roller bearing. I don’t think that there was a Bessler pendulum within any of Bessler’s most famous wheels, when the wheels were being tested or demonstrated. I still haven’t completely figured out why there were the small wheel sudden internal angular speed increases. Would the extra energy be partly coming from internal angular speed increases in nuclei within the large and small sprocket wheels, according to the Bessler principle, assuming that there is low enough friction in the chain? Did I correctly remember the vision? Maybe future demonstrations and analyses will provide clarification to these situations.
"Untuned Bessler Pendulum Effectiveness" science fair project by Christopher Park at James Monroe Middle School held in Ridgecrest, CA on 9 March 2000 and at the Kern County Science Fair held in Bakersfield, CA on 13 April 2000.
"Toward an Orffyrean Roller Bearing: Don't Lube It" science fair project by Christopher Park at James Monroe Middle School held in Ridgecrest, CA on 12 March 2001 and at the Kern County Science Fair held in Bakersfield, CA on 4 April 2001.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerWheelPaperHTM.htm Alden E. Park, 24 July 2001, Some Thoughts on a Simple Explanation of Bessler's Wheel.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerWheelPaperRTF.rtf Alden E. Park, 24 July 2001, Some Thoughts on a Simple Explanation of Bessler's Wheel.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerWheelPaperTXT.txt Alden E. Park, 24 July 2001, Some Thoughts on a Simple Explanation of Bessler's Wheel.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerTXT.txt 2 Sep 2006 - Alden Park.
Apologia Poetica, translated (German to English), edited, and published by John Collins 2008 http://www.free-energy.co.uk/html/books_for_sale.html
Apologia Poetica, translated and edited by John Collins, published by Michael Collins, 2008, http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-collins/apologia-poetica/paperback/product-659770.html
Maschinen Tractate, published by John Collins 2008 http://www.free-energy.co.uk/html/books_for_sale.html
Maschinen Tractate, published by John Collins 2008 http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-collins/maschinen-tractate/paperback/product-699322.html
http://www.orffyre.com/mt.html
http://www.orffyre.com/mt1-20.html
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerPrinciple.txt 3 April 2010 - Alden Park.
The https://www.mormon.org/me/2QZ5/Alden paragraph was entitled, "Gravity and the Living Universe", within my 24 October 2010 entries for "About Me". That mormon.org site was made available by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerLittleBookChiastic.txt 12 November 2010 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/GravitySummaryNews.txt 19 March 2011 - Alden E. Park
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/PhysicsSummaryNews.txt 30 Sep 2011 - Alden E. Park
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/ Some Thoughts on the Simplest Explanation of Bessler's Wheel - Bessler's Wheel Uncovered by Another Interpretation of Bessler's Little Book - A Delayed Gift to the World - Turning the Turner – 14 Mar 2014 - Alden E. Park
Vol. I of The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1963) by R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands
52nd Edition CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 1971-1972, The Chemical Rubber Co.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BECemail20070508sansBCCadd.txt 8 May 2007 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/ GBeckEmail20080218.txt 18 Feb 2008 Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/mcc_comments20080223.txt 23 Feb 2008 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/ProminentEmail20080304.txt 4 Mar 2008 Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/Tornados.txt 15 Jun 2008 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/RememberHistory.txt 17 Jun 2008 – Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/Railroads.txt 21 Jun 2008, 3 Apr 2010 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/EnergySavingTips.txt 14 Jul 2008 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/Energyuse.txt 31 Oct 2008 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/MomenTrans.txt 27 Nov 2008 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerPrinciple.txt 3 April 2010 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/McKinley1968.txt 3 April 2010 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/PappEngine.txt 5 Aug 2010 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/GravitySummaryNews.txt 19 March 2011 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/HHO_Solution.txt 25 Mar 2011 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/PhysicsSummaryNews.txt 30 Sep 2011 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/CosmicRays.txt 30 Sep 2011 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/index.htm 30 Sep 2011 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/StarLife.txt 10 Oct 2011 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/MatterIntelligence.txt 21 Nov 2011 - Alden E. Park
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/ 14 Mar 2014 - Alden E. Park
Gravity-Wheel Unveiled by Alden Park (Here is how you should be able to get a free pdf copy of this book) http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/GravWheelUnveiled.pdf or https://gravity-wheel.neocities.org/GravWheelUnveiled.pdf 1 Mar 2019.
Bessler’s Little Book Decoded by Alden Park (publication being sought in 2019).
A Book in Every Home Decoded by Alden Park (publication being sought in 2019).
Die Bibel oder die ganze Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testaments nach der Deutschen Übersetzung D. Martin Luthers.
https://archive.org/details/diebibeloderdieg00luth by Luther, Martin, 1483-1546; Freylinghausen, Gottlieb Anastasius, 1719-1785; Canstein, Carl Hildebrand, Freiherr von, 1667-1719; Hackelin, Christiana Friederika; Waisenhaus (Halle an der Saale, Germany); Massachusetts Bible Society; Published 1784
https://archive.org/details/holybiblefacsimi00polluoft King James Version (1611); The Holy Bible: a facsimile in a reduced size of the Authorized version published in the year 1611 by Pollard, Alfred W. (Alfred William), 1859-1944; Published 1911
The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments translated out of the original tongues: and with the former translations diligently compared and revised, by his majesty's special command Authorized King James Version with explanatory notes and cross references to the standard works of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1979.
Receive a free copy of the Holy Bible King James Version by calling 1-888-537-1212 or 1-800-453-2900.
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bible?lang=eng
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/formats?lang=eng
Bible Dictionary https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd?lang=eng
The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ, Published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1989, First English edition published in 1830, translated by Joseph Smith, Jun.
Jack H. West Trial of the Stick of Joseph 1954, https://bookofmormononline.com/trial-of-the-stick-of-joseph Part 24 had some examples of wheels.
David A. Palmer In Search of Cumorah: New Evidences for the Book of Mormon from Ancient Mexico 1981, Horizon Publishers & Distributors, P.O. Box 490, 50 South 500 West, Bountiful, Utah 84010, 4th Printing, July 1987.
Paul R. Cheesman The World of the Book of Mormon 1984, Horizon Publishers & Distributors, P.O. Box 490, 50 South 500 West, Bountiful, Utah 84010.
James Warr Mormon’s Clues: A New Look at Book of Mormon Geography 2006 (Internet edition 2001), Circle W Books Herriman, Utah.
Receive a free copy of The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ by calling 1-888-537-2200 or 1-800-322-8881.
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm?lang=eng
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/formats?lang=eng
R. P. Feynman The Theory of Fundamental Processes (1961) W. A. Benjamin, Inc.
"A Clear Poetic Voice" by Paul R. Cracroft, January 1984 Ensign p. 28-31.
"Chiasmus in Mayan Texts" by Allen J. Christenson, October 1988 Ensign p. 28-31.
"Book of Mormon Authorship" by D. Brent Anderson and Diane E. Wirth in Vol. 1 of the Encyclopedia of Mormonism (1992) pp. 166-167.
"Book of Mormon Literature" by Richard Dilworth Rust and Donald W. Parry in Vol. 1 of the Encyclopedia of Mormonism (1992) pp. 181-185.
Charting the Book of Mormon: visual aids for personal study and teaching by John W. Welch and J. Gregory Welch (1999). The Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) at Brigham Young University, P.O. Box 7113, University Station, Provo, Utah 84602
"Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium" by Martin Fleischmann, Stanley Pons, and Marvin Hawkins, J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 261, No. 2A, April 10,1989, pp. 301-308; Errata, Vol. 263, No. 1, May 10, 1989, pp. 187-188.
"Helium Production During the Electrolysis of D2O in Cold Fusion Experiments" by B. F. Bush, J.J. Lagowski, M. H. Miles, and G. S. Ostrom, J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 304, No. 271, (1991).
"Heat and Helium Production in Cold Fusion Experiments" by M. H. Miles, B. F. Bush, G. S. Ostrom, and J.J. Lagowski, Proc. 2nd Annual Conf. Cold Fusion, 29 June - 4 July 1991, p. 363, SIF (1991).
Eugene F. Mallove Fire from Ice: Searching for the Truth behind the Cold Fusion Furor (1991) John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
"On an Electrode Producing Massive Quantities of Tritium and Helium" by C.-C. Chien, D. Hodko, Z. Minevski, and J. O’M. Brockris, J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 338, No. 189, (1992).
“Direct Evidence for Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Deuterated Palladium” by E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Nagoya, Japan, 21-25 October 1992, p. 179, Universal Academy Press (1993).
"Some Thoughts on a Simple Mechanism for the 2H + 2H à 4He Cold Fusion Reaction" by Alden Park, Fusion Technology, American Nuclear Society, Vol. 24, No. 3, November 1993, pp. 319-323.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTnucleartra.pdf 1998 Introduction by Jed Rothwell to the English Edition of Nuclear Transmutation: The Reality of Cold Fusion by Dr. Tadahiko Mizuno Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hokkaido National University, Japan, English translation by Jed Rothwell, Infinite Energy Press.
"Transistors and Cold Fusion Part 1" by Jed Rothwell, IE, Vol. 5, Issue 25, May/June 1999, pp. 32-34.
"Transistors and Cold Fusion Part 2" by Jed Rothwell, IE, Vol. 5, Issue 26, July/August 1999, pp. 46-48.
"Calorimetric studies of Pd/D2O+LiOD electrolysis cells" by M. H. Miles, J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 482, No. 1, 29 February 2000, pp. 56-65.
"A Critical Evaluation of the Pons-Fleischmann Effect: Part 1" by Edmund Storms, IE, Vol. 6, Issue 31, May/June 2000, pp. 10-20, 22.
"APS Meeting Hosts Second Cold Fusion Session" by Eugene Mallove, IE, Vol. 6, Issue 31, May/June 2000, pp. 21-22.
"Summary Report on ICCF8: The Eighth International Conference on Cold Fusion, May 21-26, 2000 Lerici, Italy" by Jed Rothwell and Eugene Mallove, IE, Vol. 6, Issue 32, July/August 2000, pp. 25-32, 68.
"A Critical Evaluation of the Pons-Fleischmann Effect: Part 2" by Edmund Storms, IE, Vol. 6, Issue 32, July/August 2000, pp. 52-59, 70.
Fusion Technology, Vol. 38, No. 2, September 2000, pp. 253-254, indicates that the Seventh Russian Conference on Cold Nuclear Transmutation of Chemical Elements was held 27 September through 2 October 1999 in Dagomys, Russia near Sochi. The next conference had been previously scheduled for September and October 2000.
"Excess Heat: Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed" review by Scott Chubb (of 365 page book by Charles G. Beaudette published by Oak Grove Press, available through http://www.amazon.com, http://www.infinite-energy.com), Fusion Technology, American Nuclear Society, Vol. 39, No. 2 March 2001, pp. 288-290.
"Navy Scientists Zip Lips on Cold Fusion Tests" David Hambling www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/03/navy-scientists/ (03.26.09 Time of Publication: 5:00 am.).
"'60 Minutes' video: Cold fusion is hot again" http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-10223427-76.html?tag=mncol or https://www.cnet.com/news/60-minutes-video-cold-fusion-is-hot-again/ (April 23, 2009 6:36 A.M. PDT).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y789MlhCCgo "Melvin Miles Part 1 : Why Cold Fusion was Rejected by Mainstream Science" Published on 16 Jul 2012.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7ZM2z_fVcE&spfreload=1 "Melvin Miles on Calorimetry Part 2: How to Make a Calorimeter" Published on 16 Jul 2012.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM82RW7_II4 "Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Systems Melvin Miles The Correlation of Excess Heat and Helium" Aug 2015, Published on 8 Jul 2016.
http://www.infinite-energy.com/ Infinite Energy is The Magazine of New Energy Science and Technology. One can order such things as back issues and videos.
http://news.newenergytimes.net/
https://coldfusionnow.org/
The above is only a very tiny sampling of cold fusion or LENR or GANE related references. The field continues to progress despite trials, setbacks, and challenges. I think that the field needs to recognize its basis, according to the influence of absorption of two-part gravitons on rotating nuclear-ground-states. I think that eventually the field should recognize the direct connection with the Bessler principle, when the field recognizes that the Bessler principle is a general self-masked physical principle that applies to all wheels rotating about horizontal axes, even to nuclear-size-wheels participating in cold-fusion-related nuclear effects.
Edward Leedskalnin A BOOK IN EVERY HOME 1936, Homestead, Florida, published by Edward Leedskalnin.
A BOOK IN EVERY HOME by Edward Leedskalnin, 1936, Homestead, Florida, reprinted by Coral Castle, Inc. showing STATISTICS ON THE CORAL CASTLE OF FLORIDA (http://www.coralcastle.com).
Some transcribed text. http://www.scribd.com/doc/13972267/A-Book-in-Every-Home.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o15_DQUm94s "The Anti-Gravity Secret of Coral Castle - FULL VERSION"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uPEtch6FrQ "The Mystery of Coral Castle Pt 1"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Raq4Zltens4 "Ed Leedskalnin - Secrets of Coral Castle Pt.8"
http://www.youtube.com/ "Ed Leedskalnin - Secrets of Coral Castle Pt.11"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDRg6C5C5WQ “Coral Castle - Unusual and Unexplainable Home Of Ed Leedskalnin”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amXsPcD7g5g "Mystery At Coral Castle"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOoCuDnmtyM "Eds Coral Castle Quarry and Flywheel, Engineering Mystery Solved"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbY8R-M1NxE "Coral Castle Mystery Solved with AMAZING new footage!"
https://www.flickr.com/photos/76696157@N04/ many of Jeremy Stride's (code144.com) photos of Coral Castle were taken 30-31 March 2012.
www.code144.com This site disappeared prior to 26 Aug 2015 but reappeared prior to 11 Oct 2016.
There are numerous Internet references about Edward Leedskalnin’s Coral Castle or Rock Gate Park. A few of the references are contained in this book.
A Book in Every Home Decoded by Alden Park (publication being sought in 2019).
The Doctrine and Covenants of The Church Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, containing revelations given to Joseph Smith, the Prophet, with some additions by his successors in the Presidency of the Church, Published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1989.
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament?lang=eng
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/formats?lang=eng
http://csx.com/ -> Responsibility -> Environment & Efficiency -> “in 2015, CSX moved one ton of freight 471 miles on one gallon of fuel, on average.”
http://saveaward2011.ideascale.com/a/dtd/Decrease-Railroad-Fuel-Costs-by-Better-Using-Bessler-Principle/280470-10760
R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics 1963.
S. Borowitz and A. Beiser, Essentials of Physics 1971 2nd edition
Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, and John Archibald Wheeler, Gravitation 1973, W. H. Freeman and Company.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerWheelPaperHTM.htm Alden E. Park, 24 July 2001, “Some Thoughts on a Simple Explanation of Bessler's Wheel”.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerWheelPaperRTF.rtf Alden E. Park, 24 July 2001, “Some Thoughts on a Simple Explanation of Bessler's Wheel”.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/BesslerWheelPaperTXT.txt Alden E. Park, 24 July 2001, “Some Thoughts on a Simple Explanation of Bessler's Wheel”.
Richard Moody Jr. "The Eclipse Data From 1919: The Greatest Hoax in 20th Century Science" http://blog.hasslberger.com/docs/Moody%20-Eclipse_Data_From_1919Rev1.pdf Pais, A. 1982. Subtle is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 467.
IE #87 p. 21 (2009) "The Eclipse Data of 1919: The Greatest Hoax in 20th Century Science" by Richard Moody, Jr. (slmrea@aol.com), which gave reference of Pais, A. 1982. Subtle is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 467.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/Gravity.txt 4 Jun 2010-12 Aug 2010 - Alden E. Park
The https://www.mormon.org/me/2QZ5/Alden > 24 October 2010 paragraph was entitled, "Gravity and the Living Universe". That mormon.org site was made available by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/GravitySummaryNews.txt 19 March 2011 - Alden E. Park
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/PhysicsSummaryNews.txt 30 Sep 2011 - Alden E. Park
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/CosmicRays.txt 30 Sep 2011 - Alden E. Park
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/ Some Thoughts on the Simplest Explanation of Bessler's Wheel - Bessler's Wheel Uncovered by Another Interpretation of Bessler's Little Book - A Delayed Gift to the World - Turning the Turner - 30 Sep 2011 - Alden E. Park
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/MatterIntelligence.txt 21 Nov 2011 - Alden E. Park
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast06aug99_1/ This URL provides various results and references.
Maurice Allais - Autobiography http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1988/allais.html "Finally during the total eclipses of the sun on June 30, 1954, and October 22, 1959, quite analogous deviations of the plane of oscillation of the paraconical pendulum were observed."
http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v62/i4/e041101 "... implies that there may be a shielding property of gravitation."
Heretical Verities: Mathematical Themes in Physical Description (1986) by Thomas E. Phipps, Jr., Classic Non-fiction Library (ISBN 0-9606540-0-7), Chapter 4 "Hertzian Electromagnetism", Section 5 "Hertz's Equations", p. 131.
"The Marinov Motor - A Brief History of Mine" by Jeffery D. Kooistra, IE, Vol. 3, Issue 17, December 1997 - January 1998, pp. 40-42.
"Demystifying the Marinov Motor" by Thomas E. Phipps, Jr., IE, Vol. 3, Issue 17, December 1997 - January 1998, pp. 43-48.
More on the Marinov Motor ... "The Marinov-Motor is Not a Homopolar Motor" by Jeffery D. Kooistra, IE, Vol. 3, Issue 18, February 1998 - March 1998, pp. 49-50.
"Motor-in-a-Wheel: An Application of the Marinov Motor" by Thomas E. Phipps, Jr., IE, Vol. 4, Issue 19, April 1998 - May 1998, pp. 62-71, 85.
"The Warlock's Wheel" by Jeffery D. Kooistra, IE, Vol. 5, Issue 27, September 1999 - October 1999, pp. 49, 66.
"Florida Death Index, 1877-1998," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VV4Q-TJJ : 25 December 2014), Joseph Papp, 13 Apr 1989; from "Florida Death Index, 1877-1998," index, Ancestry (www.ancestry.com : 2004); citing vol. , certificate number 46698, Florida Department of Health, Office of Vital Records, Jacksonville.
"Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVGV-5H9X : 13 December 2015), Joseph Papp, 1989; Burial, Ormond Beach, Volusia, Florida, United States of America, Volusia Memorial Park; citing record ID 125098200, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com. The URL of https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=125098200 contains some family history (memorial created 13 Feb 2014 by Steve Franklin) and the memorial contains some historical/technical details related to Joseph Papp, courtesy of writer Sterling Allan.
"The Mystery and Legacy of Joseph Papp’s Noble Gas Engine" by Eugene F. Mallove, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 6-13. Page 7 mentions the explosions on 27 Oct 1968 and 18 Nov 1968.
"The Dream Machine" by David Ansley, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 14-20. Copyright © 1989 San Jose Mercury News. All rights reserved. Reproduced with permission, from the August 27, 1989 “West” section.
"The Papp Patents", IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 21-28. “Method and Means for Generating Explosive Forces” U.S. patent #3,680,431 (Issued August 1, 1972); “Method and Means of Converting Atomic Energy into Utilizable Kinetic Energy” U.S. patent #3,670,494 (Issued June 20, 1972); “Inert Gas Fuel, Fuel Preparation Apparatus and System for Extracting Useful Work from the Fuel” U.S. patent #4,428,193 (Issued January 31, 1984).
"Mr. Papp’s Perpetual-Motion Machine" by Richard P. Feynman, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 29-30. Essay originally published in LASER, the journal of the now-defunct Southern California Skeptics, later in The Skeptical Inquirer (Fall 1989), and then widespread internet distribution.
"Blast Kills Bayan: Test Engine in Explosion" by Dick Rosengarten and Jim Fendell, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, p. 30. Reprinted with permission from the South Bay Daily Breeze (California), November 19, 1968. Jack Edward Hartman, 40, of Torrance died because of the explosion.
"Witness to the Papp Engine Explosion: An Interview with Cecil Baumgartner", IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 31-48. Interviewed by Eugene Mallove July 3, 2003 via phone link between Glendora, California and Pembroke, New Hampshire.
"A Revolutionary Engine That Operates for 15 Cents Per Hour Without Gasoline, Air, Combustion, or Exhaust May Be Near" by Bob Said, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 49-50.
"The Argon Engine Development Project", IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 51-54. The principals of that project were interviewed by Eugene Mallove in 2003.
"The Tangled Saga of the Papp Engine: Attempts to Revive It" by Heinz Klostermann, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 55-58.
““Lightning Harnessed”: The Internal Plasma Expansion/Contraction Engine (IPECE)” by Heinz Klostermann, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 59-60.
“Contrast and Comparison Between the Papp Engine and the PAGDTM/XS NRGTM Technologies” by P.N. Correa and A.N. Correa, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 51, September 2003 – October 2003, pp. 61-63.
“Letters to the Editor: Rotating Nuclei May Explain Papp Engine” by Alden Park, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 53, January 2004 – February 2004, p. 4. I was in late 2003 guessing a large extra component of deuterium gas was in the Papp gas. Now I think that there needs to have been a large component of ordinary hydrogen gas in the Papp gas, since Papp’s high frequency sparks would most rapidly rotate hydrogen/protons and since protons can best withstand being rapidly rotated, so as to acquire much rotational power from gravity by the Bessler principle.
“Letters to the Editor: Further Thoughts on the Papp Engine” by Guy Richards, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 54, March 2004 – April 2004, p. 4. The Editor Replies.
“DVD of the Joseph Papp “Cannon” Explosion in 1968”, IE, Vol. 9, Issue 54, March 2004 – April 2004, p. 57. Ordering information including Online: www.infinite-energy.com Phone: 603-485-4700.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/PappEngine.txt 5 Aug 2010 - Alden Park.
http://www1.iwvisp.com/LA4Park/GravitySummaryNews.txt 19 March 2011 - Alden Park.
The Pearl of Great Price, a selection from the revelations, translations, and narrations of Joseph Smith, first prophet, seer, and revelator to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1989.
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/pgp?lang=eng
https://www.lds.org/scriptures/formats?lang=eng
(Any ambiguities are resolved by their context.)
° degree(s)
* multiplication within a formula or equation
A average temperature on sphere
A area of a circle, mass number of nucleus
A = B the distance of the centers of adjacent intermediate cylinders to the center of the bearings
AEP Alden Eugene Park or Access Energy by Pull-downs
A.D. anno Domini
A.M. ante meridiem
ANS American Nuclear Society
AP08 Apologia Poetica J. E. E. Bessler (pseudonym Orffyreus), 1716/1717, translated, edited, and published by John Collins, 2008
Apologia Apologi’sche Poёsie und Poetische Apologie Von seinem MOBILE PER SE und PERPETUUM MOBILE
Ar argon (18 protons, usually 40 neutrons)
B.C. before Christ
BEC Bose-Einstein condensation
BEH A Book in Every Home Edward Leedskalnin, 1936
C Celsius or degrees Celsius
C circumference
C carbon (6 protons, usually 6 neutrons)
C distance between centers of adjacent intermediate cylinders
c speed of light = (frequency of light)*(wavelength of light)
CA California
CANR Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions
cm centimeter
CRC 52nd CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 1971-1972
CRS compressed-rotational-shielded
D distance to the sun, dimension of particle
D deuterium (1 proton, 1 neutron)
d density of gravitons
DC direct current
e 2.718281828…
E electric field intensity
E+ discrete electric field originating from + fundamental charge
E- discrete electric field originating from - fundamental charge
ED.L. Energy from Delayed Leveraging by gravity
ED.L. Edward Leedskalnin
Eq. Equation
Eqs. Equations
F Fahrenheit or degrees Fahrenheit
F force
f pendulum frequency, frequency, factor
Fd air frictional force on outermost surface of ideal daughter cylinder
Ff air frictional force on outermost surface of ideal father cylinder
Fig. Figure
Fm air frictional force on outermost surface of ideal mother cylinder
G gravitational field intensity or acceleration due to gravity
G gravitational constant = 6.67*10-11 in SI units
GANE Gravity Assisted Nuclear Effects
GEET Global Environmental Energy Technology
H hydrogen (1 proton, 0 neutrons)
h height
h Planck’s constant = 6.626*10-34Joules seconds
He helium (2 protons, usually 2 neutrons)
I number of intermediate rollers
i an integer
i.e. id est or that is
IE Infinite Energy
Jr. Junior
JST Joseph Smith Translation
Jun. Junior
K Kelvin or degrees Kelvin
k a constant
km kilometers
Kr krypton (36 protons, usually 84 neutrons)
L pendulum or cylinder length
Ld axial length of ideal daughter cylinder
LENR Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Lf axial length of ideal father cylinder
Lm axial length of ideal mother cylinder
M mass
m small mass, very small fundamental mass
Matth. Matthew
MHz mega Hz or million Hertz or million cycles/second
mm millimeter(s)
mpg miles per gallon
mph miles per hour
MT Maschinen Tractate
N nitrogen (7 protons, usually 7 neutrons)
n neutron
NB Not a chiastic Boundary
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Ne neon (10 protons, usually 10 neutrons)
O oxygen (8 protons, usually 8 neutrons)
P point
p proton
p. page
pp. pages
PDT Pacific Daylight Time
PE Physical Education
PM97 Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved? John Collins, 1997
P.M. post meridiem
Q charge
q small test charge
R radius of nucleus
R radius of intermediate cylinders of Bessler’s bearings
r lever arm, radius of sphere or ball or cylinder, radius of circle
Rd radius of ideal daughter cylinder
RF radio frequency
Rf radius of ideal father cylinder
Rm radius of ideal mother cylinder
S surface area of a sphere or cylinder
s radius of sun
SC81 In Search of Cumorah: New Evidences for the Book of Mormon from Ancient Mexico David A. Palmer, 1981, July 1987 4th Printing
SI International System of Units
spyras sun pyramids
t time, thick, thickness of the spacer plates, width from start of tooth to start of next tooth
Td air frictional torque on outermost surface of ideal daughter cylinder
Tf air frictional torque on outermost surface of ideal father cylinder
Tm air frictional torque on outermost surface of ideal mother cylinder
U local expansion rate, universal expansion rate
URL Universal Resource Locator
V volume of a sphere or cylinder, potential energy
v speed
v. verse
vs. verse
Vol. Volume
x a chiastic boundary marker
Xe xenon (54 protons)
e0 permittivity constant for vacuum is about 8.85*10-12 (in SI)
θ angle
p 3.14159265358979323846264…
ρ density
ψ half the angle that the largest lobe rolls without slipping
ωd angular speed of ideal daughter cylinder
ωf angular speed of ideal father cylinder
ωm angular speed of ideal mother cylinder
A
ABCs, 643
absolute morality, 626
absolute non-rotation, 671
absolute non-translation, 672
acceleration due to gravity, 35
accretion disc, 387, 394, 399
acquired rotations, 605
AEP, 580, 699
aether, 280
all particles, 467
all things, 412
Allais, 40, 42, 43, 672, 697
alpha, 206
altar, 587
aluminum, 137, 164
amalgam, 273
Ampere's law, 463
ancestor, 602
ancestral, 315, 426
ancestry, 473
angle of the moon, 469
angle of the sun, 469
angular momentum, 89, 92, 113, 123, 410
angular speed, 67, 71, 85, 98, 107, 113, 139, 170, 182, 203, 387
angular velocity, 114, 139, 183, 185, 212
antielectron, 47
antimatter, 281, 290, 291, 312
antineutrino, 46, 182, 206, 464
antiproton, 47
AP08, 474
Apollo, 329
Apologia, 107, 109, 128, 262, 337, 375, 472, 479, 483, 488, 490, 497, 506, 530, 531
Apologia Poetica, 474, 690
apologize, 529
aquaponics, 334, 425
Archimedean screw, 155, 505
Archimedes screw, 107, 334
area, 36,
37, 86, 94, 191, 445, 447, 699, 701
arrest, 110, 356, 424
arrow of time, 405
assassinated, 538
atomic clock, 324
attitude, 96
attractive electric force, 455
automobile, 79, 249, 654
axle, 342
axles, 362
B
ball bearing, 125, 130
ball lightning, 94, 365
baryon asymmetry, 381, 408
bearing, 105, 140, 268, 472, 482, 488, 490, 498, 516,
517, 565
bearing formation dream, 524
bearing geometry, 259, 496, 514
bearing growth, 523
bearing repair, 332, 494
bearings, 104, 107, 109, 278, 510, 585
bearings 3/4 inch, 108, 117, 497, 526, 532
bell, 673
Bessler, 30, 76, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 258, 261, 262, 268, 269, 271, 329, 345, 352, 354,
473, 478, 480, 481, 483, 485, 488, 496, 503, 507, 531
Bessler clock, 34, 124, 128, 132, 343, 361
Bessler pendulum, 117, 121, 124, 343, 541
Bessler principle, 25, 28, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 85, 88, 95, 97, 106, 109,
155, 257, 316, 352, 486, 580, 687
Bessler principle demon, 405
Bessler wheel, 30
Bessler wheels, 257
Bessler’s wheel, 109
Bessler's principle, 24
Bessler's wheel, 30, 32, 76, 107, 110, 244, 267, 288, 308, 505, 506, 542
Besso, 43, 310, 359, 372
beta, 206
beta decay, 206
bicycle, 342
bicycle chain, 646
Big Bang, 306, 308, 311, 316, 378, 386
birth, 296, 386, 521
black hole, 308, 309, 310, 380, 412, 547, 560, 561
book rationale, 29, 377
Borlach, 509, 543
Bose-Einstein condensation, 101, 365, 699
Bunsen burner, 229
burn in, 178, 427
C
calculations, 35, 66, 72, 87, 90, 92, 171, 213, 281,
303, 358, 373, 401, 403, 411, 447, 448, 458, 464, 467, 469, 654
candle, 223, 227
CANR, 199, 418
car, 77, 134, 342, 456
carbon credits, 338
carbon dioxide, 89, 219, 223, 334, 338, 351, 567
carbon footprint, 338
carbon monoxide, 219, 221, 222, 232
causal, 406, 606
causality, 405
celestial frame, 115, 671
celestial star frame, 322
celestial stars, 671
Celsius, 699
cement, 103, 243, 278, 585, 599, 631, 645, 674, 675,
676
center of universe, 370
chain, 243
charge, 24, 46, 54, 83, 94, 171, 201, 212, 224, 443,
444, 451, 458, 701
charge conjugation parity, 409
charge-matter children, 315
check list, 623
Chernobyl, 208
chiasm, 106, 472
chiasms, 472
chiasmus, 472, 501
chiastic, 472, 501
chiastic boundary marker, 485
chiastic history, 545
children, 314, 375, 484, 517
children cylinders, 276
children of the light, 314, 351, 375
children-cylinders, 615
children-wheels, 572
Christ, 350
Christians, 347, 349
circle, 37, 71, 73, 86, 259, 469, 497, 498, 555, 567
circumference, 37, 79, 259, 469, 608, 632, 699
cleric, 496, 539
clock, 34, 124, 246, 484, 489, 662, 669
clockwise, 583, 662, 674
cloud, 365
clouds, 91, 93, 94, 145, 239, 515, 633, 653
coded clock, 246, 660
coding, 478, 483, 572, 575
cold fusion, 8, 24, 31, 170, 196, 200, 236, 257, 353, 365, 415, 418
collide, 482
Collins, 8, 76, 106, 107, 110, 153, 236, 352, 474, 483, 485, 497, 504, 688, 690, 701
collision, 77, 83, 130, 194, 231, 284, 309, 312, 353,
392, 401, 402, 408
coming unto Christ, 372
commonalities, 575
complementary unions, 371
conservation, 324, 409
conservation of energy, 31, 45, 123, 155, 250, 291, 359, 410, 413, 449, 452
conservation of momentum, 166
conservative, 75, 185, 356, 376, 452
conserve, 46, 457
conserved, 36, 306
contention, 509, 527
continuous structures, 29, 43, 67, 75, 309, 310, 373, 413
Copenhagen interpretation, 411
Coral Castle, 8, 104, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246, 248, 257, 333, 415, 660,
669, 680, 687
Coral Castle gates, 257
Coral Castle, Inc., 695
corona, 85, 394, 473
coronal heating problem, 394
correspondence limit, 411
cosine, 73
cosmic inflation, 378
cosmic microwave background radiation, 306
cosmic ray, 172, 285, 286, 287
cosmic rays, 96, 112, 280, 281, 284, 286, 289, 294, 399, 415
cosmology, 29, 294, 306, 351, 367
cosmos, 291, 293, 295, 401, 402
counterclockwise, 70, 74, 114, 583, 612
creation, 312
crop rotations, 425
CRS. See
CRS fusion, 393, 402
CRS interactions, 393
Cumorah, 549, 552, 554, 555, 558
cylinder surface, 469
D
Dark Ages, 368, 374, 570
dark energy, 383
dark matter, 292, 293, 296, 306, 307, 313, 381, 562
death, 375, 490, 596, 602, 628
deaths, 374, 522, 570
decay rate, 204, 207
decoded old-little-books, 24
decoding, 574
decoding key, 483, 575, 585
decoding steps, 483, 660
defend north country, 552
defended faith and mobile, 373
defended wheel and faith, 530
defending apologetically, 376, 473, 487, 497, 508
defense, 110, 552
defense of God and roller bearings, 527
defense of wheel and God, 497
descendant, 602
designed by God, 526
Dirac, 452
Dirac sea, 281, 310, 312, 408
discrete electric field, 328, 370
discrete field, 44, 53, 72, 112, 327, 409, 453, 459,
461, 462, 467
discrete gravitons, 53, 67, 72, 113, 292, 308, 379,
401, 410, 450
disruption, 336
dominant heating source, 89
dot product, 452
dream, 372, 373, 376, 507, 524, 531, 532
dripping faucets, 234, 257
dynamic space, 410
E
earth, 24, 35, 39, 67, 88, 93, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102,
112, 114, 138, 139, 177, 225, 229, 235, 289, 291, 293, 294, 312, 321, 325, 370,
462, 469, 545, 671
Earth, 87, 469
earthly, 353
economy of God, 540
Ed, 587
ED.L., 242, 243, 275, 575, 579, 584, 586, 603, 605, 641, 643, 683,
700
ED.L. power, 637
ED.L. principle, 250, 252, 277, 341, 352, 572, 574, 577, 583, 584, 591, 603,
664, 673, 687
Ed’s Place, 587
Ed's clock, 670
Ed's Place, 585, 586, 650, 680, 685
egg yolk, 121
Egyptian pyramids, 240, 257
Einstein, 29, 43, 310, 321, 324, 359, 373, 384, 411,
617, 672
Einstein's relativity, 671
electric field, 229, 327, 444, 445, 448, 459
electric field basis for gravity, 45
electric field capture, 461
electric field sink, 451
electric force, 46, 54, 65, 325, 444, 453, 454, 467
electrical force, 47, 65
electromagnetic force, 328, 458
electron, 46, 54, 66
electron charge, 54
electron rest mass, 54
electron self-interference, 325
electrons, 83, 201
elevator, 322
energy, 44, 93, 333, 410
energy conservative, 34, 75, 452, 561
energy from work, 375
energy never conserved during absorption, 287, 291,
345
energy non-conservation, 375
energy not conserved, 44
entities, 286
entrance fee marker, 657
entropy, 324, 405
epoch, 386
ether, 280
Ether, 426, 472, 501, 554
evaporative cooler, 342
event horizon, 412
evidences, 21
evidences of God, 306, 366, 367
example calculation, 73
experiment, 21, 139, 142, 181, 199, 202, 203, 227, 238
experimental, 34
experimental science, 34, 359, 373, 445
explosion, 163, 698, 699
explosive gas, 232, 233
explosive powders, 230
extra dimensions, 327, 384
F
Fahrenheit, 700
failure of second law of thermodynamics, 291
falling away, 347, 368
Faraday's law, 463
Feynman, 45, 46, 54, 116, 325
fictitious potential energies, 359
fine fundamental charge, 46
finest steel swords, 490
finest-fundamental charge, 24
fire, 216, 223, 225, 226, 229, 239, 257, 415
fire conditions, 229
fire enhancement, 226, 229
fire suppression, 226, 228
first question, 495, 509
Fizeau, 280
flaws in the traditional energy conservative analysis,
453
Fleischmann, 199, 345
flux, 90, 156, 175, 205, 213, 235, 308, 309, 325, 393, 395
flywheel, 105, 135, 136, 158, 251, 362
food storage rotations, 425
forces, 328, 458, 466, 467
foresight, 65, 317, 318, 325, 539
Foucault pendulum, 40, 42
frame, 277, 644, 645
freight train, 81, 96, 101
friction, 32, 67, 107, 240, 243
Fukushima, 209
fundamental charge, 24, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 68, 113,
171, 194, 226, 280, 287, 291, 317, 326, 328, 402, 449, 458, 700
fundamental charge children, 315
fundamental opposite charge, 280
fundamental particle, 46
future of universe, 379
G
galaxies continuing, 295
galaxy, 304, 370
galaxy collision, 302
galaxy growth, 305
Galilean invariant, 452
Galilean transformation, 112, 288
Galileo, 373
gamma ray bursts, 395
gamma rays, 201, 290, 393, 395, 398
GANE, 200, 418
Gartner, 484
Gärtner, 508, 509, 543
gauge transformations, 413
Gauss, 44, 324, 443, 449, 450, 454, 460, 462
GEET reactor, 24, 31, 176, 178, 182, 183, 199, 204,
305
GEET reactors, 257, 337, 415
geography, 106, 115, 549, 550, 551, 564, 571
global cooling, 89
global warming, 89, 334, 338
glorious, 484, 522, 607, 664
God, 8, 29, 290, 302, 311, 312, 319, 350, 352, 366,
375, 379, 381, 412, 489, 508, 509, 524, 531, 540, 544, 546, 558, 569, 587, 606,
626, 664
God the Father, 374, 569
God's morality, 626
Golden Rule, 347, 349
good results, 606
Google Earth, 556
governing law, 371
government, 329, 626, 629
grace, 566
graceful, 612
grand unification theory, 412
grandchildren, 573
gravitating mass, 46, 323, 326, 449
gravitational constant, 46, 414, 450
gravitational force, 35, 39, 46, 55, 325, 328, 449,
453, 454, 458
gravitational mass, 322
gravitational waves, 379
graviton, 55, 281
graviton absorption constraints, 61
graviton composition, 327
graviton direction, 42
graviton formation constraints, 55
gravitons, 37
gravity, 229
gravity shadow, 39, 287, 380
gravity speed, 281
gravity weakness, 65
greenhouse, 88, 89, 346, 567
grow bearing, 506
grown bearings, 258
grown lobe-holes, 258
grown lobes, 258
grown surface, 516
gun barrel, 270, 490
gunpowder, 269, 490, 523
H
hail, 365
half degree, 469, 482, 528
half hours, 670
half-life, 205
Hammar, 280
handedness, 312
heat after death, 418
heat death, 291, 324, 416
Hebraic, 472, 473, 483, 487, 501
helium, 82, 140, 142, 159, 171, 188, 201, 206, 305
Hertz, 288, 323, 414, 452, 458, 459
Hesse-Kassel, 106, 110, 356, 503, 508
hexagonal close packing, 400
hierarchy problem, 386
horizon problem, 378
horizontal, 156
horizontal axis, 76
horizontal electric field, 226, 228
horizontal magnetic field, 102, 103, 192, 201, 210,
226, 229, 426
hot fusion, 81, 103, 213, 305, 353, 398
hours, 670
Hubble constant, 302
Hudson Bay, 212
huge bearing contact angles, 498
Huygens, 344
hydrocarbon, 188, 217, 231
hydrogen, 103, 159, 160, 231
hydrogen atom, 85, 162, 195, 204, 293, 306, 403
hymns, 319, 375, 537
I
impulse, 73, 324, 327, 328, 448, 454, 458, 459, 467,
561
index of refraction, 280
inertial mass, 322, 323, 326
inertial reference frame, 112, 113, 133
infinite universe, 290, 294, 296, 299, 312, 358, 381,
383
infrared, 105, 123, 167, 238, 253
intellectual inertia, 29
intelligence, 316, 317, 320, 357, 368, 406, 515, 518,
541, 543
intelligence concentrations, 320
intelligent, 64, 324, 328, 357, 406, 413, 545
internal reflection, 364
iron bearings, 108, 269, 495, 529
Islam, 347
isobutane, 231
isomer, 81
isotopes, 160
J
Jachin and Boaz, 665
Jaredites, 550, 551, 557, 558
Jesus Christ, 290, 371, 372, 374, 375, 426, 472, 570
Jesus the Christ, 545
jet engine, 365
Jews, 347, 349
jihad, 348, 350
Joseph Smith, 374, 538, 542, 566, 569, 692, 696, 699,
700
JST, 566
Jupiter, 87, 90, 483, 484, 504, 512, 514, 523
K
Karl, 106, 109, 110, 111, 356, 503, 509
Kelvin, 700
kinetic energy, 44, 77, 166, 359, 449, 454, 456
knowledge of God, 468
Kolob, 543, 545, 546, 547, 548, 561, 571
Kolob, hie to, 304, 319, 537
L
Lamanites, 551, 556
larger nuclei, 306
laws of God, 371
laws of man, 371
Leedskalnin, 8, 241, 257, 345, 352
Leedskalnin angular speeds, 366
Leibnitz, 543
LENR, 199, 418
Liahona, 494, 565
light absorbs gravitons, 292
light speed, 112, 280
lightning, 94
light-year, 302
Limhi expedition, 552, 554, 556
Lindy, 141, 347, 537
linear momentum, 89
little book, 30, 371
Bessler, 8, 30, 258, 472
ED.L., 275, 571, 577, 585
Leedskalnin, 8, 30, 250, 275, 341, 580
Orffyreus, 258, 478
little clock, 661, 666, 668
little coded clock, 437, 443, 661, 667, 688
little-encoded-book, 23
living Christ, 372
living graviton, 372
living matter, 315, 316
living universe, 312, 416
locality, 384
love, 335, 347, 541, 566, 685
low friction, 107, 257, 518
low-friction magnetically-repulsive sprocket-wheels,
275
lubrication, 125, 147, 168, 255, 258, 494, 518
Luna, 469
lunar eclipse, 679
M
mad hatter, 269, 331, 355
magnet, 243
magnetar, 400
magnetar magnetic field, 400
magnetic conventions, 177
magnetic dipole, 98, 183, 185, 188, 215, 390
magnetic field, 140, 177, 183, 185, 200, 212, 229, 328, 386, 388, 429, 458
magnetic field handedness, 407
magnetic force, 466
magnetic monopoles, 386
magnetic motor, 429
magnetic pole, 177, 210
magnetic poles, 95
magnetic sheets, 388, 389, 398
magnetically-repulsive sprocket wheels, 31, 277, 594,
599, 624, 632
Manhattan Project, 329
Marinov, 452, 697
Mars, 87, 92, 483, 484, 504, 512, 514, 523
marvelous birth, 372, 541
marvelous death, 372
Masonic clock, 246, 660
massive rock cylinder, 243
Mathematician, 496, 501
matter, 35, 54, 291
matter deaths, 312
matter intelligence, 316, 320
Maxwell's demon, 316, 317, 355, 405
Maxwell's equations, 323, 357, 452, 458
McKinley, 8, 25, 114, 139, 141, 142, 343, 352, 362
McKinley low-friction demonstration, small, 348, 362,
439
medieval, 89, 335
memory, 317, 318, 319, 320, 356, 597
mercury, 90, 269, 484, 490, 523
Mercury, 87, 92
mercury barrels, 523
metal frame, 615
metal-gardener, 509
meteor, 365
meteor energy, 365
meteorites, 196, 269, 523
meteoroid, 93
meteors, 93
methane, 231
Michelson, 112, 280
microwave, 379
Middle Ages, 345, 440
Miles, 8, 202, 693, 694
Milky Way, 302, 370, 547, 582
missing solar neutrinos, 84
Mizuno, 418
modulo, 661
moment of inertia, 162, 171, 307
momentum, 39, 46, 77, 116, 166, 410
moon, 39, 101, 139, 563
Moon, 469
Morley, 112, 280
mormon.org, 26, 416, 540, 696
Mormons, 416, 566
Mormon's Cumorah, 550
Moron, 558
Moroni, 559
Mössbauer, 122, 652
mpg, 77,
456, 457, 701
mph, 77,
654, 701
Muhammad, 347
multiplication, 36, 73, 167, 699
Muslims, 347, 348, 349
N
natural law, 371
Navier-Stokes equations, 404
NB, 474
Nephites, 550, 551, 556
Neptune, 87
neutrino, 393
neutrinos, 286, 398, 458, 464
neutron, 46, 188
neutron decay rates, 205
neutrons, 161, 195
new fundamental matter, 293
new fundamental particle, 311
new fundamental space, 311
new matter, 292, 293, 313, 314, 367, 410, 541
new space, 296, 302, 383, 416, 541
new vehicles, 655
New World, 371, 374, 569
newspaper report, 526
Newton, 38, 287, 289, 322, 344, 354, 373, 543, 617
nighttime radiation, 365
no contention, 367
no friction, 68, 71, 169, 367, 510, 511, 640
noble gas, 159, 336
noble gas formula, 161
non-causal, 406
non-conservation of energy, 293, 367, 451
non-conservative, 454
non-ferromagnetic, 276, 277
nonrotating coordinate systems, 71
nonrotating frame, 422
Norman Hall, 246, 660, 664, 674
Norman Hall clock, 246, 660
north geographic pole, 177
north magnetic pole, 178
North Star, 671
novae, 305, 306, 309, 398
nuclear magnetic moment, 162
nuclear magnetic moments, 83, 188
nuclear-ground-state, 308
nuclear-ground-states, 80, 83, 205, 225, 353, 354,
394, 403, 604
nuclei, 7, 83
nuclei and nuclear astrophysics, 402
nucleons, 201, 398, 426
nucleus, 39, 80
O
Occam's razor, 156
oil, 4, 255, 330, 331, 336, 337
Old World, 371, 374, 569
Omer, 556, 558
omniscient, 412
Only Begotten, 313, 351, 375, 564
opposite fundamental charge, 379, 581
orb, 497
orbital angular momentum, 92
ordinary matter, 312
Orffyrean, 262, 270, 275, 497, 498, 518
Orffyrean roller bearing, 107, 117, 142, 153, 155,
258, 279, 329, 342, 362, 415, 479, 505, 518, 523
Orffyreum, 266, 479, 480, 506, 513, 514, 517, 528
ORFFYREUM, 479, 497, 501, 508
Orffyreus, 8, 107, 110, 153, 257, 478, 483, 497, 571
Orffyreus's principle, 352, 506, 511
origin of the elements, 402
outer darkness, 559, 562
P
Pantone, 345
Papp, 159, 345, 352
Papp engine, 159, 257, 364, 415
Papp gas, 160, 161, 164, 214, 233, 364
Papp patents, 159, 233
parable, 483, 585
paraconical Foucault pendulum, 40
parity, 409
parts of old vehicles, 243
patent, 586
pdf, 377
peer-review, 432
people born on this earth, 304
per se, 526
perfect path, 314, 372, 375, 541
perfecting the saints, 314, 372
permeability constant, 227
permittivity constant, 46, 444, 702
perpetual motion, 26, 34, 77, 107, 141, 153, 154, 287,
331, 353, 359, 373, 508
perpetual motion greatest enemy, 503
perpetual motion holders, 631
perpetual motion meaning, 505
perpetual-motion, 38
Phelps, 537
Phipps, 288, 452, 459, 697
photon, 82, 165, 286, 292, 327, 463, 464
photon composition, 327
photon energy, 167
photon momentum, 165
photon propulsion, 303, 305, 393, 416
photosphere, 40, 82, 83, 86, 224
physical contention, 367, 527
physical information, 412
physical law, 357, 371
physics, 29, 30, 31, 34, 309, 320, 324, 377
Planck, 84
Planck’s constant, 167, 700
planet temperatures, 365
Pluto, 87
PM97, 8, 76, 106, 701
point singularities, 412
Polaris, 671
political inertia, 29
poor, 157, 170, 314
positive current, 201
potential, 44, 324, 356, 452, 469
potential energy, 44, 93, 359, 449, 561
power, 23, 71, 91
prematter, 281, 282
preponderance of matter, 112
prior turning, 314, 375, 540, 541
priorities, 361
proclaiming the gospel, 314, 372
propane, 231
prosperity, 346
proton, 7, 46, 85, 159, 162, 182, 188, 195
proton decay, 387
protons, 161
pulsars, 396, 398, 400
Q
quantum chaos, 411
quantum mechanics, 411, 469
quasars, 306, 308
quenching time, 121
quenching times, 120
R
radians, 73
radio frequency, 213, 701
radio galaxies, 400
radioactivity, 204, 206, 207
radius, 37, 46, 259, 276, 445, 701
railroad, 81, 134
Ramah, 549
rankings, 343
Ranque, 97
Ranque tube, 365
real gate, 586
reasons for this book, 29, 377
reciprocal, 36
redeeming the dead, 314, 372
reflection, 165
Reformation, 347, 374, 570
relativistic, 288, 384, 387
relativity
Einstein's special theory, 323
Galilean, 112, 288, 452
general relativity or gravitation theory, 413
gravitation theory, 43, 310, 320
remediation of radioactivity, 206, 208
repair, 332, 495
repetition, 369
repulsive electric force, 455
repulsive magnetic fields, 631
resources, 240, 335, 626
restoration, 368, 370, 374, 542, 569
Restoration, 347, 374, 570
restoration of truth, 569
reveal, 484
revelation, 320, 370
reverse osmosis, 335, 338
RF, 213, 701
rich, 157, 170
right-hand rule, 212
Robin Hood, 170
rock, 585
Rock Gate Park, 8, 31, 241, 242, 275, 587, 630, 680,
682, 685
rocket stove, 215, 222, 223, 257
Rolamite, 494
roll without slipping, 261, 517
roller skates, 342
rolling cylinder pendulum, 147, 148
rotating neutron, 182
rotating nuclear-ground-states, 80, 81, 83, 88, 99, 121, 159, 183, 200, 592
rotation, 68, 71, 459, 498, 512, 547
rotational bias, 114
rotational devices to reduce radioactivity, 257
rotational energy era, 333
rotational grazing, 425
rotational kinetic energy, 4, 24, 67, 93, 250, 395
rotational mixing, 156
rotational moderation, 160, 163, 164, 203, 574, 607
rotational Mössbauer, 652
rotational sweetness, 656
rotational temperature, 98, 99, 116, 157, 175, 376,
401
rotational-coordinate-system, 113
rotationally right, 625
rotationally sweet, 588
rotationally sweet axles, 341
rotationally-right, 625
rotations, 374, 425, 459, 569, 583, 604
S
sacrifice, 351, 538, 658
salt, 335
Saturn, 87, 483, 504, 512, 514, 523, 636
Savior, 375, 536
SC81, 549, 701
Schrodinger's equation, 403
Scott, 536
scrap metal, 243
screw, 114, 185, 212
second witnesses, 371
self-sacrifice, 314, 372, 515
sGravesande, 108, 109
shape of universe, 383
Shim, 550, 551, 556
shining stones, 352, 426, 559
sidereal, 672
sine, 73, 260
single-stroke, 173
single-stroke engine, 173
Skunkworks, 213, 437
smith, 510
Smith, 374, 538, 542, 569
snow, 95, 516
snowflake formation, 365
snowflakes, 95, 516, 637
solar clock, 669, 671, 672
solar corona, 82, 84, 85, 88, 96, 102, 156, 182, 291, 365, 377, 394, 562
solar day, 672
solar oven, 335
solid magnetic material, 391, 398
Son Jesus Christ, 374, 569
sonoluminescence, 403
south geographic pole, 178
south magnetic pole, 177, 212
space, 72, 82, 138, 537
space not isotropic, 72, 410
space not uniform, 410
space probe, 364
space roar, 400
space-like, 385
space-like separated, 385, 406
spacetime, 43, 321, 379, 383, 412
space-time, 412
spatial dimensions, 412, 413
speed of light, 165, 283, 286, 292, 310, 323, 327, 545
sphere, 37, 86, 162, 445, 497, 504, 564
spirit charge, 280
spirit matter, 280, 291, 312, 329, 358
spirit-charge children, 604
spontaneous combustion, 257
sprocket wheel, 646
spyras, 674
square, 36
squirrel cage, 342
stainless steel, 122, 420, 586
standards, 273, 345, 498, 589
star lifetimes, 305
starlight, 286, 296, 303, 310, 381, 410, 540
stars in our galaxy, 304
stationary frame, 282, 283
steady state, 90, 312
steady-state, 306, 311
steel, 129, 137, 268, 489, 645, 664
Stirling engines, 257
stone mason principle, 352, 664, 687
strangled, 538
Stride, 9, 674, 686
string theory, 327, 413
strong force, 328, 458, 468
sun, 39, 82, 86, 101, 139, 353, 370, 469, 671
sun power, 81, 83, 674
sun pyramids, 674
sunspot, 223
sunspots, 86, 224, 225, 227, 232, 233, 257, 675
supernova, 396
supplementary angle, 98
supplementary angles, 97
suppression
from the learned, 669
of Bessler principle, 31
of Bessler wheel, 354
of Bessler's wheels, 110
of cold fusion, 25
of energy non-conservation, 370
of energy non-conservative principle, 375
of explosions of Papp gas, 233
of explosions of powders, 232
of fire by horizontal electric fields, 228
of fire by vertical magnetic fields, 227
of truth, 359
surface normals, 190
Sweet Eight, 423, 668, 671
Sweet Sixteen, 241, 585, 587, 616, 632, 685
Sweet Sixteen angular speed, 588, 591, 598, 628
Sweet Sixteen family of cylinders, 276, 277, 361, 576,
596, 599, 617, 639, 658, 682
sweetness preservation rules, 593
symbolic graviton, 316, 372
symbols of God, 29, 314, 358
T
talents, 317, 515, 538, 542
temperature, 82, 85, 86, 456
tenth question, 494, 495
Terra, 469
Tesla, 345, 543
Tesla turbine, 199
Tesla turbines, 257
test, 585
test Bessler principle, 214
testimonies, 374
testimony, 30, 291, 316, 351, 372, 543, 587
tests, 21, 22, 23
The Book of Mormon
Another Testament of Jesus Christ, 371, 539, 550, 555,
558
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 347,
372, 374, 537, 566, 570, 692
The Living Christ, 372
the nuclear magnetic moments, 214
The Testimony of the Apostles, 372
theme park, 685
theory of everything, 320, 324, 328, 412
thermal equilibrium, 85, 116, 353, 376, 379, 395, 456
thermal inertia, 222
theta pinch, 210, 257
thunder cloud, 365
time frame, 550
time not uniform, 410
time-like, 406
timing chain, 646
tokamak, 210, 257
tornado, 96, 101, 256, 365
torque, 5, 32, 33, 72, 75, 138, 161, 172
total death, 8
total sacrifice, 372, 541, 665
total sacrificial death, 315
total solar eclipse, 39, 43, 566
traditional energy conservation, 452
train wheels, 362
translation
chiastic of Orffyreus's little book, 479, 483
decode, 581
idiomatic, 479
linguistic, 478
literal, 479
of Bessler's little book, 507
of ED.L.'s little book, 581
translation comparisons, 507, 581
translational, 112
translational kinetic energy, 93, 172, 194, 395
translational temperature, 116, 156, 159, 376
translations, 459
truck, 134, 230, 247, 249, 342, 646
truck axle, 243
truth, 29
tumble dryer, 342
turbine, 97, 105, 137, 199
turbulence, 91, 96, 101, 365, 404
turn more, 314, 372, 375
turn the turner, 8, 246, 566, 569
two-part graviton, 28, 67, 292, 315, 318, 355, 372,
384, 441, 484, 496, 526, 540, 541, 568, 592, 633, 641
Tyndale, 538, 539
U
ultra low friction, 142
ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, 399
ultra-low friction bearing, 114
ultra-low-friction bearing, 146
ultrasound, 403
unification of science and religion, 370
universal expansion, 296, 298, 302, 305
universal solvent, 208, 273
universe, 112, 290, 291, 292, 294
upper blow delay, 72
Uranus, 87
V
vacuum, 280
vehicle axle, 243
vehicle parts, 585
veil, 72, 412, 527
Venus, 87, 91
vertical, 156
vertical magnetic field, 84, 95, 101, 214, 223, 224,
226, 232, 233, 365, 675
very-low-friction bearings, 30
vessel, 427
volume, 37, 198, 303, 447, 564
W
Wagner, 477, 484, 508, 509, 543
wagoner, 509
watch, 489
water, 334, 335
wavefunction collapse, 411, 412
weak electric fields, 454
weak force, 325, 328, 386, 405, 458, 467
weakness of gravity, 54, 55, 66, 67, 358, 386
weightless, 361
wheel, 67, 71, 106, 115, 140, 522, 564
wheel bearing, 243
why coding, 585, 606, 660, 669
why Sweet Sixteen, 585, 586, 587
will of God, 468
wind shear, 100, 365
Windhexe, 256
witnesses, 351
wrong turn, 30, 354, 368, 373
X
x, 474
X, 473
x-rays, 393, 398
Y
Yildiz, 429
yin-yang, 237, 582
yin-yang cylinders, 24, 236, 239, 257
yin-yang principle, 237, 352, 664, 687
Z
zeroth law of thermodynamics, 85
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